Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the family or subfamily Loricariidae: [ 1245 ] records

abilhoai, Ancistrus Bifi [A. G.], Pavanelli [C. S.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2009:42, Fig. 1 [Zootaxa No. 2275; ref. 30541] Lapa, middle Rio Iguaçu basin, Rio Iguaçu, 25°47'35"S, 50°11'59"W, Paraná State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 10416. Paratypes: MCP 10435 (1), 10636 (1),18277 (1), 18278 (1); MHNCI 8429 (1), 8521 (1), 8574 (1), 8620 (1), 10403 (1), 10456 (1), 11390 (2); MZUSP 104117 (3); NUP 7502 (2), 7509 (3), Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:17 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Ancistrus abilhoai Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki 2009 -- (de Oliveira et al. 2015:81 [ref. 33869], Reis et al. 2020:466 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus abilhoai Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki 2009. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Iguaçu basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

absaberi, Harttia Oyakawa [O. T.], Fichberg [I.] & Langeani [F.] 2013:780, Figs. 1-5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 4); ref. 33027] Mato Grosso do Sul State, Três Lagoas, ribeirão São Mateus, tributary of the rio Sucuriú, Rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 85805. Paratypes: DZSJRP 2741 (1); MZUEL 5007 (2); MZUSP 22848 (2), 58674 (3), 85806 (36, 2 c&s), 87921 (2). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:443 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Harttia absaberi Oyakawa, Fichberg & Langeani 2013 -- (Oyakawa et al. 2018:85 [ref. 35818]). Current status: Valid as Harttia absaberi Oyakawa, Fichberg & Langeani 2013. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aburrensis, Hypostomus Posada [A.] 1909:297 [Los peces del norte de Colombia; ref. 5005] Medellín, Colombia. No types known. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155]. Chaetostoma is neuter, and aburrensis is an adjective; changed to aburrense (Ron Fricke, email Mar. 2016). •Valid as Hypostomus aburrense Posada 1909 -- (Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178] as aburrensis). •Valid as Chaetostoma aburrense (Posada 1909) -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:379 [ref. 27061] as aburrensis, Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155] as aburrensis, Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975] as aburrensis, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma aburrense (Posada 1909). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cauca River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

acanthicus, Rinelepis Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:487 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Amazon River. Holotype (unique): destroyed in World War II. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155]. Replacement name for Acanthicus hystrix Spix & Agassiz 1829. •Objective synonym of Acanthicus hystrix Spix & Agassiz 1829 -- (Isbrücker 1980:75 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155], Chamon 2016:397 [ref. 34326]). Current status: Synonym of Acanthicus hystrix Spix & Agassiz 1829. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

acanthodela, Corumbataia Thimotheo [M. G. R.], Benine [R. C.], Oliveira [C.] & Silva [G. S. C.] 2020:7, Figs. 2-3A, 4A, 5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 18 (no. 4): e200060; ref. 38000] Rio do Peixe, Rio Maranhão, Rio Tocantins basin, Niquelândia, Goiás, Brazil, 14°30'39.3"S, 48°41'10.0"W. Holotype: MZUSP 125794. Paratypes: LBP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:12 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Corumbataia acanthodela Thimotheo, Benine, Oliveira & Silva 2020. Current status: Valid as Corumbataia acanthodela Thimotheo, Benine, Oliveira & Silva 2020. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Maranhão River drainage, Tocantins River basin (Goiás, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

accipenser, Loricaria Shaw [G.] 1804:36 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas, in error (is South America). No types known. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155]. Unneeded new name; based on several literature sources. •Synonym of Loricariichthys maculatus (Bloch 1794) -- (Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:338 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Loricariichthys maculatus (Bloch 1794). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

acestrichthys, Farlowella Pearson [N. E.] 1924:25, Pl. 8 (fig. 2) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Rurrenabaque, Río Beni system, upper Amazon, Bolivia. Syntypes: CAS 77322 [ex IU 17009] (3, now 2), UMMZ 66480 [ex IU 17009] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:238 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Farlowella acestrichthys Pearson 1924 -- (Isbrücker 1980:96 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Farlowella nattereri Steindachner 1910 -- (Retzer & Page 1997:56 [ref. 23176], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:333 [ref. 27061], Retzer 2006:64 [ref. 28957], Ferraris 2007:238 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Farlowella nattereri Steindachner 1910. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

acicula, Nannoxyropsis Delapieve [M. L. S.], Lehmann A [P.] & Reis [R. E.] 2018:30, Figs. 9a, 10b, 11a, 12c, 19 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 4) e170079 (for 18 Dec. 2017); ref. 35713] Igarapé Capiteo on Transamazonic road between Comunidade 28 and Vila Rayol, Itaituba, Pará, Brazil, 04°22'43"S, 56°16'32.9"W. Holotype: MCP 51326. Paratypes: MCP, MPEG, MZUSP. •Valid as Nannoxyropsis acicula Delapieve, Lehmann A & Reis 2018. Current status: Valid as Nannoxyropsis acicula Delapieve, Lehmann A & Reis 2018. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Lower rio Tapajós drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

acipenserinus, Hemiodon Kner [R.] 1853:92 [28], Pl. 7 (fig. 2a-c) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 6; ref. 2627] Rio Guaporé, Rondônia, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 46139. Paralectotypes: ZMA 112957 (1); NMW 46138 (1), 46140 (1), 74914 (1, not found in 1995). Type catalog: Isbrücker & Nijssen 1974:204 [ref. 7126]. On p. 28 of separate. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker & Nijssen 1974:204 [ref. 7126]. •Valid as Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus (Kner 1853) -- (Isbrücker 1980:130 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:445 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Britski et al. 1999:129 [ref. 24147], Le Bail et al. 2000:278 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:336 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:78 [ref. 35633], Silvano et al. 2020:251 [ref. 38135], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:25 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:48 [ref. 39235], Vieira et al. 2023:20 [ref. 40759]). Current status: Valid as Hemiodontichthys acipenserinus (Kner 1853). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Madeira drainage, Amazon River basin; Essequibo, Paraguay and Oiapoque River drainages (Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

acuarius, Isorineloricaria Ray [C. K.] & Armbruster [J. W.] 2016:527, Fig. 15 [Zootaxa 4072 (no. 5); ref. 34178] Rio Portuguesa, 3 km northeast of El Barriero, Portuguesa, Venezuela, 09°03'08"N, 69°29'18"W. Holotype: INHS 35685. Paratypes: ANSP, FMNH, INHS, MCNG, USNM. •Valid as Isorineloricaria acuarius Ray & Armbruster 2016 -- (Provenzano-Rizzi in Lasso & Morales-Betancourt 2022:184 [ref. 40783]). Current status: Valid as Isorineloricaria acuarius Ray & Armbruster 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Apure and middle Orinoco River basin (Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

acuen, Hisonotus Silva [G. S. C.], Roxo [F. F.] & Oliveira [C.] 2014:107, Figs. 1, 3-6 [ZooKeys No. 442; ref. 33533] Mato Grosso State, Municipality of Querência, rio Xingu basin, 13°00'26"S, 52°11'27"W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 115350. Paratypes: LBP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:15 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hisonotus acuen Silva, Roxo & Oliveira 2014 -- (Roxo et al. 2015:137 [ref. 33763], Zawadzki et al. 2016:379 [ref. 34367], Roxo et al. 2016:235 [ref. 34426], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2017:351 [ref. 35310], Roxo et al. 2018:[11] [ref. 35900], Dias et al. 2018:583 [ref. 36235], Ribeiro-Silva et al. 2020:558 [ref. 37845]). •Valid as Rhinotocinclus acuen (Silva, Roxo & Oliveira 2014) -- (Reis & Lehmann A. 2022:83 [ref. 39390]). Current status: Valid as Rhinotocinclus acuen (Silva, Roxo & Oliveira 2014). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: upper Xingu River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aculeatus, Chaetostomus Perugia [A.] 1891:637 [37] [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 10; ref. 3431] Río Paraguay, Asuncion, Paraguay. Holotype (unique): MSNG 8937. Type catalog: Tortonese 1963:311 [ref. 10351], Ferraris 2007:272 [ref. 29155]. On p. 37 of separate. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Megalancistrus aculeatus (Perugia 1891) -- (Isbrücker 1980:52 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:65 [ref. 23791], Sverlij et al. 1998:71 [ref. 27632] as Perugia 1891, Britski et al. 1999:134 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Megalancistrus parananus (Peters 1881) -- (Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:390 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:272 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:64 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Synonym of Megalancistrus parananus (Peters 1881). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

aculeatus, Plecostomus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:158 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Tropical America. No types known. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:224 [ref. 29155]. Based on literature sources. •Synonym of Ancistrus temminckii (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker 1980:73 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:378 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:224 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus temminckii (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

acus, Acestra Kner [R.] 1853:93 [29], Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 6; ref. 2627] Caracas, Venezuela. Holotype (unique): NMW 47795. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155]. On p. 29 of separate. •Valid as Farlowella acus (Kner 1853) -- (Isbrücker 1980:96 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860], Retzer & Page 1997:59 [ref. 23176], Isbrücker 2001:25, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155], Ballen & Mojica 2014:140 [ref. 33176], Ballen et al. 2016:[6] [ref. 34813], Ballen et al. 2016:331 [ref. 34915], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:76 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:74 [ref. 35773]). Current status: Valid as Farlowella acus (Kner 1853). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Lake Valencia and Torito River basins, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

acuta, Loricaria Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:472, Pl. 452 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Brazil ("believed to be from"). Holotype (unique): MNHN. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:269 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Loricariichthys acutus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker 1980:125 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:338 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:269 [ref. 29155], Silvano et al. 2020:262 [ref. 38135], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Loricariichthys acutus (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Tapajós (Brazil and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

acutirostris, Oxyropsis Miranda Ribeiro [P. de] 1951:1, Pls. 1-3 (figs. 2, 2, 2) [Boletim do Museu Nacional, Zoologia (N. S.) No. 104; ref. 12901] Paricachoeira, Rio Taquié, tributary of the Rio Vaupes, which is a tributary of the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNRJ 5745. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:276 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypoptopoma acutirostre (Miranda Ribeiro 1951) -- (Isbrücker 1980:87 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Oxyropsis acutirostris Miranda Ribeiro 1951 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:24 [ref. 27178], Aquino & Schaefer 2002:383 [ref. 26022] as acutirostra, Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:325 [ref. 27061] as acutirostra, Ferraris 2007:276 [ref. 29155] as acutirostra, Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127] as acutirostra, Rosa et al. 2014:59 [ref. 33228] as acutirostra, Aquino & Sabaj Pérez 2016:137 [ref. 34526] as acutirostra and author as Ribeiro, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:76 [ref. 35633] as acutirostra, Delapieve et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35713] as acutirostra). Current status: Valid as Oxyropsis acutirostris Miranda Ribeiro 1951. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco, upper and lower Negro and Amazon basin: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

adamanteus, Parotocinclus Pereira [E. H. L.], A. Santos [A. C.], de Pinna [M. C. C.] & Reis [R. E.] 2019:598, Figs. 1-5 [Copeia v. 107 (no. 4); ref. 37052] Rio Roncador, tributary to Rio São José at Cachoeira Sonrisal, Roncador Farm on road from Lençóis to Andaraí, Rio Paraguaçu basin, 12°42'05"S, 41°21'40"W, elevation 389 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 124560. Paratypes: MCP, MZFS, MZUSP, UFBA. •Valid as Parotocinclus adamanteus Pereira, A. Santos, de Pinna & Reis 2019 -- (Lehmann A. et al. 2020:14 [ref. 37693], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Ramos et al. 2021:2 [ref. 38561]). Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus adamanteus Pereira, A. Santos, de Pinna & Reis 2019. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio São José drainage, Rio Paraguaçu basin (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

