lewini, Zygaena Griffith [E.] & Smith [C. H.] 1834:640, Pl. 50 [The class Pisces, arranged by the Baron Cuvier; ref. 1908] [South coast of New Holland] southern Australia. No types known. Name available from Pl. 50. Based on a drawing by Mr. Lewin. Misspelled leeuwenii by Rochebrune 1883:44 [ref. 18639]. •Valid as Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Gilbert 1967:37 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:33 [ref. 7164], Kyushin et al. 1982:23 [ref. 19754], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:123 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:545 [ref. 6846], Dor 1984:11 [ref. 29757], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:7 [ref. 6441], Nakaya in Okamura & Kitajima 1984:51, 300 [ref. 8057], Bass 1986:97 [ref. 5635], Robins & Ray 1986:30 [ref. 23100], Allen & Swainston 1988:24 [ref. 25477], Gubanov & Timoxin 1989:224 [ref. 36138], Paxton et al. 1989:87 [ref. 12442], Springer 1990:109 [ref. 19320], Randall et al. 1990:23 [ref. 15987], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:28 [ref. 20764], Boschung 1992:24 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:186 [ref. 23827], Allen & Robertson 1994:25 [ref. 22193], Gomon et al. 1994:139 [ref. 22532], Last & Stevens 1994:272 [ref. 23873], Goren & Dor 1994:4 [ref. 25356], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:718 [ref. 22829], Randall 1995:38 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:67 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:44 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:5 [ref. 26476], Cheng & Zhou 1997:35 [ref. 26385] with author as Griffith, Grove & Lavenberg 1997:96 [ref. 24023], Murdy et al. 1997:27 [ref. 23144], Larson & Williams 1997:343 [ref. 23967], Arruda 1997:19 [ref. 24952], Randall et al. 1997:23 [ref. 25919], De la Cruz-Agüero & Cota-Gómez 1998:356 [ref. 23520], Compagno 1998:1364 [ref. 23785], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:93 [ref. 23897], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:40 [ref. 24555], Myers 1999:36 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:24 [ref. 24106], Aguilera 1998:45 [ref. 24221], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:97 [ref. 24490], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:53 [ref. 24550], Mishra & Srinivasan 1999:234 [ref. 24754], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:117 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:68 [ref. 25466], Johnson 1999:720 [ref. 25471], Compagno 1999:484 [ref. 25589], Allen 2000:83 [ref. 37268], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:184 [ref. 25703], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:580 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:97 [ref. 25191], Lea & Rosenblatt 2000:119 [ref. 25206], Nakabo 2000:140 [ref. 25086], Randall & Earle 2000:5 [ref. 25806], Thomson et al. 2000:282 [ref. 25640], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639] as Cuvier & Griffith & Smith 1834, Hutchins 2001:14 [ref. 25847], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Shane 2001:162 [ref. 25756], Soto 2001:65 [ref. 26637], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:173 [ref. 26753], Nakabo 2002:140 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:56, 475 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Collette et al. 2003:98 [ref. 26784], Compagno 2003:500 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27192], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S92 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:609 [ref. 27495], Smith et al. 2003:6 [ref. 27621], Randall et al. 2004:5 [ref. 27624], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:70 [ref. 27705], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:36 [ref. 27735], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:68 [ref. 28072], Compagno et al. 2005:46 [ref. 29145], Love et al. 2005:9 [ref. 37547], Mundy 2005:92 [ref. 28379], Randall 2005:16 [ref. 28239], Randall et al. 2005:131 [ref. 28745], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Hoese et al. 2006:110 [ref. 29001], Khalaf & Zajonz 2007:423 [ref. 31739], Randall 2007:37 [ref. 30952], Wirtz et al. 2007:24 [ref. 30263], White 2008:73 [ref. 30617], Béarez & Séret 2009:145 [ref. 36646], Last el al. 2010:136 [ref. 32461], Lim et al. 2010:575 [ref. 39445], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:187 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:69 [ref. 31256], Castro 2011:509 [ref. 31457], Fricke et al. 2011:346 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:59 [ref. 31980], Moore et al. 2012:11 [ref. 31771], Naylor et al. 2012:32 [ref. 32267] see remarks, Weigmann 2012:8 [ref. 31968], Yamashita et al. 2012:125 [ref. 32408], Ebert et al. 2013:333 [ref. 33045], Fricke et al. 2013:250 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:13 [ref. 32988], Page et al. 2013:52 [ref. 32708], Quattro et al. 2013:159 [ref. 32875], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972] needs confirmation, Yoshida et al. 2013:11 [ref. 34464], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:20 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:2 [ref. 33516], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:88 [ref. 34104], Pinheiro et al. 2015:3 [ref. 34324], Compagno 2016:1331 [ref. 34544], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:97 [ref. 34398], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:605 [ref. 34923], Fourriére et al. 2016:440 [ref. 34668], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:143 [ref. 34871], Kells et al. 2016:72 [ref. 35888], Koeda et al. 2016:5 [ref. 35333], Nión et al. 2016:20 [ref. 35565], Weigmann 2016:45 [ref. 34211], Ebert et al. 2017:56 [ref. 35618], White et al. 2017:186 [ref. 35860], Ali et al. 2018:302 [ref. 36183], Biscoito et al. 2018:485 [ref. 37562], Ehemann et al. 2018:22 [ref. 36194], Fricke et al. 2018:17 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:13 [ref. 36273], Kumar et al. 2018:297 [ref. 36178], Spier et al. 2018:4 [ref. 36103], Suresh et al. 2018:44 [ref. 36495], White & Ko'ou 2018:43 [ref. 35922], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:89 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:28 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:8 [ref. 37020], Ehemann et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 36861], Fricke et al. 2019:42 [ref. 36673], González-Murcia et al. 2019:288 [ref. 36544], Reiner 2019:37 [ref. 38139], Zajonz et al. 2019:59 [ref. 36871], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:243 [ref. 37881], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 2 [ref. 38321], Iqbal et al. 2020:114 [ref. 37469], Kim et al. 2020:41 [ref. 39118], Psomadakis et al. 2020:182 [ref. 37272], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Sonoyama et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37637], Bessudo et al. 2021:[3] 1771 [ref. 39107], Durville et al. 2021:310 [ref. 38802], Ebert et al. 2021:69 [ref. 38234], González-Acosta et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38361], Haroon & Kibria 2021:69 [ref. 39241], Kovačić et al. 2021:11 [ref. 39014], Love et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39279], Aschliman & Ebert 2022:540 [ref. 39668], Barone et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39527], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 4 [ref. 38986], Fermon et al. 2022:97 [ref. 39448], Hsu et al. 2022:3 [ref. 39567], Zajonz et al. 2022:20 [ref. 40522], Carvalho-Filho 2023:310 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40663], Hoff et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:40 [ref. 40505], Shakman et al. 2023:463 [ref. 40810], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:53 [ref. 40816], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40981], Allen & Erdmann 2024:61 [ref. 40796], Gadig et al. 2024:49 [ref. 40775]). Current status: Valid as Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834). Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, western Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Sea of Japan, Gulf of California/Mexico). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.