Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the family or subfamily Characidae: [ 1538 ] records

abalio, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.], Ruiz-C. [R. I.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2023:27, Fig. 4 [Revista de Investigaciones de la Universidad del Quindío v. 35 (no. 2); ref. 40431] Campo Verde km 56, F. Bosadre Road, Portillo, Coronel, Ucayali, Peru, 8°50'03"S, 75°34'10"W, elevation 258 meters. Holotype: MUSM 50972. Paratypes: MUSM. •Valid as Bryconamericus abalio Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C. & Taphorn 2023. Current status: Valid as Bryconamericus abalio Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C. & Taphorn 2023. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Ucayali River drainage, Amazon basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

abramis, Tetragonopterus Jenyns [L.] 1842:123, Pl. 23 (figs. 1, 1a) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] Río Paraná, up to Rosario, Argentina. No types known. •Valid as Astyanax abramis (Jenyns 1842) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:27 [ref. 37559], Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Miquelarena et al. 1997:66 [ref. 23469], Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Garutti 1998:120 [ref. 23797], Sverlij et al. 1998:19 [ref. 27632], Britski et al. 1999:39 [ref. 24147], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920], Butí & Cancino 1999:70 [ref. 25277], Garutti & Britski 2000:86 [ref. 24769], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:244 [ref. 26608], Miquelarena et al. 2002:76 [ref. 26517], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Casciotta et al. 2003:808 [ref. 27667], Mirande et al. 2004:221 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande et al. 2006:14 [ref. 28757], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Mirande 2010:519 [ref. 31006] as cf. abramis and as abramis, Soneira et al. 2010:784 [ref. 31078] , Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745] as cf. abramis, Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Lucena & Soares 2016:116 [ref. 34169], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:36 [ref. 35267], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[12] [ref. 35679], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298], Loureiro et al. 2023:71 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax abramis (Jenyns 1842). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, ?Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

abramoides, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:21 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Potaro River at Tumatumari, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 52863 [ex CM 1028]. Paratypes: (169, CM and IU) ANSP 39088 (1); BMNH 1911.10.31.301-302 (2)/303-307 (5)/308-310 (3); CAS 38956-61 [ex IU 11727-11732] (9, 1, 5, 10, 1, 1); FMNH 6460-61 (5, 2), 52691-94 (10, 1, 1, 1), 52702 (3), 52963 (1), 53522-23 (10, 1), 69542 (19), 69620 (25); MCZ 30176-77 (2, 4); NMW 62781 (3); CAS-SU 21937-38 (5, 2); USNM 66272-73 (2, 5); 120395 (1); ZMA 101011 (2), 101036 (3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:60 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:21-22 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:14 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:42 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:5 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Astyanax abramoides Eigenmann 1909 -- (Géry et al. 1991:48 [ref. 21021], Géry et al. 1996:8 [ref. 22155], Planquette et al. 1996:246 [ref. 22818]). •Valid as Jupiaba abramoides (Eigenmann 1909) -- (Zanata 1997:120 [ref. 24112], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:277 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:66 [ref. 30519], Zanata & Ohara 2009:514 [ref. 30674], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba abramoides (Eigenmann 1909). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin and coastal drainages of the Guianas: French Guiana, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

abyss, Moenkhausia Oliveira [G. D.] & Marinho [M. M. F.] 2016:567, Figs. 1-3, 6a [Zootaxa 4093 (no. 4); ref. 34342] Beach at Porto de Moz, rio Xingu, Pará, Brazil, 1°76’33.3"S, 52°23’91"W. Holotype: MZUSP 117077. Paratypes: MCP, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:7 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Moenkhausia abyss Oliveira & Marinho 2016 -- (Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia abyss Oliveira & Marinho 2016. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon basin lowlands (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

acaciae, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Prada-Pedreros [S.] 2010:452, Figs. 5-7 [Caldasia v. 32 (no. 2); ref. 31066] Morichal del estero, Puerto López, Meta, ca. 4°04'N, 72°57'W, Colombia. Holotype: MPUJ 5683. Paratypes: many at IUQ, MPUJ. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon acaciae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Prada-Pedreros 2010 -- (García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], Zarske 2016:114 [ref. 34774] as ariacae, García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:87 [ref. 35773]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon acaciae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Prada-Pedreros 2010. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

acanthogaster, Deuterodon Eigenmann [C. H.] 1911:179, Pl. 8 (fig. 3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1) (art. 3); ref. 1226] Corumbá, upper Paraguay basin, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54748 [ex CM 3395a]. Paratypes: (17, CM) CAS 44225 (3), FMNH 54749-50 (9, 5). Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:31 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Astyanax acanthogaster (Eigenmann 1911) -- (Géry et al. 1996:10 [ref. 22155]). •Valid as Deuterodon acanthogaster Eigenmann 1911 -- (Britski et al. 1999:36 [ref. 24147]). •Valid as Jupiaba acanthogaster (Eigenmann 1911) -- (Zanata 1997:122 [ref. 24112], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:273 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Birindelli et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30143], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Lopes et al. 2020:890 [ref. 37664]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba acanthogaster (Eigenmann 1911). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin and upper Paraná River basin (Brazil and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

acatlanensis, Astyanax Schmitter-Soto [J. J.] 2017:1340, Fig. 11 [Journal of Natural History v. 51 (no. 23/24); ref. 35414] Río Acatlán, Puebla, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 250288. Paratypes: UMMZ. •Valid as Astyanax acatlanensis Schmitter-Soto 2017 -- (Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax acatlanensis Schmitter-Soto 2017. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Southern North America: Río Acatlán and Río Jía, Puebla (Mexico). Habitat: freshwater.

actenolepis, Poptella Garcia-Ayala [J. R.] & Benine [R. C.] 2019:2, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 17 (no. 2): e180149; ref. 36770] Igarapé Mutum, nearby the bridge on road BR 230 between Vicinal Brasília and Nova Esperança, Rio Juma, tributary of the Rio Aripuanã, Rio Madeira basin, Apuí, Amazonas, Brazil, 07°14'56"S, 59°58'42.744"W. Holotype: MZUSP 124423. Paratypes: MZUSP. •Valid as Poptella actenolepis Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2019 -- (Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021:7 [ref. 38089]). Current status: Valid as Poptella actenolepis Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2019. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Rio Aripuanã drainage, Rio Madeira basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

acutirostris, Oligosarcus Menezes [N. A.] 1990:15, Fig. 3 [Boletim de Zoologia, Universidad de São Paulo v. II [for 1987]; ref. 20060] Rio Itapemirim, Fazenda Boa Esperança, between Pacotuba and Coutinho, Espirito Santo, about 21°S, 41°W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 37525. Paratypes: MZUSP 1686 and 4772-4782 (12), 1795 and 4783 (2), 2798 and 4796-4800 and 37563-37567 (11); USNM 289217-18 (5, 3); plus more paratypes at MZUSP. Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:485 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Oligosarcus acutirostris Menezes 1990 -- (Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Menezes & Ribeiro 2010:653 [ref. 30976], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:76 [ref. 33768], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus acutirostris Menezes 1990. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: eastern coastal rivers (between Espírito Santo and Bahia states, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

acutus, Acestrocephalus Menezes [N. A.] 2006:397, Fig. 13 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 28897] Caldeirão, igarapé do Cinzento, rio Itacaiúnas, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 31650. Paratypes: many at MCP, MNRJ, and MZUSP. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Acestrocephalus acutus Menezes 2006. Current status: Valid as Acestrocephalus acutus Menezes 2006. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Tocantins River and Tapajós River drainages, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

adenacanthus, Phallobrycon Menezes [N. A.], Ferreira [K. M.] & Netto-Ferreira [A. L.] 2009:54, Figs.1-9 [Zootaxa No. 2167; ref. 30293] Campinápolis, rapids in rio Culuene, rio Xingu basin, 13°49'S, 53°15'W, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 98892. Paratypes: MZUSP 98905 (1), 91367 (2), 91952 (8), 92637 (2), 97031 (24), 98899 (2), 98900 (2), 98902 (7), 98903 (13), 98904 (5 + 2 c&s). •Valid as Phallobrycon adenacanthus Menezes, Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira 2009 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2016:260 [ref. 34905], Camelier 2024:249 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Phallobrycon adenacanthus Menezes, Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira 2009. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Xingu River basin, Pará and Mato Grosso States, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aeneus, Tetragonopterus Hensel [R.] 1870:87 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (pt. 1); ref. 18277] Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7479. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Tetragonopterus aeneus Günther 1860. Replaced by Astyanax henseli de Melo & Buckup 2006. •Synonym of Astyanax obscurus (Hensel 1870) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Astyanax henseli de Melo & Buckup 2006 -- (de Melo & Buckup 2006:46 [ref. 28622]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Astyanax henseli de Melo & Buckup 2006. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

aeneus, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1860:319 [4] [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1860 (pt 2) (art. 6); ref. 18212] Arroyo Las Flores, Oaxaca, Mexico. Lectotype: BMNH 1860.6.17.41. Paralectotype: BMNH 1860.6.17.42 (1). On p. 4 of separate. Invalid lectotype selection by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1354 [ref. 35414], this specimen BMNH 1907.4.10.3 is not part of the type series of Tetragonopterus aeneus Günther 1860 [ICZN Art. 74.2]. See also at Astyanax belizianus. Lectotype designated by Schmitter-Soto 2021:1071 [ref. 38564]. •Treated as a synonym of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Malabarba 1989:129 [ref. 14217]). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860) -- (Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:74 [ref. 22947], Schmitter-Soto 1998:350 [ref. 23326], Bussing 1998:79 [ref. 24179], Smith et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:80 [ref. 27807], Miller 2006:154 [ref. 28615], Protogino et al. 2006:12 [ref. 28780], Scharpf 2006:13 [ref. 30386], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2008:409 [ref. 29633], Bussing 2009:1361 [ref. 30066], Matamoros et al. 2009:9 [ref. 31241], McMahan et al. 2013:444 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Angulo et al. 2013:991 [ref. 33194], Barrientos et al. 2015:4 [ref. 37653], Schmitter-Soto 2016:129 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:[22] 1352 [ref. 35414], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:290 [ref. 36544], Schmitter-Soto 2021:1071 [ref. 38564], Angulo et al. 2023:22 [ref. 40676], Ornelas-García et al. 2023:[5] 99 [ref. 40738], Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Southwestern North America and Middle America: Río Papagayo, Guerrero (Mexico) south to Río Choluteca (Honduras). Habitat: freshwater.

aereus, Hemigrammus Géry [J.] 1959:257, Figs. 4-5 [Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (no. 8); ref. 10038] Nancibo Creek, Conté basin, French Guiana. Holotype: MHNG 2181.86 [ex Géry coll. T 19-1-23]. Paratype: USNM 179759 (1). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022], Weber 1998:7 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Hemigrammus aereus Géry 1959 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:130 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862]). •Species inquirenda -- (Lima & Marinho 2024:181 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Uncertain as Hemigrammus aereus Géry 1959. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Conté River basin, French Guiana [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

affinis, Anacyrtus Günther [A.] 1868:481 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 1992] Río Huallaga, Amazon system, Peru. Syntypes: BMNH 1867.6.13.61-62 (2). Also published in Günther (Sept.) 1868:246 [ref. 5756]. •Valid as Roeboides affinis (Günther 1868) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:315 [ref. 23654], Lucena 1998:36 [ref. 23597], Lucena 2000:155 [ref. 25162], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2007:119 [ref. 29256], Koerber 2011:2 [ref. 31122], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Koerber 2014:3 [ref. 33621], Litz & Koerber 2014:11 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:51, 185 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:18 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Koerber et al. 2017:29 [ref. 35267], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:47 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:87 [ref. 35773], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:40 [ref. 39235], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760], Loureiro et al. 2023:56 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Roeboides affinis (Günther 1868). Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Widespread in South America. Habitat: freshwater.

affinis, Aphyocharax Ahl [E.] 1924:33 [Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 19930] Unknown locality [possibly Villa Florida, 163 km southeastern from Assunção, Paraguay, next to Tebicuary river, circa 26.404162S, 57.129725W]. Lectotype: ZMB 31645. Paralectotype: ZMB 32429 (1); Städt. Mus. Natur- u. Heimatkunde, Magdeburg (2). Types mentioned: Paepke 1995:91 [ref. 21847]. Two specimens were identified as type, therefore all are considered syntypes originally; lectotype selected by Zarske & Géry 1995:103 [ref. 22674]. •Synonym of Aphyocharax anisitsi Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903 -- (Zarske & Géry 1995:118 [ref. 22674], Lima in Reis et al. 2003:197 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:10 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:17 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:25 [ref. 35267], Souza-Lima 2024:89 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Aphyocharax anisitsi Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Habitat: freshwater.

affinis, Creagrutus Steindachner [F.] 1880:79 [27] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Río Cauca, northern Colombia. Lectotype: NMW 67120.1. Paralectotypes: NMW 67120.2-5 (4). On p. 27 of separate. Lectotype selected by Harold & Vari 1994:25 [ref. 21969]. •Valid as Creagrutus affinis Steindachner 1880 -- (Harold & Vari 1994:23 [ref. 21969], Vari & Harold 2001:2 [ref. 25842], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:121 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia & Cala 1997:150 [ref. 30645], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2018:349 [ref. 36150], Ardila Rodríguez 2020:12 [ref. 37904], Ardila Rodríguez 2021:16 [ref. 38586], Vanegas-Ríos et al. 2021:63 [ref. 38668], Ardila Rodríguez 2023:12 [ref. 40275]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus affinis Steindachner 1880. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: various streams of the Pacific and Caribbean slopes, Colombia and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

affinis, Moenkhausia Steindachner [F.] 1915:348 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 52 (no. 27); ref. 20500] Mouth of Rio Negro, Brazil. Syntypes: (3) NMW. Species described in more detail in Steindachner 1915:584 [ref. 15070]. •Valid as Moenkhausia affinis Steindachner 1915 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:145 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:42 [ref. 28287], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia affinis Steindachner 1915. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Lower Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

affinis, Pseudochalceus Steindachner [F.] 1908:29 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 45 (no. 5); ref. 4243] Rio Jaraguá at Joinville, Santa Catharina [Santa Catarina State], Brazil. Syntypes: (several) NMW 56736-37 (6, 3). •Synonym of Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Eigenmann & Norris 1900) -- (Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2013:776 [ref. 33026], Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Bertaco 2022:102 [ref. 40102]). Current status: Synonym of Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Eigenmann & Norris 1900). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

affinis, Pseudocheirodon Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1916:275, Pl. 18 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 15); ref. 2962] Río Gatún, Monte Liria, Canal Zone, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 8944 (not 8941). Paratypes: CAS 59736 (2); Géry coll. [ex FMNH 12856] (1); FMNH 12857-97 (32), 12899-935 (37), 12937-957 (174); CAS-SU 17516 (10). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:26 [ref. 12291], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:70 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Cheirodon affinis (Meek & Hildebrand 1916) -- (Fink & Weitzman 1974:19 [ref. 7132], Fink & Miller 1985:1058 [ref. 22491]). •Synonym of Pseudocheirodon arnoldi (Boulenger 1909) -- (Zarske 2001:15 [ref. 25834], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:219 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudocheirodon arnoldi (Boulenger 1909). Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

agassizii, Chirodon Steindachner [F.] 1882:180 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Jatuarana [Jatuarana igarape, about 50 km downstream (east) of Manaus], Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 62686 (2). Original genus should have been Cheirodon. Species later described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:38 [ref. 14353]. •Valid as Aphyocharax agassizii (Steindachner 1882) -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:197 [ref. 27061], Souza-Lima 2024:88 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Aphyocharax agassizii (Steindachner 1882). Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

agassizii, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1876:89 [41], Pl. 8 (fig. 2) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Amazon River at Tabatinga, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) ZMUC 42 (1); NMW 57176-79 (2, 2, 3, 2). Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:46 [ref. 9588]. On p. 41 of separate. •Synonym of Moenkhausia oligolepis (Günther 1864) -- (Marinho & Benine 2024:233 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia oligolepis (Günther 1864). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

agna, Bryconamericus Azpelicueta [M. de las M.] & Almirón [A. E.] 2001:276, Figs. 1-2 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 108 (no. 2); ref. 26007] Arroyo Tabay, 27°00'S, 55°10'W, Paraná basin, Municipio Libertador General San Martín, Misiones, Argentina. Holotype: FML 3700. Paratypes: ANSP 177871 (4), FML 3200 (2), MHNG 2611.46 (4). •Valid as Bryconamericus agna Azpelicueta & Almirón 2001 -- (Almirón et al. 2001:35 [ref. 26609], Miquelarena et al. 2002:70 [ref. 26517], Casciotta et al. 2002:163 [ref. 26551], López et al. 2002:61 [ref. 26808], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27366], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:582 [ref. 27482], Casciotta et al. 2004:64 [ref. 27664], da Silva 2004:55 [ref. 27870], Almirón et al. 2004:9 [ref. 27986], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Langeani et al. 2005:389 [ref. 28234], Mirande 2010:536 [ref. 31006], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Mirande & Koerber 2015:21 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Valid as Bryconamericus agna Azpelicueta & Almirón 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

agnesae, Moenkhausia Géry [J.] 1965:14, Pl. 1 (figs. 1-2) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 1584] L'arapé Préto, along Upper Amazon, near Belem, about 60 kilometers below Leticia, Brazil. Holotype: SMF 7238. Paratypes: Géry coll. 0167 (orig. 5); SMF 7239-45 (7), 7246-54 (9); ZMA 113863 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:21 [ref. 19236]. •Valid as Moenkhausia agnesae Géry 1965 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:145 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:43 [ref. 28287], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837] as agnase, Lima & Soares 2018:74 [ref. 36077], Soares et al. 2019:237 [ref. 36688], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia agnesae Géry 1965. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Brazil and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

aguaruna, Hemigrammus Lima [F. C. T.], Correa [V.] & Ota [R. P.] 2016:125, Figs. 1-4 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 3); ref. 34590] Quebrada Uchpayacu, tributary of Río Morona, Morona, Loreto, Peru, 3°02'38.9"S, 77°22'44.0"W. Holotype: MUSM 54691. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, MUSM, ZUEC. •Valid as Hemigrammus aguaruna Lima, Correa & Ota 2016 -- (DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus aguaruna Lima, Correa & Ota 2016. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Peru and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

agulha, Hyphessobrycon Fowler [H. W.] 1913:549, Fig. 15 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Madeira River, about 200 miles east of 62°20'W, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39232. Paratypes: ANSP 39233-83 (51), 39287 (1, c&s) 39284-86 (3, missing), 39288-89 (2, missing). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:42 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon agulha Fowler 1913 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Zarske & Géry 1998:25 [ref. 23983], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2004:36 [ref. 28039], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], García-Alzate et al. 2013:860 [ref. 32692], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Ohara & Lima 2015:570 [ref. 33846], Zarske 2015:295 [ref. 34028], Marinho et al. 2016:247 [ref. 34376], Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Lima & Flausino 2016:94 [ref. 34408], Marinho et al. 2016:519 [ref. 34591], Zarske 2016:112 [ref. 34774], García-Alzate et al. 2017:126 [ref. 35253], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], García-Alzate et al. 2020:[8] [ref. 37414], Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon agulha Fowler 1913. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: western and central Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

ajuricaba, Astyanax Marinho [M. M. F.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2009:170, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 30251] Stream tributary to rio Tiquié, Serra do Mucura village, 0°10'07"N, 69°07'46"W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 100231. Paratypes: (many) at ANSP, DZSJRP, INPA, MCP, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, USNM. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:437 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Astyanax ajuricaba Marinho & Lima 2009 -- (Marinho et al. 2015:576 [ref. 33708], Dagosta & Marinho 2022:14 [ref. 39122]). •Valid as Jupiaba ajuricaba (Marinho & Lima 2009) -- (Terán et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba ajuricaba (Marinho & Lima 2009). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper rio Negro basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

akamai, Tetragonopterus Araujo [L. B. S.] & Lucinda [P. H. F.] 2014:310, Figs 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 33377] Tocantins, Peixe, rio Tocantins close to confluence with rio Santa Tereza, 11°47’27"S, 48°37'02"W, Brazil Holotype: MCP 48033. Paratypes: MCP, UNT. •Valid as Tetragonopterus akamai Araujo & Lucinda 2014. •Synonym of Tetragonopterus anostomus Silva & Benine 2011 -- (Silva et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34929]). Current status: Synonym of Tetragonopterus anostomus Silva & Benine 2011. Characidae: Tetragonopterinae. Habitat: freshwater.

alba, Parastremma Dahl [G.] 1960:475, Fig. [Caldasia v. 8 (no. 39); ref. 9310] Río Sandó, Río Baudó system, western Colombia. Holotype: ICNMHN 147. Paratypes: (2) ICNMHN 147a (1). Type catalog: Cala 1981:3 [ref. 23525], Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:19 [ref. 36127]. •Valid as Parastremma album Dahl 1960 -- (Cardoso in Reis et al. 2003:213 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Parastremma album Dahl 1960. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Sandó River basin in Pacific versant of Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

albeolus, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:97 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Río Machuca, Río Siguires, Costa Rica, elevation 200 meters. Holotype (unique): FMNH 6241. Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860) -- (Bussing 1998:81 [ref. 24179]). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Astyanax orstedii (Lütken 1875) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1398 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax orstedii (Lütken 1875). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

albipinnis, Stevardia Gill [T. N.] 1858:425 [65] [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 6 (nos 10-13, art. 38); ref. 1750] Trinidad Island, West Indies. On p. 65 of separate. •Synonym of Corynopoma riisei Gill 1858 -- (Taphorn 1992:164 [ref. 23654], Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:224 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Corynopoma riisei Gill 1858. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

albolineatum, Hyphessobrycon Fernández-Yépez [A.] 1950:17, Pl. 3 (fig. 3) [Novedades Cientificas, Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Serie Zoológica No. 2; ref. 1323] Río Autana, Venezuela. Holotype: AFY 48169. Paratypes: AFY 48234 (10). Holotype indicated in plate caption. Specific epithet probably proposed as a noun. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon albolineatum Fernández-Yépez 1950 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679], Lima et al. 2024:183 [ref. 40817]). •Possibly a synonym of Hemigrammus analis Durbin 1909 -- (Lima 2024:183 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon albolineatum Fernández-Yépez 1950. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Autana River drainage, ? Orinoco River basin, Venezuela and ? Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

albolineatus, Knodus Holly [M.] 1929:117 [1] [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 66 (no. 13) (for 2 May 1929); ref. 16088] Piquirão, Amazon River, Pará State, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 83365 (2). Type catalog: Bogutskaya et al. 2022:49 [ref. 39277]. On p. 1 of separate. •Species inquirenda in Characidae -- (Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061] without syntypes). •Mention -- (Ferreira & Lima 2006:637 [ref. 28919], Deprá et al. 2021:24 [ref. 38180]). •Synonym of Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann 1908 -- (Zarske & Géry 2006:11 [ref. 29010], Mathubara & Toledo-Piza 2020:11 [ref. 37778], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

alburnus, Chirodon Günther [A.] 1869:424, Fig. 2 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1869 (pt 2); ref. 5780] Amazon River, Peru. Lectotype: BMNH 1869.5.21.10. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1869.5.21.11-13 (3). Original genus should have been Cheirodon. Lectotype selected by Brito et al. 2018:396 [ref. 36071]. •Valid as Aphyocharax alburnus (Günther 1869) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:107 [ref. 23654], Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Lima in Reis et al. 2003:197 [ref. 27061], Willink et al. 2003:5 [ref. 26755], López et al. 2003:20 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:76 [ref. 28131], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:43, 183 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:86 [ref. 35773]). •Synonym of Aphyocharax pusillus Günther 1868 -- (Brito et al. 2018:394 [ref. 36071], Brito et al. 2019:515 [ref. 37042]). Current status: Synonym of Aphyocharax pusillus Günther 1868. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Habitat: freshwater.

alburnus, Paragoniates Steindachner [F.] 1876:117 [69], Pl. 8 (fig. 3) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Amazon River at Tefé, Brazil. Holotype (unique): NMW 73544. On p. 69 of separate. •Valid as Paragoniates alburnus Steindachner 1876 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:29 [ref. 37559], Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:289 [ref. 23654], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:153 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:527 [ref. 31006], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:86 [ref. 35773], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Paragoniates alburnus Steindachner 1876. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

alburnus, Tetragonopterus Hensel [R.] 1870:85 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (pt. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadea, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7477. Diapoma is neuter, but alburnus is an indeclinable noun. •Valid as Astyanax alburnus (Hensel 1870) -- (Malabarba 1987:126 [ref. 11587], Malabarba 1989:128 [ref. 14217], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1053 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:244 [ref. 26608], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2003:333 [ref. 27401], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565]). •Valid as Cyanocharax alburnus (Hensel 1870) -- (Malabarba & Weitzman 2003:91 [ref. 27141], Mirande 2010:534 [ref. 31006], Baicere-Silva et al. 2011:381 [ref. 31395], Casciotta et al. 2012:39 [ref. 32076], Protogino & Miquelarena 2012:581 [ref. 32123], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Litz & Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:22 [ref. 35117], Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565]). •Valid as Diapoma alburnum (Hensel 1870) -- (Koerber et al. 2015:2 [ref. 35179], Koerber et al. 2019:3 [ref. 36736], Koerber et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37480], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Koerber et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38894], Ito et al. 2022:19 [ref. 39124], Koerber et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:64 [ref. 40506]). •Valid as Diapoma alburnus (Hensel 1870) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add.5 [ref. 33893], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561], Koerber & Litz 2016:2 [ref. 35098], Koerber et al. 2017:3 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:3 [ref. 35632]). Current status: Valid as Diapoma alburnus (Hensel 1870). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

alegretensis, Cyanocharax Malabarba [L. R.] & Weitzman [S. H.] 2003:128, Figs. 4, 7, 9, 15, 39-44 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Sér. Zoologia. v. 16 (no. 1); ref. 27141] Creek on road Santana do Livramento-Alegrete, Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 25974. Paratypes: MCP 11232 (83, 10 c&s), 11473 (34), 11498 (24), 15199 (16); MNRJ 23843 (25); MZUSP 82260 (25); USNM 357245 (25). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Cyanocharax alegretensis Malabarba & Weitzman 2003 -- (Zarucki et al. 2010:191 [ref. 34811], Casciotta et al. 2012:39 [ref. 32076], Protogino & Miquelarena 2012:581 [ref. 32123], Litz & Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33622]). •Valid as Diapoma alegretense (Malabarba & Weitzman 2003) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add.5 [ref. 33893] as alegretensis, Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561] as alegretensis, Koerber & Litz 2016:2 [ref. 35098], Koerber et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37480], Koerber et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38894], Ito et al. 2022:20 [ref. 39124], Koerber et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:64 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Diapoma alegretense (Malabarba & Weitzman 2003). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

alesis, Moenkhausia Petrolli [M. G.] & Benine [R. C.] 2015:407, Figs. 5, 9d [Zootaxa 3986 (no. 4); ref. 33887] Tocantins, Conceição de Tocantins, rio Palmas at TO 050, near to Chuva de Manga locality, Brazil, 12°25’07"S, 47°11’52"W. Holotype: MZUSP 117139. Paratypes: INPA, LBP, MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia alesis Petrolli & Benine 2015 -- (Marinho & Benine 2024:222 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia alesis Petrolli & Benine 2015. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio Araguaia and Rio Tocantins drainages, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

alfredae, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1927:394, Pl. 99 (fig. 1) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 4); ref. 12292] Río Urubamba at Santa Ana, Peru. Holotype: MCZ 31564 or 30982. Paratypes: CAS 39500 [ex IU 13755] (8); ?MCZ 31564 (1) 30983 (10); FMNH 58440 [ex CM 7440] (5). Additional original material: CAS 39501 [ex IU 17327] (37), 39502 [ex IU 17328] (7), 39503 [ex IU 17329] (4), 39504 [ex IU 17330] (1), 39505 [ex IU 17615] (14); USNM 120246 [ex MCZ 30983] (orig. 5, now 6). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:17 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:9 [ref. 19022]. Appeared first in list in Pearson 1924:43 [ref. 3396] without description. •Valid as Bryconamericus alfredae Eigenmann 1927 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain). •Synonym of Acrobrycon ipanquianus (Cope 1877) -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2023:39 [ref. 40431]). Current status: Synonym of Acrobrycon ipanquianus (Cope 1877). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

aliata, Stevardia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1914:37 [Indiana University Studies v. 2 (no. 20); ref. 12389] Río Negro at Villavicencio, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56400 [ex CM 5215]. Paratypes: (23, CM and IU) FMNH 56671-72 (1, 11), 56683 (1); not ACS-SU 24659 (2) from Rio Meta. Type catalog: Henn 1928:68 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:27 [ref. 12291], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:82 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Corynopoma riisei Gill 1858 -- (Taphorn 1992:164 [ref. 23654], Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:224 [ref. 27061], Vanegas-Ríos & Phillip 2013:1332 [ref. 34415]). Current status: Synonym of Corynopoma riisei Gill 1858. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

alleni, Prodontocharax Böhlke [J. E.] 1953:661 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 6 (no. 69) (art. 64); ref. 10330] Río Ucayali, Cashiboya, about 7°31'S, 74°55'W, Peru. Holotype: CAS-SU 17472. Paratypes: CAS-SU 17473 (15; 1 c&s), 17474 (2), 19050 (9); USNM 157366 (1). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:35 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Prodontocharax alleni Böhlke 1953 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:218 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298]). •Synonym of Amblystilbe howesi Fowler 1940 -- (Bertaco et al. 2023:21 [ref. 40512]). Current status: Synonym of Amblystilbe howesi Fowler 1940. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

alleni, Tetragonopterus Eigenmann [C. H.] & McAtee [W. L.] in Eigenmann, McAtee & Ward 1907:126, Pl. 40 (fig. 2) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (no. 2) (art. 7); ref. 1261] Corumba, río Otuquis, Ascunción, Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 57616 [ex IU 10158]. Paratypes: CAS 57617 [ex IU 10159] (1), 57619 [ex IU 10161] (2), 57618 [ex IU 10160] (1); FMNH 52634 [ex IU] (1); ZMB 17010-11 and 13 (2, 1, 1), 23604 (2). •Valid as Ctenobrycon alleni (Eigenmann & McAtee 1907) -- (Britski et al. 1999:36 [ref. 24147], Benine & Cassati in Reis et al. 2003:126 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:25 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Benine et al. 2010:59 [ref. 31067], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561] as cf. alleni). •Valid as Astyanax alleni (Eigenmann & McAtee 1907) -- (Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:258 [ref. 26608], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:36 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax alleni (Eigenmann & McAtee 1907). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

alosa, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1876:399 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 17 (no. 101) (art. 43); ref. 2007] Monterico, Peru. Syntypes: BMNH 1875.10.4.24-25 (2). •Synonym of Astyanax maximus (Steindachner 1876) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax maximus (Steindachner 1876). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

alpha, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:7 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Villavicencio, Río Orinoco system, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56646 [ex CM 5463]. Paratypes: (6) CAS 18511 [ex IU 13157] (5), FMNH 56646-47 (1, 1). Non-types: BMNH 1924.3.3.39-40 (2) Barriyona. Type catalog: Henn 1928:62 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:17 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Bryconamericus alpha Eigenmann 1914 -- (Román-Valencia 1999:112 [ref. 24922], Román-Valencia 2003:26 [ref. 27037], Román-Valencia 2003:7 [ref. 27070], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia 2002:209 [ref. 27206], Román-Valencia 2003:23, 37 [ref. 26840], Román-Valencia 2005:46 [ref. 28949], Román-Valencia et al. 2008:24 [ref. 29743], Román-Valencia et al. 2008:1749 [ref. 30068] with wrong authorship, Román-Valencia et al. 2009:1 [ref. 30393], Zarske et al. 2010:9 [ref. 30816], Mirande 2010:536 [ref. 31006], Román-Valencia 2010:201 [ref. 31063]). •Valid as Knodus alpha (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:App. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:58 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773], Ferreira 2024:210 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Knodus alpha (Eigenmann 1914). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

altior, Astyanax fasciatus Hubbs [C. L.] 1936:176, Pl. 1 (fig. 1) [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Roadside pool, 3 kilometers south of Progreso, Yucatán, southeastern Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 102144. Paratypes: UMMZ 102145 (3). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question). •Valid as Astyanax altior Hubbs 1936 -- (Schmitter-Soto 1998:350 [ref. 23326], Nelson et al. 2004:80 [ref. 27807], Miller 2006:155 [ref. 28615], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Schmitter-Soto 2016:129 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1356 [ref. 35414], Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax altior Hubbs 1936. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Southern North America: northwestern Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico). Habitat: freshwater.

altiparanae, Astyanax Garutti [V.] & Britski [H. A.] 2000:67, Fig. 1 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Sér. Zoologia. v. 13; ref. 24769] Miguelópolis, Rio Grande, represa de Volta Grande, about 20°10'S, 48°03'W, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 18592. Paratypes: MNRJ 19235 (1), MZUSP 48180 (32). Plus extensive non-type material. •Valid as Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski 2000 -- (Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Prioli et al. 2002:424, 426 [ref. 26816], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Castro & Vari 2004:332 [ref. 27972], Vera Alcaraz et al. 2009:189 [ref. 30252], Pavanelli & Oliveira 2009:569 [ref. 30986], Garavello & Sampaio 2010:861 [ref. 31053], Deprá et al. 2014:6015 [ref. 35445], Salgado 2021:9 [ref. 38719]). •Synonym of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875) -- (Lucena & Soares 2016:104 [ref. 34169], Koerber & Litz 2016:3 [ref. 35098], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:37 [ref. 35267], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

altipinna, Rhoadsia Fowler [H. W.] 1911:498, Fig. 2 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 63; ref. 1384] Affluent of the Chimbo River near Bucay, Guayas Province, western Ecuador, elevation 300 meters. Holotype: ANSP 39106. Paratypes: ANSP 39107-08 (2), FMNH 55907 [ex CM, ex ANSP 39109] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:42 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:75 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Rhoadsia altipinna Fowler 1911 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:30 [ref. 37559] as Roadsia altipinna, Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Weitzman et al. 1986:342 [ref. 5984], Cardoso in Reis et al. 2003:214 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:500 [ref. 31006], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34894], Aguirre et al. 2016:554 [ref. 34674], Meza-Vargas et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39566], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:127 [ref. 40816], Valenzuela et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40815], Reis 2024:268 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Rhoadsia altipinna Fowler 1911. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: streams of the Pacific slope (southwestern Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

altipinnis, Bergia Steindachner [F.] 1891:173 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 28 (18); ref. 12571] Montevideo, Uruguay. Syntypes: (12) NMW 62745 (4), 62748 (2), 67746 (4). Species illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1891:366, Pl. 2 (fig. 2) [ref. 4236]. •Synonym of Pseudocorynopoma doriae Perugia 1891 -- (Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:227 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:22 [ref. 35117], Malabarba et al. 2020:13 [ref. 37866]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudocorynopoma doriae Perugia 1891. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

altipinnis, Erythrocharax Netto-Ferreira [A. L.], Birindelli [J. L. O.], Sousa [L. M. de], Mariguela [T. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2013:2, Figs. 1-6 [PLoS ONE v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 32491] Rio Curuá, tributary of rio Iriki, on bridge of BR-163, 8°53'54"S, 54°59'20"W, rio Xingu Basin, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 111000. Paratype: ANSP 199143 (1), LBP 10881 (1), MZUSP 110999 (7, 1 cs). •Valid as Erythrocharax altipinnis Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli, Sousa, Mariguela & Oliveira 2013. Current status: Valid as Erythrocharax altipinnis Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli, Sousa, Mariguela & Oliveira 2013. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Serra do Cachimbo, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

amacayacu, Hemigrammus Albornoz‐Garzón [J. G.], Méndez‐López [A.], DoNascimiento [C.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2019:933, Figs. 1-3 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 95 (no. 3); ref. 36872] Unnamed tributary of quebrada Matamatá, Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia, 03°47'53.3"S, 70°15'58"W. Holotype: IAVHP 21889. Paratypes: ANSP, IAVHP, ZUEC. •Valid as Hemigrammus amacayacu Albornoz‐Garzón, Méndez‐López, DoNascimiento & Lima 2019. Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus amacayacu Albornoz‐Garzón, Méndez‐López, DoNascimiento & Lima 2019. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Matamatá drainage, Amazon basin, Amazonas, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

amandae, Hyphessobrycon Géry [J.] & Uj [A.] 1987:59, Figs. [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 35 (no. 5)(Jan.); ref. 8089] Rio das Mortes, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 37367 [ex Géry no. G.799.1]. Paratypes: MZUSP 37368 (2), MHNG uncat. (13, 3 c&s) Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:467 [ref. 23140]. •Valid, placement uncertain -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:239 [ref. 22743]). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon amandae Géry & Uj 1987 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:87 [ref. 28297], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Bragança et al. 2015:260 [ref. 34051], Carvalho et al. 2017:9 [ref. 35509], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon amandae Géry & Uj 1987. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

amapaensis, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 1998:20, Figs. 1-3 [Zoologische Abhandlungen; Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden v. 50 (no. 1); ref. 23983] Small savanna stream at the B156 road from Sitio Camaipi to Santa Clara, about 11 kilometers from Sitio Camaipi and about 11 kilometers from Sitio Camaipi, about 45 kilometers to the north of Macapa, Amapa State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 52730. Paratypes: Géry coll. 1005.1-2 (2), MTD F 21447-56 (10), ZMB 32867-68 (2). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:17 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon amapaensis Zarske & Géry 1998 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2004:36 [ref. 28039], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], Moreira & Lima 2017:133 [ref. 35562], Faria et al. 2020:282 [ref. 37838]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon amapaensis Zarske & Géry 1998. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Amapa State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

amaronensis, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2010:36, Figs. 1-3 [Brenesia No. 70; ref. 30724] Putumayo, 0°11°02'S, 74°53'14"W, Caño Amaron, tributary of Río Putumayo, Puerto Leguizama municipio, Departmento Amazonia, Colombia. Holotype: IUQ. Paratypes: AUM 50026 (10); IAVHP 11239 (6); IUQ 2162 (1), 2166 (95), 2287 (4, c&s). Type catalog: DoNascimiento et al. 2016:406 [ref. 34787]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon amaronensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2010 -- (García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], García-Alzate et al. 2013:861 [ref. 32692], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745] as amazonensis and dated 2008, García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon amaronensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2010. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Colombia and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

amazonae, Bleptonema Eigenmann [C. H.] 1914:44 [Indiana University Studies No. 20; ref. 1230] Santarém, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 56679 [ex CM 5497]. Paratypes: CAS 59691 [ex IU 13255] (1), FMNH 56680 (2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:58 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:16 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Prionobrama filigera (Cope 1870) -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:154 [ref. 27061], Moreira 2024:257 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Prionobrama filigera (Cope 1870). Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Habitat: freshwater.

amazonum, Anacyrtus (Cynopotamus) Günther [A.] 1868:481 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 1992] Xeberos, tributary of Río Huallaga, Amazon system, Dept. Loreto, Peru. Syntypes: BMNH 1867.6.13.69-70 (2). Also published in Günther (Sept.) 1868:246 [ref. 5756]. The correct spelling of this species is amazonum, a noun that does not decline (see note under Curimatus amazonum). •Valid as Cynopotamus amazonus (Günther 1868) -- (Menezes 1976:28 [ref. 7073], Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Menezes 1987:6 [ref. 8072], Britski et al. 1999:52 [ref. 24147], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:202 [ref. 27061], Menezes 2007:60 [ref. 29297], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:47 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Cynopotamus amazonum (Günther 1868). Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

amniculus, Deuterodon Lucena [Z. M. S. de] & Lucena [C. A. S. de] 1992:127, Fig. 5 [Communicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS v. 5 (nos 1-12); ref. 21970] Arroio Lindo, Pirabeiraba, Joinville, about 26°10'S, 48°57'W, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 14755. Paratypes: MCP 10623 (19); plus additional material. •Synonym of Deuterodon langei Travassos 1957 -- (Lucena & Lucena 2002:128 [ref. 26205], Lucena et al. in Reis et al. 2003:127 [ref. 27061], Lucena et al. in Reis et al. 2003:127 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Deuterodon langei Travassos 1957. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

amoenus, Creagrutus Fowler [H. W.] 1943:239, Fig. 18 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 70499. Paratypes: ANSP 70500-02 (3), 70503 (1 c&s). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:42 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Creagrutus amoenus Fowler 1943 -- (Vari & Harold 2001:58 [ref. 25842], Powers & Mayden 2003:578 [ref. 27129], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:121 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia & Cala 1997:145 [ref. 30645], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:94 [ref. 30781], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2018:351 [ref. 36150], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2020:371 [ref. 37405], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus amoenus Fowler 1943. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

amome, Oligosarcus Almirón [A. E.], Casciotta [J. R.], Piálek [L.], Doubnerová [K.] & Říčan [O.] 2015:582, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 3915 (no. 1); ref. 33673] Misiones Province: río Uruguay basin, arroyo Oveja Negra, tributary of Arroyo Yabotí-Guazú, Argentina, 27°08'15.5"S, 53°55'28.8"W. Holotype: MLP 10679. Paratypes: MACN-ict, MLP. Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:5 [ref. 34112]. •Placement in Oligosarcus is controversial -- (Riveiro & Menezes 2015:41 [ref. 33768]). •Valid as Oligosarcus amome Almirón, Casciotta, Piálek, Doubnerová & Říčan 2015 -- (Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus amome Almirón, Casciotta, Piálek, Doubnerová & Říčan 2015. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Uruguay River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

amphiloxus, Nematobrycon Eigenmann [C. H.] & Wilson [C.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:13 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Boca de Raspadura, Colombia. Holotype: CM 5050 (not received at FMNH). Paratypes: CAS 62116 [ex IU 13027] (33), 62117 [ex IU 13028] (1), 62118 [ex IU 13029] (13); FMNH 56537-39 (1, 4, 10); CAS-SU 24658 (4); USNM 205598 [ex IU 13027] (6), 205646 [ex FMNH 56538] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:25 [ref. 12291], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:60 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Nematobrycon palmeri Eigenmann 1911 -- (Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:150 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Nematobrycon palmeri Eigenmann 1911. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

anai, Astyanax Angulo [A.], Santos [A. C.], López [M.], Langeani [F.] & McMahan [C. D.] 2018:[5], Figs. 1,3 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 92 (no. 6); ref. 35879] Stream 1.6 km south-east of Shiroles near Suretka, on Bratsi-Shiroles road, province of Limón, Costa Rica, 9°34'50"N, 82°56'44"W, elevation 60 meters. Holotype: UCR 1298-06.1. Paratypes: DZSJRP, FMNH, UCR. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Astyanax anai Angulo, Santos, López, Langeani & McMahan 2018. Current status: Valid as Astyanax anai Angulo, Santos, López, Langeani & McMahan 2018. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Sixaola River basin, eastern Costa Rica - western Panama, Central America. Habitat: freshwater.

analis, Aphyocharax Nichols [J. T.] 1915:127, Fig. 1 [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 34 (art. 5); ref. 15003] Manaos [Manaus], Amazonas, Brazil [aquarium import]. Holotype (unique): AMNH 5073. •Synonym of Prionobrama filigera (Cope 1870) -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:154 [ref. 27061], Moreira 2024:257 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Prionobrama filigera (Cope 1870). Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Habitat: freshwater.