adonis, Acanthicus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.] 1988:166, Figs. 5-7 [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 41 (no. 6); ref. 7320] Rio Tocantins at Cametá, 0°14'S, 49°30.5'W, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 38580. Paratypes: ZMA 119968 (4), 119992 (1); ZSM 26730 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:262 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Acanthicus adonis Isbrücker & Nijssen 1988 -- (Burgess 1989:445 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:373 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155], Chamon 2016:405 [ref. 34326], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:25 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Acanthicus adonis Isbrücker & Nijssen 1988. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: lower Tocantins River basin, upper Amazon basin (Brazil, Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

advenus, Epactionotus Delapieve [M. L. S.], Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.] 2020:14, Figs. 9, 14b, 16 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 97 (no. 6); ref. 37840] Rachadel River and a small tributary, Biguaçu drainage, inside property of Mr. Paulo Lopes at locality of Guiomar, Antônio Carlos, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 27°29'44"S, 48°46'57"W. Holotype: UFRGS 28220. Paratypes: MCP, UFRGS. •Valid as Epactionotus advenus Delapieve, Carvalho & Reis 2020. Current status: Valid as Epactionotus advenus Delapieve, Carvalho & Reis 2020. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rachadel River drainage, Biguaçu River basin, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aequalicuspis, Rineloricaria Reis [R. E.] & Cardoso [A. R.] 2001:324, Figs. 3-5 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 25718] Rio Três Forquilhas, opposite to church of Vila Itati, 29°30'43"S, 50°05'31"W, Terra de Areia, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 25852. Paratypes: MCP 10794-95 (1, 24), 14154 (3), 14238 (4), 14262 (3), 14817 (5), 21083 (4), 21086 (16), 21104 (7), 21338 (26), 23684 (24), 25299 (15), 25309 (28), 25318 (55), 25342 (11); MZUSP 27654-56 (1, 1, 1); UMMZ 143278-80 (6, 5, 4), 143288 (3); ZMA 119086 (7), 119088 (2). Plus additional material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:293 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Rineloricaria aequalicuspis Reis & Cardoso 2001 -- (Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:341 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:293 [ref. 29155], Ghazzi 2008:101 [ref. 29636], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria aequalicuspis Reis & Cardoso 2001. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Três Forquilhas and Maquiné River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aequinoctialis, Chaetostomus Pellegrin [J.] 1909:518 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 15 (no. 8); ref. 14591] Río Pove at Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador, 0°13'S, 79°09'W, elevation 560 meters. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1904-0017. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:67 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Chaetostoma aequinoctialis Pellegrin 1909 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:39 [ref. 37559]). •Valid as Chaetostoma aequinoctiale Pellegrin 1909 -- (Isbrücker 1980:59 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:379 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:214 [ref. 34894]). •Valid as Transancistrus aequinoctialis (Pellegrin 1909) -- (Lujan et al. 2015:657 [ref. 33963], Lujan et al. 2015:667 [ref. 33975], Provenzano & Villa-Navarro 2017:529 [ref. 35473] as aequinoctiale, Provenzano et al. 2017:265 [ref. 35613] as aequinoctiale). Current status: Valid as Transancistrus aequinoctialis (Pellegrin 1909). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Río Guayllabamba basin (Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

affinis, Otocinclus Steindachner [F.] 1877:221 [5], Pl. 1 (figs. 1-1b) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 76 (1. Abth.); ref. 14247] Streams at Santa Cruz in region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 45368:1. Paralectotypes: NMW 45368:2-3 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:271 [ref. 29155]. On p. 5 of separate. Lectotype selected by Schaefer 1997:49 [ref. 23213]. •Valid as Macrotocinclus affinis (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:20 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker et al. 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:271 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Otocinclus affinis Steindachner 1877 -- (Isbrücker 1980:81 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Schaefer 1997:46 [ref. 23213], Britto & Moreira 2002:1067 [ref. 26512], Britto et al. 2002:735 [ref. 26546], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:324 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:44 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:79 [ref. 28131], Delapieve et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35713]). •Stefan Koerber, pers. comm. 3/8/2010 suggests that the López et al. 2003 and Menni 2004 references are not this species and range is Brazil only. Current status: Valid as Otocinclus affinis Steindachner 1877. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

affinis, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1877:685 [127] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Campos (21°50'S, 41°20'W), Rio Paraíba do Sul, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44041:1. Paralectotypes: (several) ?MCZ 7818 (3), 7835 (2), 7886 (2); MSNG 8860 (2); NMW 44040 (1), 44041:2-7 (7, now 6), 44043 (8), 44044 (3), 44326 (3), 55014 (2); USNM 120428 [ex MCZ 7893] (1), 120431 [ex MCZ 8179] (1); ZSM 4843 [ex NMW 44041] (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1963:311 [ref. 10351], Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:263 [ref. 31652]. On p. 127 of separate. Lectotype selected by Mazzoni et al. 1994:5 [ref. 21507]. •Valid as Hypostomus affinis (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:18 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Mazzoni et al. 1994:5 [ref. 21507], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] dated 1876, Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Catelani et al. 2014:931 [ref. 37496], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Penido et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40572]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus affinis (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraíba do Sul, Doce and Mucuri River basins, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

agassizii, Rhinelepis Steindachner [F.] 1877:228 [12] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 76 (1. Abth.); ref. 14247] Lake Manacapuru, 3°06'S, 61°30'W, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) MCZ 8007 (1) Lake Manacapuru; NMW 44559-61 (3, 1, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:289 [ref. 29155]. On p. 12 of separate. •Valid as Pseudorinelepis agassizii (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:8 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:18 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850]). •Synonym of Pseudorinelepis genibarbis (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Armbruster & Hardman 1999:57 [ref. 23670], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:366 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:289 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudorinelepis genibarbis (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Rhinelepinae. Habitat: freshwater.

agastor, Paraloricaria Isbrücker [I. J. H.] 1979:103, Figs. 20-21 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 5 (no. 4) [for 1978]; ref. 2302] Paraguay (no precise locality). Holotype (unique): BMNH 1895.5.17.108. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155]. Type is also a paralectotype of Loricaria apeltogaster. •Valid as Paraloricaria agastor Isbrücker 1979 -- (Isbrücker 1980:115 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:339 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:47 [ref. 27366], Rodriguez & Miquelarena 2005:131 [ref. 28787], Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:45 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:66 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Valid as Paraloricaria agastor Isbrücker 1979. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

agna, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1907:188 [Boletim Sociedade Nacional Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro [Lavoura] v. 11 (no. 5); ref. 17767] Rio Ribeira, Iporanga, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Originally as ãgnã. Not listed in Miranda Ribeiro 1953 [ref. 12732]. •Valid as Hypostomus agna (Miranda Ribeiro 1907) -- (Isbrücker 1980:18 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Oyakawa et al. 2005:4 [ref. 28322], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus agna (Miranda Ribeiro 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

agostinhoi, Ancistrus Bifi [A. G.], Pavanelli [C. S.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2009:47, Fig. 4 [Zootaxa No. 2275; ref. 30541] Foz do Jordão, 25°39'12"S, 51°58'15"W, lower Rio Iguaçu basin, Paraná State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 104118. Paratypes: MHNCI, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:17 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Ancistrus agostinhoi Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki 2009 -- (de Oliveira et al. 2015:81 [ref. 33869], Reis et al. 2020:466 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus agostinhoi Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki 2009. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: lower Iguaçu River basin (southern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

aguaboensis, Ancistrus Fisch-Muller [S.], Mazzoni [R.] & Weber [C.] 2001:293, Figs. 3-4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 25716] Córrego Agua Boa, small tributary of River Bonito, a left bank tributary of the upper River Tocantins, 10 kilometers from Minaçú-Campinaçu, 13°35'S, 48°14'W, Minaçú, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 20850. Paratypes: MHNG 2612.46 (4, 1 c&s), 2612.47 (3); MNRJ 15192 (14); MZUSP 62957 (3). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus aguaboensis Fisch-Muller, Mazzoni & Weber 2001 -- (Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:373 [ref. 27061], Fisch-Muller et al. 2005:570 [ref. 28242], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155], de Oliveira et al. 2015:81 [ref. 33869]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus aguaboensis Fisch-Muller, Mazzoni & Weber 2001. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

agustini, Farlowella Martín Salazar [F. J.] 1964:254, Fig. 5 [Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle v. 24 (no. 69); ref. 9227] Affluence of Río Chirigua and Río Pao, Cojedes, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV-V-11940 [ex MAC 59398]. Paratypes: MAC (3). Type catalog: Provenzano et al. 1998:9 [ref. 24196], Ferraris 2007:240 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Farlowella agustini Martín Salazar 1964 -- (Isbrücker 1980:97 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Farlowella vittata Myers 1942 -- (Retzer & Page 1997:64 [ref. 23176], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:334 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:240 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Farlowella vittata Myers 1942. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

aky, Epactionotus Azpelicueta [M. de las M.], Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.] & Koerber [S.] 2004:82, Figs. 1-6 [Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ichthyologie v. 4 (2004); ref. 28029] Arroyo Garibaldi, 26°38'46.1"S, 53°59'55"W, Río Uruguay basin at Misiones, Argentina. Holotype: MLP 10459 [ex AI 124]. Paratypes: AI 125 (8), MHNG 2643.39 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:236 [ref. 29155], Nadalin & López 2015:6 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Epactionotus aky Azpelicueta, Casciotta, Almirón & Koerber 2004 -- (Ferraris 2007:236 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hisonotus aky (Azpelicueta, Casciotta, Almirón & Koerber 2004) -- (Carvalho & Reis 2009:26 [ref. 30193], Koerber 2011:5 [ref. 31122], Garvalho & Reis 2011:35 [ref. 31240], Koerber 2014:9 [ref. 33621], Roxo et al. 2015:137 [ref. 33763], Mirande & Koerber 2015:41 [ref. 35117], Zawadzki et al. 2016:379 [ref. 34367], Roxo et al. 2016:235 [ref. 34426], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2018:[11] [ref. 35900]). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus aky (Azpelicueta, Casciotta, Almirón & Koerber 2004). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

alatus, Hypostomus Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:41, Pl. 20 (fig. 1) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Sabara, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9441 (mounted). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:71 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus alatus Castelnau 1855 -- (Isbrücker 1980:18 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:15 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Britski 2001:19 [ref. 26046], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:49 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Azevedo et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus alatus Castelnau 1855. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River and upper São Francisco River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

alberti, Hisonotus Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Waltz [B. T.] & Melo [J. E. G.] 2016:228, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4109 (no. 2); ref. 34426] Minas Gerais State, municipality of São Roque de Minas, ribeirão das Posses, upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil, 20°17'15"S, 46°34'53"W. Holotype: MZUSP 118845. Paratypes: ANSP, LBP, MPUJ, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:15 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hisonotus alberti Roxo, Silva, Waltz & Melo 2016 -- (Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2018:[11] [ref. 35900], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506] as cf. alberti). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus alberti Roxo, Silva, Waltz & Melo 2016. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: upper rio Paraná basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

albivermis, Panaqolus Lujan [N. K.], Steele [S.] & Velasquez [M.] 2013:193, Fig. 1 [Zootaxa 3691 (no. 1); ref. 32784] Padre Abad Province, Irazola District, San Alejandro River, Ucayali River drainage, 8°55'02''S, 75°12'26''W, Peru, depth 195 meters. Holotype: MUSM 35879. Paratypes: ANSP 182815 (1), AUM 58781 (1), ROM 93945 (1). •Valid as Panaqolus albivermis Lujan, Steele & Velasquez 2013 -- (Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015:469 [ref. 33945], Cramer & Sousa 2016:1 [ref. 34885], Lujan et al. 2017:333 [11] [ref. 35031] subgenus Panafilus Lujan et al. 2017). Current status: Valid as Panaqolus albivermis Lujan, Steele & Velasquez 2013. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: San Alejandro River, Ucayali River drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

