gymnostethus, Caranx Cuvier [G.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1833:73 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 9; ref. 1002] Seychelles, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-5582. •Valid as Caranx gymnostethus Cuvier 1833 -- (Chen et al. 1997:63 [ref. 26476]). •Valid as Carangoides gymnostethus (Cuvier 1833) -- (Gushiken in Masuda et al. 1984:156 [ref. 6441], Smith-Vaniz 1986:645 [ref. 5718], Allen & Swainston 1988:70 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:575 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:159 [ref. 15987], Goren & Dor 1994:33 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:178 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:428 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:112 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:159 [ref. 23922], Randall et al. 1997:159 [ref. 25919], Anderson et al. 1998:24 [ref. 23611], Lin & Shao 1999:52 [ref. 23921], Fricke 1999:246 [ref. 24106], Smith-Vaniz 1999:2701 [ref. 24833], Nakabo 2000:806 [ref. 25086], Smith-Vaniz in Randall & Lim 2000:616 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:228 [ref. 25191], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:99 [ref. 26368], Hutchins 2001:33 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:806 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:37 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S107 [ref. 27377], Randall et al. 2004:15 [ref. 27624], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:303 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:225 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:364 [ref. 28379], Randall et al. 2005:121 [ref. 28745], Hoese & Gates 2006:1153 [ref. 28997], Springer & Smith-Vaniz 2008:29 [ref. 31826], Allen & Erdmann 2012:431 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:119 [ref. 32988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:219 [ref. 34104], Motomura et al. 2017:108 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:181 [ref. 35805], Jawad et al. 2018:106 [ref. 36262], Kimura in Kimura et al. 2018:130 [ref. 36460], Eagderi et al. 2019:48 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:145 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:75 [ref. 36871], Moore et al. 2020:110 [ref. 37357], Psomadakis et al. 2020:421 [ref. 37272], Smith-Vaniz 2022:41 [ref. 39876], Zajonz et al. 2022:111 [ref. 40522]). •Valid as Turrum gymnostethus (Cuvier 1833) -- (Kimura et al. 2022:28 [ref. 38998]). Current status: Valid as Turrum gymnostethus (Cuvier 1833). Carangidae: Caranginae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Marshall Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia), north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan), south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia), New Caledonia and Tonga. Habitat: marine.
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