analis, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] 1909:64 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Rockstone, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53041 [ex CM 1466]. Paratypes: (95) BMNH 1911.10.31.396-397 (2), 1917.11.2.2 (1); CAS 44360 [IU 11918] (9), 44361 [IU 11919] (5), 44362 [IU 11920] (1); FMNH 7350-51 (1, 2), 53042-44 (10, 5, 1), 69537 (26); MCZ 29972-73 (2, 1); NMW 69498 (1); CAS-SU 21913-14 (2, 1); USNM 66192 [ex CM] (2, now 1), 66193 (2); ZMA 100973 (1), 101012 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:18 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hemigrammus analis Durbin 1909 -- (Taphorn 1992:200 [ref. 23654], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Carvalho 2005:147 [ref. 28675], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Reia & Benine 2019:413 [ref. 36527], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760] as cf. analis). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus analis Durbin 1909. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

analis, Piabina Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:8 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] São Luis de Cáceres, upper Rio Paraguay, Brazil. Holotype (unique): FMNH 56661 [ex CM 5478]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:67 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:65 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Piabarchus analis (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Britski et al. 1999:36 [ref. 24147], Lima in Reis et al. 2003:153-154 [ref. 27061], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Koerber et al. 2017:34 [ref. 35267], Lima 2024:254 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Piabarchus analis (Eigenmann 1914). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

anary, Creagrutus Fowler [H. W.] 1913:552, Fig. 16 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Rio Madeira, about 200 miles [possibly 20] east of 62°20'W, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39290 (missing). Paratype: ANSP 39291 (1, c&s). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:42 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Creagrutus anary Fowler 1913 -- (Géry & Renno 1989:5 [ref. 13420], Chang & Ortega 1995:2 [ref. 24302], Vari & Harold 2001:63 [ref. 25842], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:121-122 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:544 [ref. 31006], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus anary Fowler 1913. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Madeira River basin (Brazil and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

andaki, Creagrutus Albornoz-Garzón [J. G.], Acosta-Santos [A.], Bogotá-Gregory [J. D.] & Agudelo-Córdoba [E.] 2020:366, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4755 (no. 2); ref. 37405] Río Sucre, km 61, bridge at old road to Neiva, Río Hacha drainage, Río Caquetá basin, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, 01°47'43.2"N, 75°38'48.9"W, elevation 1,015 meters. Holotype: CIACOL 3462. Paratypes: CIACOL, IAVHP. •Valid as Creagrutus andaki Albornoz-Garzón, Acosta-Santos, Bogotá-Gregory & Agudelo-Córdoba 2020. Current status: Valid as Creagrutus andaki Albornoz-Garzón, Acosta-Santos, Bogotá-Gregory & Agudelo-Córdoba 2020. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Río Caquetá basin, Caquetá, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

andresoi, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.] 2003:33, Figs. 1-2 [Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales v. 155 (for 2001); ref. 27036] San José stream, 1°23'57.5"N, 77°20'35.9"W, tributary of río Juanambú, upper río Patia basin, Los Llanos de Manchabajoy trail, Chacaguí-El Peñol border, Ricaurte District, Municipality of El Tambo, Department of Nariño, Colombia. Holotype: IUQ 447. Paratypes: CAS 70099-101 (192, 19, 34); FMNH 56566-67 (31, 5); IUQ 448-449 (14, 29), uncat. (20). •Valid as Bryconamericus andresoi Román-Valencia 2003 -- (Román-Valencia 2003:25 [ref. 26840] dated 2001, Román-Valencia et al. 2008:1749 [ref. 30068], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:1 [ref. 30393], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Hemibrycon andresoi (Román-Valencia 2003) -- (García-Melo et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35894], García-Melo et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36761]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon andresoi (Román-Valencia 2003). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Patia River basin, Pacific slope, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

andrica, Moenkhausia Reia [L.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2021:3, Figs. 1-4, 6a1-a2, 8 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 99 (no. 4); ref. 38583] Ribeirão Santo Antônio, rio Arinos, rio Tapajós basin, Diamantino, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 14°09'09.2"S, 57°19'10"W. Holotype: MZUSP 125834. Paratypes: LBP, MZUEL, MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia andrica Reia, Oliveira & Benine 2021. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia andrica Reia, Oliveira & Benine 2021. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Juruena drainage, Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

angustifrons, Tetragonopterus Regan [C. T.] 1908:172, Pl. 26 (fig. 5) [Biologia Centrali-Americana; ref. 18482] Mexico [probably southern Gulf of Mexico versant]. Lectotype: BMNH 1857.7.31.9. Paralectotypes: BMNH 2016.9.13.1-2 (2). Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1360 [ref. 35414]? •Valid as Astyanax angustifrons (Regan 1908) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Birindelli 2013:46 [ref. 32569], Marinho & Ohara 2013:476 [ref. 32713], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1358 [ref. 35414], Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax angustifrons (Regan 1908). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Southern North America, Middle America: Campeche and Tabasco (Mexico) south to northern Petén (Guatemala). Habitat: freshwater.

angustus, Knodus Menezes [N. A.], Ferreira [K. M.] & Netto-Ferreira [A. L.] 2020:4, Figs. 1-5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 18 (no. 2): e190139; ref. 37599] Prainha Nova beach in rio Aripuanã at end of road BR-174, Apuí, Amazonas, Brazil, 7°13'49.15"S, 60°39'3.56"W. Holotype: MZUSP 122222. Paratypes: MZUSP 124932 (70); UFRGS 28150 (5). •Valid as Knodus angustus Menezes, Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira 2020 -- (Deprá et al. 2021:24 [ref. 38180]). Current status: Valid as Knodus angustus Menezes, Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira 2020. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Aripuanã drainage, Madeira River basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

anhembi, Piabina da Silva [J. F. P.] & Kaefer [C. C.] 2003:55, Figs. 1, 2A [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Sér. Zoologia. v. 16 (no. 1); ref. 27140] Rio Paraitinga na cachoeira da Porteira, afluente do rio Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil, 23°31'37"S, 45°45'52"W. Holotype: MCP 30687. Paratypes: MCP 25270 (36, 7 c&s), MNRJ 23896 (5), MZUSP 59144 (37), USNM 372274 (5). •Valid as Piabina anhembi da Silva & Kaefer 2003 -- (Baicere-Silva et al. 2011:383 [ref. 31395], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Lima 2024:254 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Piabina anhembi da Silva & Kaefer 2003. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River drainage, São Paulo, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

anisitsi, Aphyocharax Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1903:517 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Asuncion, Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 59697 [ex IU 10028]. Paratypes: CAS 59718 [ex IU 10027] (1). Paratypes or additional material: AMNH 1007 (2), CAS 59716 [ex IU 10029] (3), 59717 [ex IU 10026] (orig. 6, now 4), 59719 [ex IU 10024] (orig. 9, now 5), 59720 [ex IU 10031] (1); FMNH 52670 (2); IU 10025 (orig. 1); NMW 62800 (2). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:9 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Aphyocharax anisitsi Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903 -- (Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:45 [ref. 24147], Fuller et al. 1999:180 [ref. 25838], Lima in Reis et al. 2003:197 [ref. 27061], Willink et al. 2003:3 [ref. 26755], López et al. 2003:20 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:89 [ref. 28130], Menni2004:76 [ref. 28131], Mirande 2010:526 [ref. 31006], Litz & Koerber 2014:xx [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:43, 183 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:17 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], Terán et al. 2016:2 [ref. 35096], Nión et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:25 [ref. 35267], Brito et al. 2018:398 [ref. 36071], Brito et al. 2019:514 [ref. 37042], Reis et al. 2020:457 [ref. 38364], Loureiro et al. 2023:53 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Aphyocharax anisitsi Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

anisitsi, Hemigrammus Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Ogle 1907:16 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1556); ref. 1266] Villa Rica [Villarica, Guairá Department, Río Tebicuary] Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 11984 [ex IU 10182] (1 of 3). Paratypes: BMNH 1907.4.27.5-6 (2),1909.6.15.10 (1); CAS 11984 [ex IU 10182] (2 of 3), 44366 [ex IU 9995] (orig. 10, now 7 or less). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Malabarba 1989:134 [ref. 14217], Fernández & Butí 1996:252 [ref. 22775], Gómez & Chebez 1996:50 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:43 [ref. 24147], López et al. 2002:63 [ref. 26808], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:26 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:100 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987], Miquelarena & López 2006:824 [ref. 29070], Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Mirande 2010:515 [ref. 31006] in Astyanax clade, Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35267]). •Valid as Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Koerber et al. 2020:3 [ref. 37480], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Koerber et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38894], Chan et al. 2023:138 [ref. 40365], Koerber et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:75 [ref. 40506], Zanata et al. 2024:258 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Paraná and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay). Introduced in Hong Kong (China). Habitat: freshwater.

ankoseion, Spintherobolus Weitzman [S. H.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 1999:26, Figs. 29-31 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 10 (no. 1); ref. 23668] Creek in the forest, near Barra do Sai, between Barra do Sai and Itapema, northern Santa Catarina, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 35430. Paratypes: MCP 19253 (4); MZUSP 51024 (11), 51025 (1); USNM 297935 (3, 1 c&s), 297936 (4). •Valid as Spintherobolus ankoseion Weitzman & Malabarba 1999 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:219 [ref. 27061], Bührnheim et al. 2008:672 [ref. 29955], Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Spintherobolus ankoseion Weitzman & Malabarba 1999. Characidae: Spintherobolinae. Distribution: South America: Atlantic versant rivers, southeastern Mata Atlantica (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

annae, Cheirodon McAtee [W. L.] in Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903:515 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] South America. Holotype: CAS 59758 [ex IU 4301] (43-mm spec.). Paratypes: (14) CAS 59758 (9 of 10), FMNH 52602 (2). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:23 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Cheirodon pisciculus Girard 1855 -- (Campos 1982:136 [ref. 8500], Malabarba 1998:215 [ref. 23844], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:216 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Cheirodon pisciculus Girard 1855. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

anomalus, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1891:173 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 28 (18); ref. 12571] Paraná River in the vicinity of Corrientes, Argentina. Holotype (unique): NMW 57643. Species illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1891:369, Pl. 3 (fig. 1) [ref. 4236]. •Species inquirenda in Characidae -- (Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Markiana nigripinnis (Perugia 1891) -- (Carvalho & Santos 2015:146 [ref. 33957], Koerber et al. 2015:2 [ref. 35179], Koerber & Litz 2016:2 [ref. 35098], Koerber et al. 2017:3 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:35 [ref. 35267], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). Current status: Synonym of Markiana nigripinnis (Perugia 1891). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

anomalus, Xiphorhamphus Steindachner [F.] 1880:84 [32] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Río Cauca, Colombia. Holotype (unique): NMW 57983. On p. 32 of separate. •Valid as Acestrocephalus anomalus (Steindachner 1880) -- (Menezes 1976:37 [ref. 7073], Lasso & Taphorn 2000:443 [ref. 25255], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:200 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Acestrocephalus anomalus (Steindachner 1880). Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

anostomus, Tetragonopterus Silva [G. S. C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2011:512, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 2911; ref. 31347] Nova Crixás, rio Preto, rio Araguaia basin, 14°22'18"S, 50°39'13"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 108957. Paratypes: LBP 7687 (17 + 2 c&s), MZUSP 89295 (5). •Valid as Tetragonopterus anostomus Silva & Benine 2011 -- (Silva et al. 2013:1629 [ref. 32576], Araujo & Lucinda 2014:314 [ref. 33377], Melo et al. 2015:711 [ref. 35424], Silva et al. 2016:27 [ref. 34929], Urbanski et al. 2018:[6] [ref. 35973]). Current status: Valid as Tetragonopterus anostomus Silva & Benine 2011. Characidae: Tetragonopterinae. Distribution: Rio Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

anterior, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:95 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 89556 [ex MCZ 20768a]. Paralectotypes: CAS 42481 [ex MCZ 20768 and IU 15256] (1). Lectotype selected by Eigenmann 1921:247 [ref. 12359]. •Valid as Astyanax anterior Eigenmann 1908 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Jupiaba anterior (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Terán et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37440], Dagosta & Marinho 2022:14 [ref. 39122], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba anterior (Eigenmann 1908). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

anteroides, Astyanax (Poecilurichthys) Géry [J.] 1965:16, Pl. 1 (figs. 3-4) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 1584] Igarapé Préto, along Upper Amazon, near Belem, about 60 kilometers below Leticia, Brazil. Holotype: SMF 7255. Paratypes: Géry coll. 0170 (1), 0170b (1); SMF 7255 -56 (1, 1). •Valid as Astyanax anteroides Géry 1965 -- (Géry et al. 1996:10 [ref. 22155], Chang & Ortega 1995:2 [ref. 24302]). •Valid as Jupiaba anteroides (Géry 1965) -- (Zanata 1997:122 [ref. 24112], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:277 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519], Zanata & Ohara 2009:513 [ref. 30674], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba anteroides (Géry 1965). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

antioquiae, Hemibrycon Román-Valencia [C.], Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Taphorn [D. C.], Mancera-Rodriguez [N. J.] & García-Alzate [C. A.] 2013:1376, Fig. 5 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 61 (no. 3) (dated Sept.); ref. 32877] Antioquia, San Rafael County, below Playas Reservoir, Peñoles Creek, a tributary of the Guatapé River, Middle Magdalena River basin, 6°16'26.7"N, 75°05'22.9"W, Colombia, elevation 1201 meters. Holotype: IUQ 3189. Paratypes: Many at AUM, CSJ, IUW. •Valid as Hemibrycon antioquiae Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, Mancera-Rodriguez & García-Alzate 2013 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35633], Román-Valencia et al. 2018:44 [ref. 36348]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon antioquiae Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, Mancera-Rodriguez & García-Alzate 2013. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: middle Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

antrobius, Anoptichthys Álvarez [J.] 1946:278, Figs. 16-23 [Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, México v. 4 (nos 2-3) (for 1945); ref. 13037] Cavern of El Pachón, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. Paratypes: (70) AMNH 16929 (5), ANSP 96645 (3), UMMZ 147324 (4), USNM 132517 (4). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:4 [ref. 19022], Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus [complex] (Cuvier 1819) -- (Romero & Paulson 2001:23 [ref. 26040]). •Synonym of Astyanax jordani (Hubbs & Innes 1936) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Proudlove 2006:52 [ref. 28992]). •Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853) -- (Miranda-Gamboa et al. 2023:96 [ref. 40047]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

apenima, Jupiaba Zanata [A. M.] 1997:108, Fig. 7 [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) No. 83; ref. 24112] Rio Peixoto de Azevedo, Cachimbo, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 48458. Paratypes: MZUSP 28583 (4), 50663 (13). •Valid as Jupiaba apenima Zanata 1997 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:277 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:66 [ref. 30519], Zanata & Ohara 2009:513 [ref. 30674]) Current status: Valid as Jupiaba apenima Zanata 1997. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Peixoto de Azevedo and Noedori River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aphos, Myxiops Zanata [A. M.] & Akama [A.] 2004:47, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 2); ref. 28007] Rio Lençóis, tributary of rio Paraguaçu, 3 kilometers upstream of Lençóis city, above Cachoeira do Serrano, 12°34'S, 41°22'W, Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 81026. Paratypes: MCP 35007 (3), MZUSP 81025 (22, 4 c&s). •Valid as Myxiops aphos Zanata & Akama 2004 -- (Menezes & Marinho 2019:12 [ref. 36822], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809]). •Valid as Deuterodon aphos (Zanata & Akama 2004) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon aphos (Zanata & Akama 2004). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Lençóis River drainage (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

apiaka, Aphyodite Esguícero [A. L. H.] & Castro [R. M. C.] 2017:758, Figs. 2B, 5, 6 [Copeia v. 105 (no. 4); ref. 35694] Ressaca (wetlands) of Lago Jenipapo, Rio Aripuanã, Rio Madeira basin, Nova Aripuanã Municipality, Amazonas State, Brazil, 06°09'08"S, 60°13'29"W. Holotype: INPA 52541. Paratypes: INPA, LIRP. •Valid as Aphyodite apiaka Esguícero & Castro 2017. Current status: Valid as Aphyodite apiaka Esguícero & Castro 2017. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio Aripuanã drainage, lower Rio Madeira basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

apiaka, Astyanax Ferreira [K. M.], Lima [F. C. T.], Ribeiro [A. C.], Flausino Junior [N.], Machado [F. A.] & Mirande [J. M.] 2023:2, Figs. 1-3 [Canadian Journal of Zoology In press; ref. 40133] Rio Cabeça de Boi, tributary of rio Apiacás, rio Teles Pires basin, municipality of Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 10°22'08"S, 56°55'55"W. Holotype: CPUFMT 7654. Paratypes: CPUFMT, MZUSP, ZUEC. •Valid as Astyanax apiaka Ferreira, Lima, Ribeiro, Flausino Junior, Machado & Mirande 2023. Current status: Valid as Astyanax apiaka Ferreira, Lima, Ribeiro, Flausino Junior, Machado & Mirande 2023. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Apiacás drainage, Rio Teles Pires basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

apletostigma, Phenacogaster Lucena [Z. M. S. de] & Gama [C. S.] 2007:152, Figs. 1-2 [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 24 (no. 1); ref. 29059] Canal principal do rio Santo Antônio, sistema do rio Araqguari, município de Porto Grande, 1°06'04.38"N, 51°53'36.74"W, Amapá, Brazil. Holotype: IEPA 2488. Paratypes: IEPA 2339 (4, 1 c&s), 2340 (1), 2341 (1), 2342 (2); MCP 40087 (5). •Valid as Phenacogaster apletostigma Lucena & Gama 2007 -- (Lucena & Malabarba 2010:265, 296 [ref. 30880]). Current status: Valid as Phenacogaster apletostigma Lucena & Gama 2007. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Araguari River basin, Amapá State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

apurensis, Charax Lucena [C. A. S. de] 1987:30, Fig. 2 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRGS (Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul) No. 40; ref. 17724] Río Canito, San Fernando a Cunaviche, Estado Apure, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV-V-15400. Paratypes: MCP 10119 (11); USNM 233691 (1), 260317 (17). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:13 [ref. 19022], Provenzano et al. 1998:5 [ref. 24196]. •Valid as Charax apurensis Lucena 1987 -- (Lucena 1989:104 [ref. 12852], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:201 [ref. 27061], Menezes & Lucena 2014:197 [ref. 33369], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760]). Current status: Valid as Charax apurensis Lucena 1987. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: tributaries of Río Orinoco (Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

aquilaepinnae, Prodontocharax Bertaco [V. A.], Chuctaya [J.], Jerep [F. C.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2023:5, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 3): 230031; ref. 40512] Cubitiali stream, Río Tambo, Río Huallaga basin, upper Río Amazonas basin, Satipo, Junín, Peru, 11°20'19"S, 73°31'25"W. Holotype: MUSM 38647. Paratypes: ANSP, MUSM. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Prodontocharax aquilaepinnae Bertaco, Chuctaya, Jerep & Malabarba 2023. Current status: Valid as Prodontocharax aquilaepinnae Bertaco, Chuctaya, Jerep & Malabarba 2023. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: South America: Huallaga, Ucayali and Urubamba River basins, upper Amazon basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

araguaiensis, Tetragonopterus Silva [G. S. C.], Melo [B. F.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2013:1621, Figs. 2a, 3b, 5 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 82 (no 5); ref. 32576] Rio Araguaia, Amazon basin, 14°54'27"S, 51°04'52"W, Aruanã, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 4820. Paratypes: LBP 7756 (1 c&s); MZUSP 111003 (5, 1 c&s), 17032 (5), 54523 (3); NUP 12743 (1). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:10 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Tetragonopterus araguaiensis Silva, Melo, Oliveira & Benine 2013 -- (Araujo & Lucinda 2014:314 [ref. 33377], Melo et al. 2015:711 [ref. 35424], Silva et al. 2016:30 [ref. 34929]). Current status: Valid as Tetragonopterus araguaiensis Silva, Melo, Oliveira & Benine 2013. Characidae: Tetragonopterinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Araguaia (Goiás, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

araguaito, Roeboides Lucena [C. A. S. de] 2003:289, Figs. 4-6 [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) v. 93 (no. 3); ref. 27452] Ao norte do riacho Araguaito, about 8°40'42'N, 62°00'24"W, laguna na margem norte do rio, río Orinoco, Amacuro Delta, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV 29670. Paratypes: ANSP 131472 (8), 159986 (1), 159998 (2), 166616 -20 (1, 2, 1, 1, 1); MCP 26489-90 (1, 2); MZUSP 36490 (1); USNM 181353 (2) •Valid as Roeboides araguaito Lucena 2003 -- (DoNascimiento et al. 2017:47 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Roeboides araguaito Lucena 2003. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

aramburui, Astyanax Protogino [L. C.], Miquelarena [A. M.] & López [H. L.] 2006:2, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa No. 1297; ref. 28780] Villaguay Creek at Balneario, 31°55'S, 59°03'W, Gualeguay River basin, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. Holotype: CFA-IC 11712 (ILPLA 1712). Paratypes: CFA-IC [ILPLA] 569 (13), 1709 (4, 2 c&s), 11710 [1710] (7), 11711 [1711] (5, 1 c&s), 11713 [1713] (4); MLP 9672 (1, not 2). Type catalog: Koerber 2007:2 [ref. 29776], Miquelarena et al. 2009:29-30 [ref. 34389], Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:4 [ref. 33466], Bogan et al. 2019:11 [ref. 37088]. •Probably a synonym of Astyanax rutilus Jenyns 1842 -- (Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813]). •Valid as Astyanax aramburui Protogino, Miquelarena & López 2006 -- (Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Lucena et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax aramburui Protogino, Miquelarena & López 2006. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Paraná and Uruguay river basins, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

ardilai, Creagrutus Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2021:10, Figs. 2B, 4A, 5C, 7A, 8C, 9C [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 75; ref. 38586] Quebrada a 8 kilómetros del Municipio El Playón, Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Holotype: CAR 919. Paratypes: CAR 323 (8). •Valid as Creagrutus ardilai Ardila Rodríguez 2021 -- (Ardila Rodríguez 2023:12 [ref. 40275]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus ardilai Ardila Rodríguez 2021. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: streams at El Playón, Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

argentatus, Astyanax Baird [S. F.] & Girard [C. F.] 1854:27 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 168] Upper tributaries of Nueces River, Texas, U.S.A. Lectotype: BMNH 1883.12.14.107. Paralectotypes: MCZ 858 [ex USNM] (3), USNM 869 (28). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:5 [ref. 19022] dated 1855. Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1363 [ref. 35414]? •Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax argentatus Baird & Girard 1854 -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1361 [ref. 35414], Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax argentatus Baird & Girard 1854. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Southern North America: northeastern Mexico and Texas (U.S.A.). Habitat: freshwater.

argentea, Piabina Reinhardt [J. T.] 1867:50, Pl. 1 [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1866; ref. 3694] Lagoa Santa, upper Rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Lectotype: ZMUC 253. Paralectotypes: ZMUC 254 (1) Lagoa Santa. Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:45 [ref. 9588]. Lectotype selected by Vari & Harold 2001:226 [ref. 25842]. •Valid as Piabina argentea Reinhardt 1867 -- (Vari & Harold 1998:256 [ref. 23845], Vari & Harold 2001:224 [ref. 25842], Britski 2001:21 [ref. 26046], da Silva & Kaefer 2003:58 [ref. 27140], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:154 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:544 [ref. 31006], Baicere-Silva et al. 2011:383 [ref. 31395], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Koerber et al. 2017:35 [ref. 35267], Jerep & Shibatta 2017:10 [ref. 35610], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:461 [ref. 38364], Silva et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37809], Vita et al. 2020:[5] [ref. 37506], Brandão et al. 2023:105 [ref. 40464], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727], Lima 2024:255 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Piabina argentea Reinhardt 1867. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin in northeastern Paraguay and southern Brazil; São Francisco, Itapicuru, Paríba, and Itapemirim River basins (Brazil and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

argenteum, Hydrocyon Valenciennes [A.] 1837:Pl. 9 (fig. 1) [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9846. Type catalog: Bertin 1948:23 [ref. 19577]. Name available from plate, description in Valenciennes 1847:9 [ref. 5010] as Hydrocyon argenteus. Pl. 9 was published in 1837. •Valid as Cynopotamus argenteus (Valenciennes 1837) (often seen as 1836) -- (Menezes 1976:23 [ref. 7073], Menezes 1987:6 [ref. 8072], Braga 1994:12 [ref. 27878], Gómez & Chebez 1996:48 [ref. 23791], Sverlij et al. 1998:14 [ref. 27632], Britski et al. 1999:52 [ref. 24147], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:202 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:18 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:74 [ref. 28131], Menezes 2007:60 [ref. 29297], Mirande 2010:496 [ref. 31006], Litz & Koerber 2014:11 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:18 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35565] dated 1836, Koerber et al. 2017:28 [ref. 35267], Loureiro et al. 2023:56 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Cynopotamus argenteus (Valenciennes 1837). Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay, lower Paraná and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

argenteus, Oligosarcus Günther [A.] 1864:353 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Brazil. Syntypes: BMNH 1967.1.24.1-2 (2). •Valid as Oligosarcus argenteus Günther 1864 -- (Menezes & Géry 1983:589 [ref. 8307], Menezes 1987:22 [ref. 20060], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:77 [ref. 33768], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus argenteus Günther 1864. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Doce, Das Velhas and upper Paraná river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

argenteus, Tetragonopterus Cuvier [G.] (ex Seba) 1816:166 [Le Règne Animal; ref. 993] No locality. No types known. Cuvier specimens: MNHN A-9807 (1). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:16 [ref. 19577]. Based on Seba 1758:106, Pl. 34 (fig. 3). •Valid as Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier 1816 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:30 [ref. 37559], Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:343 [ref. 23654], Miquelarena et al. 1997:67 [ref. 23469], Gómez & Chebez 1996:51 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:30 [ref. 24147], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:212 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:28 [ref. 27366], Benine et al. 2004:339 [ref. 27973], Menni 2004:78 [ref. 28131], Zarske & Géry 2006:8 [ref. 29010], Mirande 2010:503 [ref. 31006], Melo et al. 2011:49 [ref. 31233], Silva et al. 2013:1629 [ref. 32576], Araujo & Lucinda 2014:314 [ref. 33377], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Sarmiento et al. 2014:53, 185 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Melo et al. 2015:711 [ref. 35424], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Silva et al. 2016:11 [ref. 34929], Melo et al. 2016:376 [ref. 35317], Nión et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35565] dated 1817, Koerber et al. 2017:36 [ref. 35267], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Reis et al. 2020:461 [ref. 38364], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:38 [ref. 39235], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760], Vieira et al. 2023:17 [ref. 40759]). Current status: Valid as Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier 1816. Characidae: Tetragonopterinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

argentinus, Chalcinopelecus Holmberg [E. L.] 1891:190 [Revista Argentina de Historia Natural (Buenos Aires) v. 1; ref. 2192] Río Paraguay, Formosa; Buenos Aires, Argentina. No types known. •Synonym of Pseudocorynopoma doriae Perugia 1891 -- (Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:227 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:22 [ref. 35117], Malabarba et al. 2020:13 [ref. 37866]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudocorynopoma doriae Perugia 1891. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

argentum, Astyanax Salgado [F. L. K.] 2021:7, Figs. 1-2, 5A, 6A, 7A [Núcleo do Conhecimento [Nucleus of Knowledge, multidisciplinary Scientific Journal] v. 10; ref. 38807] Cachoeira de Emas, Mogi-Guaçu River, Pirassununga, São Paulo State, Brazil, 21°55'38"S, 47°22'04"W. Holotype: MNRJ 23103. Paratypes: MNRJ 23103 (5). Plus additional non-type material. Specific name treated by us as a noun. Named argentums in Fig. 8 and etymology. •Valid as Psalidodon argentum (Salgado 2021). •Possibly a synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) sensu lato. Current status: Valid as Psalidodon argentum (Salgado 2021). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Mogi-Guaçu River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

argos, Creagrutus Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2020:7, Figs. 1-3, 5A, 7A, 8A, 9B-B1, 10A, 11A, 12A, 13 [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 71; ref. 37904] Quebrada El Laurel, afluente del río Saldaña, cuenca alta del río Magdalena, municipio del Guamo, Departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Holotype: CAR 900. Paratypes: CAR, ICNMHN. •Valid as Creagrutus argos Ardila Rodríguez 2020 -- (Ardila Rodríguez 2021:15 [ref. 38586]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus argos Ardila Rodríguez 2020. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Saldaña River drainage, Magdalena River basin, Tolima, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

argyrimarginatus, Astyanax Garutti [V.] 1999:586, Fig. 1 [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 59 (no. 4); ref. 24920] Aragarças, Córrego Jaraguá, Araguaia River basin, Goiás, Brazil, about 15°55'S, 52°15'W. Holotype: MZUSP 48268 [? 18592]. Paratypes: MZUSP 4813 (10), 26518 (4), 48269-71 (4, 2, 2). •Valid as Astyanax argyrimarginatus Garutti 1999 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Bertaco & Garutti 2007:28 [ref. 29172], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], Garutti & Langeani 2009:372 [ref. 30985], Freitas et al. 2015:190 [ref. 34055]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax argyrimarginatus Garutti 1999. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

arianae, Hyphessobrycon Uj [A.] & Géry [J.] 1989:148, Figs. 2-4 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 96 (no. 1); ref. 16287] Río Güyraugua, tributary of Río Monday, 3 kilometers east of Juan Frutos, Caaguazu, Paraguay. Holotype: MHNG 2412.79. Paratypes: MHNG 2412.80-81 (34, 4 c&s). Type catalog: Weber 1998:7 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon arianae Uj & Géry 1989 -- (Almirón & Casciotta 1999:345 [ref. 24405], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Koerber et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35267], Lima et al. 2024:183 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon arianae Uj & Géry 1989. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

arilepis, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.], Vanegas-Ríos [J. A.] & Ruiz-C. [R. I.] 2008:1755, Fig. 1 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 56 (no. 4); ref. 30068] Pontesuela Creek, at mouth of Coclina Creek, middle Magdalena River basin, Charalá, Santander, Colombia, 6°10'42"N, 73°09'44"W, elevation 1457 meters. Holotype: IUQ 1917. Paratypes: IUQ 920 (3), 1567 (1), 1915 (85). •Valid as Bryconamericus arilepis Román-Valencia, Vanegas-Ríos & Ruiz-C. 2008 -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2009:456 [ref. 30393], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:466 [ref. 30392], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Hemibrycon arilepis (Román-Valencia, Vanegas-Ríos & Ruiz-C. 2008) -- (García-Melo et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35894], García-Melo et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36761]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon arilepis (Román-Valencia, Vanegas-Ríos & Ruiz-C. 2008). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

ariporo, Pristella Conde-Saldaña [C. C.], Albornoz-Garzón [J. G.], García-Melo [J. E.], Villa-Navarro [F. A.], Mirande [J. M.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2019:440, Figs. 1-3 [Copeia v. 107 (no. 3); ref. 36937] Río Ariporo, La Porfía, Maní, Departamento Casanare, Colombia, 06°00'37"N, 71°17'32"W, elevation 160 meters. Holotype: CZUT-IC 19972. Paratypes: ANSP, CI-FML, CZUT-IC, IAVHP, ZUEC. Plus adiitional non-type material. •Valid as Pristella ariporo Conde-Saldaña, Albornoz-Garzón, García-Melo, Villa-Navarro, Mirande & Lima 2019 -- (Lima et al. 2021:344 [ref. 38293], Lima 2024:257 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Pristella ariporo Conde-Saldaña, Albornoz-Garzón, García-Melo, Villa-Navarro, Mirande & Lima 2019. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Meta River drainage, Orinoco basin, Casanare, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

armandoi, Astyanax Lozano-Vilano [M. de L.] & Contreras-Balderas [S.] 1990:97, Figs. 2 (top), 3a [Universidad y Ciencia v. 7 (no. 14); ref. 20678] Penjamo, near Palenque, Chiapas [actually Tabasco], Usumacinta basin, Mexico, 17°28'N, 91°36'W. Holotype: UANL 6380. Paratypes: AMNH 47835 (2); BMNH 1990.6.23.1-2 (2); IBUNAM-P 3240 (2); IPN uncat (2); MNHN uncat (2); TNHC 17640 (2); TU 157268 (2); UANL 6202 (29), 6378 (6, c&s), 6346 (orig. 13), 6381 (1, c&s); UMMZ 215480 (2); USNM 308113 (2). Type catalog: Bart & Taylor 1993:31 [ref. 20906], Contreras-Balderas et al. 1998:2 [ref. 23752]. •Valid as Astyanax armandoi Lozano-Vilano & Contreras-Balderas 1990 -- (Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:24 [ref. 22290], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:80 [ref. 27807], Miller 2006:155 [ref. 28615]). •Synonym of Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860) -- (Schmitter-Soto et al. 2008:409 [ref. 29633]). •Synonym of Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt 1868) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1384 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt 1868). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

armeniacus, Dectobrycon Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 2006:33, Figs. 1-7 [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 55; ref. 28750] Ohne nähere Angaben, Import Aquarium Glaser, Peru. Holotype: MTD F 28525. Paratypes: Géry coll. (2); MTD F 28526-27 (2), 28528 (1), 28529-30 (2). •Valid as Dectobrycon armeniacus Zarske & Géry 2006. Current status: Valid as Dectobrycon armeniacus Zarske & Géry 2006. Characidae: Characids incertae sedis. Distribution: Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

armstrongi, Hemigrammus Schultz [L. P.] & Axelrod [H. R.] 1955:5, Fig. (p. 4) [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 3 (no. 3) (for Jan.-Feb. 1955); ref. 12112] Near Georgetown, Guyana. Holotype: USNM 163868. Paratypes: USNM 163869 (20). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Synonym of Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin 1909 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:133 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], Zarske 2011:10 [ref. 31376]). Current status: Synonym of Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin 1909. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

arnoldi, Chirodon Boulenger [G. A.] 1909:497 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 4 (no. 24); ref. 14367] Not: Puerto Mexico [Coatzacoalcos], Veracruz State, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico [probably Panama]. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1909.10.5.1. Original genus should have been Cheirodon. •Valid as Cheirodon arnoldi Boulenger 1909 -- (Fink & Miller 1985:1058 [ref. 22491]). •Valid as Pseudocheirodon arnoldi (Boulenger 1909) -- (Zarske 2001:15 [ref. 25834], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:218 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Pseudocheirodon arnoldi (Boulenger 1909). Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific versant of Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

artedii, Tetragonopterus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1850:128 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] "Cabinet du Stathouder" [Suriname]. Syntypes: ?RMNH 1609 (1). •Species inquirenda in Characidae -- (Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061], Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:287 [ref. 40817]). Characidae. Habitat: freshwater.

arua, Hemigrammus Lima [F. C. T.], Wosiacki [W. B.] & Ramos [C. S.] 2009:154, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 30248] Lago São Francisco do Alto Aruã, tributary of rio Arapiuns, tributary of rio Tapajós, 2°36.4'S, 55°54'21'W, município de Juruti, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: MPEG 14755. Paratypes: (many) at ANSP, INPA, MPEG, MZUS. •Valid as Hemigrammus arua Lima, Wosiacki & Ramos 2009 -- (Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus arua Lima, Wosiacki & Ramos 2009. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Lower Amazon River, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aster, Serrapinnus Malabarba [L. R.] & Jerep [F. C.] 2014:58, Figs. 1, 2a-b, 3, 4a [Zootaxa 3847 (no. 1); ref. 33440] Rio Tocantins State, Município de Arraias, periodic lake at confluence of rio Paraná and rio Bezerra, rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 115011. Paratypes: MCP 41862 (3), 42033 (3); MZUSP 115012 (10 + 2 c&s); UFRGS 12015 (22), 12023 (54 + 2 c&s), 12034 (5). •Valid as Serrapinnus aster Malabarba & Jerep 2014 -- (Jerep et al. 2016:296 [ref. 34362]). Current status: Valid as Serrapinnus aster Malabarba & Jerep 2014. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: Rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

astictus, Tetragonopterus Ulrey [A. B.] 1894:611 [American Naturalist v. 28 (no. 331); ref. 12356] Brazil. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Species was also described as new in Ulrey 1895:276 [ref. 12371]. •Species inquirenda -- (Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:287 [ref. 40817]). Characidae. Habitat: freshwater.

asuncionensis, Astyanax bimaculatus Géry [J.] 1972:3 [Studies on the Neotropical Fauna v. 7; ref. 21270] Rio Paraguay and upper Rio Tocantins. Syntypes: (179) CAS 38987-96 and 38999 [ex IU 10005-10010, 10239, 10241-43, 10293] (44), 38997 [IU 10244] (1), 38998 [ex IU 10247] (1), 39000 [ex IU 11083] (1); FMNH 54643-49 [ex CM 3280-3286] (8, 9, 5, 2, 10, 1, 2); CM 3274 and 3287 missing. Replacement name for Astyanax (Poecilurichthys) bimaculatus paraguayensis Eigenmann 1921, secondarily preoccupied in Astyanax by Bertoniolus paraguayensis Fowler 1918. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758), but a valid subspecies as described -- (Miquelarena et al. 1997:66 [ref. 23469], Garutti & Britski 1997:225 [ref. 23650], Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Britski et al. 1999:37 [ref. 24147], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:258 [ref. 26608], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720]). •Valid as Astyanax asuncionensis Géry 1972 -- (Casciotta et al. 2003:808 [ref. 27667], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Casciotta et al. 2003:93 [ref. 28130], Mirande et al. 2004:221 [ref. 27659], Miquelarena et al. 2005:19 [ref. 28188], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande et al. 2006:14 [ref. 28757], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], Garutti & Langeani 2009:375 [ref. 30985], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Mirande 2010:519 [ref. 31006], Soneira et al. 2010:784 [ref. 31078], Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117]). •Synonym of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875) -- (Lucena & Soares 2016:104 [ref. 34169], Koerber & Litz 2016:3 [ref. 35098], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:37 [ref. 35267], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

asymmetricus, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:94 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20763 (2), 20766 (1). •Valid as Astyanax asymmetricus Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Géry et al. 1996:8 [ref. 22155]). •Valid as Jupiaba asymmetrica (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Zanata 1997:124 [ref. 24112], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:277 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:66 [ref. 30519], Zanata & Ohara 2009:517 [ref. 30674], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba asymmetrica (Eigenmann 1908). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

atahualpianus, Astyanax Fowler [H. W.] 1907:436, Fig. 36 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 58 (for 1906); ref. 1374] Near Pebas, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 21435. Paratypes: ANSP 21436 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Moenkhausia atahualpiana (Fowler 1907) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:145 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia atahualpiana (Fowler 1907). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Peru and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

ataktos, Hemigrammus Marinho [M. M. F.], Dagosta [F. C. P.] & Birindelli [J. L. O.] 2014:258, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 33372] Tocantins State, Natividade, córrego Cocal on road TO-280, rio Manoel Alves drainage, rio Tocantins basin, 11°42’50.2"S, 47°35’40.2"W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 113725. Paratypes: DZSJRP, MZUEL, MZUSP, ZUEC. Plus non-type material at CAS. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:439 [ref. 35588]. Appeared as Hyphessobrycon on p. 258, correction in Dagosta et al. 2016:257 [ref. 34377]. •Valid as Hemigrammus ataktos Marinho, Dagosta & Birindelli 2014 -- (Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Reia & Benine 2019:413 [ref. 36527]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus ataktos Marinho, Dagosta & Birindelli 2014. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: middle Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

atencioi, Hyphessobrycon Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2022:7, Figs. 2A, 5A, 7A, 9A, 11B [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 80; ref. 39810] Quebrada Santa Cruz, afluente del Río Tigre, parte alta del Río Sinú, PNN- Paramillo, municipio de Tierralta, Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Holotype: CAR 966. Paratypes: CAR 487 (1). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon atencioi Ardila Rodríguez 2022. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon atencioi Ardila Rodríguez 2022. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Río Tigre drainage, Río Sinú basin, Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

atopodus, Tyttocharax Böhlke [J. E.] 1958:323, Fig. 1 (bottom) [Copeia 1958 (no. 4); ref. 12373] Río Rondos (tributary of Río Monzón), near Tingo Maria, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 78714. Paratypes: ANSP 78715-16 (2, 1), 78717 (2, stained). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Scopaeocharax atopodus (Böhlke 1958) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Weitzman & Burns 1997:143 [ref. 24512], Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:227 [ref. 27061], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:54 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Scopaeocharax atopodus (Böhlke 1958). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Peru and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

atracaudata, Deuterodon Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1912:68 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 6); ref. 10934] Río Frijoles, Canal Zone, Panama. Holotype (unique): FMNH 7573. Non-types: FMNH (497, 22 localities). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:31 [ref. 12367]. Specific name is an adjective and must agree in gender. •Valid as Gephyrocharax atracaudata (Meek & Hildebrand 1912) -- (Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:224 [ref. 27061], Vanegas-Ríos & Phillip 2013:1332 [ref. 34415], Thomaz et al. 2015: Add. 5 [ref. 33893]). •Valid as Gephyrocharax atracaudatus (Meek & Hildebrand 1912) -- (Malabarba & Weitzman 2000:280 [ref. 24413] as atricaudatus, Vanegas-Ríos 2016:9 [ref. 34359], Vanegas-Ríos 2017:6 [ref. 35531], Ferreira et al. 2018:170 [ref. 35911] as atracaudata). Current status: Valid as Gephyrocharax atracaudatus (Meek & Hildebrand 1912). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

atratoensis, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Ogle 1907:28, Fig. 5 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1556); ref. 1266] Río Truando, Río Atrato basin, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 1659 (missing). Paratypes: CAS 38962 [ex IU 11488] (1); USNM 1659 (1, perhaps the holotype), USNM 306566 [ex USNM 1659] (4). See discussion on types in Vari & Howe 1991:6 [ref. 19022] but they were unaware of the specimen at CAS. •Valid as Astyanax atratoensis Eigenmann 1907 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Ruiz-C. et al. 2011:49 [ref. 31365], Torres-Mejia et al. 2012:505 [ref. 32312], Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1340 [ref. 35414], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax atratoensis Eigenmann 1907. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Atrato River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

atratoensis, Charax Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Ogle 1907:33, Fig. 8 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1556); ref. 1266] Truando, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 1664. Paratypes: USNM 306567 [ex USNM 1664] (1). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:13 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Cynopotamus atratoensis (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Menezes 1976:36 [ref. 7073], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:202 [ref. 27061], Menezes 2007:60 [ref. 29297], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:47 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Cynopotamus atratoensis (Eigenmann 1907). Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Atrato and Sinu River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

atratus, Creagrutus Vari [R. P.] & Harold [A. S.] 2001:66, Figs. 24-25 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 613; ref. 25842] Río Caqueza, tributary To Río Negro, about 2 kilometers upstream of village of Caqueza, Río Meta basin, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Holotype: ICNMHN 4158. Paratypes: ANSP 134080 (5); NRM 16842-43 (19, 15); USNM 353866-67 (5, 5). Type catalog: Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:14 [ref. 36127]. •Valid as Creagrutus atratus Vari & Harold 2001 -- (Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:95 [ref. 30781], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:88 [ref. 35773]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus atratus Vari & Harold 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

atrisignum, Creagrutus Myers [G. S.] 1927:116 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 68 (no. 3); ref. 3096] Upper Rio Maranhão, Brazil. Holotype: CAS 41339 [ex IU 17679]. Paratypes: CAS 41340 [ex IU 17680] (7), MCZ 31571 (1). •Valid as Creagrutus atrisignum Myers 1927 -- (Vari & Harold 2001:69 [ref. 25842], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Netto-Ferreira & Moreira 2018:255 [ref. 35759]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus atrisignum Myers 1927. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Maranhão River basin in Tocantins River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

atypindi, Jupiaba Zanata [A. M.] 1997:111, Fig. 8 [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) No. 83; ref. 24112] Igarapé Jaramacaru, tributary of River Cuminá, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 17809. Paratypes: MCZ 147880 (20); MZUSP 17740 (26), 50666 (258); USNM 342069 (20); plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Jupiaba atypindi Zanata 1997 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:273 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Birindelli et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30143], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:64 [ref. 30519]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba atypindi Zanata 1997. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Negro River and some of its tributaries: Urarocoera, Surumu, and Cuminá rivers, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aubynei, Pristella Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:24 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Lama Stop-off, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 52698 [ex CM 1042]. Paratypes: (274) ANSP 39092 (1); BMNH 1911.10.31.252-257 (6); CAS 62409-11 (25, 11, 6); FMNH 7439 (6), 52699-700 (2, 6, 5), 53524 (10), 71228 (103); MCZ 30028 (5); NMW 56601 (6); CAS-SU 21939 (6); USNM 66268 (6), 120427 (1); ZMA 100254 (4). Type catalog: Henn 1928:67 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:26 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:24 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:69 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:34 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Parapristella aubynei (Eigenmann 1909) -- (Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:153 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Parapristella aubynei (Eigenmann 1909). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Coastral drainages of Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

auca, Hyphessobrycon Almirón [A. E.], Casciotta [J. R.], Bechara [J. A.] & Ruíz Díaz [F. J.] 2004:674, Figs. 1-7 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 3); ref. 27987] Pond in San Juán Poriahú farm, Esteros del Iberá, Corrientes, Argentina, 27°41'53"S, 57°12'17"W. Holotype: MACN 8647. Paratypes: AI 129 (6, 1 c&s); MLP 10455 [ex Al 130] (5); MHNG 2644.023 (4). Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:5 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon auca Almirón, Casciotta, Bechara & Ruíz Díaz 2004 -- (Miquelarena & López 2006:824 [ref. 29070], Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Miquelarena & López 2010:5 [ref. 30749], Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:5 [ref. 33621], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon auca Almirón, Casciotta, Bechara & Ruíz Díaz 2004. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Esteros del Iberá wetlands, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

aurantia, Moenkhausia Bertaco [V. A.], Jerep [F. C.] & Carvalho [F. R.] 2011:30, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa No. 2934; ref. 31403] Córrego Kavanca at fazenda Kavanca, upper rio Tocantins basin, 13°41'34"S, 46°57'45"W, Nova Roma, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: UFRGS 13619. Paratypes: INPA 34990 (8); MCP 45865 (8); MZUSP 107827 (8); UFRGS 11224 (15), 11251 (23, 5 c&s); UNT 10052 (8). •Valid as Moenkhausia aurantia Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho 2011 -- (Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Dagosta & Marinho 2016:[7] [ref. 34498], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Deprá et al. 2018:94 [ref. 36283], Marinho & Benine 2024:223 [ref. 40817], Reia et al. 2024:13 [ref. 40849]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia aurantia Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho 2011. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: rio Paraná drainage, upper rio Tocantins basin, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aurocaudatus, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:26 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Boquia, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56882 [ex CM 5162]. Paratypes: (9, CM and IU) CAS 68647 [ex IU 12911] (5), FMNH 56883 (3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:60 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Astyanax aurocaudatus Eigenmann 1913 -- (Ruiz-C. & Román-Valenca 2006:50 [ref. 28891], Marinho & Birindelli 2013:46 [ref. 32569], Marinho & Ohara 2013:476 [ref. 32713]). •Valid as Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:120 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2013:747 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Cauca River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

aurora, Moenkhausia Reia [L.], Silva [G. S. C.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2024:5, Figs. 1-3A [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 40849] Rio Culuene, upper rio Xingu basin, municipality of Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 14°38'21.2"S, 53°55'35.3"W. Holotype: LBP 34895. Paratypes: ANSP, LBP, MNRJ, MZUEL, MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia aurora Reia, Silva, Oliveira & Benine 2024. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia aurora Reia, Silva, Oliveira & Benine 2024. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Culuene River drainage, upper Xingu basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

australe, Cheirodon Eigenmann [C. H.] 1928:44, Pl. 9 (fig. 3) [Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences v. 22 (no. 2); ref. 1245] Puerto Varas, Chile. Holotype: CAS 59762 [ex IU 15509]. Paratypes: (187) CAS 59763 [ex IU 15509] (127 + 3 c&s), 69186 [ex IU 15509] (24); USNM 84317 [ex IU] (12), 221998 [ex USNM 84317] (2, c&s). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:14 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Cheirodon australis Eigenmann 1928 [often seen as australe] -- (Campos 1982:146 [ref. 8500], Pequeño 1989:40 [ref. 14125], Campos et al. 1996:69 [ref. 23440], Malabarba 1998:215 [ref. 23844], Dyer 2000:84 [ref. 26678], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:216 [ref. 27061] dated 1927, Mantinian et al. 2008:38 [ref. 34297]). Current status: Valid as Cheirodon australis Eigenmann 1928. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: South America: Pacific versant basins in middle Chile. Habitat: freshwater.