albocinctus, Hemiancistrus Ahl [E.] 1936:111 [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 116 (nos 3/4); ref. 13679] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 20955. Types mentioned: Paepke 1995:93 [ref. 21847]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:223 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Peckoltia albocinctus (Ahl 1936) -- (Isbrücker 1980:55 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Ancistrus albocinctus (Ahl 1936) -- (Isbrücker 2001:25, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Ancistrus multispinis (Regan 1912) -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:377 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:223 [ref. 29155], Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670]). Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus multispinis (Regan 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

albomaculatus, Panaque Kanazawa [R. H.] 1958:327, Fig. 1 [Copeia 1958 (no. 4); ref. 12077] Río Pucuno, tributary of Río Suno, upper Río Napo basin, 0°47'S, 77°16'W, Napo Province, Ecuador. Holotype: USNM 167909. Paratypes: MEPN 4214 (2); USNM 167908 (4), 167910 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:30 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Panaque albomaculatus Kanazawa 1958 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:40 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:74 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Schaefer & Stewart 1993:327 [ref. 21282], Chang & Ortega 1995:4 [ref. 24302], Chockley & Armbruster 2002:83 [ref. 26069], Isbrücker 2002:24 [ref. 27178], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745]). •Valid as Panaqolus albomaculatus (Kanazawa 1958) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:21 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:390 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2013:192 [ref. 32784], Cramer 2014:69 [ref. 33229], Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015:469 [ref. 33945], Cramer & Sousa 2016:14 [ref. 34885], Lujan et al. 2017:333, [10] [ref. 35031] subgenus Panafilus Lujan et al. 2017, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Panaqolus albomaculatus (Kanazawa 1958). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

albopunctatus, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:797, Pl. 49 (fig. 1); Fig. 206 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Lectotype: BMNH 1907.7.6.15. Paralectotype: BMNH 1907.7.6.16 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Weber 1987:279 [ref. 6241]. •Valid as Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908) -- (Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:18 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:49 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Garavello et al. 2012:265 [ref. 32033], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[2] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Azevedo et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

alga, Chaetostomus Cope [E. D.] 1872:287, Pl. 15 (fig. 3) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Syntypes: ANSP 16461-62 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Synonym of Ancistrus hoplogenys (Günther 1864) -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:376 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155], Koerber et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35267]). •Valid as Ancistrus alga (Cope 1872) -- (Isbrücker 1980:66 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:16 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Provenzano & Barriga-Salazar 2018:217 [ref. 36344], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:25 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus alga (Cope 1872). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: lower Napo River basin, upper Amazon basin (Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

alicula, Otothyropsis Lippert [B. G.], Calegari [B. B.] & Reis [R. E.] 2014:238, Fig. 1-5E [Copeia 2014 (no. 2); ref. 33355] Minas Gerais, Delfim Moreira, Rio Santo Antônio at Água Limpa, near mouth of Ribeirão do Salto, Rio Grande basin, 22°28′02″S, 45°21′35″W, Brazil, elevation 870 meters. Holotype: MNRJ 40718. Paratypes: ANSP 193487 (5), DZAJRP 14874 (4), MCP 23500 (10 + 2 c&s). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:454 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Otothyropsis alicula Lippert, Calegari & Reis 2014 -- (Calegari et al. 2017:244 [ref. 35203]). Current status: Valid as Otothyropsis alicula Lippert, Calegari & Reis 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Santo Antônio, Rio Grande basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

alipionis, Pareiorhaphis Gosline [W. A.] 1947:104 [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 41; ref. 1857] São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 4241. Paratypes: MNRJ 4242 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. Pereira & Reis 2002:143 [ref. 26071] believe the locality to be the Ribeirão do Monjolinho in the Iporanga basin fo São Paulo, Brazil. •Valid as Pareiorhaphis alipionis Gosline 1947 -- (Isbrücker 1980:13 [ref. 2303] with locality comment, Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Isbrueckerichthys alipionis (Gosline 1947) -- (Derijst 1996:64 [ref. 22356], Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Pereira & Reis 2002:143 [ref. 26071], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Pereira & Oyakawa 2003:7 [ref. 27318], Jerep et al. 2006:55 [ref. 28877], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Roxo et al. 2012:38 [ref. 32073], Pereira & Reis 2017:72 [ref. 35307], Roxo et al. 2017:351 [ref. 35310]). Current status: Valid as Isbrueckerichthys alipionis (Gosline 1947). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Betari River, Ribeira de Iguapé River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

almendarizi, Pseudohemiodon Provenzano [F.], Argüello [P.] & Barriga Salazar [R. E.] 2022:79, Figs. 1-3a [Zootaxa 5129 (no. 1); ref. 39207] Aguarico River near Puerto Loja, Napo River system, Orellana Province, Ecuador, approximately 00°52'57"N, 75°13'30"W [coordinates probably not entirely correct]. Holotype: MEPN 17903. Paratype: MEPN 19491 (1). Named after a woman, the correct species epithet would be almendarizae. •Valid as Pseudohemiodon almendarizi Provenzano, Argüello & Barriga Salazar 2022. Current status: Valid as Pseudohemiodon almendarizi Provenzano, Argüello & Barriga Salazar 2022. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Aguarico River drainage, Napo River system, western Amazon basin, Orellana Province, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

alternans, Ancistrus multiradiatus var. Regan [C. T.] 1904:229 [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Paraguayan Chaco, Drainage of Río Paraguay in region of Vila Conceptión, Paraguay. Lectotype: BMNH 1898.7.4.5. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1898.6.3.30-31 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Weber 1992:28 [ref. 19714]. •Valid as Pterygoplichthys alternans (Regan 1904) -- (Isbrücker 1980:40 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Liposarcus ambrosetti Holmberg 1893 -- (Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Liposarcus anisitsi (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903) -- (Weber 1992:28 [ref. 19714], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:365 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg 1893) -- (Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:26 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:63 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg 1893). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

alternifasciatum, Chaetostoma Fowler [H. W.] 1945:116, Figs. 21-24 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia [probably Bodoquero River, near the town of Morelia]. Holotype: ANSP 71711. Paratypes: ANSP 71712-15 (4). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Chaetostoma alternifasciatum Fowler 1945 -- (Isbrücker 1980:59 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:379 [ref. 27061], Salcedo 2006:218 [ref. 28842] as alternifasciatus, Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Chaetostoma vagum Fowler 1943 -- (Lujan et al. 2015:676 [ref. 33975], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[18] [ref. 35679]). •Synonym of Chaetostoma anale (Fowler 1943) -- (Urbano-Bonilla & Ballen 2021:11 [ref. 38058]). Current status: Synonym of Chaetostoma anale (Fowler 1943). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

altipinnis, Liposarcus Günther [A.] 1864:239 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Rio Cupai [= Cupari], Rio Tapajós basin, Amazon River drainage, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1853.3.19.34. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Pterygoplichthys altipinnis (Günther 1864) -- (Isbrücker 1980:40 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653]). •Valid as Glyptoperichthys altipinnis (Günther 1864) -- (Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Glyptoperichthys gibbiceps (Kner 1854) -- (Weber 1992:29 [ref. 19714], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps (Kner 1854) -- (Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps (Kner 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

altipinnis, Loricaria Breder [C. M., Jr.] 1925:1, Figs. 1-2 [American Museum Novitates No. 180; ref. 15531] Río Chico, Darien, Panama. Holotype: AMNH 8404. Paratypes: AMNH 22720-23 (2, 1, 1, 7). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]. Genus is correctly Rineloricaria. •Valid as Hemiloricaria altipinnis (Breder 1925) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:27, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Rineloricaria altipinnis (Breder 1925) -- (Isbrücker 1980:103 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:441 [ref. 12860], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:341 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria altipinnis (Breder 1925). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Chico River basin, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

altocorpus, Farlowella Retzer [M. E.] 2006:60, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 1282; ref. 28957] Río Coroico, Cananavi, Río Beni Basin, La Paz State, Bolivia. Holotype: INHS 99773. Paratypes: INHS 36972 (2); SIUC 23150 (3). •Valid as Farlowella altocorpus Retzer 2006 -- (Ferraris 2007:444 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004]). Current status: Valid as Farlowella altocorpus Retzer 2006. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Beni River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

amaris, Ancistrus de Souza [L. S.], Taphorn [D. C.] & Armbruster [J. W.] 2019:9, Fig. 6 [Zootaxa 4552; ref. 36504] Río Las Marías, Orinoco/Apure drainage, Estado Portuguesa, Venezuela, 9.402778°, -69.7375°. Holotype: MCNG 56679. Paratypes: AUM, CUMV, INHS, MCNG. •Valid as Ancistrus amaris de Souza, Taphorn & Armbruster 2019. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus amaris de Souza, Taphorn & Armbruster 2019. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Andean piedmont streams, Orinoco/Apure drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

amazonensis, Parotocinclus Garavello [J. C.] 1977:7, Figs. 21-22 [Arquivos de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 7249] Ilha Sorubim, Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP 10145. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:281 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Parotocinclus amazonensis Garavello 1977 -- (Isbrücker 1980:79 [ref. 2303], Garavello 1988:124 [ref. 6853], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Lacerda & Evers 1996:88 [ref. 22351], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Ribeiro et al. 2002:223 [ref. 26534], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:281 [ref. 29155], Lehmann A. et al. 2014:32 [ref. 33225], Lehmann A. et al. 2015:48 [ref. 33723], Roxo et al. 2016:131 [ref. 34921], Roxo et al. 2017:267 [ref. 35139], Roxo et al. 2019:354 [ref. 36855], Lehmann A. & Reis 2021:452 [ref. 38354]). •Synonym of Rhinotocinclus britskii (Boeseman 1974) -- (Reis & Lehmann A. 2022:19 [ref. 39390]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinotocinclus britskii (Boeseman 1974). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater.

amazonica, Dekeyseria Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] 1985:180, Figs. 2, 4-7 [Amazoniana v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 6101] Janauacá [Janavacá] complex, Manaquiri, Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 104.4. Paratypes: INPA 44 (1), 71 (7), 205 (1), 250.0 (1), 287 (1), 293 (1); MZUSP 27259 (1). Additional material: MZUSP 296 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:234 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Dekeyseria amazonica Rapp Py-Daniel 1985 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:168 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:383 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:234 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35633], Silva & Rapp Py-Daniel 2018:[15] [ref. 35865], Silvano et al. 2020:249 [ref. 38135]). Current status: Valid as Dekeyseria amazonica Rapp Py-Daniel 1985. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

amazonica, Loricaria Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:46, Pl. 23 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Amazon River, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9560. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:74 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Loricariichthys maculatus (Bloch 1794) -- (Isbrücker 1980:127 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:339 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Loricariichthys maculatus (Bloch 1794). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

amazonum, Acestra Günther [A.] 1864:261 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Amazon River at Santarém, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1856.3.25.22. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155]. The correct spelling of this species is amazonum, a noun that does not decline (see note under Curimatus amazonum). •Valid as Farlowella amazona (Günther 1864) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:38 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:97 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860], Retzer & Page 1997:69 [ref. 23176], Britski et al. 1999:128 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:25, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:45 [ref. 27366], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155], Ballen & Mojica 2014:140 [ref. 33176], Ballen et al. 2016:[6] [ref. 34813], Ballen et al. 2016:332 [ref. 34915], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:76 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Farlowella amazonum (Günther 1864) -- (Azpelicueta & Koerber 2014:97 [ref. 33832] the correct spelling, Marajó et al. 2018:2 [ref. 36366] as "cf. amazonum", Terán et al. 2019:6 [ref. 36818], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:25 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:50 [ref. 39235], Dopazo et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40178]). Current status: Valid as Farlowella amazonum (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

amazonum, Loricaria apeltogaster var. Delsman [H. C.] 1941:80 [Mémoires du Musée royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique (Ser. 2) No. 21; ref. 13171] Rio Trombetas near Obidos, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): IRSNB 546 [not 294]. Type catalog: Walschaerts 1987:21 [ref. 20755], Ferraris 2007:288 [ref. 29155]. The correct spelling of this species is amazonum, a noun that does not decline (see note under Curimatus amazonum). •Valid as Pseudohemiodon amazonum (Delsman 1941) -- (Isbrücker 1980:121 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178] as amazonus, Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:340 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:288 [ref. 29155] as amazonus, Provenzano et al. 2022:89 [ref. 39207]). Current status: Valid as Pseudohemiodon amazonum (Delsman 1941). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ambrosettii, Liposarcus Holmberg [E. L.] 1893:354 [Revista del Jardin Zoológico de Buenos Ayres v. 1 (no. 12); ref. 26086] Río Paraguay, in front of Formosa. No types known. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]. Incorrectly treated as a forgotten name by some authors. •Valid as Liposarcus ambrosettii Holmberg 1893 -- (Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178]). •Nomen oblitum (forgotten name) in synonymy of Liposarcus anisitsi (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903) -- (Weber 1992:28 [ref. 19714], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:365 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg 1893) -- (Isbrücker 1980:40 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:38 [ref. 23548], Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:26 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:63 [ref. 35267], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Brandão et al. 2022:179 [ref. 40464], Silva et al. 2022:[2] 435 [ref. 39571], Page et al. 2023:80 [ref. 40505], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727]). Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg 1893). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay, middle Paraná, Bermejo, and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay). Invasive in upper Rio Paraná (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

ameliae, Corymbophanes Lujan [N. K.], Armbruster [J. W.], Werneke [D. C.], Teixeira [T. F.] & Lovejoy [N. R.] 2019:10, Figs. 4-6 [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 188 (no. 4) [2020]; ref. 37035] Kuribrong River, Potaro River - Essequibo River drainage, at rapids about 15 min upstream of upstream Kuribrong Camp, Region 8 (Potaro-Siparuni), Guyana, 05.33766°, -059.56615°, elevation 454 meters. Holotype: CSBD F1721 [ex ROM 89895]. Paratypes: AUM, MZUSP, ROM. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Corymbophanes ameliae Lujan, Armbruster, Werneke, Teixeira & Lovejoy 2019. Current status: Valid as Corymbophanes ameliae Lujan, Armbruster, Werneke, Teixeira & Lovejoy 2019. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Kuribrong River, upper Potaro River - Essequibo River drainage, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

ammophilus, Aphanotorulus Armbruster [J. W.] & Page [L. M.] 1996:385, Figs. 2, 3c, 4 [Copeia 1996 (no. 2); ref. 22151] Río San Carlos, River Portuguesa drainage at Caño Hondo, 9°31'51"N, 68°39'39"W, Cojedes State, Venezuela. Holotype: INHS 32035. Paratypes: ANSP 173089 [ex INHS 34784] (2); FMNH 105064 [ex INHS 29001] (2); INHS 29001 (1 c&s), 34738 (2), 34784 (31); MBUCV-V-26460 [ex INHS 34738] (1); MCNG 27678 (2); SIUC 23936 [ex INHS 34738] (1); TU 173803 [ex INHS 34784] (3); UAIC 11126.01 [ex INHS 34738] (1); USNM 335171 [ex INHS 34738] (2). Type catalog: Sabaj et al. 1997:270-271 [ref. 23225], Provenzano et al. 1998:3 [ref. 24196], Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus ammophilus (Armbruster & Page 1996) -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], DoNascimiento 2016:533 [ref. 34727]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus ammophilus Armbruster & Page 1996 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Armbruster 1998:254 [ref. 23319], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:351 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155], Ray & Armbruster 2016:508 [ref. 34178], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:76 [ref. 35773], Provenzano-Rizzi et al. in Lasso & Morales-Betancourt 2022:178 [ref. 40783]). Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus ammophilus Armbruster & Page 1996. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Venezuela and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

analis, Hypocolpterus Fowler [H. W.] 1943:261, Figs. 56-59 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 70525. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypocolpterus analis Fowler 1943 -- (Isbrücker 1980:59 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Chaetostoma analis (Fowler 1943) -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653]). •Valid as Chaetostoma anale (Fowler 1943) -- (Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:379 [ref. 27061], Salcedo 2006:218 [ref. 28842], Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155], Ballen 2011:395 [ref. 31653], Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla & Ballen 2021:11 [ref. 38058]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma anale (Fowler 1943). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Amazon basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

ancistroides, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1911:396 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Tatuhy and Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Syntypes: DZSASP [now MZUSP] (not found). Type catalog: Britski 1969:200 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Castro & Casatti 1997:342 [ref. 23333], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Oyakawa et al. 2005:10 [ref. 28322], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Rosa et al. 2014:59 [ref. 33228], Zawadzki et al. 2014:102 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Brandão et al. 2022:169 [ref. 40464]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin, Tietê River basin, and Ribeira de Iguapé River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

andersoni, Corymbophanes Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:5 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Aruataima Falls, Upper Potaro River, Guyana, 5°00'05'N, 59°37'33"W. Holotype (unique): FMNH 52675 [ex CM 1001]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:83 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:28 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:232 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann 1909 -- (Isbrücker 1980:14 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Armbruster et al. 2000:1001 [ref. 25018], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:232 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2019:16 [ref. 37035]). Current status: Valid as Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann 1909. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Essequibo River drainage, upper Potaro River, upstream of Kaieteur Falls, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

angipinnatus, Plecostomus Leege [C. O.] 1922:152, Pls. 9 (figs. 1-3), 10 (figs 2-3) [Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft v. 58; ref. 15350] Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): Lost. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Original not seen. •Valid as Hypostomus angipinnatus (Leege 1922) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus angipinnatus (Leege 1922). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: La Plata River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

angosturae, Farlowella Martín Salazar [F. J.] 1964:251, Fig. 3 [Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle v. 24 (no. 69); ref. 9227] Large creek west of Cuidad Bolívar, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV-V-11939 [not MHNLS, ex AFY 49497]. Paratypes: MBUCV-V-11945 [ex AFY 49478] (1), V-11946 [ex AFY 49478] (1). Type catalog: Lasso et al. 1997:45 [ref. 23639], Provenzano et al. 1998:9 [ref. 24196], Ferraris 2007:240 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Farlowella angosturae Martín Salazar 1964 -- (Isbrücker 1980:97 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Farlowella vittata Myers 1942 -- (Retzer & Page 1997:64 [ref. 23176], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:334 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:240 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Farlowella vittata Myers 1942. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

angulicauda, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1877:672 [114], Pl. 12 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Rio Mucuri at Santa Clara; Rio Parahyba, southeastern Brazil. Lectotype: NMW ADD. Paralectotypes: (several) NMW 44069-70 (1, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155]. On p. 114 of separate. Lectotype selected by Reis et al. 2006:288 [ref. 28706]. •Valid as Delturus angulicauda (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:9 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061], Reis et al. 2006:288 [ref. 28706], Ferraris 2007:234 [ref. 29155], Ferraris 2007:444 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Delturus angulicauda (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Delturinae. Distribution: Mucuri River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

anhaguapitan, Rineloricaria Ghazzi [M. S.] 2008:106, Fig. 4 [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) v. 98 (no. 1); ref. 29636] Coxilha, rio Butiá na Granja, Tagliari, afluente do rio Passo Fundo, entre Rios, ca 28°05;'S, 52°28'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 21070. Paratypes: many at MCP. •Valid as Rineloricaria anhaguapitan Ghazzi 2008 -- (Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria anhaguapitan Ghazzi 2008. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Tributaries of the Passo Fundo River, upper Uruguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

anisitsi, Pterygoplichthys Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1903:503 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Laguna of Río Paraguay at Asuncion, Paraguay. Holotype: IU 9873. Paratypes: AMNH 1490 [ex IU 9874] (1), IU 9875 (orig. 1), FMNH 52563 [?ex IU 9875] (1); ZMB 16886 (1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:72 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Liposarcus anisitsi (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903) -- (Weber 1991:642 [ref. 19114], Weber 1992:13, 28 [ref. 19714], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Britski et al. 1999:135 [ref. 24147], Liotta et al. 2001:154 [ref. 39259], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:365 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:52 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131]). •Synonym of Liposarcus ambrosettii Holmberg 1893 -- (Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Pterygoplichthys anisitsi Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903 -- (Isbrücker 1980:40 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:39 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Nelson et al. 2004:83 [ref. 27807], Armbruster & Page 2006:403 [ref. 28898], Scharpf 2006:20 [ref. 30386], Koerber 2011:5 [ref. 31122], Page & Burr 2011:371 [ref. 31215], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Koerber 2014:10 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565]). •Synonym of Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg 1893) -- (Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:63 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii (Holmberg 1893). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Native to South America; established in Texas, U.S.A. [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

anitae, Rineloricaria Ghazzi [M. S.] 2008:105, Fig. 3 [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) v. 98 (no. 1); ref. 29636] Campos Novos, rio Canoas entre Vargem Grande e São José do Cerrito, 27°33'S, 50°53'W, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 19685. Paratypes: MCP 12342 (4), 12764 (1). •Valid as Rineloricaria anitae Ghazzi 2008 -- (Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria anitae Ghazzi 2008. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Tributaries of the Canoas River, Uruguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

annae, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1881:112 [12], Pl. 3 (figs. 2-2a) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Guamá River basin, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): NMW 44073. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]. On p. 12 of separate. Mistakenly listed as Chaetostomus annae in figure caption (p. 146 [46]). •Valid as Hypostomus annae (Steindachner 1881) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] dated 1882). •Valid as Squaliforma annae (Steindachner 1881) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:512 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

annectens, Ancistrus Regan [C. T.] 1904:225, Pl. 11 (fig. 2) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] St. Javier and Río Durango, northwestern Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1902.5.27.49 (1), 2005.9.20.1 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiancistrus annectens (Regan 1904) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:39 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:49 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:385 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:224 [ref. 34894]). •Valid as Hypostomus annectens (Regan 1940) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], Provenzano & Barriga Salazar 2017:228 [ref. 35332], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus annectens (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Pacific coastal rivers (Colombia and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

anomalus, Chaetostomus Regan [C. T.] 1903:599 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 11 (no. 66) (art. 79); ref. 15041] Merida; Río Albrieggas and Río Milla, Venezuela, elevation 1500-3500 meters. Syntypes: (many) BMNH 1903.4.28.31-34 (4), 1903.6.30.91-101 (9); USNM 133135 [ex BMNH 1903.6.30.91-102] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:26 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Chaetostoma anomalum Regan 1903 -- (Isbrücker 1980:59 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:73 [ref. 23651] as anomala, Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:379 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155], Lujan & Armbruster 2011:224 [ref. 31416], Ballen 2011:388 [ref. 31653], Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975], Ballen et al. 2016:195 [ref. 34396], Provenzano et al. 2017:264 [ref. 35613], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma anomalum Regan 1903. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