australe, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:103 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Arroyos Trementina and Chagalalina, Argentina; Brazil [probably Río Aquidaban, Concepcion, Paraguay]. Lectotype: CAS 70818. Paralectotype: CAS 70819 (1). Lectotype selected by Reia et al. 2019:224 [ref. 37037]. •Synonym of Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner 1907) -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:150 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:16 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:27 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:42 [ref. 35267]). •Valid as Moenkhausia australe Eigenmann 1908 -- (Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Dickens 2019:165 [ref. 37135]). •Valid as Moenkhausia australis Eigenmann 1908 -- (Reia et al. 2019:218 [ref. 37037], Mirande et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37445], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Reia et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38582], Marinho & Benine 2024:223 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia australis Eigenmann 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: La Plata basin in lower portion of upper Paraná basin (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Misiones, Argentina), Rio Paraguai and Rio Uruguai basins, and Amazon basin at upper Rio Madeira basin (Rio Guaporé and Rio Mamoré) (Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

avanhandava, Odontostilbe Chuctaya [J.], Bührnheim [C. M.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2018:[8], Figs. 7-9 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 16 (no. 1) e170047; ref. 35862] Ribeirão da Batalha, farm Batalha (Pedro Quaresma), rio Paranaíba, Paracatu, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 17°25'25"S, 47°27'11"W. Holotype: LIRP 3239. Paratypes: FMNH, LIRP, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP. •Valid as Odontostilbe avanhandava Chuctaya, Bührnheim & Malabarba 2018 -- (Chuctaya et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37856], Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364], Chuctaya & Malabarba 2024:239 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Odontostilbe avanhandava Chuctaya, Bührnheim & Malabarba 2018. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais and São Paulo States (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

avary, Aphyocharax Fowler [H. W.] 1913:532, Fig. 8 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Rio Madeira, Brazil, about 200 miles east of 62°20'W, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 39217. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Aphyocharax alburnus (Günther 1869) -- (Taphorn 1992:107 [ref. 23654], Lima in Reis et al. 2003:197 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Aphyocharax avary Fowler 1913 -- (Brito et al. 2018:397 [ref. 36071], Brito et al. 2019:514 [ref. 37042], Koerber et al. 2022:41 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Aphyocharax avary Fowler 1913. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Distribution: South America: Madeira River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

awa, Charax Guimarães [E. C.], Brito [P. S. de], Ferreira [B. R. A.] & Ottoni [F. P.] 2018:84, Figs. 1, 2, 5 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 1); ref. 35775] Igarapé Mineirão, Alto Alegre do Pindaré municipality, Rio Mearim basin, Maranhão State, Brazil, 3°42'26"S, 45°56'05"W. Holotype: CICCAA 00752. Paratypes: CICCAA, CPUFMA, UFRJ. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Charax awa Guimarães, Brito, Ferreira & Ottoni 2018 -- (Koerber et al. 2022:39 [ref. 39235], Vieira et al. 2023:17 [ref. 40759]). Current status: Valid as Charax awa Guimarães, Brito, Ferreira & Ottoni 2018. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Mearim, Rio Munim and Rio Turiaçu basins (Maranhão, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

axelrodi, Aphyocharax Travassos [H.] 1959:6, Figs. 1-3 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 7 (no. 7); ref. 12035] Near Piarco airport, Trinidad Island, West Indies. Holotype: MNRJ 9120. Paratypes: MNRJ 9121 (1), 9122-30 (9). Non-types: ?USNM 177553 (1, missing). Possible paratype was at USNM (see Vari & Howe 1991:5 [ref. 19022]). Appeared as name and figures in Axelrod 1959:3 [ref. 33314], unavailable. •Valid as Megalamphodus cf axelrodi Travassos 1959 -- (Taphorn 1992:230 [ref. 23654]). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon axelrodi (Travassos 1959) -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:234 [ref. 22743], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134-135 [ref. 27061], Phillip et al. 2013:17 [ref. 32896], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Conde-Saldaña et al. 2019:444 [ref. 36937] possibly in Pristella, Lima et al. 2021:345 [ref. 38293]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon axelrodi (Travassos 1959). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Trinidad Island, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Habitat: freshwater.

axelrodi, Brittanichthys Géry [J.] 1965:22, Figs. 1-4 + 1 in color [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 13 (no. 6, Feb.); ref. 1585] Bulufu Beach on the Rio Itu, about 80 kilometers upstream from the meeting with Rio Negro, Brazil, about 0°30'S, 63°30'W. Holotype: USNM 198132. Paratypes: CAS 24778 [ex Sacramento State Univ.] (4), Géry coll. (orig. 4), CAS-SU 62136 (4), USNM 198133 (7), ZMA 113850 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:15 [ref. 19236], Vari & Howe 1991:9 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Brittanichthys axelrodi Géry 1965 -- (Malabarba & Weitzman 1999:424 [ref. 24417], Malabarba & Weitzman 2000:278 [ref. 24413], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633], Bittencourt et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37634]). Current status: Valid as Brittanichthys axelrodi Géry 1965. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

axelrodi, Cheirodon Schultz [L. P.] 1956:42, Fig. [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 12224] Stream near Tomar, Rio Negro, near Porto Velho, Brazil. Holotype: USNM 164483. Paratypes: USNM 164484 (1). Type catalog and locality information: Vari & Howe 1991:14 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz 1956) -- (Fuller et al. 1999:186 [ref. 25838], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:152-153 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:510 [ref. 31006], Marshall et al. 2012:378 [ref. 31785], Ohara et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35144], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Bittencourt et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37634], Sánchez-Bernal et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40514], Marinho 2024:247 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz 1956). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Orinoco and Negro River basins (Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

axelrodi, Schultzites Géry [J.] 1964:32, Figs. 6-7 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 12 (no. 5, Jan.); ref. 1582] Río Manacacias into Upper Río Meta, at Restrepo, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 198642. Paratypes: Géry coll. M.348 (3). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:39 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Schultzites axelrodi Géry 1964 -- (Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:156 [ref. 27061], Reis et al. 2016:13 [ref. 34496], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Schultzites axelrodi Géry 1964. Characidae: Characids incertae sedis. Distribution: Upper Meta River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

bacalarensis, Astyanax Schmitter-Soto [J. J.] 2017:1364, Figs. 9b, 22-23 [Journal of Natural History v. 51 (no. 23/24); ref. 35414] Southern end of Lake Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 250289. Paratypes: ECOCH, UMMZ •Valid as Astyanax bacalarensis Schmitter-Soto 2017 -- (Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bacalarensis Schmitter-Soto 2017. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Southern North America, Middle America: Quintana Roo, Caribbean versant of Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) south to Sittie River, Toledo district (Belize), west to Mopán (Guatemala). Habitat: freshwater.

bagual, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.] & Vigo [A. C.] 2015:266, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 33857] Rio Grande do Sul State, Dois Lageados, rio Carreiro downstream to hydroeletric plant PCH Linha Emília, rio Taquari-Antas basin, rio Jacuí drainage, laguna dos Patos system, Brazil, 28°56'30"S, 51°46'30"W. Holotype: UFRGS 19525. Paratypes: MCN, MCP, UFRGS. •Valid as Astyanax bagual Bertaco & Vigo 2015 -- (Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], Dagosta & Marinho 2022:12 [ref. 39122]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bagual Bertaco & Vigo 2015. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bahiensis, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1877:571 [13] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) NMW 57251-52 (2, 1). On p. 13 of separate. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698] with question). •Valid as Astyanax bahiensis (Steindachner 1877) -- (Lucena & Soares 2016:120 [ref. 34169]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bahiensis (Steindachner 1877). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

baileyi, Bramocharax Rosen [D. E.] 1972:4, Figs. 1-6 [American Museum Novitates No. 2500; ref. 17822] Río San Simon, 6 kilometers west of Chisec, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 30197. Paratypes: AMNH 29415 (2), 30198-99 (now 1, now 5); UMMZ 190495 [ex AMNH 30198] (1), 190763 [ex AMNH 30199] (3). •Valid as Bramocharax baileyi Rosen 1972 -- (Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985:15 [ref. 19552], Bussing 1998:89 [ref. 24179], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax baileyi (Rosen 1972) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2016:126 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1367 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax baileyi (Rosen 1972). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Usumacinta River basin, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

bairdii, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 57250 (3). Species later described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:35 [ref. 14353]. •Synonym of Phenacogaster pectinata (Cope 1870) -- (Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:204 [ref. 27061] as pectinatus, Lucena 2024:252 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Phenacogaster pectinata (Cope 1870). Characidae: Characinae. Habitat: freshwater.

balbus, Hyphessobrycon Myers [G. S.] 1927:115 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 68 (no. 3); ref. 3096] Planaltina, Lagoa Fervedeira, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: CAS 51789 [ex IU 17678a]. Paratypes: ANSP 134780 (1, c&s), CAS 60463 [ex IU 17678] (13), CAS-SU 18069 (10, now 9), MCZ 31570 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon balbus Myers 1927 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:86 [ref. 28297], Bertaco et al. 2007:248 [ref. 29277], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Burger et al. 2019:377 [ref. 36718]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon balbus Myers 1927. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

barberi, Mimagoniates Regan [C. T.] 1907:402 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 20 (no. 119) (art. 52); ref. 3631] Arroyo Yâcá [Yhaca, Yuca], 25°39'S, 56°53'W, Estación Caballero, Paraguay. Lectotype: BMNH 1907.10.22.5. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1907.10.22.6-8 (3), 1907.22.6.9 (1); USNM 179827 [ex BMNH 1907.10.22.7-8] (2). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:30 [ref. 19022]. Lectotype selected by Schultz 1959:63 [ref. 39721]. •Valid as Mimagoniates barberi Regan 1907 -- (Schultz 1959:63 [ref. 39721], Menezes & Weitzman 1990:385 [ref. 16172], Weitzman et al. 1996:191 [ref. 24771], Britski et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24147], Menezes et al. 2008:38 [ref. 31161], Malabarba & Weitzman 2000:279 [ref. 24413], Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:226 [ref. 27061], Menezes et al. 2008:38 [ref. 31161], Menezes & Weitzman 2009:330 [ref. 30495] in Glandulocaudinae, Mantinian & Miquelarena 2010:416 [ref. 30959], Koerber 2011:2 [ref. 31122], Azpelicueta & Koerber 2012:784 [ref. 32131], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Thomaz et al. 2015: Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Mirande & Koerber 2015:22 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:35 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Valid as Mimagoniates barberi Regan 1907. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: left bank tributaries of río Paraguay and tributaries of rio Paraná, Paraguay and northeastern Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

barbouri, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:103 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Villa Bella, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20708 (2). •Valid as Moenkhausia barbouri Eigenmann 1908 -- (Chang & Ortega 1995:3 [ref. 24302], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:145-146 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:42 [ref. 28287], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Marinho & Benine 2024:223 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia barbouri Eigenmann 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

barranquilla, Hyphessobrycon Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2022:7, Figs. 1-3, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9, 10A, 11A, 12-14 [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 76; ref. 39172] Arroyo Grande, afluente del río Magdalena, municipio de Ponedera, Departamento del Atlántico, Colombia, elevation 15 meters. Holotype: CAR 950. Paratypes: CAR 926 (22), ICN-MHN (4), Figs. 1-3 have CAR 959 as paratypes. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon barranquilla Ardila Rodríguez 2022 -- (Ardila Rodríguez 2022:15 [ref. 39810]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon barranquilla Ardila Rodríguez 2022. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Arroyo Grande drainage, Magdalena River basin, Departamento del Atlántico, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

barrigai, Creagrutus Vari [R. P.] & Harold [A. S.] 2001:71, Fig. 27 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 613; ref. 25842] Río Aguarico, near San Pablo de Kantesiya, 0°15'18"S, 76°25'30"W, Sucumbios, Ecuador. Holotype: MEPN 4621. Paratypes: MEPN uncat. (10), 5252 (7); USNM 340976 (8, 2 c&s), 340977-78 (4, 3). •Valid as Creagrutus barrigai Vari & Harold 2001 -- (Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus barrigai Vari & Harold 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: western Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

barrigonae, Hemigrammus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Henn [A. W.] 1914:232 [Indiana University Studies v. 2 (no. 24); ref. 11067] Barrigona, upper Río Meta drainage, Orinoco system, Colombia. Holotype: CAS 44368 [ex IU 13423]. Paratypes: (65) AMNH 5320 (4), CAS 44369 [ex IU 13424] (orig. 61). •Valid as Hemigrammus barrigonae Eigenmann & Henn 1914 -- (Taphorn 1992:203, 269 [ref. 23654], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Zarske et al. 2006:24 [ref. 28749], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], Ota et al. 2014:278 [ref. 33373], Zarske 2015:8 [ref. 33782], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Soares & Bührnheim 2016:398 [ref. 34972], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:86 [ref. 35773], Reia & Benine 2019:413 [ref. 36527], Ota et al. 2019:345 [ref. 36619], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus barrigonae Eigenmann & Henn 1914. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

bartlettii, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1866:30 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 3) v. 18 (no. 103) (art. 7); ref. 18187] Upper Amazon River. Syntypes: BMNH 1866.2.15.17-18 (2). •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:1 [ref. 33698]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

baudoensis, Bryconamericus Fowler [H. W.] 1944:231, Figs. 3-4 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 96; ref. 1452] Río Baudó, Chocó Province, Colombia, elevation 1200 feet. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71425. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Bryconamericus emperador (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907) -- (Román-Valencia 2002:178 [ref. 26370], Román-Valencia 2003:28 [ref. 26840]). •Synonym of Eretmobrycon emperador (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907) -- (Malabarba 2024:155 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Eretmobrycon emperador (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

bayano, Eretmobrycon Fink [W. L.] 1976:334, Figs. 1-4 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 88 (no. 30); ref. 1330] Pool in small stream about 19 kilometers along road from El Llano to Carti, Río Bayano basin, Panama. Holotype: USNM 213842. Paratypes: ANSP 130186 (2); BMNH 1975.2.3.1-2 (2); CAS 31895 (2); MCZ 52132 [ex USNM 213843] (2); MZUSP 14049-51 [ex USNM 213843] (3); UMMZ [ex USNM 213843] (3, not found); USNM 213843 (orig. 22, now 14); ZMA 113490 (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:17 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621], Vari & Howe 1991:21 [ref. 19022], Oyakawa 1996:466 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Bryconamericus bayano (Fink 1976) -- (Román-Valencia 2000:462 [ref. 25256], Román-Valencia 2002:178 [ref. 26370], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia & Vanegas-Rios 2009:393 [ref. 30843], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:1 [ref. 30393]). •Valid as Eretmobrycon bayano Fink 1976 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Malabarba 2024:154 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Eretmobrycon bayano Fink 1976. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Central America: upper Bayano River basin, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

bayleyi, Hyphessobrycon Lima [F. C. T.], Bastos [D. A.], Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] & Ota [R. P.] 2022:254, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 5116 (no. 2); ref. 39116] Igarapé do Palhau, Ramal do Incra, Benjamin Constant, Amazonas, Brazil, 4°24'28"S, 70°1'24"W. Holotype: ZUEC 17121. Paratypes: ANSP, CAS, FMNH, ICNMHN, INPA, LBP, MCP, MCZ, MHNG, MNRJ, MUSM, UF, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon bayleyi Lima, Bastos, Rapp Py-Daniel & Ota 2022. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon bayleyi Lima, Bastos, Rapp Py-Daniel & Ota 2022. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South Amercia: western Amazon basin, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

belizianus, Tetragonopterus Bocourt [F.] 1868:62 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie et Paléontologie) (Sér. 5) v. 9; ref. 16971] Mullins River, Belize. Lectotype: MNHN 2016-320. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1907.4.10.3 [ex MNHN] (1), MNHN 0000-5224 and 5225 (12). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:21 [ref. 19577]. Description very brief. Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1371 [ref. 35414], confirmed by Schmitter-Soto 2021:1071 [ref. 38564]. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Valid as Astyanax belizianus (Bocourt 1868) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1368 [ref. 35414], Schmitter-Soto 2021:1071 [ref. 38564], Angulo et al. 2023:22 [ref. 40676]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax belizianus (Bocourt 1868). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Central America: Mullins River (central Belize), south to tributaries of Lake Izabal (Guatemala and northern Honduras). Habitat: freshwater.

bellasomniosa, Moenkhausia Soares [I. M.], Lima [F. C. T.], Bastos [D. A.] & Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] 2019:232, Figs. 1, 2, 4A [Copeia v. 107 (no. 2); ref. 36688] Small tributary of Rio Curicuriari (a tributary of the Rio Negro), São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil, 0°14'39"S, 67°03'31"W. Holotype: INPA 49753. Paratypes: ANSP, FMNH, INPA, MZUSP, ZUEC. •Valid as Moenkhausia bellasomniosa Soares, Lima, Bastos & Rapp Py-Daniel 2019. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia bellasomniosa Soares, Lima, Bastos & Rapp Py-Daniel 2019. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Rio Negro basin, Amazonas State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bellottii, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) NMW 57253-55 (13, 9, 9). Species originally spelled belottii [regarded as in error], later spelled as bellottii when described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:34, Pl. 5 [ref. 14353]. •Valid as Hemigrammus bellottii (Steindachner 1882) -- (Planquette et al. 1996:274 [ref. 22818], Keith et al. 2000:13 [ref. 24547], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus bellottii (Steindachner 1882). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, French Guiana and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

beni, Creagrutus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1911:172, Pl. 6 (fig. 2) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1) (art. 3); ref. 1226] Río Beni at Villa Bella, Amazon system, Bolivia. Holotype (unique): FMNH 54585 [ex CM 3216] (poor condition). Type catalog: Henn 1928:63 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:28 [ref. 12367]. No longer known from Argentina -- Koerber 2012:10 [ref. 32229]. •Valid as Creagrutus beni Eigenmann 1911 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Géry & Renno 1989:5 [ref. 13420], Taphorn 1992:167 [ref. 23654] as cf beni, Harold et al. 1994:979 [ref. 22027], Vari & Harold 2001:75 [ref. 25842], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:25 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Román-Valencia & Cala 1997:149 [ref. 30645], Koerber 2011:9 [ref. 31122], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[11] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus beni Eigenmann 1911. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Upper Madeira River basin in northeastern Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

beni, Hemibrycon Pearson [N. E.] 1924:42, Pl. 2 (fig. 6) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Espia, Bolivia. Syntypes: (48) CAS 44333 [ex IU 17321] (29), 44334 [ex IU 17321] (now 60); UMMZ 66504 (16); USNM 117543 [ex UMMZ 66504 and IU 17321] (2). Additional material: CAS 44335 [ex IU 17347] (6). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:23 [ref. 19022]. Not treated by Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061], added in Corrigenda (2005). •Valid as Hemibrycon beni Pearson 1924 -- (Bertaco & Malabarba 2010:739 [ref. 31076], Román-Valencia et al. 2014:117 [ref. 33572], García-Alzate et al. 2015:90 [ref. 33838], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Román-Valencia et al. 2018:40 [ref. 36348]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon beni Pearson 1924. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Río Beni drainage, upper río Madeira basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

beni, Phenacogaster Eigenmann [C. H.] 1911:174, Pl. 6 (fig. 4) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1) (art. 3); ref. 1226] Río Beni at Villa Bella, Bolivia. Holotype: FMNH 54597 [ex CM 3229]. Paratypes: (3, CM) CAS 62200 (1), FMNH 54598 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:67 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:64 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Phenacogaster beni Eigenmann 1911 -- (Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:204 [ref. 27061], Lucena & Gama 2007:152 [ref. 29059], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Lucena 2024:250 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Phenacogaster beni Eigenmann 1911. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Guaporé and Beni River basins, Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

beni, Piabina Pearson [N. E.] 1924:45, Pl. 10 (fig. 5) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Río Popoi, Upper Beni, Amazon system, Bolivia. Lectotype: CAS 62272 [ex IU 17317]. Paralectotypes: (10) CAS 87389 [ex CAS 62272] (6); UMML 66495 (3). Subjectively invalid; secondarily preoccupied by Creagrutus beni Eigenmann 1911, replaced by Creagrutus pearsoni Mahnert & Géry 1988. Lectotype selected by Vari & Harold 2001:180 [ref. 25842]. •Objective synonym of Creagrutus pearsoni Mahnert & Géry 1988 -- (Vari & Harold 1998:256 [ref. 23845], Vari & Harold 2001:178 [ref. 25842], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:125 [ref. 27061]). 2°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Creagrutus pearsoni Mahnert & Géry 1988. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

beninei, Moenkhausia Lima [F. C. T.] & Soares [I. M.] 2018:70, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4461 (no. 1); ref. 36077] Igarapé at km 20 of the road between São Gabriel da Cachoeira and Cucuí, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil, 0°2'59"S, 66°57'48"W. Holotype: ZUEC 16838. Paratypes: ANSP, FMNH, INPA, MZUSP. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Moenkhausia beninei Lima & Soares 2018 -- (Soares et al. 2019:237 [ref. 36688]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia beninei Lima & Soares 2018. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bentosi, Hyphessobrycon Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1908:101 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Amazon River at Obidos, Pará, Brazil. Syntypes: (21) CAS 42682 [ex IU 12654 & MCZ 20995] (3), MCZ 20842 (15), USNM 120270 [ex MCZ 20842a] (3). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022]. Author is M. L. Durbin. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon bentosi Durbin 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:239 [ref. 23654], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:226 [ref. 22743], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:145 [ref. 24509], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:150 [ref. 24506], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Hein 2009:9 [ref. 30362], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Zarske 2014:143 [ref. 33403], García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:38 [ref. 39235] unconfirmed). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon bentosi Durbin 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

bergii, Gymnocharacinus Steindachner [F.] 1903:20 [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 40 (no. 3) (for 22 Jan. 1903); ref. 19244] Southern Argentina. Syntypes: NMW 69429 (1), uncat (1, skeleton). Illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1903:18, Pl. 1 (figs. 2-2a) [ref. 4240]. •Valid as Gymnocharacinus bergii Steindachner 1903 -- (Miquelarena & Arámburu 1983:491 [ref. 27442] as bergi, Menni & Gómez 1995:15 [ref. 27441] as bergi, López et al. 2002:61 [ref. 26808], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:128 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:30 [ref. 27366] as bergi, Koerber & Ortubay 2004:5 [ref. 28031], Menni 2004:76 [ref. 28131] as bergi, Miquelarena et al. 2005:511 [ref. 28249] as bergi, López et al. 2008:1 [ref. 29582], Mirande 2010:522 [ref. 31006], Mirande & Koerber 2015:20 [ref. 35117], Reis et al. 2016:18 [ref. 34496]). Current status: Valid as Gymnocharacinus bergii Steindachner 1903. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Valcheta Creek, Somuncurá Plateau, Negro River drainage, southern Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

beta, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:7 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Villavicencio, Orinoco River system, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56648 [ex CM 5465]. Paratypes: (9) CAS 39492 [ex IU 13158] (4), FMNH 56649 (4). Type catalog: Henn 1928:62 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:17 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Bryconamericus beta Eigenmann 1914 -- (Taphorn 1992:137 [ref. 23654], Galvis et al. 1997:43 [ref. 23651], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento 2016:537 [ref. 34727]). •Synonym of Bryconamericus alpha Eigenmann 1914 -- (Román-Valencia 2003:37 [ref. 26840]). •Synonym of Knodus alpha (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Ferreira 2024:210 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Knodus alpha (Eigenmann 1914). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

bicornis, Roeboides Cope [E. D.] 1870:564, Fig. [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Pebas, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 8151. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Roeboides bicornis Cope 1870 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708]). •Synonym of Roeboides affinis (Günther 1868) -- (Lucena 1998:36 [ref. 23597], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2007:119 [ref. 29256], Litz & Koerber 2014:11 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:18 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:29 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Synonym of Roeboides affinis (Günther 1868). Characidae: Characinae. Habitat: freshwater.

bifasciatus, Astyanax Garavello [J. C.] & Sampaio [F. A. A.] 2010:856, Fig. 6 [Brazilian Journal of Biology v. 70 (no. 3); ref. 31053] Rio Iguaçu, marginal pools at Avenida das Torres, at side of Reserva do Cambuí, São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 105961. Paratypes: many at LISDEBE, MHNCI, MZUSP. •Valid as Astyanax bifasciatus Garavello & Sampaio 2010 -- (Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632], Koerber et al. 2019:4 [ref. 36736], Neves et al. 2020:95 [ref. 37298]). •Valid as Psalidodon bifasciatus (Garavello & Sampaio 2010) -- (Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon bifasciatus (Garavello & Sampaio 2010). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio Iguaçu basin and upper Ruio Paraná basin (Brazil and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

bifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon Ellis [M. D.] 1911:156, Pls. 2 (fig. 4), 3 (fig. 1) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Rio Parahyba at Campos, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54404 [ex CM 3026]. Paratypes and non-types: (201) CAS 51790 [ex IU 13276] (5), CAS 51791 [ex IU 13284] (5), FMNH 15041-45 (1, 1, 1, 1, 1), 54302 (42), 54374 (22), 54405-10 (35, 2, 1, 2, 79, 13), 96014 (1, allotype). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:48 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Ellis 1911 -- (Malabarba 1989:134 [ref. 14217], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:26 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena & López 2010:5 [ref. 30749], Mirande 2010:514 [ref. 31006], Zanata & Camelier 2010:776 [ref. 31077], Zarske 2011:10 [ref. 31376], Di Dario et al. 2013:262 [ref. 37503], Ingenito et al. 2013:42 [ref. 32568], Teixeira et al. 2014:613 [ref. 33097], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Bragança et al. 2015:260 [ref. 34051], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565], Zanata et al. 2018:[11] [ref. 35863], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Ota et al. 2020:432 [ref. 37391], Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Ellis 1911. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: coastal river drainages from Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul States and upper Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

bilineata, Hasemania Ellis [M. D.] 1911:150, Pl. 1 (fig. 3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Alto da Serra, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54383 [ex CM 2937 or 3004]. Paratypes: CAS 44313 [ex IU 13285] (2), FMNH 54300 (6). Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305] with type as 3001, Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Coptobrycon bilineatus (Ellis 1911) -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:121 [ref. 27061], Langeani & Serra 2010:728 [ref. 31075], Serra & Langeani 2015:[1] [ref. 33944], Reis et al. 2016:13 [ref. 34496]). Current status: Valid as Coptobrycon bilineatus (Ellis 1911). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper rio Tietê and rio Itatinga, São Paulo State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bimaculatus, Salmo Linnaeus [C.] 1758:311 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] South America [Suriname drainages]. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.34 (1), ?NRM 7236 (2). Type catalog and putative lectotype: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:215 [ref. 20707]. Type information: Wheeler 1989:210, Fig. 2A [ref. 21873]. •Mention -- (Malabarba 1989:128 [ref. 14217], Prioli et al. 2002:422 [ref. 26816]). •Valid as Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Géry et al. 1991:46 [ref. 21021], Taphorn 1992:110 [ref. 23654], Planquette et al. 1996:248 [ref. 22818], Castro & Casatti 1997:342 [ref. 23333], Garutti & Britski 1997:225 [ref. 23650], Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Sverlij et al. 1998:20 [ref. 27632], Britski et al. 1999:37 [ref. 24147], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920], Butí & Cancino 1999:70 [ref. 25277], Garutti & Britski 2000:85 [ref. 24769], Marín 2000:67 [ref. 26252], Lasso et al. 2001:95 [ref. 25928], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639] as cf. bimaculatus, González-Carcacía & López-Rojas 2002:1 [ref. 28363], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27366], Garutti 2003:6 [ref. 27817], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Bertaco & Garutti 2007:28 [ref. 29172], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], Garutti & Langeani 2009:371 [ref. 30985], Di Dario et al. 2013:262 [ref. 37503], Lucena et al. 2013:540 [ref. 32914], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745], Catelani et al. 2014:931 [ref. 37496] as aff. bimaculatus, Ramos et al. 2014:3 [ref. 35321] as aff. bimaculatus, Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:269 [ref. 33857], Mirande & Koerber 2015:1 [ref. 33698] not Argentina, Lucena & Soares 2016:121 [ref. 34169], Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424], Melo et al. 2016:132 [ref. 34701], Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966] as aff. bimaculatus, Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145] as aff. bimaculatus, Schmitter-Soto 2017:1340 [ref. 35414], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633], Costa et al. 2017:44 [ref. 35684] as aff. bimaculatus, Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:90 [ref. 35773], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809] as aff. bimaculatus, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Koerber et al. 2022:36 [ref. 39235], Ruiz-C et al. 2023:117 [ref. 39815], Vieira et al. 2023:17 [ref. 40759] as cf. bimaculatus, Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760] as aff. bimaculatus, Zanata & Bertaco 2024:96 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Suriname and possibly the Amazon basin. Habitat: freshwater.

binghami, Ceratobranchia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1927:357, Pl. 96 (fig. 1) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 4); ref. 12292] Río Urubamba in district Santa Ana, Departamento del Cuzco, Peru [probably 12°51'52.2"S, 72°41'36.5"W]. Holotype: MCZ 31561. Paratypes: CAS 40849 [ex IU 13758] (6), 40850 (79) + 40851 (119) [ex IU 16049]; FMNH 58063-64 (2, 3); MCZ 30990-92 (2, 11, 1); MNHN 1980-1429 (1); ZMA 113834 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:15 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:21 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Ceratobranchia binghami Eigenmann 1927 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Chernoff & Machado-Allison 1990:280 [ref. 19495], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:120 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:58 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298], Netto-Ferreira 2024:125 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Ceratobranchia binghami Eigenmann 1927. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Ecuador, Peru and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

biotae, Astyanax Castro [R. M. C.] & Vari [R. P.] 2004:331, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 117 (no. 3); ref. 27972] Upper rio Paraná system, Rio Paranapanema basin, Município de Diamante do Norte, Fazenda Água Mole, 22°38'31.7"S, 52°48'59.0"W, Paraná State, Brazil. Holotype: LIRP 4009. Paratypes: LIRP 2734 (15), 4021 (2 c&s), 4276 (34); MZUSP 79807 (10); USNM 373492 (15). •Valid as Astyanax biotae Castro & Vari 2004 -- (Protogino et al. 2006:11 [ref. 28780], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax biotae Castro & Vari 2004. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River system (southeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bipunctatus, Cynopotamus Pellegrin [J.] 1909:13 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 14396] Mouth of Río Suripa, Venezuela. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1898-0021. •Valid as Cynopotamus bipunctatus Pellegrin 1909 -- (Menezes 1976:31 [ref. 7073], Menezes 1987:7 [ref. 8072], Taphorn 1992:179 [ref. 23654], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:202 [ref. 27061], Menezes 2007:60 [ref. 29297], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:47 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:88 [ref. 35773], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760]). Current status: Valid as Cynopotamus bipunctatus Pellegrin 1909. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Venezuela and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

bipunctialbicaudalis, Astyanax Godoy [M. P. de] 1977:666, Figs. 6-8 [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 37 (no. 3); ref. 24840] Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi Guassu, Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo, elevation about 500 meters. Holotype (unique): EEBP 718. •Synonym of Moenkhausia intermedia Eigenmann 1908 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:27 [ref. 35117], Marinho & Benine 2024:229 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia intermedia Eigenmann 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

biserialis, Cynopotamus Garman [S.] 1890:14 [Bulletin of the Essex Institute v. 22 (nos 1-3); ref. 17896] Lago de Máximo [Lago do Maximo; Obydos; and Villa Bella, Brazil]. Lectotype (?): MCZ 21335. Paralectotypes: MCZ 21327 (9), 21360 (24), 165930 [ex 21335] (38); USNM 120180 [ex MCZ 21335] (6). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:19 [ref. 19022]. Lectotype selected by Lucena 2007:127 [ref. 29256]. •Valid as Eucynopotamus biserialis (Garman 1890) -- (Lucena 1988:39 [ref. 22126], Chang & Ortega 1995:2 [ref. 24302]). •Valid as Roeboides biserialis (Garman 1890) -- (Lucena 2000:155 [ref. 25162], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2007:125 [ref. 29256], Sarmiento et al. 2014:51, 185 [ref. 35004], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Lucena 2024:270 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Roeboides biserialis (Garman 1890). Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Amazon River basin (Brazil, Bolivia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

bleheri, Hemigrammus Géry [J.] & Mahnert [V.] 1986:41, Fig. [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 34 (no. 11); ref. 8088] Middle Rio Negro basin, Brazil (probably near Rio Jufaris). Holotype: MZUSP 37369. Paratypes: MHNG 2179.87 (1), 2179.91 (1), 2179.90 and 2239.51 (5), 2239.52 (1). Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:467 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Hemigrammus bleheri Géry & Mahnert 1986 -- (Taphorn 1992:224 [ref. 23654], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], Mirande 2010:508 [ref. 31006], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Petitella bleheri (Géry & Mahnert 1986) -- (Bittencourt et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37634], Lima 2024:248 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Petitella bleheri (Géry & Mahnert 1986). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Negro and Meta River drainages, Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

bockmanni, Astyanax Vari [R. P.] & Castro [R. M. C.] 2007:151, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2007 (no. 1); ref. 29039] Rio Paranaíba basin, Município de Catalão, Córrego Fundo, just above bridge along dirt road, right hand tributary of Rio São Marcos, 18°07'29"S, 47°43'27"W, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: LIRP 5638. Paratypes: LIRP 3401 (4), 4020 (2, c&s); MNRJ 28723 (10); MZUSP 88367 (3); USNM 373495 (10). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Astyanax bockmanni Vari & Castro 2007 -- (Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556]). •Valid as Psalidodon bockmanni (Vari & Castro 2007) -- (Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Brandão et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40464], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon bockmanni (Vari & Castro 2007). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin, Goiás and Minas Gerais (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

boehlkei, Acestrocephalus Menezes [N. A.] 1977:186, Fig. 1 [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 30 (no. 13); ref. 7070] Río Punino, tributary of Río Payamino (Río Napo system), above Coca, Ecuador. Holotype: MCZ 51473. Paratypes: ANSP 134500-01 (5, 2); MCZ 51473-75 (1, 2, 1); MZUSP 12993-94 (2), 12995 (1), 12996-98 (3); USNM 216140-41 (1, 1). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:4 [ref. 19022], Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621], Oyakawa 1996:446 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Acestrocephalus boehlkei Menezes 1977 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:6 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:96 [ref. 23654] as cf. boehlkei, Lasso & Taphorn 2000:443 [ref. 25255], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:200 [ref. 27061], Menezes 2006:390 [ref. 28897], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:47 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Acestrocephalus boehlkei Menezes 1977. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

boehlkei, Creagrutus Géry [J.] 1972:63, Pl. 4 (fig. 2) [Acta Humboldtiana (Series Geologica, Palaeontologica et Biologica Nr. 2) No. 2; ref. 1595] Amazon River basin, eastern Ecuador (no specific locality). Holotype: ZSM 28428a. Paratypes: (19) MTD 27515 (1) ZMH H 1757 (2), H 1758 (10, now 8), H 1868 (1); ZSM 28428b (2), 28428c (2, missing). Type catalog: Wilkens 1977:156 [ref. 22013], Zarske 2003:16 [ref. 27474], Neumann 2011:244 [ref. 31652]. •Synonym of Creagrutus amoenus Fowler 1943 -- (Vari & Harold 2001:58 [ref. 25842], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:121 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Creagrutus amoenus Fowler 1943. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

boehlkei, Thayeria Weitzman [S. H.] 1957:391, Fig. 1 [Aquarium Journal v. 28 (no. 11); ref. 11960] No definitive locality [aquarium specimen]. Holotype: CAS-SU 49907. Paratypes: CAS-SU 49908 (5), 49909 (1, c&s). •Valid as Thayeria boehlkei Weitzman 1957 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:10 [ref. 9708], Lima & Moreira in Reis et al. 2003:157 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:508 [ref. 31006], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Moreira & Lima 2017:146 [ref. 35664], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[11] [ref. 35679], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:36 [ref. 39235], Moreira 2024:282 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Thayeria boehlkei Weitzman 1957. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: western Amazon basin, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

boehlkei, Tyttocharax Géry [J.] 1965:195, Pls. 18-19 (figs. 20-21) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (no. 3); ref. 1586] Igarapé Préto, along upper Amazon River, near Belem, about 60 kilometers below Leticia, Brazil. Holotype (unique): SMF 7208. •Synonym of Tyttocharax cochui (Ladiges 1949) -- (Weitzman & Burns 1997:144 [ref. 24512], Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:228 [ref. 27061], Menezes & Camelier 2024:284 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Tyttocharax cochui (Ladiges 1949). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

boesemani, Hemigrammus micropterus Géry [J.] 1959:251, Fig. 2 [Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (no. 8); ref. 10038] Creek near Sinnamary, northern French Guiana. Holotype: MHNG 2181.80. Paratypes: (4) ANSP 94717 (1), USNM 179758 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621], Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022], Weber 1998:7 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Hemigrammus boesemani Géry 1959 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708]; Géry et al. 1991:59 [ref. 21021], Planquette et al. 1996:275 bis [ref. 22818], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Zarske et al. 2006:23 [ref. 28749], Marinho et al. 2008:58 [ref. 29547], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Melo et al. 2016:132 [ref. 34701], Ota et al. 2019:345 [ref. 36619], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2019:937 [ref. 36872], Lima et al. 2022:261 [ref. 39116]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus boesemani Géry 1959. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

bogotensis, Ctenocharax Regan [C. T.] 1907:403 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 20 (no. 119) (art. 52); ref. 3631] Bogota, Colombia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1868.3.4.1. •Synonym of Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt 1821) -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:128 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt 1821). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

bogotensis, Poecilia Humboldt [F. H. A. von] in Humboldt & Valenciennes 1821:154, 159, Pl. 45 (fig. 1) [Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland v. 2 (Title page 1833); ref. 5612] Plains of Bogota, Colombia. Neotype: ZMB 33306. Possible syntypes: ZMB 3505 (6), 31499 (2). Neotype [perhaps it should have been a lectotype] selected by Román-Valencia et al. 2003:61, 68 [ref. 27035]. Authorship also seen as Humboldt & Valenciennes. •Valid as Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt 1821) -- (Malabarba 1998:228 [ref. 23844], Nico 2001:143 [ref. 25828], Román-Valencia et al. 2003:60 [ref. 27035], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:128 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia et al. 2005:543 [ref. 28433], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:107 [ref. 30946], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt 1821). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

bohlkei, Pseudochalceus Orcés V. [G.] 1967:139 [Politécnica [N.S.] v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 28472] Río Palabí, Santiago basin, Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. Holotype: Author's coll. 5612. Paratypes: (6 + 21 + 6 + 10). •Valid as Pseudochalceus bohlkei Orcés V. 1967 -- (Zarske & Géry 2006:37 [ref. 28750] as boehlkei, Bertaco & Malabarba 2013:777 [ref. 33026], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:149 [ref. 34894]). Current status: Valid as Pseudochalceus bohlkei Orcés V. 1967. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

bolivari, Creagrutus Schultz [L. P.] 1944:334, Fig. 49 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 95 (no. 3181); ref. 3960] Río Guárico and tributaries between San Sebastián and San Casimiro, State of Aragua, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 121497. Paratypes: USNM 121498 (orig. 90, now 82), UMMZ 145040 [ex USNM 121498] (3), MCZ [ex USNM 121498] (5). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:15 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Creagrutus bolivari Schultz 1944 -- (Taphorn 1992:170 [ref. 23654], Vari & Harold 2001:63 [ref. 25842], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento 2016:529 [ref. 34727], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:88 [ref. 35773]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus bolivari Schultz 1944. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

bolivianum, Aphyocharacidium Géry [J.] 1973:101, Figs. 12-14 [Studies on the Neotropical Fauna v. 8; ref. 1596] Brook between upper Río Chaparé and Río Chimoré, tributary of Río Mamoré, east of Todos Santos, Bolivia, about 16°47'S, 65°00'W. Holotype: ZFMK [Museum A. Koenig] uncat. Paratypes: ZSM 40738 [ex MHNG 2232.073] (1), 407389 [ex MHNG 2173.030](1). Type catalog: Herder et al. 2010:115 [ref. 31087], Neumann 2011:243 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Aphyocharacidium bolivianum Géry 1973 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:106 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:530 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004]). Current status: Valid as Aphyocharacidium bolivianum Géry 1973. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Mamoré River drainage, western Amazon basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

bolivianus, Acestrorhamphus Fowler [H. W.] 1940:53, Figs. 7-8 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 92; ref. 1436] Former farm ‘Monte Bello’, río Lipeo approximately 2 km upstream from confluence with río Bermejo, Lipeo hamlet, Los Toldos municipality, Santa Victoria department, Salta Province, Argentina. 22°26'50"S, 64°32'54"W. Holotype: ANSP 68814. Paratypes: ANSP 68815-31 (17), 79790 (7). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. Type locality changed from Bolivia to Argentina; see Mirande & Koerber 2015 [ref. 33698], Koerber 2022:107 [ref. 39426]. •Valid as Oligosarcus bolivianus (Fowler 1940) -- (Menezes & Géry 1983:589 [ref. 8307], Menezes 1987:26 [ref. 20060], Braga 1994:20 [ref. 27878], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:28 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:74 [ref. 28131], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Mirande 2010:497 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Almirón et al. 2015:589 [ref. 33673], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:77 [ref. 33768], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus bolivianus (Fowler 1940). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Lipeo River in Paraguay River basin, Argentina and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

bolivianus, Bryconamericus Pearson [N. E.] 1924:43, Pl. 10 (fig. 4) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Río Colorado, Lower Bopi, Bolivia. Syntypes: (9) CAS 39506 [ex IU 17349] (1), CAS 39507 [ex IU 17349] (4), ?UMMZ 66513 (3). Additional original material: CAS 39508 [ex IU 17350] (2) & CAS 39509 [ex IU 17351] (now 5). •Valid as Bryconamericus bolivianus Pearson 1924 -- (Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia et al. 2013:125 [ref. 32807], Dagosta & Netto-Ferreira 2015:435 [ref. 33665], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298], Román-Valencia et al. 2023:30 [ref. 40431]). Current status: Valid as Bryconamericus bolivianus Pearson 1924. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Beni River basin (Bolivia) and Urubamba and Pirotón River drainages, Loreto (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

boliviensis, Astyanax Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.], Taphorn [D. C.], Buckup [P. A.] & Ortega [H.] 2018:10, Fig. 5 [European Journal of Taxonomy No. 402; ref. 35787] Madeira-Beni-Madidi-Candelaria River drainages, Candelaria River at La Candelaria, Amazon River basin, Iturralde Province, Bolivia, 13°35'21.88"S, 68°41'31.06"W, elevation 304 meters. Holotype: CBF 13504. Paratypes: CBF, UMSS. •Valid as Astyanax boliviensis Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018 -- (Ruiz-C. et al. 2023:199 [ref. 40361]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax boliviensis Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Madeira River drainage, western Amazon River basin, Bolivia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

bonariensis, Anacyrtus (Rhaeboides) Steindachner [F.] 1879:32, Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 20480] La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Holotype (unique): NMW 62498. Species originally described as above, later as Anacyrtus (Raeboides) bonariensis when illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1879:23, Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [ref. 4228]. Subgenus should have been Roeboides in 1879:23. •Valid as Roeboides bonariensis (Steindachner 1879) -- (Lucena 1988:32 [ref. 22126], Fernández & Butí 1996:252 [ref. 22775], Lucena 1998:36 [ref. 23597], Gómez & Chebez 1996:46 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:53 [ref. 24147], Lucena 2000:155 [ref. 25162], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:17 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:85 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:74 [ref. 28131], Nión et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35565]). •Synonym of Roeboides microlepis (Reinhardt 1851) -- (Lucena 2003:295 [ref. 27452], Koerber 2014:3 [ref. 33621], Litz & Koerber 2014:11 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:18 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:29 [ref. 35267], Lucena 2024:272 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Roeboides microlepis (Reinhardt 1851). Characidae: Characinae. Habitat: freshwater.