anosteos, Gymnotocinclus Carvalho [T. P.], Lehmann A. [P.] & Reis [R. E.] 2008:330, Figs. 1-9 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29839] Alto Paraíso de Goiás, ribeirão das Cobras, near to road GO-239, tributary to rioTocantinzinho, rio Tocantins basin, 14°09'43"S, 47°37'57"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MCN 18642. Paratypes: ANSP 187156 (5); MCN 13154 (7), 13155 (6), 13538 (1), 13543 (12); MCP 42726 (5 + 2 c&s). •Valid as Gymnotocinclus anosteos Carvalho, Lehmann A. & Reis 2008 -- (Martins & Langeani 2011:66 [ref. 31235], Rosa et al. 2014:59 [ref. 33228], Roxo et al. 2017:351 [ref. 35310], Silva et al. 2018:329 [ref. 36151]). •Valid as Corumbataia anosteops (Carvalho, Lehmann A. & Reis 2008) -- (Roxo et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36538], Thimotheo et al. 2020:13 [ref. 38000]). Current status: Valid as Corumbataia anosteos (Carvalho, Lehmann A. & Reis 2008). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tocantinzinho River drainage, Tocantins River basin, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

anthrax, Lasiancistrus Armbruster [J. W.] & Provenzano [F.] 2000:243, Fig. 1 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 11 (no. 3); ref. 25069] Río Orinoco backwater behind sand beach about 0.5 hr upstream from Isla Temblador, 3°04'N, 66°28'W, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV V-18384. Paratypes: ANSP 162161 (2), 162175 (3); AUM 28354 (1); MBUCV V-17545 (2), V-17562 (1), V-23104 (4); FMNH 106026 (2), 106028 (3); USNM 355199 (1). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:288 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Pseudolithoxus anthrax (Armbruster & Provenzano 2000) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:21 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:394 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:288 [ref. 29155], Lujan & Birindelli 2011:39 [ref. 31408], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35633], Collins et al. 2018:[8] [ref. 35943]). Current status: Valid as Pseudolithoxus anthrax (Armbruster & Provenzano 2000). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

anus, Loricaria Valenciennes [A.] 1835:Pl. 6 (fig. 1) [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Río de la Plata near Buenos Aires, Argentina. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9456 (396 mm SL) or A-9455. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:74 [ref. 19575] with syntypes, Ferraris 2007:269 [ref. 29155]. Name available from plate, figure caption in Valenciennes 1847:8 [ref. 5010]. Pl. 6 was published in 1835. Description appeared in Valenciennes 1840:470 [ref. 1008]. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1979:113 [ref. 2302], but technically the figured specimen is the unique holotype if identifiable. •Valid as Loricariichthys anus (Valenciennes 1835) -- (Isbrücker 1980:125 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Malabarba 1989:154 [ref. 14217], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:62 [ref. 23791], Sverlij et al. 1998:68 [ref. 27632] dated 1840, Reis & Pereira 2000:1033 [ref. 25021], Isbrücker 2001:29, 20 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:338 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:46 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:269 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:26 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:45 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:31 [ref. 35565] dated 1836), Loureiro et al. 2023:96 [ref. 40506]. Current status: Valid as Loricariichthys anus (Valenciennes 1835). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: coastal rivers of southern Brazil, Uruguay, and lower Paraná River basins (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

apeltogaster, Loricaria Boulenger [G. A.] 1895:528 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895 (pt 3); ref. 14576] Paraguay (no specific locality). Lectotype: BMNH 1895.5.17.105. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1895.5.17.106-108 (3). Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1979:110 [ref. 2302]. •Valid as Loricaria apeltogaster Boulenger 1895 -- (Isbrücker 1980:115 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:83 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Britski et al. 1998:132 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:337 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:46 [ref. 27366], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:339 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:47 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:79 [ref. 28131], Rodriguez & Miquelarena 2005:142 [ref. 28787], Thomas & Sabaj Pérez 2010:278 [ref. 30831], Rodriguez et al. 2012:54 [ref. 31866], Thomas et al. 2013:375 [ref. 32997], Litz & Koerber 2014:26 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:44 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:31 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:65 [ref. 35267], Saraiva et al. 2021:432 [ref. 38090], Loureiro et al. 2023:102 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Loricaria apeltogaster Boulenger 1895. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay, Paraná and Paraguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

apithanos, Pseudohemiodon Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.] 1978:195, Figs. 6-8 [Beaufortia v. 27 (no. 339); ref. 2306] Río Conejo, tributary of Río San Miguel, vicinity of Santa Cecilia, 0°06'N, 76°51'W, Napo Province, Ecuador. Holotype: ANSP 134370. Paratypes: ANSP 130592 (now 2), 130593 (3), ZMA 114692 [ex ANSP 130592] (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:61 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:288 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Pseudohemiodon apithanos Isbrücker & Nijssen 1978 -- (Isbrücker 1980:121 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:340 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:288 [ref. 29155], Rojas-Molina et al. 2019:9 [ref. 36866], Provenzano et al. 2022:82 [ref. 39207], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Pseudohemiodon apithanos Isbrücker & Nijssen 1978. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Napo, Pastaza and Tigre River drainages, upper Amazon basin (Ecuador and Peru) Habitat: freshwater.

apocremnus, Eurycheilichthys Reis [R. E.] 2017:[9], Figs. 2c, 8 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35226] Creek tributary to rio Fão, rio Taquari basin, ca. 7 km north of Barros Cassal, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 29°03'09"S, 52°34'50"W, elevation above 400 meters. Holotype: MCP 40660. Paratypes: AMNH, MCP, MZUSP. •Valid as Eurycheilichthys apocremnus Reis 2017 -- (Delapiewe et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40645]). Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys apocremnus Reis 2017. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Forqueta drainage, Taquari-Antas basin (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

arachas, Microlepidogaster Martins [F. de O.], Calegari [B. B.] & Langeani [F.] 2013:380, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 3608 (no. 5); ref. 32415] Stream at Sacramento Municipality, tributary to rio Araguari at road from Sacramento to Araxá, rio Paranaíba drainage, upper rio Paraná basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 19°49'11"S, 47°16'0"W. Holotype: DZSJRP 2999. Paratypes: Many at AMNH, DZSJRP, LBP, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:448 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Microlepidogaster arachas Martins, Calegari & Langeani 2013 -- (Martins et al. 2014:560 [ref. 33544], Calegari et al. 2014:220 [ref. 33627], Roxo et al. 2017:351 [ref. 35310], Martins et al. 2017:242 [ref. 35356], Martins 2022:277 [ref. 39327]). •Valid as Rhinolekos arachas (Martins, Calegari & Langeani 2013) -- (Roxo et al. 2019:161 [ref. 36538]). Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster arachas Martins, Calegari & Langeani 2013. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Paranaíba drainage, upper rio Paraná basin. Habitat: freshwater.

arandai, Parotocinclus Sarmento-Soares [L. M.], Lehmann A. [P.] & Martins-Pinheiro [R. F.] 2009:192, Fig. 1, 2a, 3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 30254] Córrego Bananeiras on road Geribá-Palmópolis, 16°44'48"S, 40°25'46"W, Palmópolis, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 28296. Paratypes: (239) at AMNH, ANSP, AUM, MBML, MCP, MNRJ, UF. Sarmento-Soares et al. 2009:196 [ref. 30254] •Valid as Parotocinclus arandai Sarmento-Soares, Lehmann A. & Martins-Pinheiro 2009 -- (Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:61 [ref. 32074], Lehmann A. et al. 2013:436 [ref. 32919], Ramos et al. 2013:788 [ref. 33028], Silva-Junior et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37598], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Ramos et al. 2021:2 [ref. 38561]). Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus arandai Sarmento-Soares, Lehmann A. & Martins-Pinheiro 2009. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: tributaries of middle and upper rio Jucuruçu and upper rio Buranhém (Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

arecuta, Hypostomus Cardoso [Y. P.], Almirón [A. E.], Casciotta [J. R.], Aichino [D.], Lizarralde [M. S.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.] 2012:77, Fig. 3 [Zootaxa No. 3453; ref. 32154] Paraná River, 27°29'54.5'S, 56°42'47.0"W, Ituzaingó, Corrientes Province, Argentina. Holotype: MACN-Ict 9677. Paratypes: MACN-Ict 9678 (2), 9679 (9), 9680 (2). •Valid as Hypostomus arecuta Cardoso, Almirón, Casciotta, Aichino, Lizarralde & Montoya-Burgos 2012 -- (Koerber 2014:9 [ref. 33621], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus arecuta Cardoso, Almirón, Casciotta, Aichino, Lizarralde & Montoya-Burgos 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná River, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

arenarius, Hemiancistrus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Allen [W. R.] 1942:185, Pl. 6 (fig. 2) [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Yurimaguas, Peru. Holotype: CAS 77323 [ex IU 15356]. Paratypes: CAS 77324-26 [ex IU 15356-58] (1, 1, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155]. See Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061] fro more detailied type locality information. •Valid as Sophiancistrus arenarius (Eigenmann & Allen 1942) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:27, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Peckoltia arenaria (Eigenmann & Allen 1942) -- (Isbrücker 1980:55 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Armbruster & Werneke 2005:12 [ref. 28101], Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Peckoltia bachi (Boulenger 1898) -- (Armbruster 2008:7 [ref. 29740]). •Synonym of Peckoltichthys bachi (Boulenger 1898) -- (Armbruster 2015:99 [ref. 33670]). Current status: Synonym of Peckoltichthys bachi (Boulenger 1898). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

argus, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1943:249, Figs. 28-31 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Villavicencio, Río Meta basin, Colombia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 70510. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus argus (Fowler 1943) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:76 [ref. 35773] see remarks). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus argus (Fowler 1943). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Meta River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

aripuanensis, Parotocinclus Garavello [J. C.] 1988:122, Fig. 3 [Naturalia (São Paulo) v. 13; ref. 6853] Ingazeiro, 20 kilometers upstream of Boca do Rio Canumã, Aripuanã, MT, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 36899. Paratypes: MZUSP 36900-06 (7). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:281 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Parotocinclus aripuanensis Garavello 1988 -- (Schaefer & Provenzano 1993:50 [ref. 20828], Lacerda & Evers 1996:88 [ref. 22351], Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Ribeiro et al. 2002:223 [ref. 26534], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:281 [ref. 29155], Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:61 [ref. 32074], Roxo et al. 2017:351 [ref. 35310], Lehmann A. & Reis 2021:449 [ref. 38354]). •Synonym of Rhinotocinclus britskii (Boeseman 1974) -- (Reis & Lehmann A. 2022:19 [ref. 39390]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinotocinclus britskii (Boeseman 1974). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater.

armatus, Hisonotus Carvalho [T. P.], Lehmann A. [P.], Pereira [E. H. L.] & Reis [R. E.] 2008:510, Figs. 1-3 [Copeia 2008 (no. 3); ref. 29799] Pedro Osório, Arroio Arambaré, about 5 kilometers south of Vila Basílio, on road to Pedro Osório, 31°54'34"S, 53°01'39"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 41323. Paratypes: ANSP 187116 (5); MCP 25138 (12, 3c&s), 34776 (31), 37682 (17, 4 c&s); MZUSP 93884 (5). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Hisonotus armatus Carvalho, Lehmann A., Pereira & Reis 2008 -- (Garvalho & Reis 2011:23 [ref. 31240], Koerber & Litz 2014:4 [ref. 34967], Roxo et al. 2015:137 [ref. 33763], Zawadzki et al. 2016:379 [ref. 34367], Roxo et al. 2016:235 [ref. 34426], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Koerber & Litz 2016:5 [ref. 35098], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2018:[12] [ref. 35900], Dias et al. 2018:583 [ref. 36235], Koerber et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37480], Koerber et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38894], Koerber et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:118 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus armatus Carvalho, Lehmann A., Pereira & Reis 2008. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos system (Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

armbrusteri, Panaque Lujan [N. K.], Hidalgo [M. H.] & Stewart [D. J.] 2010:677, Figs. 1-2, 4-5 [Copeia 2010 (no. 4); ref. 31098] Tapajós River drainage, Teles Pires River, near the highway MT-416 ferry, 9°27'07"S, 56°30'46"W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 95465. Paratypes: many at ANSP, AUM, MZUSP •Valid as Panaque armbrusteri Lujan, Hidalgo & Stewart 2010 -- (Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015:470 [ref. 33945], Lujan et al. 2017:331 [ref. 35031] as cf. armbrusteri). Current status: Valid as Panaque armbrusteri Lujan, Hidalgo & Stewart 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tapajós River drainage, Brazil; plus potentially conspecific populations in Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

arnoldi, Otocinclus Regan [C. T.] 1909:234 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 3 (no. 14); ref. 14416] "La Plata" [?Rio de la Plata], South America. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1908.12.5.13. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:271 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Macrotocinclus flexilis (Cope 1894) -- (Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:271 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Otocinclus flexilis Cope 1894 -- (Aquino 1996:13 [ref. 22664], Schaefer 1997:49 [ref. 23213], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:324 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Reis 2009:2 [ref. 30193]). •Valid as Otocinclus arnoldi Regan 1909 -- (Isbrücker 1980:81 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Lehmann A. et al. 2010:60 [ref. 30756], Koerber 2011:5 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:8 [ref. 33621], Litz & Koerber 2014:24 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:40 [ref. 35117], Ribeiro & Lehmann A. 2016:240 [ref. 34636], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:31 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35267], Delapieve et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35713], Loureiro et al. 2023:117 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Otocinclus arnoldi Regan 1909. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: lower Paraná, Uruguai and de La Plata River basins (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

aspera, Rhinelepis Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.] 1829:4, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-2) [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Rio São Francisco, at Januária, 15°29’37”S, 44°21’25”W, Minas Gerais, Brazil Holotype (unique): destroyed in World War II. Type information: Isbrücker 1980:7 [ref. 2303]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:293 [ref. 29155]. Name first published in Cuvier 1829 [ref. 995]. Comments on type locality see Koerber 2021:88 [ref. 38172]. •Valid as Rhinelepis aspera Spix & Agassiz 1829 -- (Isbrücker 1980:7 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:43 [ref. 23548], Pérez & Viloria 1994:106 [ref. 22094], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1998:134 [ref. 24147], Sverlij et al. 1998:70 [ref. 27632], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Quevedo & Reis 2002:409 [ref. 26014], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:49 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:79 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:293 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:44 [ref. 35117], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Reis et al. 2020:469 [ref. 38364], Silva et al. 2020:12 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Rhinelepis aspera Spix & Agassiz 1829. Loricariidae: Rhinelepinae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco and upper Paraná river basins (Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

asperatus, Hypostomus Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:41, Pl. 20 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Araguay, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-4601 (1), A-9442 (1, mounted). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:71 [ref. 19575] with A.9442 as holotype, Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155] with a holotype. •Valid as Hypostomus asperatus Castelnau 1855 -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061] with a holotype, Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:73 [ref. 32701], Penido et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38145]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus asperatus Castelnau 1855. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aspidolepis, Chaetostomus Günther [A.] 1867:603 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Veragua, Panama. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1866.11.5.1 (skin). Type information and comments: Isbrücker 1980:49 [ref. 2303]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155]. Described in more detail in Günther 1868:477 [ref. 1994]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Hemiancistrus aspidolepis (Günther 1867) -- (Isbrücker 1980:49 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:385 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155], Angulo et al. 2013:994 [ref. 33194]). •Valid as Hypostomus aspidolepis (Günther 1867) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], Lujan et al. 2015:664 [ref. 33975], Angulo et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37425]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus aspidolepis (Günther 1867). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica; Caribbean slope of Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

aspilogaster, Plecostomus Cope [E. D.] 1894:100, Pl. 7 [8] (figs. 14, 14a) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Jacuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: ANSP 21781. Paralectotypes: ANSP 21782-84 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Intended Pl. 7 was reversed with Pl. 8. Lectotype selected by Reis et al. 1990:733 [ref. 16139]. •Valid as Hypostomus aspilogaster (Cope 1894) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Malabarba 1989:151 [ref. 14217], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Reis et al. 1990:733 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Loureiro et al. 2023:108 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus aspilogaster (Cope 1894). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin and Laguna dos Patos drainage (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

asurini, Pseudancistrus Silva [G. S. C.], Roxo [F. F.] & Oliveira [C.] 2015:27, Figs. 3-4 [ZooKeys No. 482; ref. 33679] Pará State, municipality of Altamira: rio Xingu (Amazon basin), Cachoeira do Espelho, Brazil, 3°39'05"S, 52°22'42"W. Holotype: MZUSP 116323. Paratypes: AUM, LBP, MZUSP. •Valid as Pseudancistrus asurini Silva, Roxo & Oliveira 2015. Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus asurini Silva, Roxo & Oliveira 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Xingu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

atratoensis, Pseudancistrus Dahl [G.] 1960:455, Figs. [Caldasia v. 8 (no. 39); ref. 9310] Quebrada La Noche, tributary to upper Río Atrato, Departmento de Antioquiá, Riosucio, western Colombia, elevation about 550 meters. Holotype: ICNMHN 51. Paratypes: (42) ICNMHN 46 (42), 74 (1). Type catalog: Cala 1981:3-4 [ref. 23525], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155], Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:34 [ref. 36127]. Original as atratoênsis. •Valid as Dolichancistrus atratoensis (Dahl 1960) -- (Isbrücker 1980:47 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:384 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155], Ballen & Vari 2012:504 [ref. 32204], Lujan et al. 2015:667 [ref. 33975], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:80 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Dolichancistrus atratoensis (Dahl 1960). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Atrato River basin, Colombia and río Cubarradó in western Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

atratoensis, Spatuloricaria Schultz [L. P.] 1944:155 [Copeia 1944 (no. 3); ref. 10149] Río Truando, tributary of Río Atrato, Colombia. Holotype (unique): USNM 93810. Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Spatuloricaria atratoensis Schultz 1944 -- (Isbrücker 1980:112 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:344 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:48 [ref. 27366], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155], Fichberg et al. 2014:322 [ref. 33358], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633], Londoño-Burbano et al. 2018:619 [ref. 36263]). Current status: Valid as Spatuloricaria atratoensis Schultz 1944. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Atrato River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

atropinnis, Plecostomus lima Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1890:410 [Occasional Papers California Academy of Sciences No. 1; ref. 12251] Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 27265 [ex MCZ 7871a]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Description is in key on p. 399. •Valid as Hypostomus atropinnis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1890) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:73 [ref. 32701]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus atropinnis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1890). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aurantiacus, Hypostomus Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:43, Pl. 21 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Peru. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-9452 (dry). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:14 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155]. Name spelled aurentiacus on figure caption. Eschmeyer et al 1998:165 acted as first reviser selecting H. aurantiacus over H. aurentiacus. •Valid as Parancistrus aurantiacus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Isbrücker 1980:58 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Rapp Py-Daniel 1989:239 [ref. 13470], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon 2005:571 [ref. 28565], Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2009:53 [ref. 30056]). Current status: Valid as Parancistrus aurantiacus (Castelnau 1855). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ucayali, Tocantins and Xingu Rivers: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

aurata, Hemiloricaria Knaack [J.] 2002:56, Figs. [Aquaristik aktuell (Germany) 1/2002; ref. 27493] Mouth of a small branch of Rio Aquidaban, stretch Loreto - San Carlos, at the border to Brazil, Depto. de Concepcion, Paraguray, 23°03.693'S, 57°23.572'W. Holotype: ZMA 123591 or 123592. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiloricaria aurata Knaack 2003 -- (Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155] dated 2002). •Valid as Rineloricaria aurata (Knaack 2002) -- (Vera-Alcaraz et al. 2012:288 [ref. 32034], Koerber et al. 2017:66 [ref. 35267], Dickens 2019:172 [ref. 37135]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria aurata (Knaack 2002). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

aurea, Loricaria Steindachner [F.] 1900:206 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 37 (no. 18); ref. 14771] Sororia Creek at Jagua de Ibiricó, lower Magdalena basin, Cesar Department, Colombia. Neotype: ICNMHN 24054 [ex ICNMHN 2414]. Original type ZSM [old collection] destroyed in WWII. Type catalog: Neumann 2006:276 [ref. 28925], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155] Species illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1902:138, Pl. 5 (figs. 1-1a) [ref. 10435]. Neotype designated by Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2019:766 [ref. 37158]. •Valid as Sturisoma aureum (Steindachner 1900) -- (Isbrücker 1980:93 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:345 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298-299 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Sturisomatichthys aureus (Steindachner 1900) -- (Covain et al. 2015:514 [23] [ref. 34066], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:77 [ref. 35633], Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2019:766 [ref. 37158]). Current status: Valid as Sturisomatichthys aureus (Steindachner 1900). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Lower and middle Magdalena, Baudó, Cesar, Sinú, San Jorge and Ranchería River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

aureatus, Scobinancistrus Burgess [W. E.] 1994:237, Figs. 1-6 (unnumbered) [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 21427] Ilha da Fazenda, Rio Xingu, Estado Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 47690. Paratypes: AMNH 217762 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Panaque aureatus (Burgess 1994) -- (Armbruster 2004:53 [ref. 27644] based on status of genus). •Valid as Scobinancistrus aureatus Burgess 1994 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:168 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:395 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155], Chaves et al. 2023:15 [ref. 40570]). Current status: Valid as Scobinancistrus aureatus Burgess 1994. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Xingu River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

auroguttatus, Hypostomus Kner [R.] (ex Natterer & Heckel) 1854:269 [19], Pl. 2 (fig. 3) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Locality unknown. Syntypes: (3). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. On p. 19 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner 1854 -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] with Natterer & Heckel as authors, Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Koerber 2014:10 [ref. 33621] not in Argentina, Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Penido et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38145]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraíba do Sul River basin, Paraná River drainage: Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

avacanoeiro, Lamontichthys Paixão [A. de C.] & Toledo-Piza [M.] 2009:525, Fig. 8 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 30675] Rio Tocantins, pools below U.H.E. Serra da Mesa, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 32795. Paratypes: (21, listed as 22) MNRJ 18553 (8, 1 c&s); MZUSP 54090 (2), 61974 (5 + 1 c&s), 79750 (5). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Lamontichthys avacanoeiro Paixão & Toledo-Piza 2009. Current status: Valid as Lamontichthys avacanoeiro Paixão & Toledo-Piza 2009. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: upper Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

azpelicuetae, Farlowella Terán [G. E.], Ballen [G. A.], Alonso [F.], Aguilera [G.] & Mirande [J. M.] 2019:2, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 36818] Bermejo River, La Plata River basin, Salta, Argentina, 23°10ʹ56ʺS, 64°12ʹ18.36ʺW, elevation about 300 meters. Holotype: CI-FML 7277. Paratypes: CFA-IC 8845 (2); , CI-FML, IBIGEO, MZUSP. Type catalog: Bogan et al. 2019:21 [ref. 37088]. •Valid as Farlowella azpelicuetae Terán, Ballen, Alonso, Aguilera & Mirande 2019 -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). Current status: Valid as Farlowella azpelicuetae Terán, Ballen, Alonso, Aguilera & Mirande 2019. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: upper Bermejo River drainage, La Plata River basin, Salta and Jujuy provinces (Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

azygia, Farlowella Eigenmann [C. H.] & Vance [L.] 1917:299, Pl. 29 (figs. 1-2) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 11 (nos 1-2) (art. 4); ref. 15090] Santarém, Brazil. Holotype (unique): FMNH 55091 [ex CM 3782]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:83 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:36 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:238 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Farlowella azygia Eigenmann & Vance 1917 -- (Isbrücker 1980:97 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Farlowella nattereri Steindachner 1910 -- (Retzer & Page 1997:56 [ref. 23176], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:333 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:238 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Farlowella nattereri Steindachner 1910. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