bondi, Phenacogaster Fowler [H. W.] 1911:419, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 63; ref. 1383] Corisal, Venezuela. Holotype: ANSP 37863. Paratypes: ANSP 37864 (1), 37865 (1, missing); CM [ex ASNP 37866] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Gymnocorymbus bondi (Fowler 1911) -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:128 [ref. 27061], Benine et al. 2015:10 [ref. 33792], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760]). Current status: Valid as Gymnocorymbus bondi (Fowler 1911). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

bondi, Xenagoniates Myers [G. S.] 1942:90, Fig. 1 [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 3121] Río Amana, 6 kilometers east of Santa Barbara, Monagas state, Venezuela. Holotype: CAS-SU 36486. Paratypes: CAS-SU 36487 (3, now 2), USNM 130641 [ex CAS-SU 36487] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:27 [ref. 12291], Vari & Howe 1991:41 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Xenagoniates bondi Myers 1942 -- (Taphorn 1992:355 [ref. 23654], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:527 [ref. 31006], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:87 [ref. 35773]). Current status: Valid as Xenagoniates bondi Myers 1942. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin and coastal drainages of Venezuela: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

bonita, Moenkhausia Benine [R. C.], Castro [R. M. C.] & Sabino [J.] 2004:68, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2004 (no. 1); ref. 27502] Rio Baía Bonita, 21°09'S, 56°25'W, Parque Baía Bonita, "Aguáio Natural", upper Rio Miranda, Rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, southwestern Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 79805. Paratypes: LIRP 4273 (5), 4274 (3), 4277 (2, c&s); MCP 30686 (3); MZUSP 79806 (4); ZUEC 5972 (3). •Valid as Moenkhausia bonita Benine, Castro & Sabino 2004 -- (Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Dickens 2019:165 [ref. 37135], Koerber et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Loureiro et al. 2023:68 [ref. 40506], Marinho & Benine 2024:223 [ref. 40817], Reia et al. 2024:13 [ref. 40849]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia bonita Benine, Castro & Sabino 2004. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay and upper Paraná River basins (Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

boops, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:105 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Maldonado on Río de la Plata, Uruguay. Holotype (unique): MCZ 20700 (deformed specimen). •Synonym of Bryconamericus iheringii (Boulenger 1887) -- (Malabarba & Kindel 1995:684 [ref. 21922], Braga 1998:26 [ref. 24111], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:117 [ref. 27061], da Silva 2004:55 [ref. 27870], Litz & Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:21 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Synonym of Bryconamericus iheringii (Boulenger 1887). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

bopiensis, Astyanax Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.], Taphorn [D. C.], Buckup [P. A.] & Ortega [H.] 2018:16, Fig. 7 [European Journal of Taxonomy No. 402; ref. 35787] Lower Bopi, Colorado River, Bolivia. Lectotype: CAS 38955 [ex IU 17323]. Paratypes: CAS 236977. Replacement name for Astyanacinus multidens Pearson 1924, secondarily preoccupied in Astyanax by Astyanax multidens Eigenmann 1908, but no longer needed as both species are again in different genera (ICZN Art. 59.4). Catalog number for lectotype selection was miscited as CAS 39955. •Valid as Astyanax bopiensis Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018. •Synonym of Astyanacinus multidens Pearson 1924 -- (Dagosta 2024:93 [ref. 40817] unneeded replacement name). •Synonym of Astyanax multidens (Pearson 1924) [unneeded replacement name]. Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Astyanax multidens (Pearson 1924). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

boquiae, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:20 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Boquia [= Boquilla?], at western base of Mount Tolima, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56259 [ex CM 5059]. Paratypes: (21, CM and IU) CAS 44332 [ex IU 12831] (10), FMNH 56260 (10). Type catalog: Henn 1928:62 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367]. Name originally published as "Bryconamericus or Hemibrycon boquiae spec. nov.?" Also see Hemibrycon boquillae Eigenmann 1922, which is an unjustified emendation. •Valid as Hemibrycon boquiae (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Román-Valencia 2000:462 [ref. 25256], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061], Ruiz-C. & Román-Valenca 2006:60 [ref. 28891], Román-Valencia et al. 2006:210 [ref. 28983], Román-Valencia & Ruiz-C. 2007:129 [ref. 29189], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2008:73 [ref. 29744], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2009:78 [ref. 30718], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:29 [ref. 30722], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2010:340 [ref. 30721], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:103 [ref. 30945], Román-Valencia et al. 2013:1365 [ref. 32877], Román-Valencia et al. 2014:117 [ref. 33572], Thomaz et al. 2015: Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon boquiae (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Quindío River drainage, upper Cauca River basin, Quindío, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

boquillae, Hemibrycon Eigenmann [C. H.] 1922:152, 153 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Boquia [= Boquilla?], at western base of Mount Tolima, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56259 [ex CM 5059]. Paratypes: (21, CM and IU) CAS 44332 [ex IU 12831] (10), FMNH 56260 (10). Unjustified emendation and objective synonym of Bryconamericus boquiae Eigenmann 1913. Original name based on locality given as Boquia but later referred to as Boquilla by Eigenmann 1922:153, corresponding with the change in spelling of the specific name boquillae. Eigenmann 1922:153 included both spellings of the name, making it clearly an intentional change. •Synonym of Hemibrycon boquiae (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061]). Unjustified Emend.. Current status: Synonym of Hemibrycon boquiae (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

borari, Knodus Silva-Oliveira [C.], Canto [A. L. C.] & Ribeiro [F. R. V.] 2023:2, Figs. 1-3 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 103 (no. 1); ref. 40192] Rio Braço Leste, Rio Cupari drainage, Rio Tapajós basin, Rurópolis, Pará, Brazil, 04°07'12.1"S, 55°00'12.0"W. Holotype: UFOPA-I 1364. Paratypes: INPA 59900 (5), UFOPA 1365 (8). •Valid as Knodus borari Silva-Oliveira, Canto & Ribeiro 2023. Current status: Valid as Knodus borari Silva-Oliveira, Canto & Ribeiro 2023. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Cupari drainage, lower Rio Tapajós basin, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

borealis, Astyanax bimaculatus var. Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:96 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Rio Magdalena and Cauca, Colombia. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown, probably lost. Based on Tetragonopterus maculatus specimens identified by Steindachner 1878:42 and 1880:21. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758), but a valid subspecies as described -- (Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920]). •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Species inquirenda -- (Lucena & Soares 2016:120 [ref. 34169], Zanata & Bertaco 2024:110 [ref. 40817]). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

borealis, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.], Le Bail [P.-Y.] & Géry [J.] 2006:25, Figs. 7-10 [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 55; ref. 28749] Crique St. Anne, Mana, French Guiana. Holotype: MNHN 2006-0787. Paratypes: Géry coll. (7) and (4); IRSNB 837-866 (30), 20947 (6); MNHN 2006-0788 (30), 2006-0789 (3); MTD F 28805-28814 (10), 28843-28852 (10). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon borealis Zarske, Le Bail & Géry 2006 -- (Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon borealis Zarske, Le Bail & Géry 2006. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: French Guiana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

borki, Knodus Zarske [A.] 2008:160, Figs. 1-3 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 2); ref. 29918] Near Iquitos, Peru [imported specimens]. Holotype: MTD F 31357. Paratypes: MHNG 2709/085 (1); MTD F 31358-62 (5); NMW 95153 (1); ZFMK 41480 (1); ZMB 33872 (1). Type catalog: Herder et al. 2010:117 [ref. 31087]. •Valid as Knodus borki Zarske 2008 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Knodus borki Zarske 2008. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: surroundings of Iquitos (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

bouchellei, Roeboides Fowler [H. W.] 1923:25 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 75; ref. 15402] Pis Pis River, Great Falls, Nicaragua. Holotype: ANSP 51218. Paratypes: ANSP 51219 (1, c&s). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Roeboides bouchellei Fowler 1923 -- (Lucena 1998:39 [ref. 23597], Bussing 1998:116 [ref. 24179], Lucena 2000:34 [ref. 24559], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:81 [ref. 27807], Miller 2006:158 [ref. 28615], Matamoros et al. 2009:9 [ref. 31241], Lucena 2011:1663 [ref. 31620], McMahan et al. 2013:444 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Matamoros et al. 2013:280 [ref. 32755], Angulo et al. 2013:992 [ref. 33194], González-Murcia et al. 2019:290 [ref. 36544], Angulo et al. 2023:25 [ref. 40676], Page et al. 2023:77 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Roeboides bouchellei Fowler 1923. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Southern North America, central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

boulengeri, Hemigrammus Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Ogle 1907:15 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1556); ref. 1266] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype (unique): CAS 44379 [ex IU 11073]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon boulengeri (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Malabarba 1989:134 [ref. 14217], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:86 [ref. 28297], Bertaco et al. 2007:248 [ref. 29277], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565] dated 1918 without parentheses, Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Loureiro et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon boulengeri (Eigenmann 1907). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: coastal river drainages of Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

bounites, Attonitus Vari [R. P.] & Ortega [H.] 2000:123, Fig. 2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 24436] Río Candamo, 13°24'S, 70°01'W, Zona Reservada Tambopata Candamo, Province Carabaya, Depto de Puno, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 11840. Paratypes: MUSM 4002 (1), 6728 (1), 6758 (1), 10344 (7), 10365 (3), 10758 (2), 11219 (2), 11688 (6), 12755 (10), 12935 (3); USNM 349701 (10, 1 c&s), 349703 (1), 349705 (1), 349709 (2), 349711-12 (2, 5), 349715 (4). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Attonitus bounites Vari & Ortega 2000 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:113 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745] as cf. bounites, Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893]). Current status: Valid as Attonitus bounites Vari & Ortega 2000. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

bourgeti, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:95 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 89557 [ex MCZ 20768b]. •Valid as Astyanax bourgeti Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:27 [ref. 37559] as boulengeri, Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bourgeti Eigenmann 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Upper Amazon River basin (Brazil and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

brachycephalus, Xiphorhamphus Cope [E. D.] 1894:84, Pl. 4 [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: ANSP 21728. Paralectotypes: ANSP 21917 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621] as holotype and paratype. Lectotype established by Fowler 1907:460 [ref. 1374]. •Synonym of Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther 1864) -- (Menezes 1987:24 [ref. 20060], Malabarba 1989:137 [ref. 14217], Braga 1994:22 [ref. 27878], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Synonym of Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther 1864). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

brachypterygium, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2001:228, Figs. 9-10 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 25645] Bom Jesus, arroio Agua Branca, 28°36'S, 50°24'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, elevation 1050 meters. Holotype: MCP 26094. Paratypes: MCP 8627 (1, c&s), 11661 (5), 14367 (24), 14391 (26, 5 c&s), 22296 (10); MZUSP 62713 (20); NMW 94544 (20); UFRGS 4950 (20); USNM 364303 (20). •Valid as Astyanax brachypterygium Bertaco & Malabarba 2001 -- (Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Bertaco & Lucena 2006:58 [ref. 28628], de Melo & Buckup 2006:50 [ref. 28622], Bertaco & Lucena 2010:19 [ref. 30750], Bertaco et al. 2010:267 [ref. 30864], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Lucena et al. 2013:231 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587] as brachypterygyrium). Current status: Valid as Astyanax brachypterygium Bertaco & Malabarba 2001. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Uruguay and Jacuí River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

branickii, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1879:151 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 16 (no. 15) (for 19 June 1879); ref. 20478] Zurumilla, Ecuador-Peru border. Syntypes: (several) NMW 57258 (2). Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1879:169 [p. 21 in separate], Pl. 1 (fig. 3) [ref. 18782]. •Species inquirenda in Characidae -- (Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061], Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:287 [ref. 40817]). •Synonym of Eretmobrycon brevirostris (Günther 1860) -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2023:41 [ref. 40431]). Current status: Synonym of Eretmobrycon brevirostris (Günther 1860). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

bransfordii, Bramocharax Gill [T. N.] in Gill & Bransford 1877:190 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 29; ref. 1714] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Lectotype: USNM 16885. Paralectotypes: USNM 437594 (2). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:9 [ref. 19022]. Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1373 [ref. 35414]? •Valid as Bramocharax bransfordii Gill 1877 -- (Villa 1982:102 [ref. 36708], Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985:15 [ref. 19552] as bransfordi, Bussing 1987:72 [ref. 22927], Bussing 1998:88 [ref. 24179], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:497 [ref. 31006], Angulo et al. 2013:991 [ref. 33194]). •Valid as Astyanax bransfordii (Gill 1877) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2016:129 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1371 [ref. 35414], Angulo et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35879], Angulo et al. 2023:22 [ref. 40676]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bransfordii (Gill 1877). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Central America: Lake Nicaragua and tributaries (Nicaragua and Costa Rica). Habitat: freshwater.

brevicaudatus, Aphyocharax Brito [P. S. de], Guimarães [E. C.], Carvalho-Costa [L. F.] & Ottoni [F. P.] 2019:510, Figs. 1-2 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 95 (no.2); ref. 37042] Maracaçumé River, Maracaçumé municipality, Maranhão state, Brazil, 2°3'14"S, 45°57'16"W. Holotype: CICCAA 02293. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as Aphyocharax brevicaudatus Brito, Guimarães, Carvalho-Costa & Ottoni 2019 -- (Koerber et al. 2022:41 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Aphyocharax brevicaudatus Brito, Guimarães, Carvalho-Costa & Ottoni 2019. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Distribution: South America: Maracaçumé River drainage (Maranhão, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

breviceps, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:105 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Rio Tocantins, Goiás, Brazil. Syntypes: (many) MCZ 20692 (2), USNM 120274 [ex MCZ 20692] (4). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:10 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Bryconamericus breviceps Eigenmann 1908 -- (Román-Valencia 2002:209 [ref. 27206], Román-Valencia 2003:7 [ref. 27070], Román-Valencia 2005:47 [ref. 28949]). •Valid as Knodus breviceps (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:143 [ref. 27061], Ferreira & Lima 2006:635 [ref. 28919], Mirande 2010:536 [ref. 31006], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Esguícero & Castro 2014:47 [ref. 33506], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:58 [ref. 35633], Deprá et al. 2021:24 [ref. 38180], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Ferreira 2024:210 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Knodus breviceps (Eigenmann 1908). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

brevimanus, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1864:325 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Río San Gerónimo, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.388. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1864.1.24.177 (3), BMNH 2016.9.13.3-4 (2). Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1376 [ref. 35414]? •Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax brevimanus (Günther 1864) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1373 [ref. 35414], López-Segovia et al. 2020:110 [ref. 38151], Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax brevimanus (Günther 1864). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Southern North America, Middle America: Highlands of eastern Oaxaca and Chiapas (Mexico), south and east to Quiché and Baja Verapaz (Guatemala). Habitat: freshwater.

brevioris, Oligosarcus Menezes [N. A.] 1990:10, Fig. 2 [Boletim de Zoologia, Universidad de São Paulo v. II [for 1987]; ref. 20060] Arroio Cachoeirinha, bacia do Rio Pelotas, Munic. Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul, about 28°40'S, 50°40'W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 37508. Paratypes: MCP 6486 (17), 10968 (5); MZUSP 36489 (19), 36492-93 (4, 2); USNM 278960 (17), 278965 (2). Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:486 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Oligosarcus brevioris Menezes 1990 -- (Braga 1994:19 [ref. 27878], Gómez & Chebez 1996:48 [ref. 23791], Miquelarena et al. 2002:76 [ref. 26517], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:29 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:74 [ref. 28131], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Almirón et al. 2015:589 [ref. 33673], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:77 [ref. 33768], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus brevioris Menezes 1990. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Uruguay River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brevipinnis, Creagrutus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:10 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Piedra de Moler, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56095 [ex CM 4887a]. Paratypes: (105, CM and IU) CAS 41341-42 [ex IU 12728-29] (12, 5), 41375 [ex IU 12730] (8); FMNH 56096-98 (10, 5, 10), 75172 (34); USNM 79188 (4). Type catalog: Henn 1928:63 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:28 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:15 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Creagrutus brevipinnis Eigenmann 1913 -- (Harold & Vari 1994:18 [ref. 21969], Vari & Harold 2001:2 [ref. 25842], Román-Valencia 1998:783 [ref. 27073], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia & Cala 1997:148 [ref. 30645], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2018:348 [ref. 36150], Ardila Rodríguez 2020:13 [ref. 37904], Ardila Rodríguez 2021:16 [ref. 38586], Ardila Rodríguez 2023:12 [ref. 40275]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus brevipinnis Eigenmann 1913. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Cauca River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

brevirhinus, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:96 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Rio Jequitinhonha, along the Jequitinhonha Valley, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 20905. •Valid as Astyanax brevirhinus Eigenmann 1908 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Triques et al. 2003:149 [ref. 27248], Zanata & Camelier 2009:175 [ref. 30252], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax brevirhinus Eigenmann 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Jequitinhonha River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brevirostris, Chalceus Günther [A.] 1860:420 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1859 (pt 3) (art. 7); ref. 18210] Western Andes of Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.6.16.166 (1), 1860.6.16.196 (1). Note on types by Román-Valencia et al. 2023:41 [ref. 40431]. •Valid as Bryconamericus brevirostris (Günther 1860) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:28 [ref. 37559], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:1 [ref. 30393], Román-Valencia et al. 2011:844 [ref. 31565], Román-Valencia et al. 2013:125 [ref. 32807], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745], Román-Valencia et al. 2014:108 [ref. 33608], Román-Valencia et al. 2015:244 [ref. 34022], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:129 [ref. 34894]). • Valid as Eretmobrycon brevirostris (Günther 1860) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Román-Valencia et al. 2023:41 [ref. 40431], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:125 [ref. 40816], Valenzuela et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40815], Malabarba 2024:154 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Eretmobrycon brevirostris (Günther 1860). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Pacific coastal drainages (Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

brevis, Hemigrammus Ellis [M. D.] 1911:161, Pl. 3 (fig. 4) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Lagôas of Rio Grande at Barreiras, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54444 [ex CM 3068]. Paratypes: (38) ?CAS 44380 [ex IU 13290 & CM 3071] (8), FMNH 54434 (28), 54445-46 (7, 2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hemigrammus brevis Ellis 1911 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Marinho et al. 2008:58 [ref. 29547], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35679], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2019:937 [ref. 36872], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40665]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus brevis Ellis 1911. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

brevispina, Poptella Reis [R. E.] 1989:37, Fig. 22 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS, Série Zoologia v. 2 (no. 6); ref. 14219] Igarapé Apeu, Boa Vista, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 38562. Paratypes: ANSP (1); BMNH 1911.10.31.416 (1), 1973.10.15.28-29 (2), 1974.5.22.458-460 (3); CAS 66873-74 (5, 3); FMNH 7475 (1), 53469 (5), 53716 (4), 82627 (3); MCP 13526 (3); MCZ 46050 (6); MZUSP 19362 (10), 19368 (1), 19527 (3), 19544 (15, not 13), 19675 (11, not 10), 20339 (2), 20568 (10); CAS-SU 21859 (1), 21867 (1); UMMZ 215339-42 (1, 1, 3, 3); USNM; ZMA. Plus additional paratypes at MCP, MCZ, MZUSP. Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:490-491 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Poptella brevispina Reis 1989 -- (Géry et al. 1991:60 [ref. 21021], Planquette et al. 1996:236 [ref. 22818], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35695], Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2019:7 [ref. 36770], Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021:7 [ref. 38089]). Current status: Valid as Poptella brevispina Reis 1989. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Orinoco, Kurobrong, Oiapoque and Xingu River basins: Colombia, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

brevispini, Hemibrycon Román-Valencia [C.] & Arcila-Mesa [D. K.] 2009:80, Figs. 1-3 [Animal Biodiversity and Conservation vol. 32 (no. 2); ref. 30718] Alto Cauca, Rio Quindio, La Vernada Creek, afluent of Santo Domingo River, 200 meters on road to Quegrada Negra locality, 4°26'47"N, 75°41'02"W, Quindio, Colombia, elevation 1278-1304 meters. Holotype: IUQ 2008. Paratypes: IUQ 542 (40), 883 (6), 1453 (5). •Valid as Hemibrycon brevispini Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2009 -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2009:29 [ref. 30722], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2010:340 [ref. 30721], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:103 [ref. 30945] as brevispinni, Román-Valencia et al. 2013:1365 [ref. 32877], Román-Valencia et al. 2014:117 [ref. 33572], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35633]). •Probable synonym of Hemibrycon boquiae (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:19 [ref. 33893], García-Melo et al. 2018:[3] [ref. 35894]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon brevispini Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2009. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Upper Cauca River system, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

brevoortii, Poecilurichthys Gill [T. N.] 1858:417 [57] [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 6 (nos 10-13, art. 38); ref. 1750] Trinidad Island, West Indies. Syntypes: USNM 1113 (2). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:34 [ref. 19022]. On p. 57 of separate. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:1 [ref. 33698] with question). •Valid as Astyanax brevoortii (Gill 1858) -- (Ruiz-C et al. 2023:118 [ref. 39815]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax brevoortii (Gill 1858). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island, West Indies. Habitat: freshwater.

britskii, Creagrutus Vari [R. P.] & Harold [A. S.] 2001:83, Fig. 31 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 613; ref. 25842] Ribeirão Macambira, about 14°20'S, 46°45'W, near bridge on highway GO 112, Iaciara, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 40537. Paratypes: MNRJ 13048 (6); MZUSP 46546 (18), 50540 (12); USNM 292214 (3), 292226 (13), 340952 (4, 2 c&s). •Valid as Creagrutus britskii Vari & Harold 2001 -- (Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Netto-Ferreira & Moreira 2018:255 [ref. 35759]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus britskii Vari & Harold 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Upper Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

britskii, Moenkhausia Azevedo-Santos [V. M.] & Benine [R. C.] 2016:204, Figs. 1, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 92 (no. 2); ref. 34837] Rio Içá, approximately 60 km above its mouth, Santo Antônio do Içá Municipality, Amazonas, Brazil, 3°0'7.68"S, 69°2'49.52"W. Holotype: MZUSP 120691. Paratypes: MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia britskii Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia britskii Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Içá River, Amazon basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

britskii, Planaltina Menezes [N. A.], Weitzman [S. H.] & Burns [J. R.] 2003:579, Figs. 30-36 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 116 (no. 3); ref. 27327] Município de São José do Rio Preto, córrego da Barra Funda, tributary of rio Preto and tributary of rio Turvo, tributary of rio Grande, about 20°37'S. 49°23'W, Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 62757. Paratypes: DZSJRP 656 (7), 668 (7), 670 (3), 674 (5); LIRP 2255 (1); MZUSP 26911 (10), 27138 (2), 62758-64 (5, 4, 10, 6, 3, 4, 2); USNM 367195 (1). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:442 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Planaltina britskii Menezes, Weitzman & Burns 2003 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Deprá et al. 2018:17 [ref. 35939], Reis et al. 2020:461 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Planaltina britskii Menezes, Weitzman & Burns 2003. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Grande, São José dos Dourados and Tietê river basins, as well as smaller tributaries of Rio Paraná in State of São Paulo and from upper rio Paraná floodplain (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

broccae, Spintherobolus Myers [G. S.] 1925:143, Pl. 10 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 16 (no. 1) (art. 4); ref. 12388] Hills behind Río de Janeiro, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 58863 [ex CM 7979a]. Paratypes: BMNH 1925.10.19.1 (1), FMNH 58864 (1), MNHN 1932-0200 [ex SU] (1), CAS-SU 24073 (1, missing in 1995), USNM 92959 (orig. 3, now 2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:59 [ref. 12305], Bertin 1948:23 [ref. 19577], Böhlke 1953:26 [ref. 12291], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:80 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:40 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Spintherobolus broccae Myers 1925 -- (Sarraf 1997:27 [ref. 22928], Weitzman & Malabarba 1998:215 [ref. 23844], Malabarba 1999:30 [ref. 23668], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:220 [ref. 27061], Bührnheim et al. 2008:672 [ref. 29955], Jerep & Malabarba 2014:307 [ref. 33376]). Current status: Valid as Spintherobolus broccae Myers 1925. Characidae: Spintherobolinae. Distribution: Lowlands near Rio de Janeiro and Santos, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

browni, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:13 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Atuataima Falls, Potaro River, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 52732 [ex CM]. Paratypes: (119, CM and IU) BMNH 1911.10.31.239-140 (2)/.241-242 (2)/.243 (1); CAS 61560 [ex IU 11712] (5), 61629 [ex IU 11713] (3), 61792 [ex IU 11714] (10), 62040 [ex IU 11715] (1); FMNH 7488-90 (2, 1, 2), 52677-81 (3, 10, 1, 2, 1), 52684 (1), 53517 (5), 69585 (6), 71293 (18), 52733 (1); MCZ 30012 (2), 30014 (1); NMW 56188-89 (1, 1); CAS-SU 21830 (1), 21924-25 (2, 2); USNM 66238 (2); ZMA 110639 (1), 110649 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:66 [ref. 12305] as CM 1004, Böhlke 1953:25 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:22 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:57 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:30 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Moenkhausia browni Eigenmann 1909 -- (Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:43 [ref. 28287], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679], Marinho & Benine 2024:224 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia browni Eigenmann 1909. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Potaro River drainage, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

brucutu, Astyanax Zanata [A. M.], Lima [F. C. T.], Di Dario [F.] & Gerhard [P.] 2017:493, Figs. 1-8 [Zootaxa 4232 (no. 4); ref. 35145] Iraquara, Fazenda Pratinha, rio Pratinha, tributary of rio Santo Antônio, rio Paraguaçu basin, Bahia State, Brazil, 12°21'13"S, 41°32'51"W. Holotype: ZUEC 12765. Paratypes: ANSP, MNRJ, MZUSP, NPM, UFBA, ZUEC. •Valid as Astyanax brucutu Zanata, Lima, Di Dario & Gerhard 2017 -- (Vita et al. 2020:[5] [ref. 37506], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax brucutu Zanata, Lima, Di Dario & Gerhard 2017. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paraguaçu basin (Bahia, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

brumado, Hyphessobrycon Zanata [A. M.] & Camelier [P.] 2010:772, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 4); ref. 31077] Rio Brumado, at Ponte do Coronel, rio de Contas drainage, 13°29'37.0"S, 41°52'0.6"W, Rio de Contas Municipality, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 101246. Paratypes: MZUSP 105730 (5); UFBA 4340 (13, 1 c&s), 4341 (22, 2 c&s). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon brumado Zanata & Camelier 2010 -- (Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Marinho et al. 2016:519 [ref. 34591], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon brumado Zanata & Camelier 2010. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio Brumado, tributary of the rio Contas (eastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bucayensis, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.], Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Taphorn [D. C.] & García-Alzate [C. A.] 2013:130, Figs. 1-2 [Animal Biodiversity and Conservation v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 32807] Guayas, Rio Bucay 3 km upstream from bridge on Naranjal-Machala road, 79°42'31'' W, 2°39'45''S, Ecuador, elevation 80 meters. Holotype: MEPN 11125. Paratypes: IUQ, MEPN. •Valid as Bryconamericus bucayensis Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., D. C. Taphorn & García-Alzate 2013 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain, Román-Valencia et al. 2015:244 [ref. 34022], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:131 [ref. 34894]). Current status: Valid as Bryconamericus bucayensis Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn & García-Alzate 2013. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Guayas, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

burgerai, Astyanax Zanata [A. M.] & Camelier [P.] 2009:180, Figs. 6-7 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 30252] Córrego Água Boa on road between Floresta Azul and Almadina, tributary of riacho Pancadinha, itself a tributary of rio Almada, 14°44'42"S, 39°38'40"W, Almadina, Bahia State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 101245. Paratypes: UFBA 4346 (15, 1 c&s). •Valid as Astyanax burgerai Zanata & Camelier 2009 -- (Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Zanata et al. 2018:486 [ref. 35984], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809]). •Valid as Deuterodon burgerai (Zanata & Camelier 2009) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon burgerai (Zanata & Camelier 2009). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio Almada, coastal drainage (southern Bahia, Brazil) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

burnsi, Lepidocharax Ferreira [K. M.], Menezes [N. A.] & Quagio-Grassiotto [I.] 2011:286, Figs. 7-9 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 31387] Rio Paraopeba, São Francisco basin, ca. 20°09'S, 44°10"W, Brumadinho, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 45718. Paratypes: many at CPUFMT, LIRP, MCP, MZUSP. Plus non-type specimens. The specimen depicted by Ferreira et al. 2011:286 fig. 7 [ref. 31387] is not the holotype, as the caption claims, but the paratype MCP 31798. See Deprá et al. 2018:19 [ref. 35939] fig. 8a for the holotype. •Valid as Lepidocharax burnsi Ferreira, Menezes & Quagio-Grassiotto 2011 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Deprá et al. 2018:18 [ref. 35939], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727]). Current status: Valid as Lepidocharax burnsi Ferreira, Menezes & Quagio-Grassiotto 2011. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: tributaries of upper rio São Francisco and rio Doce basins (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bussingi, Hyphessobrycon Ota [R. R.], Carvalho [F. R.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2020:403, Figs. 1-3, 5a, 6a [Zootaxa 4751 (no. 3); ref. 37391] Río Cocolis, 3.5 km southeast of Shiroles, on road Bratsi-Shiroles, Limón, Costa Rica, 09°34'05"N, 82°56'4.92"W. Holotype: UCR 3302-001. Paratypes: MZUSP, NUP, UCR. Plus additional non-type material. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:7 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon bussingi Ota, Carvalho & Pavanelli 2020 -- (Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon bussingi Ota, Carvalho & Pavanelli 2020. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Sixaola River basin, Atlantic coast (Costa Rica), and Changuinola, Guarumo and San San River basins (Panama). Habitat: freshwater.

bussingi, Roeboides Matamoros [W. A.], Chakrabarty [P.], Angulo [A.], Garita-Alvarado [C. A.] & McMahan [C. D.] 2013:286, Figs. 2, 3a [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 32755] Puntarenas Province, Río Coloradito, about 6 km from the main Road, tributary of the Río Coto drainage, 8°34'12'N, 82°51'33"W. Costa Rica. Holotype: LSUMZ 14799. Paratypes: Many at UCR, LSUMZ. Type catalog: Angulo et al. 2015:383 [ref. 35212]. •Valid as Roeboides bussingi Matamoros, Chakrabarty, Angulo, Garita-Alvarado, McMahan 2013 -- (Angulo et al. 2013:992 [ref. 33194], Angulo et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37425]). Current status: Valid as Roeboides bussingi Matamoros, Chakrabarty, Angulo, Garita-Alvarado & McMahan 2013. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Central America: Costa Rica and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

caballeroi, Bramocharax (Catemaco) Contreras-Balderas [S.] & Rivera-Teillery [R.] 1985:10 [Publicaciones Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autónoma Nueva Leon v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 19552] Northwestern shore of Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico. Holotype: UANL 5681. Paratypes: AMNH 55679 [ex UANL 2462] (4); ENCB-P-3966 (3); IBUNAM-P (3); TU (3), UANL 2368 (22), 2459 (1), 2462 (146, now 142), 2864 (3), 2949 (39); UMML 200245 (4); USNM 325997 (2). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Contreras-Balderas et al. 1998:2 [ref. 23752]. •Valid as Bramocharax caballeroi Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985 -- (Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:25 [ref. 22290], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:80 [ref. 27807], Scharpf 2006:14 [ref. 30386], Miller 2006:156 [ref. 28615], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708]). •Valid as Astyanax caballeroi (Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1376 [ref. 35414], Ornelas-García et al. 2023:[5] 99 [ref. 40738], Page et al. 2023:77 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax caballeroi (Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Southern North America: Catemaco Lake basin, Veracruz (Mexico). Habitat: freshwater.

cachimbensis, Hyphessobrycon Travassos [H.] 1964:542, Fig. 5 [Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias v. 36 (no. 4); ref. 3712] Rio Cachimbo, Cachimbo, Aeroporto da FAB, 9°22'S, 54°05'W, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 9196. Paratypes: MNRJ 9197-98 (1, 1). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis Travassos 1964 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2004:36 [ref. 28039], Zarske & Géry 2006:47 [ref. 28750], Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535] as aff. cachimbensis, Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Ohara et al. 2017:248 [ref. 35067], Dagosta et al. 2022:11 [ref. 39143], Lima et al. 2024:185 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis Travassos 1964. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Cachimbo River drainage, upper Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cacique, Creagrutus Flausino Junior [N.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2019:2, Figs. 1-2 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 166 (no. 1); ref. 36726] Rio Culuene, fish ladder of Paranatinga II hydroelectric dam, Campinápolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 13°50'58"S, 53°15'22"W. Holotype: ZUEC 15770. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, LBP, ZUEC. •Valid as Creagrutus cacique Flausino Junior & Lima 2019. Current status: Valid as Creagrutus cacique Flausino Junior & Lima 2019. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Xingu basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

caerulea, Glandulocauda Menezes [N. A.] & Weitzman [S. H.] 2009:317 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 30495] Rio Iguaçu, ca. 25°43'S, 49°44'W, Serrinha, Paraná, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54895 [ex CM 3557]. Paratypes: (5, CM) CAS 60470 (2), USNM 177725 [ex FMNH 54896] (1), FMNH 54896 (3, now 2). Replacement name for Glandulocauda melanopleura Eigenmann 1911, secondarily preoccupied in Glandulocauda by Hyphessobrycon melanopleurus Ellis 1911. See Menezes & Weitzman 2009:323 [ref. 30495] for remarks on the type locality. •Valid as Glandulocauda caerulea Menezes & Weitzman 2009 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364]). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Glandulocauda caerulea Menezes & Weitzman 2009. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

cairoense, Hemibrycon Román-Valencia [C.] & Arcila-Mesa [D. K.] 2009:84, Figs. 5-6 [Animal Biodiversity and Conservation vol. 32 (no. 2); ref. 30718] Quinchia, El Cairo locality, upper Cauca River system, Ramirez Creek, afluent of Italica Creek, Quinchia road to El Cairo, 200 meters from bridge, 5°21'43"N, 75°43'43"W, elevation 1842 meters. Holotype: IUQ 2009. Paratypes: IUQ 534 (63), 537 (2, c&s). Hemibrycon is masculine, therefore mandatory correction to cairoensis. •Valid as Hemibrycon cairoensis Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2009 (often as cairoense) -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2009:30 [ref. 30722], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2010:340 [ref. 30721], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:104 [ref. 30945], Román-Valencia et al. 2013:1365 [ref. 32877], Román-Valencia et al. 2014:117 [ref. 33572], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35633] as cairoense). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon cairoensis Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2009. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Upper Cauca River system, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

calai, Creagrutus Vari [R. P.] & Harold [A. S.] 2001:85, Fig. 32 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 613; ref. 25842] Unnamed stream on Rancho El Viento, across Río Meta from Puerto Lopez, 4°08'N, 72°39'W, Meta, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 130527. Paratypes: ANSP 139149 (18), 177718 (12); NRM 16848-49 (1, 10), 43015-16 (2, 5); USNM 353304 (4, 2 c&s), 353307 (4), 353868 (2). Type catalog: DoNascimiento et al. 2016:406 [ref. 34787]. •Valid as Creagrutus calai Vari & Harold 2001 -- (Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:95 [ref. 30781], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2018:351 [ref. 36150]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus calai Vari & Harold 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Western Meta River basin, eastern Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

caldasi, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.], Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Taphorn [D. C.] & García-Alzate [C. A.] 2014:111, Figs. 1-2 [Animal Biodiversity and Conservation v. 37 (no. 2); ref. 33608] Caldas, San José County, Middle Cauca River basin, La Libertad Creek, two hundred meters from La Libertad School, on the San José-Araunca road, 5°63'07.4"N, 75°45'53.6"W, Colombia, elevation 1124 meters. Holotype: IUQ 3714. Paratypes: IUQ 3225 (9), 3772 (2 C&S), 3229 (17), 3691 (1), 3723 (14). •Synonym of Hemibrycon caucanus (Eigenmann 1913) -- (García-Melo et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36761], Bertaco 2024:166 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Bryconamericus caldasi Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn & García-Alzate 2014 -- (DoNascimiento et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Uncertain as Bryconamericus caldasi Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn & García-Alzate 2014. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: middle Cauca River basin, Caldas, Colombia [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

caliurus, Charax Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] in Eigenmann, McAtee & Ward 1907:142, Pl. 43 (fig. 1) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (no. 2) (art. 7); ref. 1261] Laguna Pasito, Paraguay. Holotype (unique): CAS 15682 [ex IU 9969]. •Valid as Cynopotamus caliurus (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1907) -- (Menezes 1976:25 [ref. 7073], Menni 2004:74 [ref. 28131]). •Synonym of Cynopotamus argenteus (Valenciennes 1837) -- (Menezes 1987:7 [ref. 8072], Braga 1994:12 [ref. 27878] as calliurus, Britski et al. 1999:52 [ref. 24147], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:202 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:11 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:18 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:28 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Synonym of Cynopotamus argenteus (Valenciennes 1837). Characidae: Characinae. Habitat: freshwater.