azygolechis, Hemipsilichthys Pereira [E. H. L.] & Reis [R. E.] 2002:129, Fig. 20 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 26071] Rio Araraquara about 8 kilometers north of Garuva, 25°57'58"S, 48°49'43"W, Guaratuba, Paraná State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 19670. Paratypes: ANSP 173795 (3); MCP 18409 (3), 19781 (3), 21663 (7). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemipsilichthys azygolechis Pereira & Reis 2002 -- (Pereira et al. 2003:2 [ref. 27068], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:353 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pareiorhaphis azygolechis (Pereira & Reis 2002) -- (Periera 2005:272 [ref. 28273], Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Pereira et al. 2012:539 [ref. 32218], Pereira & Reis 2017:75 [ref. 35307], Reis et al. 2020:468 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Pareiorhaphis azygolechis (Pereira & Reis 2002). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: São João River basin, southeastern Mata Atlantica (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bachi, Chaetostomus Boulenger [G. A.] 1898:425, Pl. 41 (fig. 1) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 14 (pt 7, no. 2); ref. 543] Rio Juruá, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1897.12.1.61. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Peckoltia bachi (Boulenger 1898) -- (Isbrücker 1980:55 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Armbruster & Werneke 2005:12 [ref. 28101], Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155], Armbruster 2008:7 [ref. 29740], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], de Oliveira et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30929], Fisch-Muller et al. 2012:189 [ref. 31970], de Oliveira et al. 2012:548 [ref. 32202], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004]). •Valid as Peckoltichthys bachi (Boulenger 1898) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltichthys bachi (Boulenger 1898). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River and its tributaries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

bahianus, Corymbophanes Gosline [W. A.] 1947:107, Pl. 3 (figs. 5-6) [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 41; ref. 1857] Fazenda Almada, Ilhus [Ilheus], Bahia State, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 4243. Paratypes: MNRJ 4244-45 (1, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155]. Combined with a genus of feminine gender, the correct adjective is bahiana. •Valid as Corymbophanes bahianus Gosline 1947 -- (Isbrücker 1980:14 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Hemipsilichthys bahianus (Gosline 1947) -- (Armbruster et al. 2000:997 [ref. 25018], Isbrücker 2001:26, 28 [ref. 25653], Pereira & Reis 2002:113 [ref. 26071], Pereira et al. 2003:2 [ref. 27068], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:353 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pareiorhaphis bahiana (Gosline 1947) (often seen as bahianus) -- (Pereira 2005:272 [ref. 28273], Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155], Pereira et al. 2012:539 [ref. 32218], Pereiro & Zanata 2014:36 [ref. 33226], Pereira & Reis 2017:75 [ref. 35307], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809] as bahianus). Current status: Valid as Pareiorhaphis bahiana (Gosline 1947). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: small drainages near Ilhéus, between Pado and Contas River basins (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bahiensis, Microlepidogaster Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1918:635 [7] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Rio Itapicuru, on Federal highway BR 407, 8 kilometers north of Senhor do Bonfim to Juazeiro, Bahia State, Brazil, 10°24'49"S, 40°11'1"W Neotype: MZUSP 99753. Syntypes: (2) MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 1071 (not found). Type catalog: Britski 1969:200 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:281 [ref. 29155]. On p. 7 of separate. Original as Microlepidogaster (?) bahiensis. Coordinated orginally given as 40°11'1"S, 10°24'49"W; corrected according to Eric Thomas (pers. comm., Oct. 2020). Neotype designated by Britski & Garavello 2009:61 [ref. 30260]. •Valid as Parotocinclus bahiensis (Miranda Riberio 1918) -- (Garavello 1977:18 [ref. 7249], Isbrücker 1980:79 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Lacerda & Evers 1996:88 [ref. 22351], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Ribeiro et al. 2002:223 [ref. 26534], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:281 [ref. 29155], Sarmento-Soares et al. 2009:197 [ref. 30254], Britski & Garavello 2009:61 [ref. 30260], Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:61 [ref. 32074], Lehmann A. et al. 2013:436 [ref. 32919], Ramos et al. 2013:788 [ref. 33028], Lehmann A. et al. 2014:32 [ref. 33225], Roxo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34921] as cf. bahiensis, Silva et al. 2020:12 [ref. 37809], Silva-Junior et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37598], Vita et al. 2020:[5] [ref. 37506], Ramos et al. 2021:2 [ref. 38561], Silva-Junior & Zanata 2022:7 [ref. 39783]). Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus bahiensis (Miranda Ribeiro 1918). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Itapicuru drainage (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bahuaja, Crossoloricaria Chang [F.] & Castro [E.] 1999:83, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 10 (no. 1); ref. 23673] Río Tambopata, 12°47'05"S, 69°18'55"W, Tambopata Province, Departamento Madre de Dios, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 9916. Paratypes: MHNG 2593.97 (1); MUSM 2441 (1), 8089 (1), 8161 (1), 8393 (1), 9221 (1), 9412 (1), 9481 (1), 9574 (4), 9900 (2), 10095 (1 c&s), 10544 (1), 10645 (1 c&s); ZMA 121709 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:232 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Crossoloricaria bahuaja Chand & Castro 1999 -- (Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:331 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:232 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004]). •Valid as Rhadinoloricaria bahuaja (Chang & Castro 1999) -- (Covain et al. 2015:515 [24] [ref. 34066], Provenzano & Barriga Salazar 2020:498 [ref. 37527] in 'Rhadinoloricaria', Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298], Crispim-Rodrigues et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40189]). Current status: Valid as Rhadinoloricaria bahuaja (Chang & Castro 1999). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Madre de Dios River basin, Grande River and Manuripe River (Bolivia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

baileyi, Hypoptopoma Aquino [A. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.] 2010:23, Fig. 18 [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History No. 336; ref. 30875] Backwater, Rio Itenez, 10 kilometers southeast of Casta Marques, Beni, Bolivia. Holotype: AMNH 39828. Paratypes: AMNH 243579 (89).; UMMZ 205171 (107, 6 c&s). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Hypoptopoma baileyi Aquino & Schaefer 2010 -- (Sarmiento et al. 2014:162, 191 [ref. 35004], Delapieve et al. 2018:22 [ref. 35713]). Current status: Valid as Hypoptopoma baileyi Aquino & Schaefer 2010. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Río Iténiz, upper Rio Madeira basin, on border between Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

baliola, Rineloricaria Rodriguez [M. S.] & Reis [R. E.] 2008:344, Fig. 11 [Copeia 2008 (no. 2); ref. 29630] Fortaleza dos Valos, creek tributary to Ro Ingaí about 300 meters southwest of Fazenda Colorados, 28°54'29"S, 53°17'08"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 39922. Paratypes: many at MAPA, MCP, MLP, MACN-Ict. Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:13 [ref. 33466], Loureiro et al. 2016:412 [ref. 35150] with a paratype. •Valid as Rineloricaria baliola Rodriguez & Reis 2008 -- (Litz & Koerber 2014:27 [ref. 33622], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Loureiro et al. 2023:98 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria baliola Rodriguez & Reis 2008. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos drainage (southern Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

bandeirante, Neoplecostomus Roxo [F. F.], Oliveira [C.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2012:4, Figs. 1, 2a, 3a, 4a-d [Zootaxa No. 3233; ref. 31839] Rio Paraitinguinha, Rio Tietê basin, 23°31'25"S, 43°53'22"W, municipality of Salesópolis, São Paulo state, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 110363. Paratypes: DZSJRP 14881 (2); LBP 2861(24), 3578 (2), 3921 (10), 4993 (3); MZUSP 59117 (2), 59118 (1), 59139 (1), 87141 (6); NUP 6103 (20). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:451 [ref. 35588], Oliveira et al. 2022:13 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Neoplecostomus bandeirante Roxo, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2012 -- (Roxo et al. 2014:124 [ref. 33492], Cherobim et al. 2016:9 [ref. 35001], Pereira & Reis 2017:73 [ref. 35307], Roxo et al. 2017:238 [ref. 35467], Silva et al. 2019:100 [ref. 36454]). Current status: Valid as Neoplecostomus bandeirante Roxo, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2012. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paraitinguinha, Rio Tietê basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

barbarmatus, Dentectus Martín Salazar [F. J.], Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.] 1982:130, Figs. 1-5 [Beaufortia v. 32 (no. 8); ref. 2900] Río Salinas, a tributary of the Río Pao Viejo, northeast of El Baul, 9°13'N, 68°07'W, Estado Cojedes, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV-V-12780. Paratypes: MBUCV-V-12920 (2), V-12940 (1), V-12985 (6), V-13173 (1); ZMA 116638 (1). Type catalog: Provenzano et al. 1998:7 [ref. 24196], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Dentectus barbarmatus Martín Salazar, Isbrücker & Nijssen 1982 -- (Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:78 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:74 [ref. 35773], Provenzano-Rizzi in Lasso & Morales-Betancourt 2022:180 [ref. 40783]). Current status: Valid as Dentectus barbarmatus Martín Salazar, Isbrücker & Nijssen 1982. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

barbata, Loricaria Kner [R.] 1853:87 [23], Pl. 5 (figs. 1-3) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 6; ref. 2627] Rio Cuiabá, Brazil. Holotype (unique): NMW 46155. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:299 [ref. 29155]. On p. 23 of separate. •Valid as Sturisoma barbatum (Kner 1853) -- (Isbrücker 1980:93 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:129 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:345 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:49 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:299 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:44 [ref. 35117], Londoño-Burbano 2018:[13] [ref. 35813], Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2022:11 [ref. 39789], Cardoso et al. 2023:521 [ref. 40571], Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2023:7 [ref. 40709]). Current status: Valid as Sturisoma barbatum (Kner 1853). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay / Paraná / La Plata River basin, Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

barbatus, Ancistrus Steindachner [F.] 1911:376 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 48 (no. 17) (for 6 July 1911); ref. 14817] Rio Tapajós at Vila Braga, Brazil. Appeared as "Ancistrus barbatus (C.V.) Reg." Apparently not the same as Hypostomus barbatus Valenciennes 1840. Name proposed invertently by Isbrücker 1980 according to Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:394 [ref. 27061]. •Valid as Pterygoplichthys barbatus (Steindachner 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:40 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860]). •In the synonymy of Pseudancistrus barbatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:394 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudancistrus barbatus (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

barbatus, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:506 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] La Mana River, French Guiana. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9564. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:72 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Pseudancistrus barbatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker 1980:10 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Le Bail et al. 2000:252 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:27 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:394 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:5 [ref. 27844], Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155], De Chambrier & Montoya-Burgos 2008:52 [ref. 29881], Silva et al. 2014:2 [ref. 33302], Silva et al. 2015:21 [ref. 33679], Borstein et al. 2022:18 [ref. 39507]). Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus barbatus (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Oyapock, Mana, Maroni, Suriname, Corantijn and Essequibo River basins (French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

barrae, Ancistrus Steindachner [F.] 1910:58 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 47 (no. 8) (for 10 Mar. 1910); ref. 14813] Rio São Francisco near Barra, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 48019-20 (1, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:272 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Megalancistrus barrae (Steindachner 1910) -- (Isbrücker 1980:52 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:390 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:272 [ref. 29155], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Megalancistrus barrae (Steindachner 1910). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

basilisko, Hypostomus Tencatt [L. F. C.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Froehlich [O.] 2014:590, Figs. 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b,10-12 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 33520] Mato Grosso do Sul State, Bodoquena, córrego Salobrinha, rio Paraguay basin, 20°40’33"S, 56°46’34"W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 111110. Paratypes: Many at CPUFMP, FMNH, INPA, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP 5076, ZUFMS-PIS. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:19 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus basilisko Tencatt, Zawadzki & Froehlich 2014 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Oliveira et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37668], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus basilisko Tencatt, Zawadzki & Froehlich 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Salobra drainage, Paraguay River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bathyphilus, Panaque Lujan [N. K.] & Chamon [C. C.] 2008:275, Fig. 4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 29977] Solimões River, upstream of its confluence with Purus River, 3°39'52"S, 61°28'53"W, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP 56790. •Valid as Panaque bathyphilus Lujan & Chamon 2008 -- (Lujan et al. 2017:331 [ref. 35031], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Panaque bathyphilus Lujan & Chamon 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Amazon basin (Brazil and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