callistus, Tetragonopterus Boulenger [G. A.] 1900:2 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 15 (no. 370); ref. 14722] Carandosiñho near Corumba, Rio Paraguay, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Syntypes: (numerous) BMNH 1900.4.14.63-68 (6), MSNG 37718 (2), MZUT 1365 (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:138 [ref. 21559], Tortonese 1961:182 [ref. 10343]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon callistus (Boulenger 1900) -- (Fernández & Butí 1996:252 [ref. 22775], Planquette et al. 1996:286 [ref. 22818], Almirón & Casciotta 1999:344 [ref. 24405], Lasso et al. 2001:95 [ref. 25928]). •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner 1882) -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:224 [ref. 22743], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:141 [ref. 24509], Britski et al. 1999:41 [ref. 24147], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:27 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:102 [ref. 28130], Hein 2009:2 [ref. 30362], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Synonym of Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner 1882). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

calliurus, Chirodon Boulenger [G. A.] 1900:3 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 15 (no. 370); ref. 14722] Corandasiñho [Carandasinho, Mato Grosso], Brazil; San Lorenzo, Jujuy Province, Argentina. Syntypes: BMNH 1900.4.14.78-82 (5); MSNG 37719 (2); MZUT 1368 (1); NMW 60345 (5), 77966 (2) Type catalog: Tortonese 1961:183 [ref. 10343]. Original genus should have been Cheirodon. •Valid as Odontostilbe calliura (Boulenger 1900) -- (Britski et al. 1999:48 [ref. 24147]). •Valid as Serrapinnus calliurus (Boulenger 1900) -- (Malabarba 1998:215 [ref. 23844], Gelain et al. 1999:71 [ref. 24205], Malabarba & Weitzman 1999:413 [ref. 24417], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:219 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:30 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:113 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:78 [ref. 28131] as Serrapinus, Miquelarena et al. 2008:71 [ref. 29829], Mirande 2010:533 [ref. 31006], Jerep & Malabarba 2014:307 [ref. 33376], Malabarba & Jerep 2014:58 [ref. 33440], Litz & Koerber 2014:12 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:19 [ref. 35117], Jerep et al. 2016:296 [ref. 34362], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Koerber et al. 2017:30 [ref. 35267], Jerep et al. 2018:186 [ref. 35830], Serra et al. 2018:3 [ref. 36023], Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364], Loureiro et al. 2023:59 [ref. 40506], Jerep et al. 2024:275 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Serrapinnus calliurus (Boulenger 1900). Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos, Paraná-Paraguay and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

calliurus, Knodus Ahl [E.] 1931:208, Fig. 2 [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1931 (nos. 4-7); ref. 16254] Rio Capim basin, Pará, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 23684. Types mentioned: Paepke 1995:92 [ref. 21847], Zarske & Géry 1995:116 [ref. 22674]. •Synonym of Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858) -- (Zarske & Géry 1995:119 [ref. 22674], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Benine 2024:230 [ref. 40817]). •Mention -- (Ferreira & Lima 2006:637 [ref. 28919], Deprá et al. 2021:24 [ref. 38180]). •Not a synonym of Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858) -- (Marinho & Langeani 2016:347 [ref. 34416]). Current status: Uncertain as Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

callops, Microschemobrycon Böhlke [J. E.] 1953:846, Pl. 20 (fig. 2) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 6 (no. 71) (art. 85); ref. 12366] Camanaos Rapids, Rio Negro, Brazil, about 0°10'S, 66°55'W. Holotype: CAS-SU 17491. Paratypes: ANSP 131519 [ex CAS-SU 17492] (1, c&s); CAS 20691 (2); CAS-SU 17492 (orig. 2), 17493-96 (1, 5, 1, 2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Microschemobrycon callops Böhlke 1953 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:145 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35633], Marinho 2024:219 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Microschemobrycon callops Böhlke 1953. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco, Negro and Madeira River basins: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

calverti, Grammabrycon Fowler [H. W.] 1941:190, Figs. 99-100 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 69606. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Phenacogaster calverti (Fowler 1941) -- (Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:204 [ref. 27061], Lucena & Gama 2007:152 [ref. 29059], Lucena & Malabarba 2010:266, 296 [ref. 30880], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Melo et al. 2016:375 [ref. 35317], Antonetti et al. 2018:279 [ref. 36204], Koerber et al. 2022:39 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Phenacogaster calverti (Fowler 1941). Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: coastal drainages (Ceará and Paraíba, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

cambacica, Moenkhausia Marinho [M. M. F.], Ohara [W. M.] & Dagosta [F. C. P.] 2021:4, Figs. 1-5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 2); ref. 38394] Tributary of igarapé Ávila, near BR-364 road, upper rio Machado, rio Madeira basin, Municipality of Vilhena, Rondônia State, Brazil, 12°30'36.9"S, 60°28'20.29"W. Holotype: MZUSP 125792. Paratypes: MCP, MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia cambacica Marinho, Ohara & Dagosta 2021. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia cambacica Marinho, Ohara & Dagosta 2021. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Machado drainage, Rondônia State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

camelierae, Amazonichthys Esguícero [A. L. H.] & Mendonça [M. B.] 2023:433, Figs. 5-7 [Ichthyology & Herpetology v. 111 (no. 3); ref. 40521] Vila de Mamãe Anã before KM 1, Rio Tapajós, Rio Amazonas, Jacareacanga Municipality, Pará State, Brazil, 5°45'52"S, 57°16'58"W. Holotype: MPEG 26653. Paratypes: LIRP, MPEG, MZUSP, UNT. •Valid as Amazonichthys camelierae Esguícero & Mendonça 2023. Current status: Valid as Amazonichthys camelierae Esguícero & Mendonça 2023. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: middle Tapajós River drainage, Amazon basin, Mato Grosso and Pará States, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cantoi, Hyphessobrycon Faria [T. C.], Guimarães [K. L. A.], Rodrigues [L. R. R.], Oliveira [C.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2021:5, Figs. 1-2, 5A [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 1): e200102; ref. 38179] Stream tributary of Lago Verde, lower rio Tapajós basin, Santarém, Pará State, Brazil, 02°31'19"S, 54°54'58"W. Holotype: ZUEC 17228. Paratypes: ANSP, FMNH, INPA, LBP, MPEG, UF, UFOPA, ZUEC. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon cantoi Faria, Guimarães, Rodrigues, Oliveira & Lima 2021. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon cantoi Faria, Guimarães, Rodrigues, Oliveira & Lima 2021. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: lower Tapajós River drainage and nearby streams, lower Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

capitulatus, Phenacogaster Lucena [Z. M. S. de] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2010:266, Fig. 2 [Zoologia (Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia) v. 27 (no. 2); ref. 30880] Rio Neshuya, Rio de Ucayali system, Coronel Portillom Ucayali, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 20424. Paratypes: MCP 43595 (3 + 1), MUSM 0886 (11, 1 c&s). The gender of Phenacogaster is feminine, therefore mandatory correction to capitulata (R. Fricke, 1 May 2016). •Valid as Phenacogaster capitulata Lucena & Malabarba 2010 -- (Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Souza et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40222]). Current status: Valid as Phenacogaster capitulata Lucena & Malabarba 2010. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Neshuya River drainage, Ucayali River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

caquetae, Knodus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:94, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia [probably Bodoquero River, near the town of Morelia]. Holotype: ANSP 71670. Paratype: ANSP 71671 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Bryconamericus hypopterus Fowler 1943 -- (Román-Valencia 2003:40 [ref. 26840], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[12] [ref. 35679]). •Valid as Knodus caquetae Fowler 1945 -- (Silva in Reis et al. 2003:143 [ref. 27061], Thomaz et al. 2015:App. 5 [ref. 33893]). •Synonym of Bryconacidnus hypopterus (Fowler 1943). Current status: Uncertain as Knodus caquetae Fowler 1945. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Caquetá River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

caquetae, Odontostilbe Fowler [H. W.] 1943:230, Fig. 13 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Porteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 70495. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope 1870 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:218 [ref. 27061], Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006:170, 176 [ref. 28728], Chuctaya & Malabarba 2024:240 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope 1870. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

cardalensis, Hemibrycon Román-Valencia [C.], Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Taphorn [D. C.], Mancera-Rodriguez [N. J.] & García-Alzate [C. A.] 2013:1373, 3b, 4 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 61 (no. 3) (dated Sept.); ref. 32877] Antioquia, border between Municipio de San Rafael and San Carlos, above Playas Reservoir, El Vardal Creek, tributary of Guatapé River, middle section of the Magdalena River drainage, 6°16'56.4"N. 74°55'37.7"W. Colombia, elevation 898 meters. Holotype: IUQ 3190. Paratypes: Many from AUM, CSJ, IUQ. Treated as a noun in apposition. •Valid as Hemibrycon cardalensis Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, Mancera-Rodriguez & García-Alzate 2013 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon cardalensis Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, Mancera-Rodriguez & García-Alzate 2013. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cardinalis, Hyphessobrycon Myers [G. S.] & Weitzman [S. H.] 1956:1 [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 12214] Stream near Tomar [Thomar], about 0°25'S, 63°55'S, Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: CAS-SU 48710. Paratypes: (10) CAS-SU 48711 (now 5), 48712 (2, c&s). •Synonym of Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz 1956) -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:153 [ref. 27061], Marinho 2024:247 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz 1956). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

carlosi, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.] 2003:478, Figs. 1-2 [Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Science Naturali - Torino v. 20 (no. 2); ref. 27478] Rio Napo, vicinity of Mondana, 1°51'S, 74°45'W, Amazon river basin, Napo, Ecuador. Holotype: STRI 1321. Paratypes: IUQ 396 (15), 397 (6), 399 (1), 409 (1), 460 (1, c&s); STRI 1322 (10); ZMH 1476 (1), 1755 (1), 1756 (12), 2260 (2). •Valid as Bryconamericus carlosi Román-Valencia 2003 -- (Román-Valencia 2005:49 [ref. 28949], Román-Valencia et al. 2008:1749 [ref. 30068], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:1 [ref. 30393], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Bryconamericus carlosi Román-Valencia 2003. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Ecuador and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

carolinae, Astyanax Gill [T. N.] 1870:92 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 22; ref. 17630] Río Marañon or Río Napo, Amazon system, Peru or Ecuador. Holotype (unique): USNM 8225. Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:6 [ref. 19022]. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •? Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

caroni, Astyanax Ruiz-C [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2023:120, Figs. 10-13 [Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 39815] Creek tributary to Tocomita River, east of Guri airport, in pool at culvert, Caroní River drainage, Bolivar State, Venezuela, 7°[?76ꞌ94"]N, 63°08ꞌ06"W. Holotype: MCNG 56440. Paratypes: AUM, IUQ, MBUCV, MCNG. •Valid as Astyanax caroni Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Current status: Valid as Astyanax caroni Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Caroní River drainage, Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

carrilloi, Hemibrycon Dahl [G.] 1960:467, Fig. [Caldasia v. 8 (no. 39); ref. 9310] Quebrada La Noche, tributary to upper Atrato, western Colombia. Holotype: ICNMHN (apparently lost). Paratypes: (4) ICNMHN 126 (3). Type catalog: Cala 1981:3 [ref. 23525], Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:15 [ref. 36127]. •Valid as Hemibrycon carrilloi Dahl 1960 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon carrilloi Dahl 1960. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Upper Altrato River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

carteri, Vesicatrus Norman [J. R.] 1934:336, Figs. A-C [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 14 (no. 81) (art. 30); ref. 16445] Forest stream tributary to the Cuyuni River, Guyana. Holotype: BMNH 1934.9.12.216 (larger). Paratypes: BMNH 1934.9.12.217 (1). •Valid as Phenacogaster carteri (Norman 1934) -- (Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:204 [ref. 27061], Lucena & Gama 2007:152 [ref. 29059], Lucena & Malabarba 2010:265, 298 [ref. 30880]). Current status: Valid as Phenacogaster carteri (Norman 1934). Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Cuyuni River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

carti, Roeboides Lucena [C. A. S. de] 2000:47, Figs. 22 A-C [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Sér. Zoologia. v. 13; ref. 24559] Río Cartí Grande, Comarca de San Blas, 7°26'N, 78°58'W, Panama. Holotype: USNM 359076. Paratypes: STRI 401-402 (2, 16); USNM 293123 (1), 293129 (18), 293156 (42), 293210 (1), 293224 (5), 293229 (1), 293235 (2). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Roeboides carti Lucena 2000 -- (Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2011:1663 [ref. 31620], Matamoros et al. 2013:280 [ref. 32755]). Current status: Valid as Roeboides carti Lucena 2000. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of Comarca de San Blas, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

caru, Hyphessobrycon Guimarães [E. C.], Brito [P. S. de], Feitosa [L. M.], Carvalho-Costa [L. F.] & Ottoni [F. P.] 2019:350, Figs. 1, 2a, 3 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 95 (no. 2); ref. 36774] Buritizinho River, Pindaré River drainage, Mearim River basin, Buriticupu municipality, Maranhão State, Brazil, 04°22'52"S, 46°30'35"W, Holotype: CICCAA 02286. Paratypes: CICCAA, LIOP.UFAM, UFRJ. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon caru Guimarães, Brito, Feitosa, Carvalho-Costa & Ottoni 2019 -- (Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Koerber et al. 2022:33 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon caru Guimarães, Brito, Feitosa, Carvalho-Costa & Ottoni 2019. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Pindaré River drainage (Maranhão State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

carvalhoi, Tetragonopterus Melo [B. F.], Benine [R. C.], Mariguela [T. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2011:50, Figs. 1, 2a [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31233] Laranjal do Jari, Igarapé Iratapuru, rio Jari, Amazon basin, 00°33'30"S, 52°34'45"W, Amapá, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 102268. Paratypes: LMP [= DZSJRP] 5306 (7), 5376 (34, 4 c&s); MZUSP 106813 (15). •Valid as Tetragonopterus carvalhoi Melo, Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira 2011 -- (Silva & Benine 2011:50 [ref. 31347], Silva et al. 2013:1629 [ref. 32576], Araujo & Lucinda 2014:314 [ref. 33377], Melo et al. 2015:711 [ref. 35424], Silva et al. 2016:26 [ref. 34929]). Current status: Valid as Tetragonopterus carvalhoi Melo, Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira 2011. Characidae: Tetragonopterinae. Distribution: Rio Jari, Amapá, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cascajalensis, Bryconamericus Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1916:284, Pl. 19 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 15); ref. 2962] Río Cascajal at Porto Bello, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 8946. Paratypes: CAS 39438 [ex IU 14016] (1); FMNH 12217-20 (4), 12221-40 (20), 55237 (1); USNM 78448 (orig. 19, now 17). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:17 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:10 [ref. 19022]. •Synonym of Bryconamericus emperador (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907) -- (Román-Valencia 2002:178 [ref. 26370], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:116 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Eretmobrycon emperador (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907) -- (Malabarba 2024:154 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Eretmobrycon emperador (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

casiquiare, Microschemobrycon Böhlke [J. E.] 1953:843, Pl. 20 (fig. 1) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 6 (no. 71) (art. 85); ref. 12366] São Gabriel Rapids, at São Gabriel village, Rio Negro, Brazil, 0°08'03"S, 67°03'28"W. Holotype: CAS-SU 17497. Paratypes: ANSP 131517-18 (2, c&s), 131520 (1, skeleton); CAS 20689-90 (10, 5); CAS-SU 17498-512 (8, 3, 11, 2, 1, 1, 11, 2, 1, 8, 4, 6, 1, 27, 2), Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Microschemobrycon casiquiare Böhlke 1953 -- (Taphorn 1992:263 [ref. 23654], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:145 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:529 [ref. 31006], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:86 [ref. 35773], Ohara et al. 2019:333 [ref. 36615], Marinho 2024:219 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Microschemobrycon casiquiare Böhlke 1953. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins, Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

catablepta, Dermatocheir Durbin [M. L.] 1909:55 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Tumatumari, above the falls, Guyana. Holotype (unique): FMNH 53553 [ex CM 1198]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:31 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon catableptus (Durbin 1909) -- (Moreira et al. 2002:79 [ref. 26068], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061]). •Species inquirenda -- (Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:287 [ref. 40817]). Characidae. Habitat: freshwater.

caucae, Roeboides Eigenmann [C. H.] 1922:160, 162 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Cartago, Colombia. Holotype: CAS 71099 [ex IU 12934]. Paratypes and additional material: CAS 71097 [ex IU 12934] (59); FMNH 56385 (27), 56372-74 (10, 35, 2), 69634 (96), 79755 (128). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:76 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Roeboides dayi (Steindachner 1878) -- (Lucena 2000:24 [ref. 24559], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2024:271 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Roeboides dayi (Steindachner 1878). Characidae: Characinae. Habitat: freshwater.

caucanus, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:17 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Piedra Moler, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56229 [ex CM 5031a]. Paratypes: (295, CM and IU) CAS 39510-15 [ex IU 12795-800] (29, 9, 2, 6, 12, 5); FMNH 56228 (6), 56230-34 (25, 12, 2, 11), 69792 (42); UMMZ 63039 (2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:62 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:17 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Bryconamericus caucanus Eigenmann 1913 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Román-Valencia 2000:453 [ref. 25256], Román-Valencia 2001:474 [ref. 25946], Román-Valencia 2003:18, 25 [ref. 26840], Román-Valencia 2003:46 [ref. 27036], Román-Valencia & Muñoz 2001:459 [ref. 27074], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], Ruiz-C. & Román-Valenca 2006:60 [ref. 28891], Román-Valencia et al. 2008:1749 [ref. 30068], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:456, 1 [ref. 30393], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:466 [ref. 30392], Román-Valencia et al. 2014:108 [ref. 33608]). •Valid as Hemibrycon caucanus (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:19 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35633], García-Melo et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35894], Ardila Rodríguez 2020:15 [ref. 37579]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon caucanus (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Cauca River basin, Departamento del Cauca, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

caucanus, Creagrutus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:9 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Paila, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56104 [ex CM 4895a]. Paratypes: (70, CM and IU) CAS 41373-74 [ex IU 12736-37] (10, 1), 69304 [ex IU 12738] (8); FMNH 56105-08 (6, 10, 1, 2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:63 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:28 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Creagrutus caucanus Eigenmann 1913 -- (Harold & Vari 1994:5 [ref. 21969], Vari & Harold 2001:2 [ref. 25842], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia & Cala 1997:144 [ref. 30645], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2018:348 [ref. 36150]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus caucanus Eigenmann 1913. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Upper Cauca River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

caucanus, Gephyrocharax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:24 [Indiana University Studies No. 16 [sic No. 8]; ref. 1228] Cartago, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56012 [ex CM 4802]. Paratypes: (58, CM and IU) CAS 44275-77 [ex IU 12668-70] (10, 4, 4); FMNH 56013-15 (12, 5, 3), 69553 (6), 95008 (11); USNM 81921 (12). Type catalog: Henn 1928:67 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:38 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:21 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Gephyrocharax caucanus Eigenmann 1912 -- (Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:224 [ref. 27061], Vanegas-Ríos et al. 2013:276 [ref. 32748], Vanegas-Ríos & Phillip 2013:1333 [ref. 34415], Thomaz et al. 2015: Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Vanegas-Ríos 2016:16 [ref. 34359], Vanegas-Ríos 2017:6 [ref. 35531], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:54 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Gephyrocharax caucanus Eigenmann 1912. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Upper Cauca River basin and Lake Calima, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

caucanus, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1879:189 [71] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 80 (nos 1-2); ref. 4229] Río Cauca, Colombia. Syntypes: (several) NMW 57372-76 (2, 3, 2, 2, 2); SMNS 2833 (2); ZMUC 993 (1). Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:46 [ref. 9588], Fricke 1995:8 [ref. 28100], Fricke 2005:26 [ref. 29864] dated 1880. •Valid as Astyanax caucanus (Steindachner 1879) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Ruiz-C. et al. 2011:49 [ref. 31365], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax caucanus (Steindachner 1879). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Ría Cauca, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

caudimaculatus, Charax Lucena [C. A. S. de] 1987:32, Fig. 3 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRGS (Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul) No. 40; ref. 17724] Laguna Cocococha, Reserva National de Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 5081 [now MHNJP] [ex USNM 280291]. Paratypes: MCP 10115 (11, 2 c&s), USNM 263877 (17). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:13 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Charax caudimaculatus Lucena 1987 -- (Lucena 1989:104 [ref. 12852], Chang & Ortega 1995:2 [ref. 24302], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:201 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Menezes & Lucena 2014:199 [ref. 33369], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Guimarães et al. 2018:91 [ref. 35775], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Charax caudimaculatus Lucena 1987. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Madeira River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

caudovittatus, Bryconamericus deuterodonoides Inger [R. F.] 1956:435 [Fieldiana Zoology v. 34 (no. 37); ref. 12201] Río Abácapa, west side of Chimantá-tepui, Venezuela, elevation 1300 feet. Holotype: FMNH 45706. Paratypes: FMNH 45707 (12). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:18 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Bryconamericus deuterodonoides Eigenmann 1914, but a valid subspecies as described but with question -- (Taphorn 1992:140 [ref. 23654]). •Synonym of Bryconamericus cismontanus Eigenmann 1914 -- (Román-Valencia 2003:7 [ref. 27070]). •Synonym of Bryconamericus deuterodonoides Eigenmann 1914 -- (Silva in Reis et al. 2003:116 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia 2003:40 [ref. 26840]). •Synonym of Knodus deuterodonoides (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Ferreira 2024:211 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Knodus deuterodonoides (Eigenmann 1914). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

caudovittatus, Hemigrammus Ahl [E.] 1923:261, fig. [Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 20 (no. 17); ref. 17301] Buenos Aires, Argentina (aquarium import). Syntypes: ZMB (6 + 141). Types mentioned: Paepke 1995:92 [ref. 21847], Zarske & Géry 1995:110 [ref. 22674]. Misspelled candovittatus by authors. •Mention -- (Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163]). •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Zarske & Géry 1995:118 [ref. 22674], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35267]). •Synonym of Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Zanata et al. 2024:259 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

cayennensis, Hemigrammus unilineatus Géry [J.] 1959:248, Fig. 1 [Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (no. 8); ref. 10038] Small freshwater stream on Cayenne Island, French Guiana. Holotype: MHNG 2179.061. Paratypes: (10) ANSP 94715 (1), SMF 5385 (1), USNM 179757 (2), ZMA 101049 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:19 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621], Vari & Howe 1991:25 [ref. 19022], Weber 1998:7 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Hemigrammus cayennensis Géry 1959 -- (Géry et al. 1991:59 [ref. 21021]). •Synonym of Hemigrammus unilineatus (Gill 1858), but a valid subspecies -- (Planquette et al. 1996:282 [ref. 22818]). •Synonym of Hemigrammus unilineatus (Gill 1858) -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:237 [ref. 22743], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35509]). Current status: Synonym of Hemigrammus unilineatus (Gill 1858). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

celibela, Moenkhausia Marinho [M. M. F.] & Langeani [F.] 2010:880, Figs. 1-2 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 77 (no. 4); ref. 30927] Igarapé tributary of the Rio Tapajós, at the bridge of the road between Pimental and Itaituba, 2 km from Pimental, Pará State, Brazil, 4°33'48"S, 56°15'40"W. Holotype: MZUSP 102984. Paratypes: DZSJRP, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFRGS. Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:441 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Moenkhausia celibela Marinho & Langeani 2010 -- (Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Soares et al. 2017:261 [ref. 35237]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia celibela Marinho & Langeani 2010. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ceros, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:104 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Lake Hyanuary, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 49161. •Valid as Moenkhausia ceros Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Marinho & Benine 2024:224 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia ceros Eigenmann 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

cerritulus, Creagrutus Netto-Ferreira [A. L.] & Vari [R. P.] 2017:369, Figs. 1-4 [Copeia v. 105 (no. 2); ref. 35453] Río Cachiyacu, tributary of Río Huallaga, Shapaja, Tocache, San Martin, Peru, 8°17'37"S, 76°21'05"W, elevation 520 meters. Holotype: MUSM 54501 (ex-MHNG 2725.023). Paratypes: MHNG, MPEG, MUSM. •Valid as Creagrutus cerritulus Netto-Ferreira & Vari 2017. Current status: Valid as Creagrutus cerritulus Netto-Ferreira & Vari 2017. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Río Huallaga drainage, Amazon basin, eastern Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

chalceus, Tetragonopterus Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.] 1829:70, Pl. 33 (fig. 1) [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Rivers of equatorial Brazil [= lower Amazon basin]; mouth of Uruará canal to Amazon River, at Vira Sebo community, Canaã Village, Prainha City, 01°53’33''S, 53°29’17''W (Pará State, Brazil). Syntypes: MHNN 785 (1). Type catalog: Kottelat 1988:84 [ref. 13380] with potential holotype. Comments on type locality see Koerber 2021:93 [ref. 38172]. •Valid as Tetragonopterus chalceus Spix & Agassiz 1829 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:10 [ref. 9708], Géry et al. 1991:58 [ref. 21021], Taphorn 1992:343 [ref. 23654], Planquette et al. 1996:320 [ref. 22818], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:212 [ref. 27061], Benine et al. 2004:339 [ref. 27973], Zarske & Géry 2006:8 [ref. 29010] with author as Agassiz, Melo et al. 2011:49 [ref. 31233], Silva & Benine 2011:50 [ref. 31347], Silva et al. 2013:1629 [ref. 32576], Araujo & Lucinda 2014:314 [ref. 33377], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:53, 185 [ref. 35004], Melo et al. 2015:711 [ref. 35424], Silva et al. 2016:15 [ref. 34929], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Koerber 2021:92, 93 [ref. 38172], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39298], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Koerber et al. 2022:39 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Tetragonopterus chalceus Spix & Agassiz 1829. Characidae: Tetragonopterinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

changae, Creagrutus Vari [R. P.] & Harold [A. S.] 2001:88, Fig. 34 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 613; ref. 25842] Río San Alejandro, a tributary of Río Sungarayacu, just above junction with Río sungarayacu, about 9°23'S, 75°11'W, Provincia Pachitea, Huanuco, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 8858. Paratypes: FMNH 84265 (10), MUSM 8859 (16), ROM 72378 (10), USNM 285276 (14, 2 c&s). •Valid as Creagrutus changae Vari & Harold 2001 -- (Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus changae Vari & Harold 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: western tributaries of Ucayali River in depts. Junin, Pasco and Huanuco (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

changae, Hemigrammus Ota [R. P.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Hidalgo [M. H.] 2019:336, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4577 (no. 2); ref. 36619] Aguajal Pozo Minero, Aguajal Cicra, Puerto Maldonado, Departamento Madre de Dios, Peru, 12°33'48"S, 70°07'03"W. Holotype: MUSM 663836. Paratypes: CAS, FMNH, INPA, MCZ, MUSM, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hemigrammus changae Ota, Lima & Hidalgo 2019. Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus changae Ota, Lima & Hidalgo 2019. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Madeira River basin, southeastern Peru and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

chapadae, Astyanax Fowler [H. W.] 1906:349, Fig. 33 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 58; ref. 1373] Headwaters of Rio Paraguay, near Santa Ana da Chapada [or ? headwaters of the Rio Tocantins], Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 21828 (caudal fin damaged). Paratype: ANSP 21829 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Bryconamericus chapadae (Fowler 1906) -- (Britski et al. 1999:30 [ref. 24147]). •Valid as Knodus chapadae (Fowler 1906) -- (Silva in Reis et al. 2003:143 [ref. 27061], Ferreira & Lima 2006:635 [ref. 28919], Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira 2010:470 [ref. 30882], Esguícero & Castro 2014:47 [ref. 33506], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Thomaz et al. 2015:App. 5 [ref. 33893], Dos Anjos de Sousa et al. 2020:582 [ref. 37361], Deprá et al. 2021:24 [ref. 38180], Ferreira 2024:210 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Knodus chapadae (Fowler 1906). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil and Bolivia and Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

chaparae, Astyanax Fowler [H. W.] 1943:3, Fig. 2 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 120; ref. 1442] Todos Santos, Río Chapare, Cochabamba, Bolivia, elevation 1000 feet. Holotype (unique): ANSP 69194. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Astyanax chaparae Fowler 1943 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax chaparae Fowler 1943. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

chaparae, Gephyrocharax Fowler [H. W.] 1940:70, 91, Figs. 25-27 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 92; ref. 1436] Río Chapare, Río Madeira system, Cochabamba, Bolivia, elevation 1000 feet. Holotype: ANSP 68967. Paratypes: ANSP 68968-78 (11, mixed in jar with 69161-74 not listed in publication as paratypes), 68979 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Gephyrocharax chaparae Fowler 1940 -- (Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:224 [ref. 27061], Vanegas-Ríos & Phillip 2013:1333 [ref. 34415], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Thomaz et al. 2015: Add. 5 [ref. 33893]). •Synonym of Gephyrocharax major Myers 1929 -- (Vanegas-Ríos 2016:38 [ref. 34359]). Current status: Synonym of Gephyrocharax major Myers 1929. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

chaparensis, Hemibrycon Ruiz-C [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.], Bastidas [A. M.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2023:229, Fig. 14 [Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 40482] Río San Rafael-Muyurina, Chapare/San Mateo, Mamoré River drainage, Amazon River basin, Bolivia, 17°3'58.7"S, 65°29'14.4"W. Holotype: UMSS 09323. Paratypes: UMSS. •Valid as Hemibrycon chaparensis Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia, Bastidas & Taphorn 2023. Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon chaparensis Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia, Bastidas & Taphorn 2023. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Mamoré and Madeira River drainages, Amazon basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

charalae, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.] 2005:50, Figs. 4-6 [Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales v. 65 (no. 163); ref. 28949] El Charal Stream, at Finca El Jaguar, ca. 15 kilometers northeast of Aroa, Rio Aroa System, Yaracuy State, Venezuela, 10°32'56''N 68°58'33''E, elevation 500 meters. Holotype: MHNLS 13504. Paratypes (182): MHNLS 2154 (2), 4716 (37), 4717 (141), uncat. (2). •Valid as Bryconamericus charalae Román-Valencia 2005 -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2008:24 [ref. 29743], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain). Current status: Valid as Bryconamericus charalae Román-Valencia 2005. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Aroa River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

chico, Astyanax Casciotta [J. R.] & Almirón [A. E.] 2004:12, Figs. 1-3 [Zoologische Abhandlungen; Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden v. 54; ref. 27985] Río de Zora in route 34, río San Francisco basin, Jujuy Province, Argentina. Holotype: MACN-Ict 8673. Paratypes: AI 168 (9, 2 c&s), 169 (2); MHNG 2644.100 (2); MTD F 28331-32 (2). Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:1 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Astyanax chico Casciotta & Almirón 2004 -- (Protogino et al. 2006:11 [ref. 28780], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Abilhoa & Duboc 2007:45 [ref. 29285], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Mirande 2010:516 [ref. 31006], Soneira et al. 2010:785 [ref. 31078], Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:269 [ref. 33857], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). •Valid as Psalidodon chico (Casciotta & Almirón 2004) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon chico (Casciotta & Almirón 2004). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: San Francisco River basin (Argentina and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

chiribiquete, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Lima [F. C. T.], Taphorn [D. C.], Mojica [J. I.], Urbano-Bonilla [A.] & Teixeira [T. F.] 2020:1445, Figs. 1-5 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 96 (no. 6); ref. 37414] Small stream tributary of the Río Tunia, Apaporis-Japurá-Amazon River basin, Serranía de Chiribiquete, Chiribiquete National Natural Park, Departamento del Caquetá, Colombia, 01°29'23.3"N, 72°52'35.1"W, elevation 246 meters. Holotype: ICN-MHN 21678. Paratypes: CZUT-IC, IAVHP, ICN-MNH, MPUJ, UARC-IC. Plus additional non-type material. Also appeared in early online view, 12 Mar. 2020, p. [2], without ZooBank registration; dated to printed version that appeared on 24 June 2020. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon chiribiquete García-Alzate, Lima, Taphorn, Mojica, Urbano-Bonilla & Teixeira 2020 -- (Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon chiribiquete García-Alzate, Lima, Taphorn, Mojica, Urbano-Bonilla & Teixeira 2020. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Middle Caquetá and middle and lower Ucayali River drainages (Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

chlorophthalma, Moenkhausia Sousa [L. M. de], Netto-Ferreira [A. L.] & Birindelli [J. L. O.] 2010:256, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 30863] Altamira, rio Terez de Maio, tributary of rio Curuá, rio Iriri basin, rio Xingu drainage, 8°45'06"S, 55°02'05"W, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 99412. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, INPA, MCP, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP. Spelled clorophthalma on page 262. •Valid as Moenkhausia chlorophthalma Sousa, Netto-Ferreira & Birindelli 2010 -- (Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998] as clorophthalma, Ohara & Marinho 2016:[6] 42 [ref. 34383] as clorophthalma, Soares et al. 2019:237 [ref. 36688], Marinho et al. 2021:12 [ref. 38394] as clorophthalma). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia chlorophthalma Sousa, Netto-Ferreira & Birindelli 2010. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Xingu River basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

chocoensis, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:14 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Istmina, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56235 [ex CM 5036]. Paratypes: (311, CM and IU) CAS 39030-33 [ex IU 12939-42] (141, 9, 5, 11); FMNH 56236-41 (28, 3, 10, 3, 6, 11), 69710 (155), 69777 (54); USNM 236096 [ex 76943] (3, c&s), 79173 (4), 249871 [ex 76943] (2, c&s). Type catalog: Henn 1928:62 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:17 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:10 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Argopleura chocoensis (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Malabarba & Weitzman 2000:279 [ref. 24413], Román-Valencia 2000:462 [ref. 25256], Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:223 [ref. 27061], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Argopleura chocoensis (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Upper San Juan River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

chocoensis, Gephyrocharax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:23 [Indiana University Studies No. 16 [sic No. 8]; ref. 1228] Istmina, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56016 [ex CM 4806]. Paratypes: (36, CM and IU) CAS 44278 [ex IU 12671] (9); FMNH 56017 (10), 75130 (15); USNM 76973 (12), 79208 (2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:67 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:39 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:21 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Argopleura chocoensis (Eigenmann 1912) -- (Weitzman & Burns 1997:138 [ref. 24512]). •Valid as Gephyrocharax chocoensis Eigenmann 1912 -- (Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:224 [ref. 27061], Vanegas-Ríos & Phillip 2013:1333 [ref. 34415], Thomaz et al. 2015: Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Vanegas-Ríos 2016:22 [ref. 34359], Vanegas-Ríos 2017:6 [ref. 35531], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:54 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Gephyrocharax chocoensis Eigenmann 1912. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Atrato, León, and San Juan river basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

chocoensis, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2013:184, Figs. 1-3 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 32440] Nariño, Barbacoas, Quebrada la Tundera afluente del río Quigualpí, 1°39'39"N, 78°09'04"W, Colombia, elevation 45 meters. Holotype: IUQ 3035. Paratypes: AUM 55075 (3); IUQ 2274 (39), 2275 (9), 3036 (1, c&s), 3044 (3, c&s). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon chocoensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2013 -- (Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633]). •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon daguae Eigenmann 1922 -- (Ota et al. 2020:415 [ref. 37391]). Current status: Synonym of Hyphessobrycon daguae Eigenmann 1922. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

chrysargyreus, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1864:328 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Essequibo River, Guyana. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1864.1.21.69. •Valid as Moenkhausia chrysargyrea (Günther 1864) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Géry et al. 1991:57 [ref. 21021], Taphorn 1992:266 [ref. 23654], Planquette et al. 1996:294 [ref. 22818], Lucena & Lucena 1999:235 [ref. 24225], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Langeani 2010:886 [ref. 30927], Bertaco et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31234], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745] as chysargyrea, Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Marinho & Benine 2024:224 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia chrysargyrea (Günther 1864). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Guyana and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

chryseum, Stethaprion Cope [E. D.] 1872:261 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 8030. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621). •Valid as Stethaprion chryseum Cope 1872 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708]). •Synonym of Stethaprion erythrops Cope 1870 -- (Reis 1989:51 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Stethaprion erythrops Cope 1870. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

cijerri, Creagrutus Bisbal [F. J.] & Sánchez [J.] 1997 [v. 1; ref. 25857] •Not available, name only -- (Vari & Harold 2001:3 [ref. 25842]). •Unavailable name -- (Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:443 [ref. 40817]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Creagrutus. Characidae: Stevardiinae.

cimitarraensis, Creagrutus Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2023:15, Figs. 2C, 6B, 8C, 9E, 10B [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 88; ref. 40588] Quebrada La Quitiana, afluente de la quabrada Guayabito, cuenca del río Carare, Municipio de Cimitarra, Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Holotype: CAR 990. Paratypes: CAR 988 (8). •Valid as Creagrutus cimitarraensis Ardila Rodríguez 2023. Current status: Valid as Creagrutus cimitarraensis Ardila Rodríguez 2023. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: río Carare drainage, Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cinarucoense, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.], Taphorn [D. C.] & Ruiz-C. [R. I.] 2008:19, Fig. 1 [Animal Biodiversity and Conservation v. 31 (no. 1); ref. 29743] Sand beach, 6°32'55"N, 67°24'58"W, Cinaruco River, Orinoco River basin, Apure State, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 52002. Paratypes: at IUQ and MCNG. Plus non-type material. Specific name should have been cinarucoensis, an adjective. •Valid as Bryconamericus cinarucoensis Román-Valencia, Taphorn & Ruiz-C. 2008 -- (Zarske et al. 2010:9 [ref. 30816] as cinarucoense). •Valid as Knodus cinarucoensis (Román-Valencia, Taphorn & Ruiz-C. 2008) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:App. 5 [ref. 33893] as cinarucoense, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35633] as cinarucoense, Dos Anjos de Sousa et al. 2020:582 [ref. 37361] as cinarucoense, Deprá et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38180] as cinarucoense). Current status: Valid as Knodus cinarucoensis (Román-Valencia, Taphorn & Ruiz-C. 2008). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, Colombia, Guyana and Venezuela, and Branco River basin, Roraima, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cisalpinoi, Buritia Brant [V.] 1974:148, Fig. [Arquivos do Museu de Historia Natural Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais v. 1; ref. 628] Rio São Francisco, Barra do Pimenta, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Holotype: MHNI 141. Paratypes: MHNI 042 (1), 142-146 (5). •Synonym of Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Reis 1989:43 [ref. 14219]). Current status: Synonym of Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

cismontanus, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:4 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Villavicencio, Orinoco system, Colombia. Holotype (unique): FMNH 56642 [ex CM 5459]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:62 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:18 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Bryconamericus cismontanus Eigenmann 1914 -- (Román-Valencia 1999:113 [ref. 24922], Román-Valencia 2003:29 [ref. 27037], Román-Valencia 2003:7 [ref. 27070], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia 2002:209 [ref. 27206], Román-Valencia 2003:23 [ref. 26840], Román-Valencia 2003:482 [ref. 27478], Román-Valencia 2005:54 [ref. 28949], Román-Valencia et al. 2008:24 [ref. 29743], Román-Valencia et al. 2008:1749 [ref. 30068] with wrong authorship, Zarske et al. 2010:9 [ref. 30816], Román-Valencia 2010:201 [ref. 31063], Dagosta & Netto-Ferreira 2015:435 [ref. 33665], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773] as cf. cismontanus). •Valid as Knodus cismontanus (Eigenmann 1914) -- (García-Melo et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36761]). Current status: Valid as Knodus cismontanus (Eigenmann 1914). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

citrina, Jupiaba Zanata [A. M.] & Ohara [W. M.] 2009:514, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 30674] Apuí, rio Madeira basin, middle rio Aripuanã drainage, igarapé on the left margin of the rio Guariba, Reserva Extrativista do Guariba, Mosaico do Apuí, 8°46'31.0"S, 60°31'27.7"W, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 32026. Paratypes: many at INPA, MPEG, MZUSP, UFBA. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Jupiaba citrina Zanata & Ohara 2009. Current status: Valid as Jupiaba citrina Zanata & Ohara 2009. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Rio Aripuanã drainage, rio Madeira basin, Amazonas. Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

clausen, Hemibrycon Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2020:5, Figs. 1-2, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 10A, 11A, 12A, 13A [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 14; ref. 37579] Río Riofrio, sector "La Clausen", afluente del Río de Oro, cuenca alta del Río Lebrija, Magdalena River basin, Municipio de Floridablanca, Departamento de Santander, Colombia, elevation 1.000 meters. Holotype: CAR 825. Paratypes: CAR, IAVHP, ICN-MHN, MPUJ. •Valid as Hemibrycon clausen Ardila Rodríguez 2020. Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon clausen Ardila Rodríguez 2020. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Río Riofrio drainage, Magdalena River basin, Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

clavatus, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] 2015:290, Figs. 3-8 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 65 (no. 3); ref. 34028] Peru (aquarium import). Holotype: MTD F33358. Paratypes: MTD. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon clavatus Zarske 2015 -- (Zarske 2016:112 [ref. 34774]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon clavatus Zarske 2015. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: western Amazon River basin (?), Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

clavitaeniatus, Astyanax Garutti [V.] 2003:3, Fig. 2 [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 27817] Surumu, rio Surumu, about 3°30'N, 60°25'W, Roraima, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 5146. Paratypes: MBUCV-V-29167 (5); MZUSP 17748 (2), 17757 (4), 48281 (11). •Valid as Astyanax clavitaeniatus Garutti 2003 -- (Bertaco & Garutti 2007:28 [ref. 29172], Garutti & Langeani 2009:372 [ref. 30985], Freitas et al. 2015:190 [ref. 34055]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax clavitaeniatus Garutti 2003. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Bronco River, Roraima State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cobanensis, Tetragonopterus Bocourt [F.] 1868:62 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie et Paléontologie) (Sér. 5) v. 9; ref. 16971] Upper Vera Paz, Coban, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1907.4.10.2 [ex MNHN] (1); MNHN 0000-5219-5220 (19). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:20 [ref. 19577]. Description very brief. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with queston, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Astyanax brevimanus (Günther 1864) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1373 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax brevimanus (Günther 1864). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

cochae, Grundulus Román-Valencia [C.], Paepke [H.-J.] & Pantoja [F.] 2003:53, Figs. 1, 3a-6a [Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales v. 155 (for 2001); ref. 27035] Laguna de la Cocha, 1°05'22"N, 77°09'50"W, vereda Romerillo, Nariño, Pasto, Colombia, elevation 2809 meters. Holotype: IUQ 453. Paratypes: IUQ 454 (66), 455 (51); STRI 1369 (1). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:438 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Grundulus cochae Román-Valencia, Paepke & Pantoja 2003 -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2005:543 [ref. 28433], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:107 [ref. 30946], Mirande 2010:523 [ref. 31006], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Grundulus cochae Román-Valencia, Paepke & Pantoja 2003. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: La Cocha Lake, southern Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cochui, Creagrutus Géry [J.] 1964:56, Fig. 12 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 13 (no. 4, Dec.); ref. 2264] Upper Amazon, region surrounding Iquitos, Peru. Holotype: USNM 200426 [ex Géry coll. 400.1]. Paratypes: (1). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:15 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Creagrutus cochui Géry 1964 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Géry & Renno 1989:5 [ref. 13420], Vari & Harold 2001:91 [ref. 25842], Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia & Cala 1997:148 [ref. 30645], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633], Netto-Ferreira & Moreira 2018:255 [ref. 35759], Flausino & Lima 2019:7 [ref. 36726], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2020:372 [ref. 37405], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus cochui Géry 1964. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

cochui, Microbrycon Ladiges [W.] in Roloff 1949:337, Figs. 1-2 [Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 43 (no. 12); ref. 32871] Upper Amazon, South America. Syntypes: MHNG 2187.75 (1, ex ZSM), ZSM 5894-99 (6 now 5), Type catalog: Weber 1998:8 [ref. 32707], Neumann 2011:246 [ref. 31652]. Also in Arnold 1949:68 [ref. 22892], based on Ladiges description. This appeared first as Ladiges in Roloff 1949 (email from T. Litz, Aug. 19, 2013), but the description in part was taken from Ladiges 1950, and Roloff cited the pages in Ladiges. Also appeared as Microbrycon cuchui Ladiges 1950:306, Figs. 1-3 [ref. 12958] were types were listed. •Valid as Tyttocharax cochui (Ladiges 1949) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:10 [ref. 9708], Weitzman & Ortega 1995:134 [ref. 21874], Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:228 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia et al. 2012:519 [ref. 32203], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745] as Tythocharax, Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:54 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39298], Menezes & Camelier 2024:284 [ref. 40817] dated 1950). Current status: Valid as Tyttocharax cochui (Ladiges 1949). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

cocibolca, Astyanax Bussing [W. A.] 2008:1362, Figs. 1, 3 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 56 (no. 3); ref. 30066] Isletas de Granada, Lake of Nicaragua, depth 1.5 meters, elevation 31 meters. Holotype: LACM 56648-1. Paratypes: AMNH 30236 (20), LACM 56648-2 (50), UCR 24-16 (924), 61-4 (301), 62-2 (238), 242-7 (4), 538-6 (3), 539-6 (60), 540-5 (3), 547-6 (1), 552-3 (1), 553-2 (1), 1061-4 (2), 1075-8 (3). Type catalog: Angulo et al. 2015:367 [ref. 35212]. •Valid as Astyanax cocibolca Bussing 2008 -- (Angulo et al. 2013:991 [ref. 33194], Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1379 [ref. 35414], Angulo et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35879], Angulo et al. 2023:23 [ref. 40676]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax cocibolca Bussing 2008. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Central America: Lake Nicaragua drainage (Nicaragua and Costa Rica). Habitat: freshwater.

coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon Myers [G. S.] in Eigenmann & Myers 1929:535 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 5); ref. 1263] Lagoa Bonita, into São Bartholomeu, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: CAS 60476 [ex IU 17665]. Paratypes: CAS 57602 [ex IU 17666] (15). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon coelestinus Myers 1929 -- (Zarske & Géry 1997:310 [ref. 23715], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2004:36 [ref. 28039], Zarske & Géry 2006:47 [ref. 28750], García-Alzate et al. 2008:48 [ref. 29671], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372], Marinho et al. 2016:519 [ref. 34591]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon coelestinus Myers 1929. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

coeruleus, Bryconamericus Jerep [F. C.] & Shibatta [O. A.] 2017:2, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 3) e170028; ref. 35610] Rio Keller, rio Ivaí basin, Marialva, Paraná State, Brazil, 23°38'30.0"S, 51°51'32.0"W. Holotype: MZUSP 121505. Paratypes: DZSJRP, MZUEL, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:8 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Bryconamericus coeruleus Jerep & Shibatta 2017 -- (Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Román-Valencia et al. 2023:40 [ref. 40431] with question, Pedroso et al. 2024:15 [ref. 40856]). Current status: Valid as Bryconamericus coeruleus Jerep & Shibatta 2017. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Tibagi, rio Piquiri and rio Ivaí drainages, upper rio Paraná basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

coeruleus, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1908:99 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Manacapuru, Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: (103) MCZ 20801 (97). Author is M. L. Durbin. Original says 103 specimens, the type of 46 mm. •Valid as Hemigrammus coeruleus Durbin 1908 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus coeruleus Durbin 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Ecuador and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

colifax, Aphyocharax Taphorn [D. C.] & Thomerson [J. E.] 1991:113, Fig. 1 [Revista Unellez de Ciencia y Tecnologia v. 4 (nos 1-2) [1986]; ref. 19015] Middle Río Oris, tributary of Río Paraguá, Campamento Turumbán, Bolivar State, Heres District, Venezuela, about 6°18'N, 63°54'W. Holotype: MCNG 17127. Paratypes: FMNH 97153 (4); MBUCV-V-17003 (4); MCNG 2629 (1), 17128 (3), 17129 (1), 17130 (4), 17234 (6), 17261 (1). Type catalog: Provenzano et al. 1998:3 [ref. 24196]. •Valid as Aphyocharax colifax Taphorn & Thomerson 1991 -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:198 [ref. 27061], Willink et al. 2003:3 [ref. 26755], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Aphyocharax colifax Taphorn & Thomerson 1991. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

collettii, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Hyavary, Brazil; Obidos, Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) ?MCZ 20843 (42) Obidos, ?MCZ 90154 [ex MCZ 20840a] (3) Obidos; NMW 57379-82 (3, 3, 2, 5). Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:33, Pl. 7 (fig. 3) [ref. 14353]. Spelled colletii in original description, which was obviously a mistake; corrected to collettii by Steindachner 1882:33 [ref. 14353]. •Valid as Moenkhausia collettii (Steindachner 1882) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708] as colletti, Taphorn 1992:269 [ref. 23654], Planquette et al. 1996:295bis [ref. 22818], Lasso et al. 2001:96 [ref. 25928], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Marinho et al. 2015:576 [ref. 33708], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], Soares & Bührnheim 2016:399 [ref. 34972], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Marinho & Benine 2024:225 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia collettii (Steindachner 1882). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

colombianus, Hemibrycon Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:8 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Río San Gil, Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56653 [ex CM 5470]. Paratypes: (15) CAS 44350 [ex IU 13162] (1), 44351 [ex IU 13163] (1), 44352 [ex IU 13164] (1), 44353 [ex IU 13165] (5); FMNH 56654-56 (1, 1, 5). Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hemibrycon colombianus Eigenmann 1914 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia & Ruiz-C. 2007:129 [ref. 29189], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2008:73 [ref. 29744], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2009:78 [ref. 30718], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2010:340 [ref. 30721], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:103 [ref. 30945], Román-Valencia et al. 2013:1365 [ref. 32877], Román-Valencia et al. 2014:117 [ref. 33572], García-Alzate et al. 2015:90 [ref. 33838], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35633], Ardila Rodríguez 2020:13 [ref. 37579]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon colombianus Eigenmann 1914. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: San Gil River drainage, Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

colombiensis, Astyanax asymmetricus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:97, Fig. 2 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia [probably Bodoquero River, near the town of Morelia]. Holotype: ANSP 71672. Paratypes: (6) ANSP 71673-78 (5). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Questionably a synonym of Jupiaba asymmetrica (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata 2024:207 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Jupiaba asymmetrica (Eigenmann 1908). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

columbianus, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 2002:23, Figs. 1-2, 8 [Das Aquarium, Monatsmagazin für Vivaristik v. 36 (no. 391); ref. 25832] Darien, small stream about 6 kilometers downstream from Acandi, entry of the Rio Acandi, Colombia, Atlantic coast. Holotype: MTD F 25497. Paratypes: MTD F 25498 (1). Plus additional non-type material. Type catalog: Zarske 2003:17 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & Géry 2002 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], García-Alzate et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32440], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Ota et al. 2020:408 [ref. 37391], Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & Géry 2002. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Acandi River drainage (Caribbean slope of Colombia) and drainages in San Blas province (southeast Panama). Habitat: freshwater.

comma, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:102 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Lago Cudajas, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20972 (2). •Valid as Moenkhausia comma Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Lucinda 2006:66 [ref. 28492], Bertaco et al. 2011:607 [ref. 31234], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Marinho & Benine 2024:225 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia comma Eigenmann 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

comodoro, Hyphessobrycon Dagosta [F. C. P.], Seren [T. J.], Ferreira [A.] & Marinho [M. M. F.] 2022:3, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 1): e210119; ref. 39143] Lagoon at tributary of the rio Mutum, formed due to the construction of a road, tributary of rio Camararé, upper rio Juruena basin, rio Tapajós basin, Municipality of Comodoro, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 13°12'47.6"S, 59°54'13.8"W, elevation 567 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 125904. Paratypes: INPA, MZUSP, UFPB. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon comodoro Dagosta, Seren, Ferreira & Marinho 2022. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon comodoro Dagosta, Seren, Ferreira & Marinho 2022. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: rio Mutum drainage, upper rio Juruena basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

compressus, Hemigrammus Meek [S. E.] 1904:87, Fig. 25 [Field Columbian Museum, Zoölogical Series v. 5; ref. 2958] Río Papaloapam basin at El Hule, Oaxaca, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 4641. Paratypes: BMNH 1905.12.6.4-5 (2); FMNH 4642 (17), 4662 (11) 105930 [ex FMNH 4642] (2); MCZ 29911 [ex IU 11126] (2); MHNG 2181.076 (1) [ex FMNH]; USNM 55728 [ex FMNH] (2). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon compressus (Meek 1904) -- (Gamboa Pérez 1992:318 [ref. 38704], Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:25 [ref. 22290], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:77 [ref. 22947], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:225 [ref. 22743], Zarske & Géry 1997:310 [ref. 23715], Almirón & Casciotta 1999:344 [ref. 24405], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:81 [ref. 27807], Miller 2006:157 [ref. 28615], García-Alzate et al. 2008:48 [ref. 29671], García-Alzate & Román-Valencia 2008:13 [ref. 30008], Malabarba et al. 2012:49 [ref. 31810], García-Alzate et al. 2013:183 [ref. 32440], García-Alzate et al. 2013:861 [ref. 32692], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Barrientos et al. 2015:4 [ref. 37653], Carvalho & Malabarba 2015:514 [ref. 34032], García-Alzate et al. 2017:126 [ref. 35253], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], Guimarães et al. 2019:351 [ref. 36774], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Lima et al. 2022:263 [ref. 39116], Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863], Page et al. 2023:77 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon compressus (Meek 1904). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Southern North America and central America: Atlantic slope rivers and streams (southern Mexico, Belize and Guatemala). Habitat: freshwater.

compressus, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1864:319 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Essequibo River, Guyana. Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.67. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1845.6.22.182 (1), 1845.6.22.185 (1), 1845.6.22.308 (1), 1854.2.25.6 (1), 1864.1.21.68 (1). Lectotype selected by Reis 1989:23 [ref. 14219]. •Valid as Poptella compressa (Günther 1864) -- (Reis 1989:20 [ref. 14219], Chang & Ortega 1995:3 [ref. 24302], Lasso et al. 2001:96 [ref. 25928], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:50, 185 [ref. 35004], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35695], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773], Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2019:7 [ref. 36770], Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021:7 [ref. 38089], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:35 [ref. 39235], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760], Vieira et al. 2023:17 [ref. 40759]). Current status: Valid as Poptella compressa (Günther 1864). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco and Amazon River basins and coastal drainages of northern South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Guyana and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

condei, Asiphonichthys Géry [J.] & Knöppel [H.-A.] 1976:48, Figs. 1-2 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 7335] Rio Tarumazinho, tributary of the lower Rio Négro above Manaus, Brazil. Holotype: MHNG 2229.05 [ex Géry Coll. 728]. Paratypes: 252 (3 c&s) Inst. Limnologie, Plön, Germany; INPA, Brazil; Géry Coll.; R. Geisler Coll. (9); MNHN 1980-1423 (2). Type catalog: Weber 1998:6 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Charax condei (Géry & Knöppel 1976) -- (Lucena 1987:34 [ref. 17724], Lucena 1989:104 [ref. 12852], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:201 [ref. 27061], Menezes & Lucena 2014:200 [ref. 33369], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:47 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Charax condei (Géry & Knöppel 1976). Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Amazon and Orinoco river basins: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

condotensis, Hyphessobrycon Regan [C. T.] 1913:465 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 12 (no. 71); ref. 3656] Río Condoto and Río San Juan, Chocó, Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 1913.10.1.19. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1913.10.1.20-21 (2). Lectotype selected by Ota et al. 2020:415 [ref. 37391]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon condotensis Regan 1913 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], García-Alzate et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32440], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Ota et al. 2020:412 [ref. 37391], Ardila Rodríguez 2022:7 [ref. 39172], Ardila Rodríguez 2022:15 [ref. 39810], Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon condotensis Regan 1913. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Atrato, Baudó, lower Magdalena and San Juan River basins (Pacific Slope of Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

conspicua, Moenkhausia Soares [I. M.] & Bührnheim [C. M.] 2016:393, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4208 (no. 4); ref. 34972] Igarapé near Tabocal community, rio Curuá-Una, Mojuí dos Campos, Pará, Brazil, 2°37'35.9"S, 54°42'36.3"W. Holotype: INPA 38782. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, MCP, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAM, UFOPA, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type specimens. •Valid as Moenkhausia conspicua Soares & Bührnheim 2016. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia conspicua Soares & Bührnheim 2016. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

convencionensis, Creagrutus Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2023:7, Figs. 1, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 83; ref. 40275] Quebrada Guamal, afluente de la quebrada Búrbura, alto Río Catatumbo, Municipio de Convención, Departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia. Holotype: CAR 928. Paratypes: CAR 927 (12). •Valid as Creagrutus convencionensis Ardila Rodríguez 2023. Current status: Valid as Creagrutus convencionensis Ardila Rodríguez 2023. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Río Catatumbo drainage, Departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

convencionensis, Hemibrycon Ruiz-C [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.], Bastidas [A. M.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2023:226, Fig. 12 [Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 40482] Quebrada Piriabindeni, Río Parotori, Megantoni, La Convención, Cusco, Perú. Holotype: MUSM 37005. Paratypes: MUSM. •Valid as Hemibrycon convencionensis Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia, Bastidas & Taphorn 2023. Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon convencionensis Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia, Bastidas & Taphorn 2023. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Quispe River drainage, upper Urubamba River system, Amazon basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

conventus, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:13 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Soplaviento, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56261 [ex CM 5060]. Paratypes: (70, CM and IU) CAS 39439 [ex IU 12802] (14); FMNH 56262 (14), 71290 (43); USNM 79174 (4). Type catalog: Henn 1928:62 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:18 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:10 [ref. 19022]. Eigenmann 1922:148 [ref. 1243] and Eigenmann 1927:396 [ref. 12292] treated the species epithet as an adjective, so combined with a feminine genus, the species name should be conventa. •Valid as Argopleura conventa (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Román-Valencia 2000:462 [ref. 25256] as conventus, Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:223 [ref. 27061] as conventus, Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] as conventus, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35633] as conventus). Current status: Valid as Argopleura conventa (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

copei, Hydrolycus Gill [T. N.] 1870:93 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 22; ref. 17630] Río Marañon or Río Napo, Amazon system, Peru or Ecuador. Syntypes: USNM 55664 (orig. 4, now 3). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022]. •Synonym of Charax tectifer (Cope 1870)-- (Toledo-Piza et al. 1999:256 [ref. 24227], Menezes & Lucena 2014:223 [ref. 33369]). Current status: Synonym of Charax tectifer (Cope 1870). Characidae: Characinae. Habitat: freshwater.

copei, Stethaprion Steindachner [F.] 1882:180 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Tabatinga, Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW (3, apparently lost). Species later described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:40 [ref. 14353]. •Valid as Brachychalcinus copei (Steindachner 1882) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Reis 1989:65 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:209 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35695], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2024:9 [ref. 40855]). Current status: Valid as Brachychalcinus copei (Steindachner 1882). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

copei, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Santarém, Amazon River, Pará, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) ?MCZ 89960 (30) Obidos; NMW 57383 (5). Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:35, Pl. 6 (fig. 6) [ref. 14353]. •Valid as Moenkhausia copei (Steindachner 1882) -- (Taphorn 1992:269 [ref. 23654], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Soares & Bührnheim 2016:399 [ref. 34972], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:90 [ref. 35773], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760], Marinho & Benine 2024:225 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia copei (Steindachner 1882). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco River basins (Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

copelandi, Hyphessobrycon Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1908:101 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: (100) CAS 42683 [ex IU 12653] (5), MCZ 20771 (88), USNM 120271 [ex MCZ 20771] (6). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022]. Author is M. L. Durbin. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon copelandi Durbin 1908 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:29 [ref. 37559], Géry et al. 1991:58 [ref. 21021], Chang & Ortega 1995:2 [ref. 24302], Planquette et al. 1996:288 [ref. 22818], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:226 [ref. 22743], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:145 [ref. 24509], Keith et al. 2000:13 [ref. 24547], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon copelandi Durbin 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru and French Guiana). Habitat: freshwater.

coracoralinae, Xenurobrycon Moreira [C. R.] 2005:856, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 118 (no. 4); ref. 28474] Rio Agapito at BR-070 road, 13 kilometers west of Goiás, tributary of rio Vermelh, rio Araguaia basin, about 15°56'S, 50°09'W, munic. de Goiás, estado de Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 83366. Paratypes: Many lots at MNRJ, MZUSP, USNM. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Xenurobrycon coracoralinae Moreira 2005 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Mendonça et al. 2016:[7] [ref. 34350], Menezes & Camelier 2024:285 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Xenurobrycon coracoralinae Moreira 2005. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Araguaia River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cordovae, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1880:12 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 6 (no. 31) (art. 2); ref. 14279] Río de Cordova (Plata), Argentina. Syntypes: BMNH 1872.4.4.4-11 (8). •Valid as Astyanax cordovae (Günther 1880) -- (Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Zarske & Géry 1999:204 [ref. 24913], Azpelicueta, Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:333 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena et al. 2005:19 [ref. 28188], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[12] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax cordovae (Günther 1880). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Primero River, western Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

corozalensis, Hyphessobrycon Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2022:10, Figs. 2B, 5C, 7C, 10A, 12A [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 80; ref. 39810] Parte baja del Arroyo Grande de Corozal, Santiago, Municipio de San Benito Abad, Departamento de Sucre, Colombia, elevation 142 meters. Holotype: CAR 965. Paratypes: CAR 925 (17). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon corozalensis Ardila Rodríguez 2022. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon corozalensis Ardila Rodríguez 2022. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Arroyo Grande de Corozal drainage, Departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

corredori, Creagrutus Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2023:7, Figs. 1, 5A, 7A, 9A [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 88; ref. 40588] Río Tucurinca, parte baja, Municipio de Tucurinca, Departamento del Magdalena, Colombia. Holotype: CAR 980. Paratypes: CAR 915 (15). •Valid as Creagrutus corredori Ardila Rodríguez 2023. Current status: Valid as Creagrutus corredori Ardila Rodríguez 2023. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Río Tucurinca drainage, Departamento del Magdalena, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

correntinus, Tetragonopterus Holmberg [E. L.] 1891:188 [Revista Argentina de Historia Natural (Buenos Aires) v. 1; ref. 2192] Corrientes, Río Paraná, Argentina. No types known. •Species inquirenda in Ctenobrycon -- (Benine & Cassati in Reis et al. 2003:126 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax correntinus (Holmberg 1891) -- (Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], López et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Mirande et al. 2006:10 [ref. 28757], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Mirande 2010:517 [ref. 31006], Soneira et al. 2010:785 [ref. 31078], Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). •Valid as Psalidodon correntinus (Holmberg 1891) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Zanata et al. 2024:259 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon correntinus (Holmberg 1891). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

cosmops, Moenkhausia Lima [F. C. T.], Britski [H. A.] & Machado [F. A.] 2007:47, Figs. 1-2 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29395] Sapezal, córrego Vinte e Cinco de Maio, near its mouth at the rio Papagaio, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 93494. Paratypes: (31) ANSP 187100 (1); MP 41348 (1); MNRJ 30777 (1); MZUSP 78722 (2), 91122 (3), 93495 (17 + 3 c&s), 93496 (3). Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Moenkhausia cosmops Lima, Britski & Machado 2007 -- (Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998], Ohara & Lima 2015:167 [ref. 34046], Ohara & Marinho 2016:[6] 42 [ref. 34383], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Reia et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38582]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia cosmops Lima, Britski & Machado 2007. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Juruena River basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

costae, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1907:84 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 44 (no. 6) (for 28 Feb. 1907); ref. 20499] Rio São Francisco, Joazeiro, Rio Grande; Cidade da Barra, Santa Rita do Rio Prato, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) MNHN 1907-0178 [ex NMW] (4); MZUT 1682 (3); NMW 57391-98 (8?), 57401-06 (6?), 57408-09 (2?) 57411 (1); ZSM 7586-87 [ex NMW 57393] (2). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:138 [ref. 21559], Bertin 1948:17 [ref. 19577], Neumann 2011:247 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Moenkhausia costae (Steindachner 1907) -- (Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:42 [ref. 28287], Petrolli & Benine 2015:417 [ref. 33887], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727], Marinho & Benine 2024:225 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia costae (Steindachner 1907). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco and Itapicuru River basins (Brazil); introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

costai, Nematocharax Bragança [P. H. N.], Barbosa [M. A.] & Mattos [J. L. O.] 2013:4, Figs. 1-3 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 1); ref. 32664] Cambiriba Stream, Balneário Guaíro, Contas River basin, 14°36'16"S, 40°06'08"W, Municipio de Iguaí, Estado da Bahia, Brazil, altitude 347 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 8216. Paratypes: UFRJ 8215 (3), 8265 (1 c&s). •Synonym of Nematocharax venustus Weitzman, Menezes & Britski 1986 -- (Menezes et al. 2015:453 [ref. 33689], Barreto et al. 2018:1159 [ref. 36378], Camelier 2024:239 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Nematocharax venustus Weitzman, Menezes & Britski 1986. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

costaricensis, Astyanax aeneus var. Meek [S. E.] 1914:105 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 10); ref. 2961] Costa Rica. Syntypes: FMNH 6349 (1), 7866-73 (5, 39, 15, 2, 6, 61, 49, 25); UMMZ 162475 (5). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860) -- (Bussing 1998:81 [ref. 24179]). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Astyanax nicaraguensis Eigenmann & Ogle 1907 -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1393 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax nicaraguensis Eigenmann & Ogle 1907. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

cotinho, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:104 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Probably surroundings of Manaus, Pará, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 21070. Paralectotypes: MCZ 174214 (2) [ex MCZ 21070]. Lectotype selected by Mathubara & Toledo-Piza 2020:12 [ref. 37778]. •Valid as Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:221 [ref. 23654], Lima & Toledo-Piza 2001:1062 [ref. 25823], Benine 2002:292 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2006:11 [ref. 29010], Benine et al. 2007:262 [ref. 29279], Benine et al. 2009:161 [ref. 30250], Sousa et al. 2010:262 [ref. 30863], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998], Ohara & Marinho 2016:[6] 42 [ref. 34383] as cf. cotinho, Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[10] [ref. 35679], Soares et al. 2019:237 [ref. 36688], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Mathubara & Toledo-Piza 2020:1 [ref. 37766], Mathubara & Toledo-Piza 2020:3 [ref. 37778], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:34 [ref. 39235], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco River basins and rivers in Guyana (regions: upper Xingu, Iriri, Lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield tributaries, Purus, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, Lower Orinoco, Upper Orinoco) (Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and Guyana). Habitat: freshwater.

courensis, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.], Carvalho [F. R.] & Jerep [F. C.] 2010:269, Figs. 5-6 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 30864] Rio dos Couros at Parque Portal da Chapada, tributary of rio Tocantinzinho, upper rio Tocantins basin, Alto Paraíso de Goías, Goías State, Brazil, 14°09'58"S, 47°35'43"W, elevation 1135 meters. Holotype: UFRGS 11499. Paratypes: MCP 44403 (20), 44404 (1); UFRGS 9934 (5), 11290 (107, 5 c&s), 11295 (5), 11588 (38, 2 c&s). •Valid as Astyanax courensis Bertaco, Carvalho & Jerep 2010 -- (Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax courensis Bertaco, Carvalho & Jerep 2010. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Rio dos Couros drainage, upper rio Tocantins basin, Goías, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

coxeyi, Hemibrycon Fowler [H. W.] 1943:1, Fig. 1 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 119; ref. 13202] Napo-Pastaza, Río Marañon basin, Hacienda Las Mascota, río Topo, tributary of río Pastaxa, 1°25'S, 78°11'W, Ecuador. Holotype: ANSP 70155 (poor condition). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621]. Original locality corrected. •Questionably a synonym of Hemibrycon polyodon (Günther 1864) -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:130 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Hemibrycon polyodon (Günther 1864) -- (Bertaco & Malabarba 2010:756 [ref. 31076]). •Valid as Hemibrycon coxeyi Fowler 1943 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:28 [ref. 37559] as coxei, Román-Valencia et al. 2006:210 [ref. 28983], Román-Valencia & Ruiz-C. 2007:123 [ref. 29189], Román-Valencia et al. 2007:185 [ref. 29496], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:101[ref. 30945], Román-Valencia et al. 2014:118 [ref. 33572]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon coxeyi Fowler 1943. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Marañon River basin (Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

cracentis, Creagrutus Vari [R. P.] & Harold [A. S.] 2001:93, Fig. 26 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 613; ref. 25842] Rio Tapajós, sandy beaches on an island located 5 kilometers south of Itiatuba, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 15213. Paratypes: MCP 22018 (3), USNM 353862 (2, 1 c&s). •Valid as Creagrutus cracentis Vari & Harold 2001 -- (Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Dagosta & Pastana 2014:578 [ref. 33181], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Flausino & Lima 2019:7 [ref. 36726]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus cracentis Vari & Harold 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Lower Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

crassiceps, Rachoviscus Myers [G. S.] 1926:566, fig'd [Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 37 (no. 24); ref. 3094] Supposedly near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [aquarium import]. Lectotype: USNM 92971. Paralectotypes: CAS-SU 18146 (1), USNM 94216 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:26 [ref. 12291]. Lectotype selected by Weitzman & Cruz 1980:1009 [ref. 8528]; they also suggest type locality probably is the region of Paranaguá, Brazil. Also as a separate, pp. 1-2. •Valid as Rachoviscus crassiceps Myers 1926 -- (Weitzman & Cruz 1981:1007 [ref. 8528], Lima in Reis et al. 2003:155 [ref. 27061], Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Bertaco 2022:102 [ref. 40102]). Current status: Valid as Rachoviscus crassiceps Myers 1926. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: coastal River basins of Paraná and northern Santa Catarina states, southeastern Mata Atlantica (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

cremnobates, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2001:224, Figs. 2-4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 25645] Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula, tributary of rio Santa Cruz, 29°23'S, 50°32'W, Brazil, elevation 850 meters. Holotype: MCP 26093. Paratypes: MCP 11142 (25, 5 c&s), 11650 (34, 2 c&s), 21101 (12), 22295 (78), 22297 (9), 25660 (15); MZUSP 62712 (20); NMW 94543 (20); UFRGS 4949 (20); USNM 364302 (20). •Valid as Astyanax cremnobates Bertaco & Malabarba 2001 -- (Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Bertaco & Lucena 2006:58 [ref. 28628], de Melo & Buckup 2006:50 [ref. 28622], Ruiz-C. & Román-Valenca 2006:60 [ref. 28891], Bertaco & Lucena 2010:19 [ref. 30750], Bertaco et al. 2010:267 [ref. 30864], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Lucena et al. 2013:231 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Bertaco 2014:498 [ref. 33320], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax cremnobates Bertaco & Malabarba 2001. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Jacui and Maquiné River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

crenatus, Creagrutus Vari [R. P.] & Harold [A. S.] 2001:95, Fig. 37 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 613; ref. 25842] Quebrada Sanare in Yay, 9°45'N, 69°43'W, Lara, Venezuela. Holotype: MHNLS 505. Paratypes: INHS 28851 (5), MHNLS 12900 (6, 1c&s). •Valid as Creagrutus crenatus Vari & Harold 2001 -- (Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Ardila Rodríguez 2021:16 [ref. 38586], Ardila Rodríguez 2023:11 [ref. 40275]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus crenatus Vari & Harold 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Tocuyo, Claro and Turbio River drainages, Caribbean versant, Lara, north-central Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

crenatus, Stethaprion Eigenmann [C. H.] 1916:80, Figs. 2-3; Pl. 16 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (nos 1-2) (art. 6); ref. 1233] San Joaquín, Bolivia. Holotype: FMNH 56413 [ex CM 5228a]. Paratypes: FMNH 56414 [not 56415] (2), 56941 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:68 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:82 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Stethaprion crenatum Eigenmann 1916 -- (Reis 1989:55 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35695]). Current status: Valid as Stethaprion crenatum Eigenmann 1916. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Purus, Madeira, and lower Amazon River basins, Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

crenuchoides, Hasemania Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 1999:91, Figs. 1-2 [Spixiana (München) v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 23982] Corrego Planaltina, oberer Rio São Bartolomeu, Goias, Brazil, elevation 1050 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 52732 [ex ZSM 22656a]. Paratypes: Géry coll. 1010.1-5 (5); MHNG 2594.44 (5); MTD F 21538-42 (5), F 21543-45 (3nc&s); ZFMK 20543-47 (5), ZMB 32959 (5); ZSM 22656a (55). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:17 [ref. 27474], Herder et al. 2010:116 [ref. 31087], Neumann 2011:245 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Hasemania crenuchoides Zarske & Géry 1999 -- (Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:128-129 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2007:350 [ref. 29142], Zanata & Serra 2010:21 [ref. 30751], Bertaco & Carvalho 2010:30 [ref. 30752], Serra & Langeani 2015:483 [ref. 33944]). Current status: Valid as Hasemania crenuchoides Zarske & Géry 1999. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin and upper Tocantins in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

crinogi, Pristella Lima [F. C. T.], Caires [R. A.], Conde-Saldaña [C. C.], Mirande [J. M.] & Carvalho [F. R.] 2021:341, Figs. 1-3 [Canadian Journal of Zoology v. 99; ref. 38293] Ribeirão Brejão, tributary of rio Preto, rio Tocantins basin, Mateiros, Tocantins, Brazil, 10°34'29"S, 46°29'13"W. Holotype: ZUEC 17252. Paratypes: ANSP, CAS, FMNH, LBP, MZUSP, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Pristella crinogi Lima, Caires, Conde-Saldaña, Mirande & Carvalho 2021 -- (Lima 2024:257 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Pristella crinogi Lima, Caires, Conde-Saldaña, Mirande & Carvalho 2021. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper rio Tocantins basin, headwaters between rio Sapão (rio São Francisco basin) and rio Novo (rio Tocantins basin) and middle rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

crisnejas, Moenkhausia Pearson [N. E.] in Eigenmann & Myers 1929:524 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 5); ref. 1263] Paipay, Río Crisnejas, Amazon System, Peru. Syntypes: CAS 60477 [ex IU 17641] (24). Probably in another genus (Marinho 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Moenkhausia crisnejas Pearson 1929 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia crisnejas Pearson 1929. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Crisnejas River drainage, western Amazon basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

cristiani, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.] 1999:110, Fig. 1 [Revista Actualidos Biológicas v. 20 (no. 69) (1998); ref. 24922] Upper Meta River, tributary to río Guayuriba, 4°07'N, 74°15'W, Meta Dept., Colombia. Holotype: ICNMNH 3445. Paratypes: ICNMNH 3446-49 (1, 7, 5, 3); IUQ 381-382 (20, 11). Type catalog: Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:10 [ref. 36127]. •Valid as Bryconamericus cristiani Román-Valencia 1999 -- (Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia 2003:40 [ref. 26840], Román-Valencia et al. 2008:1749 [ref. 30068], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:2 [ref. 30393], Zarske et al. 2010:9 [ref. 30816], Román-Valencia 2010:201 [ref. 31063], Román-Valencia et al. 2013:126 [ref. 32807]). •Valid as Hemibrycon cristiani Román-Valencia 1999 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:App. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:92 [ref. 35773] not Colombia). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon cristiani (Román-Valencia 1999). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Ríio Meta, Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cryptogrammus, Microschemobrycon Ohara [W. M.], Jerep [F. C.] & Cavallaro [M. R.] 2019:327, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4576 (no. 2); ref. 36615] Igarapé tributary of Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu basin, 15 km north from Castelo dos Sonhos, Altamira, Pará State, Brazil, 8°10'25"S, 55°7'43"W. Holotype: MZUSP 123748. Paratypes: MNRJ, MZUSP. •Valid as Microschemobrycon cryptogrammus Ohara, Jerep & Cavallaro 2019. Current status: Valid as Microschemobrycon cryptogrammus Ohara, Jerep & Cavallaro 2019. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Curuá drainage, Rio Xingu basin, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cubilhuitz, Astyanax Schmitter-Soto [J. J.] 2017:1380, Fig. 32 [Journal of Natural History v. 51 (no. 23/24); ref. 35414] Spring origin of short stream with underground drainage to Río Dolores, Cubilhuitz, Icbolay, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, elevation 300 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 250290. Paratypes: UMMZ. •Valid as Astyanax cubilhuitz Schmitter-Soto 2017. Current status: Valid as Astyanax cubilhuitz Schmitter-Soto 2017. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Río Dolores, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

cupariensis, Knodus de Sousa [D. J. A.], Silva-Oliveira [C.], Canto [A. L. C.] & Ribeiro [F. R. V.] 2020:576, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 4747 (no. 3); ref. 37361] Unnamed stream tributary of rio Tinga, rio Cupari drainage, rio Tapajós basin, Rurópolis, Pará State, Brazil, 4°05'10.80"S, 54°51'10.60"W. Holotype: INPA 59396. Paratypes: INPA, MCP, UFOPA, ZUEC. •Valid as Knodus cupariensis de Sousa, Silva-Oliveira, Canto & Ribeiro 2020 -- (Deprá et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38180], Aguiar et al. 2022:19 [ref. 39329], Ferreira & Ohara 2023:373 [ref. 39833], Silva-Oliveira et al. 2023:1 [ref. 40192]). Current status: Valid as Knodus cupariensis de Sousa, Silva-Oliveira, Canto & Ribeiro 2020. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Cupari drainage, lower Tapajós River basin, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cupreus, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1918:168, Pl. 20 (fig. 3) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 2); ref. 1240] Jatuarana, Silves, Lago Saracá, Amazon system, Brazil [= Barreirinha, Amazon River and Lago Saracá, Amazonas, Brazil, about 2°50'S, 58°14'W]. Syntypes: (11 + 6) CAS 42675 [ex IU 12651, MCZ 20952] (2); ?MCZ 21067 (6), ?21069 (9?, orig. 6), 89964 (orig. 11). Author is M. L. Durbin. Appeared first in Eigenmann 1910:436 [ref. 1224] without description. •Valid as Hemigrammus cupreus Durbin 1918 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Lima & Marinho 2024:174 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus cupreus Durbin 1918. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Brazil and ? Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

curimata, Characinus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:271, 279 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Suriname. No types known. •Species inquirenda in Characidae -- (Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061], Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:286 [ref. 40817]). Characidae. Habitat: freshwater.

cuvieri, Tetragonopterus Lütken [C. F.] 1875:131 [5] [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 3); ref. 2856] Rio São Francisco; Rio das Velhas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9581 (2); ZMB 9198 (2); ZMUC 306, 308, 310, 312, 314, 315, 328, 329, 363. Type catalog: Bertin 1948:21 [ref. 19577], Nielsen 1974:46 [ref. 9588]. On p. 5 of separate. Also described in Lütken 1875:210 (and p. XII of summary), Pl. 5 (fig. 12) [ref. 19674]. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Britski 2001:20 [ref. 26046], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

cuyuni, Astyanax Ruiz-C [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2023:124, Figs. 5B, 17-19 [Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 39815] Creek in forest of Parapapoy River, Essequibo/Cuyuni River drainage, Departamento Roscio, Bolivar State, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 56442. Paratypes: AUM, MBUCV, MCNG. Holotype in Fig. 17 misprinted as MCNG 56441. •Valid as Astyanax cuyuni Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Current status: Valid as Astyanax cuyuni Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Cuyuni River drainage, Essequibo River basin, Venezuela and possibly adjacent Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

cyanotaenia, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 2006:43, Figs. 14-16 [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 55; ref. 28750] Rio Guamá, Para, Brazil (aquarium import). Probably upper Rio Juruena or Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MTD F 28760. Paratypes: Géry coll. (2); MTD F 28761-62 (2), 28763-64 (2). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon cyanotaenia Zarske & Géry 2006 -- (Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Teixeira et al. 2014:613 [ref. 33097], Dagosta et al. 2016:254 [ref. 34377], Marinho et al. 2016:519 [ref. 34591], Ohara et al. 2017:249 [ref. 35067], Dagosta et al. 2022:11 [ref. 39143], Marinho & Dagosta 2023:6 [ref. 40358], Lima et al. 2024:187 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon cyanotaenia Zarske & Géry 2006. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Juruena and upper Rio Guaporé drainages, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cyclolepis, Parecbasis Eigenmann [C. H.] 1914:45 [Indiana University Studies No. 20; ref. 1230] São Antonio de Rio Madeira, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 56677 [ex CM 5495]. Paratypes: FMNH 56678 [ex CM 5496] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:59 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:64 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Parecbasis cyclolepis Eigenmann 1914 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:153 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:529 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35633], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Parecbasis cyclolepis Eigenmann 1914. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

cylindricus, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] 1909:62 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Tumatumari, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53426 [ex CM 1461]. Paratypes: BMNH 1911.10.31.395 (1); CAS 44412-14 [ex IU 11915-17] (1, 4, 5); FMNH 7349 (1), 53037 (1), 53038-40 (3, 5, 1), 69538 (9); MCZ 29974 (1); CAS-SU 21916 (1); USNM 66191 [ex CM] (1); ZMA 100984 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:18 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hemigrammus cylindricus Durbin 1909 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus cylindricus Durbin 1909. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Essequibo River, Guyana and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

cyprinoides, Charax Meuschen [F. C.] 1778:38 [ ref. 17682] Not available, published in a rejected work (Opinion 260). •Species inquirenda in Characidae -- (Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061]). •Unavailable name -- (Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:443 [ref. 40817]). Suppressed. Characidae.

daguae, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:23 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Córdova, Colombia. Holotype (unique): FMNH 56251 [ex CM 5052]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:60 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Astyanax daguae Eigenmann 1913 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Tetragonopterus daguae (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Terán et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Tetragonopterus daguae (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Tetragonopterinae. Distribution: South America: Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

daguae, Hyphessobrycon panamensis var. Eigenmann [C. H.] (ex Hildebrand) 1922:141 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Dagua and Patía basins, Colombia. Lectotype: FMNH 58316. Paralectotypes: (8) FMNH 56516 (1), 56526-29 (6), 144330 [ex 58316] (1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:48 [ref. 12367]. Lectotype selected by Ota et al. 2020:401 [ref. 37391]. •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin 1908 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:139 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon daguae Eigenmann 1922 -- (Ota et al. 2020:415 [ref. 37391], Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon daguae Eigenmann 1922. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Dagua, Patía, Telembí and Mira River basins, Colombia and Mira, Cayapas, Mataje and Santiago River basins (Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

dahli, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.] 2000:451, Fig. 1 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 48 (no. 2/3); ref. 25256] Quebrada Babosa afluent río Sabunde, río Patia system, río Telembi basin, on road to Tumaco at kilometer 98, about 1°37'N, 78°23'W, Depto. de Nariño, Colombia. Holotype: ICNMNH 2722. Paratypes: ICNMNH 2339 (21), 2349 (7), 2353 (5), 3450 (6), uncat. (3); IUQ 218-220 (14, 13, 4). Type catalog: Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:11 [ref. 36127]. •Valid as Bryconamericus dahli Román-Valencia 2000 -- (Román-Valencia 2003:28 [ref. 26840], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:115-116 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia et al. 2008:1749 [ref. 30068], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:2 [ref. 30393], Román-Valencia et al. 2011:844 [ref. 31565], Román-Valencia et al. 2013:126 [ref. 32807], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:133 [ref. 34894]). •Valid as Eretmobrycon dahli (Román-Valencia 2000) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Román-Valencia et al. 2015:243 [ref. 34022], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:54 [ref. 35633], Malabarba 2024:154 [ref. 40817]). •Synonym of Eretmobrycon guaytarae (Eigenmann & Henn 1914) -- (García-Melo et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36761]). Current status: Synonym of Eretmobrycon guaytarae (Eigenmann & Henn 1914). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

dalmata, Amazonspinther Bührnheim [C. M.], Carvalho [T. P.], Malabarba [L. R.] & Weitzman [S. H.] 2008:665, Figs. 1-5, 6a, 7, 11, 12 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 4); ref. 29955] Stream crossing road Transamazônica about 12 kilometers west of Humaitá to Lábrea, Madeira River basin, 7°34'25"S, 63°06'39"W, Jumaitá-Canutama, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 38623. Paratypes: many at ANSP, INPA, MCP, MNRJ. •Valid as Amazonspinther dalmata Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba & Weitzman 2008. Current status: Valid as Amazonspinther dalmata Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba & Weitzman 2008. Characidae: Spintherobolinae. Distribution: Small streams of middle rio Purus (rio Açuá), and middle and lower Madeira River basin, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

dariensis, Hemibrycon Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1916:285, Pl. 20 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 15); ref. 2962] Mouth of Río Yape, Río Tuyra basin, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 8947. Paratypes: CAS 44343 [ex IU 14001 and 15335] (4); FMNH 12661-74 (8, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 2, 3); USNM 78594 (orig. 9, now 8). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:23 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hemibrycon dariensis Meek & Hildebrand 1916 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia & Ruiz-C. 2007:129 [ref. 29189], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2008:74 [ref. 29744], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2009:78 [ref. 30718], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2010:340 [ref. 30721], Mirande 2010:534 [ref. 31006], Román-Valencia et al. 2014:118 [ref. 3572], García-Alzate et al. 2015:90 [ref. 33838], Thomaz et al. 2015:App. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:56 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon dariensis Meek & Hildebrand 1916. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Panama and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

dasalmas, Moenkhausia Bertaco [V. A.], Jerep [F. C.] & Carvalho [F. R.] 2011:58, Figs. 1-5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31234] Tributary of the rio das Almas, rio Paranã drainage, about 8 kilometers north of Cavalcante on road GO 241, between Cavalcante and Minaçu, 13°43'13"S, 47°27'20"W, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: UFRGS [= DZUFRGS] 11221. Paratypes: MZUSP 106076 (8); UFRGS [= DZUFRGS] 11194 (24, 3 c&s), 11589 (4). The name dasalmas is a noun in apposition. •Valid as Moenkhausia dasalmas Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho 2011 -- (Bertaco et al. 2011:37 [ref. 31403], Marinho et al. 2016:248 [ref. 34376], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia dasalmas Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho 2011. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: rio das Almas drainage, upper rio Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

dayi, Anacyrtus (Rhaeboides) Steindachner [F.] 1878:91 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 15 (no. 12) (for 9 May 1878); ref. 20476] Cienaga, Río Magdalena, Colombia. Holotype (unique): NMW 67132. Species later described in more detail in Steindachner 1879:61 [p. 45 of separate] [ref. 4227]. •Valid as Roeboides dayi (Steindachner 1878) -- (Taphorn 1992:318 [ref. 23654], Galvis et al. 1997:52 [ref. 23651], Lucena 1998:39 [ref. 23597], Lucena 2000:24 [ref. 24559], Marín 2000:66 [ref. 26252], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2011:1663 [ref. 31620], Matamoros et al. 2013:280 [ref. 32755], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Lucena 2024:271 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Roeboides dayi (Steindachner 1878). Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Central and South America: Colombia and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

decurrens, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:20 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Soplaviento, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56255 [ex CM 5055]. Paratypes: CAS 39542 [IU 12829] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:62 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:18 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hemibrycon decurrens (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Román-Valencia 2000:462 [ref. 25256], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:56 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon decurrens (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Lower Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

delimai, Charax Menezes [N. A.] & Lucena [C. A. S. de] 2014:202, Fig. 10 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 33369] Amazonas, community of São Pedro, rio Tiquié, rio Negro drainage, 0°16’04"N, 69°58’21"W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 81505. Paratypes: MZUSP 64359 (1), 81325 (1). 84988 (1), •Valid as Charax delimai Menezes & Lucena 2014 -- (Silvano et al. 2020:77 [ref. 38133]). Current status: Valid as Charax delimai Menezes & Lucena 2014. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Tiquié, Rio Negro basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

delimai, Hyphessobrycon Teixeira [T. F.], Netto-Ferreira [A. L.], Birindelli [J. L. O.] & Sousa [L. M. de] 2016:460, Figs. 1, 2, 3a, 4 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 88 (no. 2); ref. 34088] Igarapé Tatu, tributary of Rio Novo, Rio Tapajós basin, Pará, Brazil, 6°18'24.8"S, 55°46'38.0"W. Holotype: MZUSP 115065. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, MCNIP, MZUEL, MZUSP, ZUEC. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon delimai Teixeira, Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli & Sousa 2016. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon delimai Teixeira, Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli & Sousa 2016. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Rio Novo and Rio Jamanxin, Rio Tapajós basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

delotaenia, Ceratobranchia Chernoff [B.] & Machado-Allison [A.] 1990:283, Figs. 20-21 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 142; ref. 19495] Mouth of Río Carbon, below Atalaya, Cuzco/Madre de Dios border, Departamento del Cuzco, Peru, 12°53'S, 71°20'W [probably 12°53'6.8"S, 71°21'29.0"W]. Holotype: ANSP 163721 [ex ANSP 143770]. Paratypes: ANSP 143770-73 (1, 1, 1, 2); FMNH 98311 (1). •Valid as Ceratobranchia delotaenia Chernoff & Machado-Allison 1990 -- (Chang & Ortega 1995:2 [ref. 24302], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:120 [ref. 27061], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Netto-Ferreira 2024:125 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Ceratobranchia delotaenia Chernoff & Machado-Allison 1990. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

delta, Knodus Géry [J.] 1972:56, Pl. 3 (fig. 2) [Acta Humboldtiana (Series Geologica, Palaeontologica et Biologica Nr. 2) No. 2; ref. 1595] Creek near Puerto Napo, upper Río Napo, Ecuador. Holotype: ZMH H1473. Paratypes: MNHN 1980-1444 (1), ZMH H1473a (5). Type catalog: Wilkens 1977:156 [ref. 22013]. •Valid as Bryconamericanus delta (Géry 1972) -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2009:2 [ref. 30393], Barriga S. 2012:106 [ref. 35745] with author as Román-Valencia 2000). •Valid as Knodus delta Géry 1972 -- (Silva in Reis et al. 2003:143 [ref. 27061], Ferreira & Lima 2006:635 [ref. 28919], Román-Valencia et al. 2013:127 [ref. 32807], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Deprá et al. 2021:24 [ref. 38180]). Current status: Valid as Knodus delta Géry 1972. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

dentatus, Aphyocharax Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1903:516 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Laguna del Río Paraguay, Asuncion, Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 59722 [ex IU 10032]. Paratypes: AMNH 1469 (2); CAS 59723 [ex IU 10036] (orig. 4, now 3), 59724 [ex IU 10037] (1), 59725 [ex IU 10038] (orig. 4, now 2), 59726 [ex IU 10034-35] (3), 76471 [ex IU 10033] (2 not 1); NMW 62798 (1). •Valid as Aphyocharax dentatus Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903 -- (Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:45 [ref. 24147], Lima in Reis et al. 2003:198 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:20 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:76 [ref. 28131], Mirande 2010:526 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:43, 183 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:17 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2016:2 [ref. 35096], Koerber et al. 2017:25 [ref. 35267], Brito et al. 2018:398 [ref. 36071], Brito et al. 2019:515 [ref. 37042], Reis et al. 2020:457 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Aphyocharax dentatus Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay and Paraná River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

dentatus, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:19 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Piedra de Moler, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56253 [ex CM 5054a]. Paratypes: (38, CM and IU) CAS 39543-45 (now 1, 7, 1); FMNH 56274 (1), 56252 (5), 56254 (7), 69709 (8); USNM 79175 (orig. 4, now 3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:62 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:18 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:10 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hemibrycon dentatus (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Taphorn 1992:197 [ref. 23654], Galvis et al. 1997:50 [ref. 23651], Román-Valencia 2000:462 [ref. 25256], Román-Valencia 2001:475 [ref. 25946], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:56 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon dentatus (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Cauca River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

denticulatus, Tetragonopterus Silva [G. S. C.], Melo [B. F.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2013:1617, Figs. 1, 2b, 3e [Journal of Fish Biology v. 82 (no 5); ref. 32576] Aragarças, Rio Araguaia, Amazon basin, 15°53'31.5"S, 52°15'01.0"W, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 111002. Paratypes: LBP 1518 (5, 1 c&s), 1629 (1), 5751 (4, 1 c&s); MZUSP 88119 (2). •Valid as Tetragonopterus denticulatus Silva, Melo, Oliveira & Benine 2013 -- (Araujo & Lucinda 2014:314 [ref. 33377], Melo et al. 2015:711 [ref. 35424], Silva et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34929], Urbanski et al. 2018:[6] [ref. 35973]). Current status: Valid as Tetragonopterus denticulatus Silva, Melo, Oliveira & Benine 2013. Characidae: Tetragonopterinae. Distribution: Rio Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

depressirostris, Astyanax Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1908:[3] [Kosmos, Rio de Janeiro [Rev. Art. Sci. Litt.] v. 5 (no. 2) (for 1907); ref. 3715] Rio Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil. Lectotype: MNRJ 18241 [ex 2621A]. Paralectotypes: MNRJ 2621 (5). Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:396 [ref. 12732]. Lectotype selected by Miranda Ribeiro 1953:396 [ref. 12732] [specimen subsequently isolated]. •Valid as Astyanax depressirostris Miranda Ribeiro 1908 -- (Lucena & Lucena 2002:119 [ref. 26205], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556]). •Species inquirenda -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:113 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax depressirostris Miranda Ribeiro 1908. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

descalvadensis, Roeboides Fowler [H. W.] 1932:359, Fig. [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 84; ref. 16366] Descalvados, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 53718. Paratypes: ANSP 53719 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Roeboides descalvadensis Fowler 1932 -- (Lucena 1988:33 [ref. 22126], Lucena 1998:36 [ref. 23597], Britski et al. 1999:53 [ref. 24147], Lucena 2000:155 [ref. 25162], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2007:127 [ref. 29256], Mirande 2010:494 [ref. 31006], Koerber 2011:2 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:3 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:51, 185 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:18 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:29 [ref. 35267], Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Roeboides descalvadensis Fowler 1932. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Widespread in South America: Paraná, Paraguay and Amazonas basins. Habitat: freshwater.

deuterodonoides, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:5 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Río Negro, Quebrada at Villavicencio, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56644 [ex CM 5461]. Paratypes: (13) CAS 61221 [ex IU 13156] (6), FMNH 56645 (6). •Valid as Bryconamericus deuterodonoides Eigenmann 1914 -- (Taphorn 1992:140 [ref. 23654], Román-Valencia 1999:113 [ref. 24922], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:116 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia 2003:40 [ref. 26840], Zarske et al. 2010:9 [ref. 30816], Dagosta & Netto-Ferreira 2015:435 [ref. 33665]). •Valid as Knodus deuterodonoides (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:App. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773], Deprá et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38180], Ferreira 2024:211 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Knodus deuterodonoides (Eigenmann 1914). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River and Lake Maracaibo basins, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

diagonicus, Hemigrammus Mendonça [M. B.] & Wosiacki [W. B.] 2011:211, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2011 (no. 2); ref. 31415] Lago do Piranha, Juruti, Lower Amazon, 2°12'40.2"S, 56°06'59.1''W, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: MPEG 10321. Paratypes: INPA 34093 (1); MPEG 10307 (2), 10308 (1), 10311 (2 c&s), 17382 (3 + 1 c&s). •Valid as Hemigrammus diagonicus Mendonça & Wosiacki 2011. Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus diagonicus Mendonça & Wosiacki 2011. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Balaio and Piranha lakes, lower Amazon River, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: marine.

dialepturus, Cheirodon Fink [W. L.] & Weitzman [S. H.] 1974:5, Figs. 1-5 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 172; ref. 7132] Creek at bridge 12 miles west of Santiago on road to Sona, River San Pedro basin, Veraguas Province, Panama. Holotype: USNM 208524. Paratypes: ANSP 121989 (2), BMNH 1973.2.16.3-4 (2), CAS 16060 (2), FMNH 71702 (2), MCZ 49067 (2), USNM 208523 (orig. 144, now 132, 3 c&s); ZMA 112473 (2). Other material in USNM. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:16 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:23 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:14 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Cheirodon dialepturus Fink & Weitzman 1974 -- (Bussing 1987:68 [ref. 22927]). •Valid as Compsura dialeptura (Fink & Weitzman 1974) -- (Bussing 1998:103 [ref. 24179]). •Valid as "Odontostilbe" dialeptura (Fink & Weitzman 1974) -- (Malabarba & Weitzman 1999:427 [ref. 24417]). •Not in Odontostilbe -- (Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006:193 [ref. 28728]). •Valid as Odontostilbe dialeptura (Fink & Weitzman 1974) -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:217 [ref. 27061], Angulo et al. 2013:992 [ref. 33194] with question, Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Angulo et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37425], Chuctaya & Malabarba 2024:239 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Odontostilbe dialeptura (Fink & Weitzman 1974). Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: Central America: Pacific versant rivers (Costa Rica and Panama). Habitat: freshwater.

diamantina, Lepidocharax Ferreira [K. M.], Menezes [N. A.] & Quagio-Grassiotto [I.] 2011:283, Figs. 2-5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 31387] Rio Santo Antônio, a tributary to rio Paraguaçu, ca. 12°31'S, 41°34'W, Palmeiras, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 37509. Paratypes: MNRJ 21997 (55, 1 c&s), MZUSP 160499 (9). The species epithet is a noun in apposition. •Valid as Lepidocharax diamantina Ferreira, Menezes & Quagio-Grassiotto 2011 -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Vita et al. 2020:[5] [ref. 37506], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Lepidocharax diamantina Ferreira, Menezes & Quagio-Grassiotto 2011. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paraguaçu basin (Bahia, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

diamantina, Moenkhausia Benine [R. C.], Castro [R. M. C.] & Santos [A. C. A.] 2007:260, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 29279] Foz do rio Toalhas, rio Paraguaçu basin, Munic. de Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 30168. Paratypes: AMNH 239393 (5); LIRP 768 (14, 2 c&s); MNRJ 21995 (17, 2 c&s); MZUSP 49233 (4). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Moenkhausia diamantina Benine, Castro & Santos 2007 -- (Sousa et al. 2010:262 [ref. 30863], Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Marinho et al. 2016:248 [ref. 34376], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia diamantina Benine, Castro & Santos 2007. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Paraguaçu River (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon Weitzman [S. H.] 1977:349, Figs. 1-3, 6 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 90 (no. 2); ref. 7295] Río Vichada, Vichada, ca. 4°14'N, 70°20'W, 50 kilometers west of San José de Ocuné, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 216607. Paratypes: BMNH 1977.1.12.1-2 (2), MZUSP 13179-80 (2), USNM 216606 (2, 1 c&s). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022], Oyakawa 1996:467 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon diancistrus Weitzman 1977 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Benine & Lopes 2008:67 [ref. 29589], García-Alzate et al. 2008:48 [ref. 29671], García-Alzate et al. 2008:142 [ref. 29919], García-Alzate & Román-Valencia 2008:13 [ref. 30008], García-Alzate et al. 2010:39 [ref. 30724], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al.2010:801 [ref. 30824], García-Alzate et al. 2010:455 [ref. 31066], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], García-Alzate et al. 2015:223 [ref. 33855], Bragança et al. 2015:260 [ref. 34051], García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:87 [ref. 35773], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Ota et al. 2020:432 [ref. 37391], Lima et al. 2022:263 [ref. 39116]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon diancistrus Weitzman 1977. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco and Amazon River basins: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

diaphanus, Tetragonopterus Cope [E. D.] 1878:691 [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 17 (no. 101); ref. 945] Río Huallaga at Moyabamba, Peru. Lectotype: ANSP 21216. Paralectotypes: ANSP 21217-18 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621] as holotype and paratypes. Lectotype established by Fowler 1906:339, Fig. 27 [ref. 1373]. •Valid as Bryconamericus diaphanus (Cope 1878) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:116 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia et al. 2013:126 [ref. 32807], Román-Valencia et al. 2014:108 [ref. 33608], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). •Valid as Knodus diaphanus (Cope 1878) -- (García-Melo et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36761], Román-Valencia et al. 2023:50 [ref. 40431]). Current status: Valid as Knodus diaphanus (Cope 1878). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: western Amazon River basin (Peru and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

diastatos, Hyphessobrycon Dagosta [F. C. P.], Marinho [M. M. F.] & Camelier [P.] 2014:366, Figs. 1-2, 6 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 33382] Bahia, São Desidério, rio Galheirão (or rio da Estiva) at BR-020 road, affluent of rio Grande, rio São Francisco basin, 12°58’42.7"S, 45°59’28.7"W, Brazil, elevation 802 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 114030. Paratypes: INPA, MCP, MZUSP. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon diastatos Dagosta, Marinho & Camelier 2014 -- (Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon diastatos Dagosta, Marinho & Camelier 2014. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Francisco basin to Tocantins basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

dichrourus, Tetragonopterus Kner [R.] 1858:80 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 30 (no. 13); ref. 13404] Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 56219 (4), 57593 (2). •Valid as Moenkhausia dichroura (Kner 1858) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:272 [ref. 23654], Fernández & Butí 1996:253 [ref. 22775], Britski et al. 1999:34 [ref. 24147], see Gómez & Chebez 1996:50 [ref. 23791], Lasso et al. 2001:96 [ref. 25928], Britski & de Silimon 2001:119 [ref. 27195], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:28 [ref. 27366], Benine et al. 2004:72 [ref. 27502], Menni 2004:78 [ref. 28131], Mirande 2010:507 [ref. 31006], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Litz & Koerber 2014:16 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Petrolli & Benine 2015:417 [ref. 33887], Mirande & Koerber 2015:27 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Melo et al. 2016:375 [ref. 35317], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565] with author without parentheses, Koerber et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35267], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773], Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:34 [ref. 39235], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40665], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia dichroura (Kner 1858). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon, Paraguay and Orinoco River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

dicropotamicus, Cyanocharax Malabarba [L. R.] & Weitzman [S. H.] 2003:109, Figs. 3, 6, 14, 24-28 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Sér. Zoologia. v. 16 (no. 1); ref. 27141] Rio Forqueta, Marquês de Souza, Lageado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 82262. Paratypes: MCP 19510 (63, 5 c&s), 19516 (30); MNRJ 23845 (20); MZUSP 18984 (34); USNM 337244 (20), 337599 (14). Combined with a neuter genus, the adjective should be dicropotamicum. •Valid as Cyanocharax dicropotamicus Malabarba & Weitzman 2003 -- (Casciotta et al. 2012:39 [ref. 32076], Protogino & Miquelarena 2012:581 [ref. 32123]). •Valid as Diapoma dicropotamicum (Malabarba & Weitzman 2003) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] as dicropotamicus, Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561] as dicropotamicus). Current status: Valid as Diapoma dicropotamicum (Malabarba & Weitzman 2003). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: northern tributaries of the Jacuí River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

dientonito, Roeboides dayi Schultz [L. P.] 1944:304, Fig. 39 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 95 (no. 3181); ref. 3960] Río Palmar at the bridge, 70 kilometers southwest of Maracaibo, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 121370. Paratypes: USNM 121371 (orig. 91, now 90), 121372-73 (14, 2), 121374 (orig. 24, now 23), 121375 (now 106), 121376-77 (2, 26), 121378 (now 0), 121379 (orig. 155, now 149), 121380-82 (1, 21, 20), 121384 (71); Géry coll. [ex USNM 121379] (6);MCZ 37270 [ex USNM 121383]; UMMZ 145028 [ex USNM 121378] (6 or 5); ZMA 110437 [ex USNM 121375] (6), 113846 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:24 [ref. 19236], Vari & Howe 1991:37-38 [ref. 19022]. •Mention -- (Taphorn 1992:318 [ref. 23654]). •Valid as Roeboides dientonito Schultz 1944 -- (González Bencomo et al. 1997:158 [ref. 24960], Lucena 1998:39 [ref. 23597], Lucena 2000:18 [ref. 24559], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2011:1663 [ref. 31620], Phillip et al. 2013:17 [ref. 32896], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:87 [ref. 35773]). Current status: Valid as Roeboides dientonito Schultz 1944. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo and Orinoco River basin and rivers of northwestern Guyana: Colombia, Guyana and Venezuela; Trinidad and Tobago. Habitat: freshwater.

dierythrura, Odontostilbe Fowler [H. W.] 1940:68, Figs. 23-24 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 92; ref. 1436] Todos Santos, Río Chapare, Bolivia. Holotype: ANSP 68915. Paratypes: ANSP 68916-48 (33) [non-types 67196-97 (2) and 67198 (1, c&s) mixed with paratypes and not separable]. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Odontostilbe dierythrura Fowler 1940 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:217 [ref. 27061], Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006:193 [ref. 28728], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Chuctaya et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37856], Chuctaya & Malabarba 2024:239 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Odontostilbe dierythrura Fowler 1940. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

difficilis, Notropocharax Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & LaMonte [F. R.] 1933:6, Fig. 3 [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Rio Mogi-Guassú, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: AMNH 12247. Paratypes: AMNH 12248 (5). •Synonym of Aphyocharax dentatus Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903 -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:198 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:17 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:25 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Synonym of Aphyocharax dentatus Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Habitat: freshwater.

diktyota, Moenkhausia Lima [F. C. T.] & Toledo-Piza [M.] 2001:1058, Figs 1-2 [Copeia 2001 (no. 4); ref. 25823] Rio Negro, igarapé at São João, near Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 0°24'S, 65°02'W, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 62614. Paratypes: INPA 16200 (1); MZUSP 62615 (9, 1 c&s), 64107 (2); USNM 363175 (1). •Valid as Moenkhausia diktyota Lima & Toledo-Piza 2001 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Benine et al. 2007:262 [ref. 29279], Benine et al. 2009:161 [ref. 30250] as dyktiota, Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998], Ohara & Marinho 2016:[6] 42 [ref. 34383], Bogotá-Gregory et al. 2020:1399 [ref. 37878], Reia et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38582]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia diktyota Lima & Toledo-Piza 2001. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio Negro drainage, Rio Orinoco basin (Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

diodon, Dinotopterygium Frainer [G.], Carvalho [F. R.], Bertaco [V. A.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2021:9, Figs. 2, 5B, 6, 7 [Systematics and Biodiversity v. 19 (no. 8); ref. 38777] Córrego Tereza at km 2 of the road GO-241, upper Rio Tocantins basin, municipality of Teresina de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil, 13°47'39.6"S, 47°17'29.1"W. Holotype: MCN 18936. Paratypes: LBP, MCN, MZUSP. •Valid as Dinotopterygium diodon Frainer, Carvalho, Bertaco & Malabarba 2021. Current status: Valid as Dinotopterygium diodon Frainer, Carvalho, Bertaco & Malabarba 2021. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paranã drainage, upper Araguaia-Tocantins system, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

diquensis, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:14 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Soplaviento, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56272 [ex CM 5072]. Paratypes: (19, CM and IU) CAS 39013 [ex IU 12820] (7), FMNH 56273 (6), 69690 (5). Type catalog: Henn 1928:62 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:18 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Argopleura diquensis (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Román-Valencia 2000:462 [ref. 25256], Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:223 [ref. 27061], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Argopleura diquensis (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

dispar, Roeboides Lucena [C. A. S. de] 2001:63, Fig. 1 [Biotemas v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 25666] Fos do [rio] Arara, bacia do rio Juruá, Reserva Extrativista Alto Juruá, Acre, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 63600. Paratypes: MCP 26487 (2); MZUSP 26157 (8), 26397-98 (1, 1), 34721 (2), 35953 (4), 50455 (1), 63601 (7). •Valid as Roeboides dispar Lucena 2001 -- (Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:205 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:51, 185 [ref. 35004]). Current status: Valid as Roeboides dispar Lucena 2001. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

dissensus, Astyanax Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Thofehrn [S. B.] in Lucena, Castro & Bertaco 2013:538, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 3); ref. 32914] Rio Grande do Sul, Candiota, arroio Candiota, downstream of Thermoelectric Power Plant, rio Jaguarão drainage, 31°34’36"S, 53°40’22"W, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 47000. Paratypes: many at MCN, MCP, UFRGS. •Valid as Astyanax dissensus Lucena & Thofehrn 2013 -- (Bertaco 2014:498 [ref. 33320], Koerber & Litz 2014:2 [ref. 34967], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], Koerber & Litz 2016:2 [ref. 35098], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632], Koerber et al. 2019:4 [ref. 36736]). •Valid as Psalidodon dissensus (Lucena & Thofehrn 2013) -- (Koerber et al. 2020:3 [ref. 37480], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Koerber et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38894], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon dissensus (Lucena & Thofehrn 2013). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos system and rio Uruguay drainage (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

dissimilis, Astyanax Garavello [J. C.] & Sampaio [F. A. A.] 2010:859, Fig. 8 [Brazilian Journal of Biology v. 70 (no. 3); ref. 31053] Rio Canoinhas, tributary to Rio Iguaçu near the bridge on highway BR 280 from Mafra to Itaiópolis, Canoinhas, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 105969. Paratypes: many at LISDEBE, MHNCI, MZUSP; NUP 10151 (5). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as 'Astyanax' dissimilis Garavello & Sampaio 2010 -- (Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364]). •Valid as Astyanax dissimilis Garavello & Sampaio 2010 -- (Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632], Koerber et al. 2019:4 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax dissimilis Garavello & Sampaio 2010. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio Iguaçu basin (Brazil and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

divisorensis, Hemibrycon Bertaco [V. A.], Malabarba [L. R.], Hidalgo [M. H.] & Ortega [H.] 2007:252, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 29278] Upper río Tapiche, Zona Reservada Sierra del Divisor, río Ucayali drainage, 7°12'02"S, 73°53'00"W, Loreto, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 28860. Paratypes: MCP 41346 (6, 2 c&s), 41347 (5); MUSM 28039 (12, 1 c&s), 28040 (19). •Valid as Hemibrycon divisorensis Bertaco, Malabarba, Hidalgo & Ortega 2007 -- (Bertaco & Malabarba 2010:766 [ref. 31076], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon divisorensis Bertaco, Malabarba, Hidalgo & Ortega 2007. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: tributary to Ucayali River (Loreto, Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

dnophos, Astyanax Lima [F. C. T.] & Zuanon [J.] 2004:118, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 27933] Rio Xingu, Costa Júnior, 3°29'37"S, 52°20'10"W, Altamira, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 22072. Paratypes: CAS 219762 (1); INPA 20505 (1), 20506 (4), 20507 (1), 20510 (2), 20512 (9), 20513 (3), 20516 (2), 20517 (3, 1 c&s); MZUSP 82460 (3, 1 c&s), 84416 (1), 84417 (1); UMMZ 243665 (1); ZUEC 4482 (3). •Valid as Astyanax dnophos Lima & Zuanon 2004 -- (Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372]). •Synonym of Moenkhausia heikoi Géry & Zarske 2004 -- (Lima et al. 2006:31 [ref. 32268], Marinho & Benine 2024:228 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia heikoi Géry & Zarske 2004. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

doceanus, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1877:572 [14] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Rio Doce, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) MNHN 1913-0135 and 0136 (2); NMW 57389 (2), 57591 (2). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:17 [ref. 19577]. On p. 14 of separate. •Valid as Moenkhausia doceana (Steindachner 1877) -- (Zarske & Géry 2001:9 [ref. 25156], Zarske & Géry 2002:19 [ref. 26554] dated 1875, Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Lucinda 2006:66 [ref. 28492], Bertaco et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31234], Carvalho et al. 2014:377 [ref. 33383], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[10] [ref. 35679]). •Synonym of Moenkhausia vittata (Castelnau 1855) -- (Silva & Malabarba 2016:270 [ref. 34515], Marinho & Benine 2024:236 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia vittata (Castelnau 1855). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

dolinae, Astyanax da Graça [W. J.], Oliveira [C. A. M.], Lima [F. C. T.], Pains da Silva [H.] & Fernandes [I. M.] 2017:3, Figs. 1-4 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 91 (no. 4); ref. 35556] Dolina Água Milagrosa, Rio Paraguai basin, município de Cáceres, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 16°02'34"S, 57°31'40"W. Holotype: MCP 49961. Paratypes: ANSP, CPUFMT, MCP, MZUSP, NUP, ZUEC. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Astyanax dolinae da Graça, Oliveira, Lima, Pains da Silva & Fernandes 2017. Current status: Valid as Astyanax dolinae da Graça, Oliveira, Lima, Pains da Silva & Fernandes 2017. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Paraguai basin (Mato Grosso, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

doriae, Pseudocorynopoma Perugia [A.] 1891:646 [46], Fig. [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 10; ref. 3431] Rio de la Plata. Holotype (unique): MSNG 9224. Type catalog: Tortonese 1961:183 [ref. 10343]. On p. 46 of separate. •Valid as Pseudocorynopoma doriae Perugia 1891 -- (Malabarba 1989:138 [ref. 14217], Weitzman & Menezes 1998:186 [ref. 23843], Malabarba & Weitzman 2000:279 [ref. 24413], Weitzman in Reis et al. 2003:227 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:21 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:76 [ref. 28131] as doriai, Litz & Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33622], Thomaz et al. 2015: Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Mirande & Koerber 2015:22 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Malabarba et al. 2020:13 [ref. 37866], Loureiro et al. 2023:62 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Pseudocorynopoma doriae Perugia 1891. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: La Plata basin (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

dorioni, Bramocharax bransfordi Rosen [D. E.] 1970:3, Figs. 1, 2, 4, 6-9 [American Museum Novitates No. 2435; ref. 7781] Río Semococh, 15 kilometers by road south of Sebol, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 29411. Paratypes and other specimens: AMNH 29412 (orig. 53, now 49), 29413 (22, 4 c&s), 29414 (6), AMNH 27816SD (3 skeletons); MCZ 48687 [ex UMMZ 187926] (2); UNAL 5705 [ex AMNH 29412] (4); UMMZ 187926 (23, 3 skel.); UMMZ 187930 (11), 187944 (8). Type catalog: Contreras-Balderas et al. 1998:2 [ref. 23752]. •Valid as Bramocharax dorioni Rosen 1970 -- (Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985:15 [ref. 19552], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax dorioni (Rosen 1970) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1382 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax dorioni (Rosen 1970). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Usumacinta River basin, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

dorsalis, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] 2014:162, Figs. 21-23 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 2); ref. 33403] Manaus (aquarium import), Brazil. Holotype: MTD F 33119. Paratypes: MTD F 33120-28 (9), 33172-83 (12). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon dorsalis Zarske 2014 -- (Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:86 [ref. 35773], Lima et al. 2024:188 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon dorsalis Zarske 2014. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

dorsimaculatus, Tyttobrycon Géry [J.] 1973:118, Figs. 20-22 [Studies on the Neotropical Fauna v. 8; ref. 1596] Río Chaparé, tributary of Río Mamoré, lower Todos Santos, central Bolivia, about 16°45'S, 65°07'W. Holotype: ZFMK 2916. Paratypes: (34) ANSP 139720 (1), Géry coll. (7, 2 lots), ZFMK 2624 (1), 2952-56 (5), 2960-62 (3), 2963-79 (18); ZMA 113851 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:25 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621], Herder et al. 2010:118 [ref. 31087]. •Valid as Tyttobrycon dorsimaculatus Géry 1973 -- (Chang & Ortega 1995:3 [ref. 24302], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:158 [ref. 27061], Marinho et al. 2013:739 [ref. 33025], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Abrahão et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37182], Marinho 2024:283 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Tyttobrycon dorsimaculatus Géry 1973. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Madeira River basin, Bolivia and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

dorsinuda, Moenkhausia Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 2002:13, Figs. 1-3 [Zoologische Abhandlungen; Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden No. 52; ref. 26554] Río Ipurupuru, not far from the crossing of the river and the road to San Ramón, about 73 kilometers north of Trinidad, 14°12'53.8"S, 64°56'26.8'W, Departamento Beni, Bolivia. Holotype: MTD F 24833. Paratypes: MTD F 24834-35 (1, 1); CIRA-UTB 969 (1); Géry Private coll. 1041:1-2 (2). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:18 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Moenkhausia dorsinuda Zarske & Géry 2002 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383], Sarmiento et al. 2014:49, 185 [ref. 35004], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia dorsinuda Zarske & Géry 2002. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: western Amazon River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

dorsomaculatus, Knodus Ferreira [K. M.] & Netto-Ferreira [A. L.] 2010:470, Figs. 1-2 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 77 (no. 3); ref. 30882] Jacareacanga, tributary of the Teles Pires River, Tapajós River basin, 9°18'30"S, 56°47'38"W, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 102823. Paratypes: MZUSP 98279 (2), 98299 (2). •Valid as Knodus dorsomaculatus Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira 2010 -- (Esguícero & Castro 2014:47 [ref. 33506], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Dos Anjos de Sousa et al. 2020:582 [ref. 37361], Deprá et al. 2021:24 [ref. 38180], Aguiar et al. 2022:19 [ref. 39329], Ferreira & Ohara 2023:373 [ref. 39833], Silva-Oliveira et al. 2023:1 [ref. 40192]). Current status: Valid as Knodus dorsomaculatus Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira 2010. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Teles Pires River drainage, Tapajós River basin, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

douradilho, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.] 2014:493, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 3794 (no. 3); ref. 33320] Rio Grande do Sul State, municipality of Maquiné, Barra do Ouro District, rio Maquiné basin, rio Tramadaí system, arroio Encantado, 29°36’28"S, 50°12’15"W, Brazil. Holotype: MCN 19858. Paratypes: MCN, MCP. •Valid as Astyanax douradilho Bertaco 2014 -- (Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax douradilho Bertaco 2014. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Rio Tramandaí system, coastal drainage of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

drepanon, Odontostilbe Fowler [H. W.] 1913:529, Fig. 7 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Rio Madeira tributary, near Porto Velho, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39210. Paratypes: ANSP 39211-16 (6). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Cheirodon drepanon (Fowler 1913) -- (Chang & Ortega 1995:2 [ref. 24302]). •Synonym of Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope 1870 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:218 [ref. 27061], Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006:170 [ref. 28728], Chuctaya & Malabarba 2024:240 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope 1870. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

drilos, Monotocheirodon Menezes [N. A.], Weitzman [S. H.] & Quagio-Grassiotto [I.] 2013:135, Figs. 9-10 [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo v. 53 (no. 10); ref. 32808] Sandia, Zona Reservada Tambopata-Candamo, stream Ebebahuaceji (empties into Rio Candamo), 13°14'56.4"S, 70°00'34.5"W, Bolivia. Holotype: MUSM 41541. Paratypes: ANSP, MUSM, USNM. •Valid as Monotocheirodon drilos Menezes, Weitzman & Quagio-Grassiotto 2013 -- (Carvalho et al. 2024:8 [ref. 40982]). Current status: Valid as Monotocheirodon drilos Menezes, Weitzman & Quagio-Grassiotto 2013. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Madeira River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

duda, Monotocheirodon Carvalho [T. P.], Thomaz [A. T.], Urbano-Bonilla [A.] & Prada-Pedreros [S.] 2024:3, Figs. 1-5 [Journal of Fish Biology Early view; ref. 40982] Río Guape, Río Duda drainage, Guayabero River basin, La Uribe, Meta Department, Colombia, 03°15'00"N, 74°16'00"W, elevation 605 meters. Holotype: MPUJ 18448. Paratypes: MPUJ. •Valid as Monotocheirodon duda Carvalho, Thomaz, Urbano-Bonilla & Prada-Pedreros 2024. Current status: Valid as Monotocheirodon duda Carvalho, Thomaz, Urbano-Bonilla & Prada-Pedreros 2024. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Guayabero River drainage, Orinoco River basin, Meta Department, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

dulima, Creagrutus Albornoz-Garzón [J. G.], Conde-Saldaña [C. C.], García-Melo [J. E.], Taphorn [D. C.] & Villa-Navarro [F. A.] 2018:342, Figs. 1, 2A, 3 [Zootaxa 4482 (no. 2); ref. 36150] Quebrada Chumba, upper Río Magdalena drainage, Ibagué, Departamento Tolima, Colombia, 4°29'06"N, 75°05'49"W, elevation 973 meters. Holotype: CZUT-IC 17663. Paratypes: CP-UCO, CZUT-IC, IAVHP, ICNMHN. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Creagrutus dulima Albornoz-Garzón, Conde-Saldaña, García-Melo, Taphorn & Villa-Navarro 2018 -- (Ardila Rodríguez 2020:12 [ref. 37904], Ardila Rodríguez 2021:15 [ref. 38586], Ardila Rodríguez 2023:12 [ref. 40275]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus dulima Albornoz-Garzón, Conde-Saldaña, García-Melo, Taphorn & Villa-Navarro 2018. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Río Magdalena basin, Departamento Tolima, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

duragenys, Hyphessobrycon Ellis [M. D.] 1911:155, Pl. 2 (fig. 3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Rio Tietê at Mogy das Cruces, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH [ex CM 3023] (missing). Paratypes: (14) CAS 51792 [ex IU 13293 & CM 3024] (2), FMNH 54402-03 (5, 9). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:48 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon duragenys Ellis 1911 -- (Almirón & Casciotta 1999:344 [ref. 24405], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Carvalho et al. 2014:247 [ref. 33371], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon duragenys Ellis 1911. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Tietê and Paraíba do Sul River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

durbinae, Hemigrammus Ota [R. P.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2015:220, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 3948 (no. 2); ref. 33748] Amazonas, Careiro, lago Castanho, lago Janauacá complex, rio Solimões basin, approx. 3°48'S, 60°23'W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 115984. Paratypes: ANSP, CZFCEN, INPA, MNHNP, MZUSP, NUP, UFRO-I, ZUEC. Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:7 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hemigrammus durbinae Ota, Lima & Pavanelli 2015 -- (Koerber et al. 2017:39 [ref. 35267], Lima et al. 2022:262 [ref. 39116]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus durbinae Ota, Lima & Pavanelli 2015. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

ecai, Bryconamericus da Silva [J. F. P.] 2004:58, Fig. 3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 2); ref. 27870] Creek in Linha Brazil, parallel to the road from Vila Deodoro to Venâncio Aires (tributary to arroio Castelhano, rio Taquari, laguna dos Patos drainage), about 29°33'S, 52°17'W, Venâncio Aires, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 19608. Paratypes: MCP 17494 (75, 7 c&s). •Valid as Bryconamericus ecai da Silva 2004 -- (Langeani et al. 2005:389 [ref. 28234], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561]). Current status: Valid as Bryconamericus ecai da Silva 2004. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos drainage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ecuadorensis, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.], Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Taphorn [D. C.], Jiménez-Prado [P.] & García-Alzate [C. A.] 2015:244, Figs. 1-6 [Animal Biodiversity and Conservation v. 38 (no. 2); ref. 34022] Esmeraldas Province, Santiago River, Ecuador, 78°51'28.1''W, 00°55'53.1''N, elevation 24 meters. Holotype: IUQ 3813. Paratypes: CEMZ, IUQ, MEPN. •Valid as Bryconamericus ecuadorensis Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, Jiménez-Prado & García-Alzate 2015 -- (Hirschmann & Malabarba 2024:118 [ref. 40817]). •Possibly valid as Eretmobrycon ecuadorensis (Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, Jiménez-Prado & García-Alzate 2015) based on type locality. •Valid as Eretmobrycon ecuadorensis (Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, Jiménez-Prado & García-Alzate 2015) -- (Escobar Camacho et al. 2024:8 [ref. 40892] as cf. ecuadoriensis). Current status: Valid as Eretmobrycon ecuadorensis (Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, Jiménez-Prado & García-Alzate 2015). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Santiago River drainage, Esmeraldas Province (Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

ecuadorensis, Megalamphodus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1915:99 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 1231] Maranjito, Río Chan Chan, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): CAS [ex IU 13628] (missing). Apparently not the same as Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis Eigenmann & Henn 1914. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon ecuadorensis (Eigenmann 1915) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:29 [ref. 37559], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135-136 [ref. 27061], ?García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], ?García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], ?García-Alzate et al. 2013:184 [ref. 32440], García-Alzate et al. 2015:223 [ref. 33855], Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon ecuadorensis (Eigenmann 1915). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Guyanas River basin (Ecuador and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

ecuadorensis, Odontostilbe Bührnheim [C. M.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2006:179, Figs. 14-16 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 28728] Río Aguarico, 00°06'N, 76°51'W, Santa Cecilia, Napo, Ecuador. Holotype: ANSP 170608. Paratypes: Many lots at ANSP, FMNH, KU, MEPN. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Odontostilbe ecuadorensis Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006 -- (Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya & Malabarba 2024:240 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Odontostilbe ecuadorensis Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: South America: Ecuador and Ecuador-Peru border. Habitat: freshwater.

ecuadoriensis, Hyphessobrycon Eigenmann [C. H.] & Henn [A. W.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:9 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Los Ríos, forest pool near Vinces, western Ecuador (ca. 1°33'S, 79°44'W). Holotype: CAS 61602 [ex IU 13105a]. Paratypes: AMNH 5329 (18); BMNH 1924.3.3.44-45 (2); CAS 32454 [ex IU 13105] (1853); FMNH 10290-313 (total 23), 56601 (83); MCZ 30951 (29); MNHN 1980-1439 [ex CAS 13105] (1); CAS-SU 22776 (17); UMMZ 160151 (16); ZMA 113819 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:19 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:48 [ref. 12367]. Apparently not the same as Megalamphodus ecuadorensis Eigenmann 1915. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis Eigenmann & Henn 1914 -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:231 [ref. 22743], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:139 [ref. 34894], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679], Ota et al. 2020:432 [ref. 37391]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis Eigenmann & Henn 1914. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

eigenmanni, Astyanax Evermann [B. W.] & Kendall [W. C.] 1906:83, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 31 (no. 1482); ref. 1282] Río Primero, Córdoba Province, central Argentina. Holotype: USNM 55570. Paratypes: CAS 39563 [ex IU 11071] (1). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:6 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Bryconamericus eigenmanni (Evermann & Kendall 1906) -- (Malabarba & Kindel 1995:684 [ref. 21922], Braga 1998:26 [ref. 24111], Miquelarena & Aquino 1999:523 [ref. 23980], Azpelicueta & Almirón 2001:280 [ref. 26007], Miquelarena et al. 2002:70 [ref. 26517], Casciotta et al. 2002:163 [ref. 26551], López et al. 2002:61 [ref. 26808], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:116 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2004:64 [ref. 27664], da Silva 2004:55 [ref. 27870], Almirón et al. 2004:8 [ref. 27986], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Langeani et al. 2005:389 [ref. 28234], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Mirande & Koerber 2015:21 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Valid as Bryconamericus eigenmanni (Evermann & Kendall 1906). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Primero River, tributary to Laguna Mar Chiquita, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

eigenmanni, Cheirodon Meek [S. E.] 1912:70 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 7); ref. 2960] La Junta, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7683 [not 7583]. Paratypes: FMNH 43150 (1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:23 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Carlana eigenmanni (Meek 1912) -- (Fink & Weitzman 1974:26 [ref. 7132], Villa 1982:105 [ref. 36708], Weitzman et al. 1986:342 [ref. 5984], Bussing 1987:81 [ref. 22927], Bussing 1998:100 [ref. 24179], Cardoso in Reis et al. 2003:213 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:500 [ref. 31006], Angulo et al. 2013:992 [ref. 33194], Angulo et al. 2023:24 [ref. 40676], Reis 2024:124 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Carlana eigenmanni (Meek 1912). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Central America: Pacific and Atlantic drainages (Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama). Habitat: freshwater.

eigenmanni, Moenkhausia Géry [J.] 1964:30, Fig. 5 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 12 (no. 5, Jan.); ref. 1582] Río Manacacias into upper Río Meta, at Restrepo, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 198640. Paratypes: (7) ANSP 112249 (1), 139712 (1); Géry's coll. M.358 (orig. 7); MNHN 1980-1445 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621], Vari & Howe 1991:30 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Moenkhausia eigenmanni Géry 1964 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Bertaco et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31234], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Marinho & Benine 2024:227 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia eigenmanni Géry 1964. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Meta River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

eigenmanni, Othonocheirodus Myers [G. S.] 1927:114 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 68 (no. 3); ref. 3096] Cayumba rapids of the Río Huallaga, Peru [not Río Cayumba]. Holotype: IU 17674 (not at CAS in 1996). Paratypes: CAS 17946 [IU 17675] (4), MCZ 31569 (1), CAS-SU 18068 [ex IU 17675 and CAS 17946] (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:25-26 [ref. 12291]. For locality correction see Myers 1934:43 [ref. 24240]. •Valid as Othonocheirodus eigenmanni Myers 1927 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Malabarba 1998:231 [ref. 23844], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:152 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745] as cf. eigenmanni, Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35633] but missing species, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Othonocheirodus eigenmanni Myers 1927. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (?Ecuador, Peru and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

eigenmanniorum, Tetragonopterus Cope [E. D.] 1894:89, Pl. 6 (fig. 8) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 21598. Paratypes: ANSP 21599-601 (3), 21602 (1, c&s), 21627-28 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621] as holotype and paratypes. •Valid as Astyanax eigenmanniorum (Cope 1894) -- (Malabarba 1989:129 [ref. 14217], Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Haro et al. 1996:6 [ref. 25004], Butí 1998:310 [ref. 25279], Garutti & Britski 2000:85 [ref. 24769], Azpelicueta & Garcia 2000:252 [ref. 25142], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:257 [ref. 26608], Miquelarena et al. 2002:76 [ref. 26517] as cf. eigenmanniorum, López et al. 2002:63 [ref. 26808], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Castro & Vari 2004:332 [ref. 27972] as cf. eigenmanniorum, Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena et al. 2005:19 [ref. 28188], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], de Melo & Buckup 2006:50 [ref. 28622], Vari & Castro 2007:156 [ref. 29039], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333] as cf eigenmanniorum, Bertaco & Lucena 2010:19 [ref. 30750], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Mirande 2010:515 [ref. 31006] as cf. eigenmanniorum, Garavello & Sampaio 2010:861 [ref. 31053], Soneira et al. 2010:785 [ref. 31078], Lucena et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Bertaco 2014:498 [ref. 33320], Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:37 [ref. 35267], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607]). •Valid as Psalidodon eigenmanniorum (Cope 1894) -- (Koerber et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37480], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Koerber et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38894], Gavazzoni et al. 2022:[6] [ref. 39877], Santos et al. 2022:3 [ref. 39498], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40506], Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon eigenmanniorum (Cope 1894). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin and Laguna dos Patos drainage (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

eilyos, Hyphessobrycon Lima [F. C. T.] & Moreira [C. R.] 2003:25, Figs. 6-7 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 27320] Ribeirão do Sapo, kilometer 464.04 of Ferronorte railroad, 17°31'11"S, 53°15'33"W, município de Alto Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 75126. Paratypes: MCZ 162371 (5); MNRJ 24781 (5); MZUSP 41406 (179, 5 c&s), 73344 (11), 73363 (1); USNM 371923 (5). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon eilyos Lima & Moreira 2003 -- (Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:87 [ref. 28297], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon eilyos Lima & Moreira 2003. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

elachylepis, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.] & Lucinda [P. H. F.] 2005:390, Figs. 2-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 3); ref. 28387] Ribeirão Arara, about 500 meters from mouth of rio Maranhão at Rosariana, Niquelândia, Goiás, Brazil, about 14°02'S, 48°26'W. Holotype: MCP 37568. Paratypes: MCP 15862 (2), 15922 (1), 16054 (15, 2 C&S); MZUSP 30258 (17), 40533 (112), 58093 (16); UNT 740 (1), 1891 (10), 2033 (36), 2036 (1), 2037 (3), 2157 (1), 2158 (2). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Astyanax elachylepis Bertaco & Lucinda 2005 -- (Protogino et al. 2006:12 [ref. 28780], Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax elachylepis Bertaco & Lucinda 2005. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Tocantins River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

elachys, Hyphessobrycon Weitzman [M. J.] 1985:800, Figs. 1-5 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 98 (no. 4); ref. 8125] Río Aguaray-guazu system, 3 kilometers northeast of Lima, San Pedro Dept., Paraguay, 23°55'S, 56°29'W. Holotype: USNM 232393. Paratypes: ANSP 153539 (2); BMNH 1984.12.21.2-3 (2); CAS 56018 (2); MNHNP (2); MZUSP 28655 (4); UMMZ 206595 (26 or 32), 212725 (16); USNM 232381 (1), 268474 (79). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022] but they did not list USNM 232381, Oyakawa 1996:468 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon elachys Weitzman 1985 -- (Weitzman et al. 1986:342 [ref. 5984], Géry & Römer 1997:70 [ref. 23712], Gómez & Chebez 1996:50 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:41 [ref. 24147], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:27 [ref. 27366], Lucena 2003:95 [ref. 27437], Casciotta et al. 2003:101 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987], Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Mirande 2010:511 [ref. 31006], Ingenito et al. 2013:38 [ref. 32568], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Ohara et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35144], Koerber et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35267], Dickens 2019:163 [ref. 37135]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon elachys Weitzman 1985. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

elassonaktis, Jupiaba Pereira [T. N. A.] & Lucinda [P. H. F.] 2007:54, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 1614; ref. 29302] Peixe, rio Tocantins downstream UHE Peixe-Angical, about 12°15'S, 48°23'W, Tocantins, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 41465. Paratypes: MCP 41466 (20); UNT 5568 (8), 5569 (19), 5573 (1), 5575 (1 c&s), 5576 (3), 5577 (3), 5578 (1), 5579 (1), 7610 (132, 6 c&s). •Valid as Jupiaba elassonaktis Pereira & Lucinda 2007 -- (Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba elassonaktis Pereira & Lucinda 2007. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Tocantins River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

elatior, Ceratobranchia Tortonese [E.] 1942:67 [57], Pl. 4 (fig. 1) [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e di Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino (Ser. 4) v. 49 (no. 117) (for 1941-1942); ref. 10294] Río Zamora, Río Marañon basin, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): MZUT 3558. On p. 57 of separate. •Valid as Ceratobranchia elatior Tortonese 1942 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:28 [ref. 37559], Chernoff & Machado-Allison 1990:278 [ref. 19495], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:120-121 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Netto-Ferreira 2024:125 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Ceratobranchia elatior Tortonese 1942. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

elegans, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Obidos, Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) ?MCZ 90014 (2) Obidos; NMW 57390 (8). Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:36, Pl. 7 (fig. 4) [ref. 14353]. •Valid as Hemigrammus elegans (Steindachner 1882) -- (Taphorn 1992:206 [ref. 23654] as cf. elegans, Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Carvalho 2005:147 [ref. 28675], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35679], Lima & Marinho 2024:174 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus elegans (Steindachner 1882). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Tapajõs River basins in Brazil; ? Apure and Aguaro River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

eliasi, Chrysobrycon Vanegas-Ríos [J. A.], Azpelicueta [M. de las M.] & Ortega [H.] 2011:732, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 4); ref. 31720] Río Madre de Dios basin, Creek Loboyoc, 12°27'07.27"S, 69°07'42.53"W, Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru, elevation 210 meters. Holotype: MUSM 39970. Paratypes: MLP 10831 [ex AI 287] (3, 2 c&s); Al 288 (2); MUSM 39971 (14), 39972 (8), 39973 (2), 39974 (3). Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:3 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Chrysobrycon eliasi Vanegas-Ríos, Azpelicueta & Ortega 2011 -- (Vanegas-Ríos et al. 2014:297 [ref. 33375], Thomaz et al. 2015: Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Vanegas-Ríos et al. 2015:180 [ref. 34047], Vanegas-Ríos & Urbano-Bonilla 2017:2355 [ref. 35265], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Chrysobrycon eliasi Vanegas-Ríos, Azpelicueta & Ortega 2011. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Río Madre de Dios basin and upper río Manuripe basin, upper río Madeira (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

ellisae, Hyphessobrycon Bragança [P. H. N.], Ottoni [F. P.] & Rangel-Pereira [F. S.] 2015:256, Figs. 1-3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 26 (no. 3); ref. 34051] Coastal Piauí river basin, Sergipe State, northeastern Brazil, 11°15'S, 37°16'W. Holotype: UFRJ 5281. Paratypes: UFRJ. •Permanently invalid, preoccupied by Hyphessobrycon ellisae Pearson 1924. •In the synonymy of Hyphessobrycon sergipanus Bragança, Ottoni & Rangel-Pereira 2016 -- (Bragança et al. 2016:373 [ref. 34918]). •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa 2001 -- (Zanata et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35863]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa 2001. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

ellisi, Hyphessobrycon Pearson [N. E.] 1924:39, Pl. 10 (fig. 2) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Espia, Bolivia. Syntypes: (55) CAS 47167 [ex IU 17343] (37), CAS-SU 24660 [ex IU 17343] (3), UMMZ 66505 (14), USNM 117544 [ex UMMZ 66505, orig. IU 17343] (1). Plus additional material. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022]. First appeared as ellisi; named after Mrs. Marion Durbin Ellis, the correct species epithet would be ellisae. Not to be corrected (ICZN). •Valid as Bryconacidnus ellisi (Pearson 1924) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:115 [ref. 27061], Baicere-Silva et al. 2011:381 [ref. 31395], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893]). Current status: Valid as Bryconacidnus ellisi (Pearson 1924). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin: Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

elongatus, Bramocharax Meek [S. E.] 1907:110 [Field Columbian Museum, Zoölogical Series v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 2959] Lago Managua at Managua, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5922. Paratypes: FMNH 5919 (18, 3 c&s), 5920-21 (2, 1), 33077-83 (7). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:17 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Bramocharax bransfordii Gill 1877 -- (Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Astyanax bransfordii (Gill 1877) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1371 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax bransfordii (Gill 1877). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

elongatus, Microschemobrycon Géry [J.] 1973:97, Figs. 9-11 [Studies on the Neotropical Fauna v. 8; ref. 1596] Rio Suiazinho, Rio Xingu basin, Brazil, 12°49'S, 51°46'W. Holotype: BMNH 1972.11.15.1. Paratypes: BMNH 1972.11.15.2 (1), 1972.11.15.3-4 (2); Géry coll. 0680 (1). •Valid as Microschemobrycon elongatus Géry 1973 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:145 [ref. 27061], Ohara et al. 2019:333 [ref. 36615], Marinho 2024:219 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Microschemobrycon elongatus Géry 1973. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: Xingu, Tapajós and Tocantins River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

embera, Astyanax Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.], Taphorn [D. C.], Buckup [P. A.] & Ortega [H.] 2018:6, Fig. 2 [European Journal of Taxonomy No. 402; ref. 35787] Telembí River at mouth of Yamunde River, 1 km below Barbacoas, Patía River basin (Pacific Coast), Barbacoas Municipality, Nariño Department, Colombia, 01°39'56"N, 78°09'12"W, elevation 61 meters. Holotype: IUQ 3614. Paratypes: IUQ. •Valid as Astyanax embera Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018 -- (Ruiz-C. et al. 2023:198 [ref. 40361]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax embera Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Patía River basin, Pacific coast of Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

embera, Creagrutus Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2023:10, Figs. 1, 3, 5B, 7B, 9B [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 88; ref. 40588] Río Sinú, cerca de la desembocadura al río Manso, Municipio de Tierralta, Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Holotype: CAR 995. Paratypes: CAR. •Valid as Creagrutus embera Ardila Rodríguez 2023. Current status: Valid as Creagrutus embera Ardila Rodríguez 2023. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Río Sinú drainage, Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

emperador, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] & Ogle [F.] 1907:26 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1556); ref. 1266] Empire Station, Panama. Holotype: USNM 55651. Paratypes: USNM 306565 [ex USNM 55651] (2). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:6 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Bryconamericus emperador (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907) -- (Román-Valencia 2000:453 [ref. 25256], Román-Valencia 2002:178 [ref. 26370], Román-Valencia 2003:20, 28 [ref. 26840], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:116 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia et al. 2008:1749 [ref. 30068], Román-Valencia & Vanegas-Rios 2009:393 [ref. 30843], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:2 [ref. 30393], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1416 [ref. 35414]). •Valid as Eretmobrycon emperador (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907) -- (Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:54 [ref. 35633], Malabarba 2024:154 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Eretmobrycon emperador (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Pacific slope of Colombia and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

endy, Astyanax Mirande [J. M.], Aguilera [G.] & Azpelicueta [M. de las M.] 2006:59, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 1286; ref. 28784] Orán, Río Bermejo basin, tributary of Río Bermejo in is intersection with Ruta Provincial 19, near Estancia Santa Rosa, 22°43'18"S, 64°24'13"W, Salta, Argentina. elevation about 440 meters. Holotype: CI-FML 3834. Paratypes: CI-FML 3835 (14), 3836 (13). Plus nontype material. •Valid as Astyanax endy Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2006 -- (Abilhoa & Duboc 2007:45 [ref. 29285], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Mirande 2010:515 [ref. 31006], Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). •Valid as Psalidodon endy (Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2006) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon endy (Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2006). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Argentina and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

eos, Hyphessobrycon Durbin [M. L.] 1909:69 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Creek between Potaro Landing and Kangaruma, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 52795 [ex CM 1194]. Paratypes: (67, ex CM and IU) BMNH 1911.10.31.412 (1), .413-414 (2); CAS 60401 [ex IU 11770] (5), 61605 [ex IU 11771] (10); FMNH 7353-54 (0, 2), 52796-97 (10, 5), 69689 (6); MCZ 30036-37 (1, 2); CAS-SU 21920-21 (1, 2); USNM 66195-96 (1, 1), 165449 (1); ZMA 100983 (1), 101031 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:20 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:48 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin 1909 -- (Zarske & Géry 1997:310 [ref. 23715], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin 1909. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Guyana (?). Habitat: freshwater.

ephimeros, Attonitus Vari [R. P.] & Ortega [H.] 2000:129, Figs. 1, 4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 24436] Río Picha, Puerto Huallana, Quebrada Mapichiriato, 11°50'S, 73°20'W, Río Urubamba basin, Province La Convencion, Depto de Cusco, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 11501. Paratypes: MUSM 12757-60 (5, 8, 3, 1); USNM 349696 (4, 1 c&s), 349708 (8, 2 c&s), 349713 (1), 349914 (3). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Attonitus ephimeros Vari & Ortega 2000 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:113 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:538 [ref. 31006], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893]). Current status: Valid as Attonitus ephimeros Vari & Ortega 2000. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Aguaytia and Pachitea rivers in Ucayali River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

ephippiatus, Creagrutus Vari [R. P.] & Harold [A. S.] 2001:98, Fig. 39 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 613; ref. 25842] Upper Río Siapa, Campamento Siapa (Siapa Base Camp), Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV V-29068. Paratypes: MBUCV V-18623 (3), V-29069 (24); USNM 355116 (7, c&s). •Valid as Creagrutus ephippiatus Vari & Harold 2001 -- (Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:122-123 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus ephippiatus Vari & Harold 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Siapa River, southern tributary of Casiquiare River, upper Negro River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

epiagos, Astyanax Zanata [A. M.] & Camelier [P.] 2008:29, Fig. 1 [Zootaxa No. 1908; ref. 29887] Morro do Chapéu, rio Ferro Doido, above Cachoeira do Ferro Doido, tributary of rio Jacuípe, Paraguaçu drainage, 11°37'34.0"N [= 11°37'34.0"S], 41°00'11.5"W, Bahia, Brazil, elevation 899 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 89568. Paratypes: ANSP 189081 (20); MCUSP 89569 (20); UFBA 02792 (344, 3 c&s), 02794 (6). •Valid as Astyanax epiagos Zanata & Camelier 2008 -- (Zanata & Camelier 2009:175 [ref. 30252], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Zanata et al. 2018:486 [ref. 35984], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809], Zanata & Bertaco 2024:99 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax epiagos Zanata & Camelier 2008. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio Ferro Doido, tributary of rio Jacuípe, Paraguaçu drainage (eastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

epicharis, Hyphessobrycon Weitzman [S. H.] & Palmer [L.] 1997:214, Figs. 1-4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 22743] Río Baria head waters, 3 kilometers downstream from Neblina base camp, Amazonas, Venezuela, 0°55'N, 66°10'W, elevation 120 meters. Holotype: MBUCV-V-20800. Paratypes: AMNH 59336-40 (6, 12, 18, 1, 110); ANSP 167762 (25); CAS 75430 (55); FMNH 100609 (25); MBUCV-V 20801-02 (7, 220); MCZ 56849 (72); MHNG 2516.56 (55); MZUSP 27792 (2), 42379 (55); UMMZ 218698 (110); USNM 272354 (283), 272358 (4), 272362 (172), 315611 (6). Type catalog: Provenzano et al. 1998:11 [ref. 24196]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon epicharis Weitzman & Palmer 1997 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Hein 2009:3 [ref. 30362], García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon epicharis Weitzman & Palmer 1997. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

eques, Chirodon Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Villa Bella and Obidos, Amazon River, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 95056. Paralectotypes: (several) NMW 59810 (2), 62693 (6). Original genus should have been Cheirodon. Species later described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:37 [ref. 14353]. Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899] list a lectotype. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner 1882) -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:224 [ref. 22743], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:140 [ref. 24509], Britski et al. 1999:41 [ref. 24147], López et al. 2002:27 [ref. 27366], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2003:102 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987], Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Hein 2009:2 [ref. 30362], Mirande 2010:510 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:47, 184 [ref. 35004], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Bragança et al. 2015:260 [ref. 34051], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35267], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Guimarães et al. 2019:351 [ref. 36774], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Loureiro et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner 1882). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Guaporé River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay). Introduced in French Guiana and other regions in Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

eremus, Astyanax Ingenito [L. F. S.] & Duboc [L. F.] 2014:282, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 33374] Paraná, Balsa, Nova, rio Canivete, at Fazenda Amola-Faca/Registro, tributary to the rio Iguaçu, 25°35’09"S, 49°44’01"W, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 39677. Paratypes: MCP 46942 (10, 2 c&s); MHNCI 12485 (8 plus 5); MNRJ 39678 (11, 2 c&s); NUP 13501 (8). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Astyanax eremus Ingenito & Duboc 2014 -- (da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607], Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364], Dagosta & Marinho 2022:12 [ref. 39122]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax eremus Ingenito & Duboc 2014. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu and Paraná River basins (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

ericae, Hyphessobrycon Moreira [C. R.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2017:124, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4318 (no. 1); ref. 35562] Igarapé do Almeidas, rio Trombetas basin, Almeidas plateau, Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera, Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil, 1°43'15''S, 56°25'3''W. Holotype: MNRJ 50000. Paratypes: INPA, MNRJ, MZUSP, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon ericae Moreira & Lima 2017 -- (Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543], Faria et al. 2020:282 [ref. 37838], Faria et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38179]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon ericae Moreira & Lima 2017. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: middle Amazon basin, Pará, Amazonas and Rondônia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

erythrophthalmus, Hemigrammus Ladiges [W.] 1931:249, Fig. 5 [Der Aquarienfisch- und Naturfreund v. 2 (no. 11); ref. 35796] Amazon. No types known. Also in Ladiges 1934:12 [ref. 20522]. Could date to an earlier work of C. Brüning. Senior synonym of Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis Ahl 1937, but name not used as valid for the last 90 years. •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis Ahl 1937 -- (Lima et al. 2024:199 [ref. 40817]). Nomen Oblitum. Current status: Synonym of Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis Ahl 1937. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

erythrops, Stethaprion Cope [E. D.] 1870:562, Fig. [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Pebas, Amazon system, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 8031. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Stethaprion erythrops Cope 1870 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Reis 1989:51 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:505 [ref. 31006], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35695], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Stethaprion erythrops Cope 1870. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

erythropterus, Tetragonopterus Holmberg [E. L.] 1891:189 [Revista Argentina de Historia Natural (Buenos Aires) v. 1; ref. 2192] Rio de la Plata, Paraná; Buenos Aires, Argentina. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown. •Valid as Astyanax erythropterus (Holmberg 1891) -- (Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Soneira et al. 2010:780 [ref. 31078], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). •Valid as Psalidodon erythropterus (Holmberg 1891) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Koerber et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38894], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:75 [ref. 40506], Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon erythropterus (Holmberg 1891). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: middle and lower río Paraná and Río de la Plata basin (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

erythrostigma, Hemigrammus Fowler [H. W.] 1943:33, Fig. [The Fish Culturist v. 22 (no. 5); ref. 17878] Probably border area between Peru and Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 70208. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma (Fowler 1943) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:234 [ref. 22743] with comment on type locality, Zarske & Géry 1997:310 [ref. 23715], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:167 [ref. 24507], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:87 [ref. 28297], Miquelarena & López 2006:824 [ref. 29070], Bertaco et al. 2007:248 [ref. 29277], Hein 2009:3 [ref. 30362], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], García-Alzate et al. 2015:223 [ref. 33855], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma (Fowler 1943). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

erythrozonus, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] 1909:56 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Erukin, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53546 [ex CM 1448]. Paratypes: (32) BMNH 1911.10.31.386-387 (2); CAS 44383 [ex IU 11905] (5); FMNH 7344 (2), 53025 (5); CAS-SU 21949 [ex IU 11905] (2), 21950 [ex IU 11905] (2); MCZ [ex CM/IU] 29976 (2); USNM 66187 [ex CM] (2); ZMA 101032 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Nijssen et al. 1982:18 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin 1909 -- (Taphorn 1992:218 [ref. 23654], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:512 [ref. 31006], Mendonça & Wosiacki 2011:214 [ref. 31415], Carvalho et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35509], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[8] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin 1909. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Essequibo River, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

erythrurus, Aphyocharax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:313, Pl. 44 (fig. 4) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Rockstone sand-bank, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53579 [ex CM 1879]. Paratypes: (39) AMNH 7101 (3); BMNH 1911.10.31.421-422 (2); CAS 59721 [ex IU 12161] (4, now 2); FMNH 7327 (2), 53406-07 (4, 1), 53967 (1), 69539 (6); MCZ 29945 (2); CAS-SU 21912 (2); USNM 66095 [ex CM] (2); ZMA 102158 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:57 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:21 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:14 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:9 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:5 [ref. 19022]. •May be the same as Aphyocharax alburnus (Günther 1869) -- (Taphorn 1992:107 [ref. 23654], Willink et al. 2003:5 [ref. 26755]). •Valid as Aphyocharax erythrurus Eigenmann 1912 -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:198 [ref. 27061], Menni 2004:76 [ref. 28131], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Brito et al. 2018:398 [ref. 36071], Brito et al. 2019:515 [ref. 37042], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760]). Current status: Valid as Aphyocharax erythrurus Eigenmann 1912. Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Guyana and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

erythrurus, Hyphessobrycon Ahl [E.] 1928:51, Figs. [Das Aquarium: eine Zeitschrift mit Bildern für Liebhaber, Schulen und Naturfreunde, Berlin 1928 (no. 4); ref. 35574] Possibly Amazon River, Brazil [aquarium import]. Syntypes: (5) ZMB 20828 (1). Types mentioned: Paepke 1995:92 [ref. 21847]. Zarske & Géry 1995:112 [ref. 22674] treat ZMB 20828 as holotype but that does not establish a lectotype; it may be the only surviving type however. Described in more detail by Ahl 1928:319 [ref. 15831]. •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Zarske & Géry 1995:118 [ref. 22674], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35267]). •Synonym of Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Zanata et al. 2024:259 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

eschwartzae, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Ortega [H.] 2013:865, Figs. 3-5 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 61 (no. 2); ref. 32692] La Cachuela, Río Madre de Dios, Tambopata, Río das Dios, 12°16'38.2"S, 69°09'8.12"W, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 42392. Paratypes: Many at AUM, IUM, MUSM. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon eschwartzae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Ortega 2013 -- (Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], García-Alzate et al. 2017:127 [ref. 35253], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Moreira & Lima 2017:133 [ref. 35562], Ohara et al. 2019:572 [ref. 37197], Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon eschwartzae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Ortega 2013. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Rio Madeira basin, Peru and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

essequibensis, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:17 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Tumatumari, Potaro River, Essequibo, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53519 [ex CM 1018]. Paratypes: (174, CM and IU) BMNH 1911.10.31.321-325 (5), .326-327 (2); CAS 39144-46 [ex IU 11721-23] (24, 1, 25); FMNH 7454 (5), 52685-87 (26, 1, 1), 52869 (1), 52962 (26), 71289 (20); MCZ 29958 (2); NMW 62766 (5); CAS-SU 21956 (5); USNM 66107 (now 4); ZMA 101010 (3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:60 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:22 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:14 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:6 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Astyanax essequibensis Eigenmann 1909 -- (Géry et al. 1996:8 [ref. 22155]). •Valid as Jupiaba essequibensis (Eigenmann 1909) -- (Zanata 1997:124 [ref. 24112], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba essequibensis (Eigenmann 1909). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Essequibo River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

essequibensis, Cynopotamus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:403 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Potaro Landing, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53673 [ex CM 2146]. Paratypes: (8) BMNH 1911.10.31.437 (1), CAS 44219 [ex IU 12319] (2), FMNH 53674-75 (1, 3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:70 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:31 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Cynopotamus essequibensis Eigenmann 1912 -- (Menezes 1976:30 [ref. 7073], Menezes 1987:8 [ref. 8072], Planquette et al. 1996:218 [ref. 22818], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:202 [ref. 27061], Menezes 2007:60 [ref. 29297], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507] as cf. essequibensis). Current status: Valid as Cynopotamus essequibensis Eigenmann 1912. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: coastal drainages (Amapá/Brazil, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

eugeniae, Aulixidens Böhlke [J. E.] 1952:775 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 5 (no. 56) (art. 81); ref. 592] Río Curamoni, Canal de Casiquiare, Venezuela. Holotype: CAS-SU 16940. Paratypes: Géry coll. [ex CAS-SU] (1), CAS-SU 16941 (2), 16942 (now 7, orig. 10), 16943 (2); USNM 157368 [ex CAS-SU 16942] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:22 [ref. 12291], Vari & Howe 1991:8 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Aulixidens eugeniae Böhlke 1952 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:113 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:537 [ref. 31006], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893]). Current status: Valid as Aulixidens eugeniae Böhlke 1952. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

euryodous, Bryconamericus deuterodonoides Schultz [L. P.] 1944:344, Fig. 51 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 95 (no. 3181); ref. 3960] Río Guárico and tributaries between San Sebastián and San Casimiro, Aragua state, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 121437. Paratypes: MCZ 37264 [ex USNM 121438] (5), UMMZ 145041 [ex USNM 121438] (5), USNM 121438 (orig. 408, now 388), ZMA 102144 [ex USNM 121438] (orig. 10, now 8). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:15 [ref. 19236], Vari & Howe 1991:10 [ref. 19022]. •Synonym of Bryconamericus deuterodonoides Eigenmann 1914, but a valid subspecies as described but with question -- (Taphorn 1992:140 [ref. 23654]). •Synonym of Bryconamericus deuterodonoides Eigenmann 1914 -- (Silva in Reis et al. 2003:116 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia 2003:40 [ref. 26840]). •Synonym of Knodus deuterodonoides (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Ferreira 2024:211 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Knodus deuterodonoides (Eigenmann 1914). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

eurystaenia, Moenkhausia Marinho [M. M. F.] 2010:656, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 30977] Rio Von den Steinen, on the road to Agua Limpa, 13°14'19"S, 54°53'01"W, rio Ronura drainge, rio Xingu basin, Nova Ubiratã, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 106058. Paratypes: CPUFMT 610 (3); DZAJRP 12547 (3), INPA 34095 (3), MCP 4557 (3), MPEG 18924 (3), MZUSP 91404 (109, 3 c&s); USNM 398648 (3).l Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:442 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Moenkhausia eurystaenia Marinho 2010 -- (Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372], Marinho et al. 2016:248 [ref. 34376]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia eurystaenia Marinho 2010. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Rio Xingu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

eurytaenia, Phenacogaster Lucena [Z. M. S. de], Antonetti [D. A.] & Lucena [C. A. S. de] in Antonetti, Lucena & Lucena 2018:272, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 28 (no. 3) [no. IEF-1075]; ref. 36204] Downstream of Usina Hidrelétrica de Serra da Mesa, rio Tocantins, Campinaçu, Goiás State, Brazil, 13°50'55"S, 48°15'45"W. Holotype: MZUSP 119015. Paratypes: MCP, MZUSP, UNT. •Valid as Phenacogaster eurytaenia Lucena, Antonetti & Lucena 2018. Current status: Valid as Phenacogaster eurytaenia Lucena, Antonetti & Lucena 2018. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: Upper and middle rio Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

euspilurus, Deuterodon Fowler [H. W.] 1945:102, Fig. 3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia [probably Bodoquero River, near the town of Morelia]. Holotype: ANSP 71679. Paratypes: ANSP 71680-84 (5), 71685 (1, missing). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:46 [ref. 13621]. Specific name (with well-spotted tail) treated as a declinable adjective. •Synonym of Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope 1870 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:218 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Odontostilbe euspilura (Fowler 1945) [often seen as euspilurus] -- (Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006:193 [ref. 28728], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Chuctaya et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37856], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya & Malabarba 2024:240 [ref. 40817] as euspilurus). Current status: Valid as Odontostilbe euspilura (Fowler 1945). Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: South America: western Amazon basin (Colombia, Peru and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

exodon, Bryconamericus Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann, McAtee & Ward 1907:139 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (no. 2) (art. 7); ref. 1261] Puerto Max, Paraguay. Holotype: MCZ 29909 [ex IU 10298a]. Paratypes: (10 orig. at IU) BMNH 1909.6.15.11 [ex IU 10297, ex CAS 39565] (1); CAS 39564 [ex IU 10297] (orig. 3, now 2), 39565 [ex U 10298] (4), 39566 [IU ex 11264] (2); MCZ 174232 (1) [ex MCZ 29909 [ex IU 10298] (1 + holotype)]. Type catalog: Netto-Ferreira et al. 2021:299 [ref. 38774]. •Valid as Bryconamericus exodon Eigenmann 1907 -- (Gómez & Chebez 1996:50 [ref. 23791], Braga 1998:26 [ref. 24111], Britski et al. 1999:32 [ref. 24147], Azpelicueta & Almirón 2001:280 [ref. 26007], Miquelarena et al. 2002:70 [ref. 26517], Casciotta et al. 2002:163 [ref. 26551], Silva in Reis et al. 2003:116 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27366], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:582 [ref. 27482], Casciotta et al. 2004:64 [ref. 27664], da Silva 2004:55 [ref. 27870], Almirón et al. 2004:9 [ref. 27986], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Langeani et al. 2005:389 [ref. 28234], Román-Valencia et al. 2009:2 [ref. 30393], Mirande 2010:536 [ref. 31006] as cf. exodon and exodon, Baicere-Silva et al. 2011:381 [ref. 31395], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:289 [ref. 33374], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Dagosta & Netto-Ferreira 2015:440 [ref. 33665], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], Mirande & Koerber 2015:21 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:33 [ref. 35267], Jerep & Shibatta 2017:10 [ref. 35610], Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Pedroso et al. 2024:13 [ref. 40856]). Current status: Valid as Bryconamericus exodon Eigenmann 1907. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay); introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

exodon, Epicyrtus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1850:46 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] Amazon. No types known. •Synonym of Exodon paradoxus Müller & Troschel 1844 -- (Lucena in Reis et al. 2003:127-128 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Exodon paradoxus Müller & Troschel 1844. Characidae: Exodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

falcata, Saccoderma Dahl [G.] 1955:17 [Revista Linneana v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 19186] Tributaries of Río Sinú or from the Pechilí system, Colombia. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. Paratypes: (158). Not treated in Reis et al. 2003:116 [ref. 27061]. •Species inquirenda -- (Jerep et al. 2024:273 [ref. 40817]). Nomen Dubium. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

falsus, Hemigrammus ocellifer Meinken [H.] 1958:232 [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 11 (no. 8); ref. 21338] Amazon [aquarium import]. Holotype (unique): ZMH H1183. Type catalog: Wilkens 1977:156 [ref. 22013]. Also described as new in Meinken 1959:305 [ref. 12010]. •Questionably a synonym of Hemigrammus ocellifer (Steindachner 1882) -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:133 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Hemigrammus ocellifer (Steindachner 1882) -- (Frankel 2002:285 [ref. 30814]). •Valid as Hemigrammus falsus Meinken 1958 -- (Zarske 2015:10 [ref. 33782], Lima et al. 2016:131 [ref. 34590], Lima & Marinho 2024:174 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus falsus Meinken 1958. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

fasciatus, Chalceus Cuvier [G.] 1819:352, Pl. 26 (fig. 2) [Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (N. S.) (Série A) Zoologie v. 5; ref. 1017] Rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN A-9896 (2) Rio São Francisco, A-8653 and A-8654 (2) Rio São Francisco. Type catalog: Bertin 1948:17-18 [ref. 19577]. •Valid as Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:27 [ref. 37559], Villa 1982:101 [ref. 36708], Pezold & Edwards 1983:104 [ref. 37431], Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Bussing 1987:68 [ref. 22927], Malabarba 1989:129 [ref. 14217] as aff. fasciatus, Gamboa Pérez 1992:318 [ref. 38704], Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:24 [ref. 22290], Castro & Casatti 1997:342 [ref. 23333], Galvis et al. 1997:40 [ref. 23651], Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Sverlij et al. 1998:18 [ref. 27632], Butí & Cancino 1999:70 [ref. 25277], Garutti & Britski 2000:85 [ref. 24769], Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Romero & Paulson 2001:22 [ref. 26040], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:244 [ref. 26608] as cf. fasciatus, Miquelarena et al. 2002:77 [ref. 26517], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720] as cf fasciatus, Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Wilkens & Strecker 2003:545 [ref. 27317], López et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401] as cf. fasciatus, Centrofante et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27416], Casciotta et al. 2003:94 [ref. 28130], Casciotta et al. 2003:808 [ref. 27667] as cf. fasciatus, Castro & Vari 2004:332 [ref. 27972], Mirande et al. 2004:221 [ref. 27659] as cf. fasciatus, Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande et al. 2006:14 [ref. 28757] as cf. fasciatus, Protogino et al. 2006:10 [ref. 28780], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], Artoni et al. 2006:197 [ref. 29207] as aff. fasciatus, Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333] as cf. fasciatus, Zanata & Camelier 2009:175 [ref. 30252], Garutti & Venere 2009:378 [ref. 30493] with question, Bertaco & Lucena 2010:19 [ref. 30750] as aff. fasciatus, Garavello & Sampaio 2010:861 [ref. 31053] as aff. fasciatus, Lucena et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745], Bertaco 2014:498 [ref. 33320] as aff. fasciatus, Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Ramos et al. 2014:3 [ref. 35321] as aff. fasciatus, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698] not argentina, Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857] as aff. fasciatus, Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424] as fasciatus and cf. fasciatus, Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561] as aff. fasciatus, Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966] as aff. fasciatus, Melo et al. 2016:375 [ref. 35317], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633], Costa et al. 2017:44 [ref. 35684] as aff. fasciatus, Zanata et al. 2018:486 [ref. 35984], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809], Vita et al. 2020:[5] [ref. 37506] as cf. fasciatus). •Valid as Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364] as aff. fasciatus, Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Gavazzoni et al. 2022:[7] [ref. 39877], Brandão et al. 2023:93 as aff. fasciatus [ref. 40464], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727] as aff. fasciatus, Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Francisco basin (Brazil) [widely reported from the Amazon River basin and other basins, but probably erroneous: Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela]. Habitat: freshwater.

fasciatus, Chalceus Jardine [W.] in Schomburgk 1841:215 [The Natural history of fishes of Guiana; ref. 18707] Río Padauiri. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Chalceus fasciatus Cuvier 1819. •Species inquirenda in Characidae -- (Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061], Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:286 [ref. 40817]). 1°Homonym. Characidae: Characids incertae sedis. Habitat: freshwater.

fasciatus, Hemibrycon Román-Valencia [C.], Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Taphorn [D. C.], Mancera-Rodriguez [N. J.] & García-Alzate [C. A.] 2013:1370, Figs. 1-2, 3a [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 61 (no. 3) (dated Sept.); ref. 32877] Antioquia, Municipio de San Vicente, Vereda Corrientes, middle section of the Magdalena River Basin, La Magdalena Creek, tributary of the Nare River, 6°18'42.4"N, 75°15'28.7"W, Colombia, elevation 1882 meters. Holotype: IUQ 3191. Paratypes: AUM, IUQ, CSJ. •Valid as Hemibrycon fasciatus Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, Mancara-Rodriguez & García-Alzate 2013 -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2014:118 [ref. 33572], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:56 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon fasciatus Román-Valencia, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, Mancera-Rodriguez & García-Alzate 2013. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Middle Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

fasslii, Tetragonopterus (Aequidens) Steindachner [F.] 1915:48 [34], Pl. 4 (fig. 7) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. v. 93; ref. 4244] Western Colombia. Holotype (unique): NMW ?. On p. 34 of separate; also in Steindachner 1917 [ref. 15259]. •Species not listed in earlier abstract [ref. 18909]. •Valid as Astyanax fasslii (Steindachner 1915) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633], Zanata & Bertaco 2024:100 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax fasslii (Steindachner 1915). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: western Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

felipponei, Pedalibrycon Fowler [H. W.] 1943:314, Figs. 4-6 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1444] Río Gi, Departamento del Iluranto, Uruguay. Holotype: ANSP 70332. Paratypes: ANSP 67820 (1), 67831 (1, missing). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:46 [ref. 13621]. •In part a synonym of Cheirodon interruptus (Jenyns 1842) -- (Malabarba 1989:133 [ref. 14217], Malabarba 1998:215 [ref. 23844]). •Valid as Odontostilbe felipponei (Fowler 1943) -- (Casciotta et al. 1992:8 [ref. 21059]). •Synonym of Cheirodon interruptus (Jenyns 1842) -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:216 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:11 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:19 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Synonym of Cheirodon interruptus (Jenyns 1842). Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

fernandezi, Hyphessobrycon Fernández-Yépez [A.] 1972:20, Pl. 20 [Análisis ictiológico del complejo hidrográfico; ref. 19696] Cerca a Aroa en la via a Duaca, 10°29'50"N, 68°52'20"W, finca de Atria, Quebrada Cupa, Venezuela. Neotype: MBUCV-V 34105. Neotype designated by García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2008:149 [ref. 29919]; originally a holotype and 61 paratypes (apparenbtly lost) from Río Yaracuy drainage, Venezuela. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon fernandezi Fernández-Yépez 1972 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], García-Alzate et al. 2008:145 [ref. 29919], García-Alzate & Román-Valencia 2008:15 [ref. 30008], García-Alzate et al.2010:801 [ref. 30824], García-Alzate et al. 2013:861 [ref. 32692], Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Ohara et al. 2017:249 [ref. 35067], García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon fernandezi Fernández-Yépez 1972. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: coastal Caribbean drainages of Venezuela and the Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

festae, Tetragonopterus Boulenger [G. A.] 1898:2 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 13 (no. 329); ref. 14677] Río Vinces, western Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.11.4.65-70 (6), MSNG 34953 (1), MZUF 2698 (1), MZUT 1743 (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:138 [ref. 21559], Tortonese 1961:182-183 [ref. 10343], Vanni 1991:221 [ref. 20099]. •Valid as Astyanax festae (Boulenger 1898) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:27 [ref. 37559], Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:124 [ref. 34894], Escobar Camacho et al. 2024:8 [ref. 40892]). •Valid as Eretmobrycon festae (Boulenger 1898) -- (Terán et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37440], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:126 [ref. 40816], Valenzuela et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40815], Malabarba 2024:155 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Eretmobrycon festae (Boulenger 1898). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Pacific slope (Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

figueiredoi, Creagrutus Vari [R. P.] & Harold [A. S.] 2001:101, Fig. 40 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 613; ref. 25842] Rio Maranhão, upper Rio Tocantins basin, about 35 air kilometers north of Brasilia, about 15°32'S, 47°49'W, Distrito Federal, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 50542. Paratypes: MNRJ 14482 (2), 17334 (2), 17339 (3); MZUSP 50543 (9); USNM 292221 (11). •Valid as Creagrutus figueiredoi Vari & Harold 2001 -- (Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:123 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus figueiredoi Vari & Harold 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Tocantins River drainage in upper Tocantins and Araguaia River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

figueiredoi, Knodus Esguícero [A. L. H.] & Castro [R. M. C.] 2014:40, Figs. 1-4. 5c [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 1); ref. 33506] Guiratinga Municipality, Rio das Gasças, upper Rio Araguaia basin, 16°13'11"N, 53°35'59"W, Brazil. Holotype: LIRP 10238. Paratypes: DZSJRP, INPA, LIRP, NUP. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:441 [ref. 35588], Oliveira et al. 2022:8 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Knodus figueiredoi Esguícero & Castro 2014 -- (Dos Anjos de Sousa et al. 2020:582 [ref. 37361], Deprá et al. 2021:24 [ref. 38180], Silva-Oliveira et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40192]). Current status: Valid as Knodus figueiredoi Esguícero & Castro 2014. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Rio das Gasças drainage, upper Rio Araguaia basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

figueiredoi, Kolpotocheirodon Malabarba [L. R.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Weitzman [S. H.] 2004:322, Figs. 5-6 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 117 (no. 3); ref. 27971] Rio Pratinha, Fazenda Pratinha, 12°21'13"S, 41°32'57"W, Iraquara, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 70037. Paratypes: MCP 22345 (5), MZUSP 55219 (26, 2 c&s, 2 histology prep.). •Valid as Kolpotocheirodon figueiredoi Malabarba, Lima & Weitzman 2004 -- (Malabarba & Jerep 2014:76 [ref. 33440], Vita et al. 2020:[5] [ref. 37506], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Kolpotocheirodon figueiredoi Malabarba, Lima & Weitzman 2004. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguaça River drainage (Bahia, Brasil). Habitat: freshwater.

filamentosus, Hemigrammus Zarske [A.] 2011:4, Figs. 1-5 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 31376] Rio Araguaya basin, Brazil [imported]. Holotype: MTD F 32438. Paratypes: MTD F 32439-32455 (7). •Valid as Hemigrammus filamentosus Zarske 2011 -- (Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716] as cf. filamentosus). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus filamentosus Zarske 2011. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

filiferus, Zygogaster Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:23 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Apulo, Colombia. Holotype (unique): CAS 62258 [ex IU 12847]. •Valid as Astyanax filiferus (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Ruiz-C. et al. 2011:48 [ref. 31365], Torres-Mejia et al. 2012:505 [ref. 32312], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax filiferus (Eigenmann 1913). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

filigerus, Aphyocharax Cope [E. D.] 1870:564 [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Pebas, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 8073. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:46 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Prionobrama filigera (Cope 1870) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:29 [ref. 37559], Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:154 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Moreira 2024:257 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Prionobrama filigera (Cope 1870). Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

finitimus, Tetragonopterus Bocourt [F.] 1868:62 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie et Paléontologie) (Sér. 5) v. 9; ref. 16971] Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. Lectotype: MNHN 2016-321. Paralectotypes: MNHN 0000-5223 (1). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:20-21 [ref. 19577]. Description very brief. Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1386 [ref. 35414]? •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Valid as Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt 1868) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1384 [ref. 35414], López-Segovia et al. 2020:110 [ref. 38151], Page et al. 2023:77 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt 1868). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Southern North America: Veracruz, Tabasco, and northern Oaxaca and Chiapas, Gulf coast (Mexico). Habitat: freshwater.

fischeri, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1879:151 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 16 (no. 15) (for 19 June 1879); ref. 20478] Río Mamoni, Panama. Syntypes: (several) NMW. Species described in above abstract only, and not listed or described in subsequent main work (Steindachner 1879 [ref. 18782]). •Species inquirenda in Characidae -- (Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Astyanax panamensis (Günther 1864) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1400 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax panamensis (Günther 1864). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

flammeus, Hyphessobrycon Myers [G. S.] 1924:330, Fig. [The Fish Culturist v. 4 (no. 3); ref. 15459] Original stock from near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Syntypes: USNM 92969 (2) [Aquarium bred]. Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022]. Also appeared in Myers 1925:97-99 [ref. 30479]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon flammeus Myers 1924 -- (Lima & Costa 2001:237 [ref. 25700], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Lima et al. 2024:189 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon flammeus Myers 1924. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: coastal rivers of Rio de Janeiro State and Paraíba do Sul River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil; introduced in upper Paraná River basin. Habitat: freshwater.

flava, Moenkhausia Britzke [R.], Troy [W. P.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2018:3, Figs. 1-2, 4, 6 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 16 (no. 2) (e170086); ref. 36024] Tributary of rio Sepotuba, rio Paraguay basin, Córrego São Jorge, Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 14°27'24.9"S, 57°34'32.7"W. Holotype: MZUSP 123719. Paratypes: LBP, MZUEL, MZUSP. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Moenkhausia flava Britzke, Troy, Oliveira & Benine 2018. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia flava Britzke, Troy, Oliveira & Benine 2018. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Upper rio Sepotuba drainage, rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

flavescens, Creagrutus Vari [R. P.] & Harold [A. S.] 2001:104, Fig. 41 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 613; ref. 25842] Río Toguino basin, RíoTiguino No. 3, unnamed tributary of Río Tiguino, 1°07'35"S, 76°56'52"W, Pastaza, Ecuador. Holotype: MEPN 4622. Paratypes: MEPN 4642 (7), 6380 (7); USNM 340974-75 (8, 4). •Valid as Creagrutus flavescens Vari & Harold 2001 -- (Vari & Harold in Reis et al. 2003:123 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2013:763 [ref. 33366], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35633], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2020:372 [ref. 37405], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Creagrutus flavescens Vari & Harold 2001. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

flaviolimai, Gymnocorymbus Benine [R. C.], Melo [B. F.], Castro [R. M. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2015:21, Figs. 8a, 13 [Zootaxa 3956 (no. 1); ref. 33792] Rio Guaporé, Costa Marques, Rondônia, Brazil, 12°26'42.0"S, 64°13'37.9"W. Holotype: INPA 47805. Paratypes: INPA, MZUSP, UFRO-ICT, USNM. •Valid as Gymnocorymbus flaviolimai Benine, Melo, Castro & Oliveira 2015. Current status: Valid as Gymnocorymbus flaviolimai Benine, Melo, Castro & Oliveira 2015. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Rondônia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

florianensis, Creagrutus Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2023:14, Figs. 2B, 6A, 8B, 9D, 10A [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 88; ref. 40588] Quebrada Huaz, afluente del río Minero, Municipio de Florián, Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Holotype: CAR 975. Paratypes: CAR 904 (6). •Valid as Creagrutus florianensis Ardila Rodríguez 2023. Current status: Valid as Creagrutus florianensis Ardila Rodríguez 2023. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: río Minero drainage, Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

foncensis, Bryconamericus Román-Valencia [C.], Vanegas-Ríos [J. A.] & Ruiz-C. [R. I.] 2009:458, Fig. 1 [Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 80 (no. 2); ref. 30393] Vereda Los Chinitos, sistema río Magdalena medio, cuenca del río Fonce, río Pienta vía a Encino aprox. 10 kilometers de Charalá, 6°13'00"N, 73°10'12"W, municipio de Charalá, Departamento de Santander, Colombia, elevation 1658 meters. Holotype: IUQ 1941. Paratypes: Véase Apéndice I. [published later, pers. comm. second author]. Many lots at IUQ, 3 lots at AMNH. •Valid as Bryconamericus foncensis Román-Valencia, Vanegas-Ríos & Ruiz-C. 2009 -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2014:108 [ref. 33608], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Hemibrycon foncensis (Román-Valencia, Vanegas-Ríos & Ruiz-C. 2009) -- (García-Melo et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35894], García-Melo et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36761], Ardila Rodríguez 2020:14 [ref. 37579]). Current status: Valid as Hemibrycon foncensis (Román-Valencia, Vanegas-Ríos & Ruiz-C. 2009). Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: Middle Magdalena River basin, Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

forestii, Moenkhausia Benine [R. C.], Mariguela [T. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2009:162, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 30250] Cáceres, rio Sepotuba, rio Paraguay basin, 15°46'07"S, 57°38'54"W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 97827. Paratypes: LBP 3793 (10); MZUSP 19111 (10), 90270 (16, 2 c&s). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Moenkhausia forestii Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira 2009 -- (Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998], Mirande et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37445], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Reia et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38582], Marinho & Benine 2024:227 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia forestii Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira 2009. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin (Brazil and northern Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

fortispina, Poptella Garcia-Ayala [J. R.] & Benine [R. C.] 2023:3, Figs. 1-4A [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 1): e220086; ref. 40179] Igarapé Cobal, rio Xingu basin, Altamira municipality, Pará Sate, Brazil, 03°23'88"S. 51°75'19"W. Holotype: INPA 59843. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, LBP, MCP, MZUSP, ROM, ZUEC. •Valid as Poptella fortispina Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2023. Current status: Valid as Poptella fortispina Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2023. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: rio Xingu drainage, Amazon basin, Pará and Mato Grosso States, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

fowleri, Axelrodia Géry [J.] 1965:33, Pl. 4 (fig. 14) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 1584] Vicinity of Iquitos, Upper Amazon, Peru. Holotype: SMF 7212. Paratypes: Géry coll. 0186 (3), SMF 7649 (2). •Valid as Axelrodia fowleri Géry 1965 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708]). •Synonym of Axelrodia stigmatias (Fowler 1913) -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Axelrodia stigmatias (Fowler 1913). Characidae: Aphyocharacinae. Habitat: freshwater.

franciscensis, Fowlerina Eigenmann [C. H.] 1914:45 [Indiana University Studies No. 20; ref. 1230] Lagoas of Rio Grande at Barreiras, Rio São Francisco system, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 56426 [ex CM 5240]. Paratypes: (130+, CM and IU) CAS 44267 [ex IU 13195] (4), FMNH 15021-24 (4), 56741-50 (20, 2, 7, 2, 5, 20, 27, 7, 26, 23). Additional material: MCZ 20921 (3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:68 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:36 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Reis 1989:43 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], Reis et al. 2016:14 [ref. 34496], Silva et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

francisci, Raeboides Steindachner [F.] 1908:192 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 45 (no. 13) (for 14 May 1908); ref. 18807] Lagoon at Barra (Lagoa Viana, Lagoa do Porto); Rio São Francisco, River Grande do Norte; River Preto at Santa Rita, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) NMW 56891-94 (7, 71, 19, 25), 56896 (13), ?56898-900 (56, ?, 4), 56920-22 (?, 16, 9), 56895 (7), 56897 (2). Original genus is correctly Roeboides. •Synonym of Roeboides xenodon (Reinhardt 1851) -- (Lucena 1988:38 [ref. 22126], Lucena 1998:36 [ref. 23597], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:206 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2007:134 [ref. 29256], Lucena 2024:273 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Roeboides xenodon (Reinhardt 1851). Characidae: Characinae. Habitat: freshwater.

franciscoensis, Ephippicharax Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Myers 1929:506, Pl. 70 (figs. 3 & 5) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 5); ref. 1263] Barreiras, Lagoa do Rio Grande, Brazil. Holotype: CM 5240. Paratypes: CM 5561-5570 (more than 130), MCZ (3). •Synonym of Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

franciscoensis, Phenacogaster Eigenmann [C. H.] 1911:173, Pl. 6 (fig. 3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1) (art. 3); ref. 1226] Boqueirãs, near mouth of Rio Preto, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54599 [ex CM 3231]. Paratypes: (19, CM) CAS 62201 [ex IU 13281, CM 3234] (2), FMNH 15141 (1), 54600-03 (3, 4, 5, 5). Type catalog: Henn 1928:67 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:65 [ref. 12367]. Original as franciscoënsis. •Valid as Phenacogaster franciscoensis Eigenmann 1911 -- (Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:204 [ref. 27061], Lucena & Gama 2007:152 [ref. 29059], Lucena & Malabarba 2010:266, 298 [ref. 30880], Antonetti et al. 2018:279 [ref. 36204], Lucena & Lucena 2019:5 [ref. 36690], Silva et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37809], Lucena 2024:251 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Phenacogaster franciscoensis Eigenmann 1911. Characidae: Characinae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

franciscoensis, Tetragonopterus Silva [G. S. C.], Melo [B. F.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2016:32, Fig. 12 [Zootaxa 4200 (no. 1); ref. 34929] Minas Gerais, Três Marias, Rio São Francisco, Brazil, 18°30'S, 45°17'W. Holotype: MZUSP 120566. Paratypes: LBP, MZUSP. •Valid as Tetragonopterus franciscoensis Silva, Melo, Oliveira & Benine 2016 -- (Silva et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Tetragonopterus franciscoensis Silva, Melo, Oliveira & Benine 2016. Characidae: Tetragonopterinae. Distribution: South America: coastal drainages (eastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

frankei, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 1997:309, Figs. 1, 3 [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 50 (no. 5); ref. 23715] Brook at Carretera Central, 10 kilometers west of Aguaytia, River Ucayali area, Dept. Loreto, Peru. Holotype: MTD F 17706. Paratypes: MHNG 2586.31-.33 (4, 2, 60); MTD F 16599-16603 (5), F 17707-30 (24). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:18 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon frankei Zarske & Géry 1997 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon frankei Zarske & Géry 1997. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Ucayali River basin (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

fredcochui, Boehlkea Géry [J.] 1966:212, Figs. 5-6 [Ichthyologica, the Aquarium Journal v. 37 (no. 5); ref. 1588] "Upper Amazon" [Colombia]. Holotype: ANSP 111675 [ex Géry coll. 0124.1]. Paratypes: ANSP 111676 [ex Géry coll. 0124.18-19] (2); MHNG 2184.038 [ex Géry coll. 0124.4, .6, .8] (3), MHNG 2184-047 [ex 0124.2-3, .5, .7, & .9-17] (13) [of which 1 is in ANSP 111668, 2 at USNM]; MNHN 1980-1425 (2); ZMA 113828 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:14 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:46 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hemibrycon fredcochui Géry 1966 -- (Román-Valencia & Ruiz-C. 2007:129 [ref. 29189], Román-Valencia & Arcila-Mesa 2008:74 [ref. 29744]). •Valid as Boehlkea fredcochui Géry 1966 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061], Zarske 2008:164 [ref. 29918], Bertaco & Malabarba 2010:767 [ref. 31076], Baicere-Silva et al. 2011:381 [ref. 31395], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745], Soares et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35609], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Boehlkea fredcochui Géry 1966. Characidae: Stevardiinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

frickei, Hyphessobrycon Guimarães [E. C.], Brito [P. S. de], Bragança [P. H. N.], Katz [A. M.] & Ottoni [F. P.] in Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Santos, Katz et al. 2020:85, Figs. 1-2 [European Journal of Taxonomy v. 723; ref. 37899] Maracaçumé River, Maracaçumé municipality, Maranhão State, Brazil, 2°3'14"S, 45°57'16"W. Holotype: CICCAA 02363. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon frickei Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni 2020 -- (Koerber et al. 2022:33 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon frickei Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni 2020. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Maracaçumé River drainage (Maranhão, northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

fugitiva, Odontostilbe Cope [E. D.] 1870:566, Fig. [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Affluent of lower río Napo basin, río Mazán, upper río Amazonas, Loreto, Peru. Neotype: MUSM 27501. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:46 [ref. 13621]. Holotype apparently lost or unidentifiable -- see Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006:175 [ref. 28728]. Neotype designated by Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006:175 [ref. 28728]. •Valid as Cheirodon fugitiva (Cope 1870) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708]). •Valid as Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope 1870 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:29 [ref. 37559], Malabarba 1998:219 [ref. 23844], Malabarba & Weitzman 1999:429 [ref. 24417], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:218 [ref. 27061], Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006:169 [ref. 28728], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35633], Chuctaya et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37856], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya & Malabarba 2024:240 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope 1870. Characidae: Cheirodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

fulgens, Tetragonopterus Bocourt [F.] 1868:62 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie et Paléontologie) (Sér. 5) v. 9; ref. 16971] Cuernovaca, Mexico. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-5194 (2). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:20 [ref. 19577]. Description very brief. •Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1389 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853). Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

fuscata, Poptella Garcia-Ayala [J. R.] & Benine [R. C.] 2021:2, Figs. 1-5 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 98 (no. 5); ref. 38089] Quebrada Campamento Satélite EO4, Río Putumayo, subbasin Bufeo, Putumayo, Loreto, Peru, 02°22'29"S, 71°35'35"W. Holotype: MUSM 69465. Paratypes: LBP, MUSM, ZUEC. •Valid as Poptella fuscata Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021. Current status: Valid as Poptella fuscata Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021. Characidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Putumayo and Nanay River drainages, upper Amazon basin, Loreto, Peru and Amazon River at Tabatinga, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.