batmani, Otocinclus Lehmann A. [P.] 2006 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 28896] Small tributary stream of Río Puré, Río Japurá draingae, upper Amazonas basin, 2°07'05"S, 69°37'50"W, Amazonas, Colombia. Holotype: ICNMHN 6721. Paratypes: ANSP 178616 (4, 1 c&s); ICNMHN 6722 (1); MCP 28172 (1), 34087 (1 c&s); MHNUC 474 (1). Type catalog: Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:34 [ref. 36127]. •Valid as Otocinclus batmani Lehmann A. 2006 -- (Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Ribeiro & Lehmann A. 2016:240 [ref. 34636], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:76 [ref. 35633], Delapieve et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35713], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Otocinclus batmani Lehmann A. 2006. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

baudensis, Ancistrus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:122, Figs. 33-36 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Alto Río Baudó, Pacific slope of Colombia, elevation 3000 feet. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71709. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus baudensis Fowler 1945 -- (Isbrücker 1980:66 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Ancistrus centrolepis Regan 1913 -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155], Taphorn et al. 2013:351 [ref. 32678]). Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus centrolepis Regan 1913. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

beggini, Baryancistrus Lujan [N. K.], Arce H. [M.] & Armbruster [J. W.] 2009:51, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2009 (no. 1); ref. 30056] Río Ventuari, 4°04'32"N, 66°53'34"W, Río Orinoco drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 55351. Paratypes: ANSP 182806 (3); AUM 39227 (9), 39908 (4), 42108 (1), 42145 (5), 42173 (6), 42210 (134), FMNH 117454 (3); IAvHO 7045 (4); ICN 9913 (2); MCNG 55356 (3), Type catalog: DoNascimiento et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34787]. •Valid as Baryancistrus beggini Lujan, Arce H. & Armbruster 2009 -- (Rapp Py-Daniel et al. 2011:241[ref. 31383], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633], de Oliveira et al. 2019:490 [ref. 36981]). Current status: Valid as Baryancistrus beggini Lujan, Arce H. & Armbruster 2009. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River drainage, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

beni, Loricaria Pearson [N. E.] 1924:25, Pl. 5 (fig. 4) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Lake Rogoagua, Río Beni Basin, upper Amazon River basin, Bolivia. Holotype: CAS 28772 [ex IU 17016]. Paratypes: CAS 61029 [ex IU 17016] (now 1), UMMZ 66482 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]. Holotype established in caption to Pl. 5, type, no. 17016, 78 mm. •Valid as Hemiloricaria beni (Pearson 1924) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:27, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Knaack 2002:59 [ref. 27493], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Rineloricaria beni (Pearson 1924) -- (Isbrücker 1980:103 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:441 [ref. 12860], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:341 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria beni (Pearson 1924). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Beni River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

biamnicus, Otothyropsis Calegari [B. B.], Lehmann A. [P.] & Reis [R. E.] 2013:138, Figs. 3C-D, 6 [Zootaxa 3619 (no. 2); ref. 32493] Telêmaco Borba, ribeirão Harmonia, tributary to rio Tibagi basin, rio Paraná drainage, 24°18’19"S, 50°36’23"W, Paraná State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 47288. Paratypes: Many at IFRGS, MCP, •Valid as Otothyropsis biamnicus Calegari, Lehmann A. & Reis 2013 -- (Lippert et al. 2014:243 [ref. 33355], Calegari et al. 2017:244 [ref. 35203], Reis et al. 2020:469 [ref. 38364], Brandão et al. 2022:167 [ref. 40464]). Current status: Valid as Otothyropsis biamnicus Calegari, Lehmann A. & Reis 2013. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paraná Basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bianale, Hypoptopoma Aquino [A. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.] 2010:57, Fig. 31 [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History No. 336; ref. 30875] Amazon River at 2 to 3 miles upstream from Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 105977. Paratypes: AMNH 243576 (2); FMNH 117745 (10, 2 c&s). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Hypoptopoma bianale Aquino & Schaefer 2010 -- (Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:76 [ref. 35633], Delapieve et al. 2018:22 [ref. 35713]). Current status: Valid as Hypoptopoma bianale Aquino & Schaefer 2010. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

bicirrosus, Plecostomus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:158 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Tropical America [Suriname River]. Holotype or syntype illustrated. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30-31 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of p., Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

bidentatus, Parotocinclus Gauger [M. F. W.] & Buckup [P. A.] 2005:512, Figs. 2, 5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28562] Rio Pirapetinga, Município de Resende, 22°28'08"S, 44°26'48"W, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 27962. Paratypes: AMNH 236543 (3); MNRJ 14217 (9, 1 c&s), 16011 (1), 17467 (1), 28225 (1), 28226 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Parotocinclus bidentatus Gauger & Buckup 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155], Sarmento-Soares et al. 2009:196 [ref. 30254], Britski & Garavello 2009:60 [ref. 30260], Lehmann A. et al. 2014:32 [ref. 33225], Ramos et al. 2017:[1] [ref. 35268]). Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus bidentatus Gauger & Buckup 2005. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Paraíba do Sul River basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bifax, Guyanancistrus brevispinis Fisch-Muller [S.], Mol [J. H. A.] & Covain [R.] 2018:35, Figs. 8g-h, 9-10 [PLoS ONE v. 13 (no. 1) e0189789; ref. 35723] Crique Petit Laussat, right tributary of Mana River, French Guiana, 05˚24'28.6"N, 53˚34'53.6"W. Holotype: MNHN 2017-0448 [ex MHNG 2734.090]. Paratypes: MHNG, MNHN. Plus additional non-type material. •Synonym of Guyanancistrus brevispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker 1983). Current status: Synonym of Guyanancistrus brevispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker 1983). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Maroni to the Mana and Sinnamary River basins, French Guiana (this subspecies). Habitat: freshwater.

bifurcum, Chaetostoma Lujan [N. K.], Meza-Vargas [V.], Astudillo-Clavijo [V.], Barriga Salazar [R. E.] & López-Fernández [H.] 2015:676, Fig. 7 [Copeia 103 (no. 3); ref. 33975] Santo Domingo de las Tsa´chilas Province, Guayas River drainage, Otongo River upstream of confluence with Baba River, Ecuador, 00°21'06.90"S, 79°12'52.32"W. Holotype: MEPN 14687. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, FMNH, ROM. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Chaetostoma bifurcum Lujan, Meza-Vargas, Astudillo-Clavijo, Barriga Salazar & López-Fernández 2015 -- (Valenzuela et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40815], Escobar Camacho et al. 2024:8 [ref. 40892]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma bifurcum Lujan, Meza-Vargas, Astudillo-Clavijo, Barriga Salazar & López-Fernández 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Pacific slope (western Ecuador, northwestern Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

bilineatus, Epactionotus Reis [R. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.] 1998:5, Fig. 3 [American Museum Novitates No. 3254; ref. 23691] Mouth of arroio do Ouro, which flows into rio Maquiné, between Barra do Ouro and Maquiné, 29°35'S, 50°17'W, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 20279. Paratypes: ANSP 168961 (4), 168970 (4); MCN 11099 (4), 11104 (4); MCP 13610 (2), 14151 (1), 14806 (5, 1 c&s), 20280 (19, 2 c&s); MZUSP 52460 (4). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:236 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Epactionotus bilineatus Reis & Schaefer 1998 -- (Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Azpelicueta et al. 2004:89 [ref. 28029], Almirón et al. 2004:143 [ref. 27988], Ferraris 2007:236 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Bertaco et al. 2016:417 [ref. 34561], Delapieve et al. 2020:19 [ref. 37840]). •Valid as Hisonotus bilineatus (Reis & Schaefer 1998) -- (Roxo et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36538]). Current status: Valid as Epactionotus bilineatus Reis & Schaefer 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Maquiné and Três Forquilhas River drainages, Tramandaí River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bilobatum, Hypoptopoma Cope [E. D.] 1870:566, Figs. [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Pebas, Peru. Syntypes: ANSP 8280-81 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:250 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypoptopoma bilobatum Cope 1870 -- (Isbrücker 1980:87 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:323 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:250 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745]). •Synonym of Hypoptopoma thoracatum Günther 1868 -- (Aquino & Schaefer 2010:38 [ref. 30875]). Current status: Synonym of Hypoptopoma thoracatum Günther 1868. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Peru and Ecuador [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

bimbai, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.] & Penido [I. de S.] 2021:365, Figs. 1-2, 3b, 8a [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 30 (no. 4) IEF-1159; ref. 38404] Channel of Rio São Francisco, Paulo Alfonso, Bahia State, Brazil, 9°25'29"S, 38°10'56"W. Holotype: NUP 22652. Paratypes: MCNIP 4835 (1); NUP 13968 (1), 22690 (4). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:19 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus bimbai Zawadzki & Penido 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus bimbai Zawadzki & Penido 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Francisco basin (Bahia, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

birindellii, Loricaria Thomas [M. R.] & Sabaj Pérez [M. H.] 2010:276, Figs. 2, 3B, 4B-C, 5, 6 [Copeia 2010 (no. 2); ref. 30831] Rio Curuá, Iriri-Xingu drainage, near town of Castelo dos Sonhos, 8°19'07"S, 55°05'23"W, Altamira Municipality, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 97210. Paratypes: ANSP 189318 (1). •Valid as Loricaria birindellii Thomas & Sabaj Pérez 2010. Current status: Valid as Loricaria birindellii Thomas & Sabaj Pérez 2010. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Rio Curuá, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

biseriatus, Plecostomus Cope [E. D.] 1872:285, Pl. 16 (figs. 1-2) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Amazon River, Peru or Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 8279. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus biseriatus (Cope 1872) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Squaliforma biseriata (Cope 1872) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner 1854) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:519 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

bocaiuva, Hisonotus Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Oliveira [C.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2013:320, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 23 (no. 4) (for 2012); ref. 32527] Bocaiúva, corregó Cachoeria, Rio Jequitaí drainage, Rio São Francisco basin, 17°08'55"S, 43°49'32"W, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 112204. Paratypes: DZSJRP 16461 (3); LIB 9817 (9,4c&s); MNRJ 40368 (2); NUP 12331 (4). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:444 [ref. 35588], Oliveira et al. 2022:15 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hisonotus bocaiuva Roxo, Silva, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2013 -- (Roxo et al. 2015:137 [ref. 33763], Zawadzki et al. 2016:380 [ref. 34367], Roxo et al. 2016:235 [ref. 34426], Roxo et al. 2017:267 [ref. 35139], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2017:351 [ref. 35310], Roxo et al. 2018:[12] [ref. 35900], Dias et al. 2018:583 [ref. 36235]). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus bocaiuva Roxo, Silva, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2013. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Francisco basin, Bocaiúva (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bockmanni, Hisonotus Carvalho [M.] & Datovo [A.] 2012:266, Figs. 1-9 [Copeia 2012 (no. 2); ref. 32054] Upper Rio Tapajós basin, sandbank at Rio Cururu, tributary to Rio Teles Pires, tributary to Rio Tapajós, 8°53'42.2"S, 57°14'27.8"W, Jacareacanga Municipality, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: LIRP 8139. Paratypes: LIRP 8140 (4), MCP 46046 (3). •Valid as Hisonotus bockmanni Carvalho & Datovo 2012 -- (Roxo et al. 2014:57 [ref. 33252], Roxo et al. 2017:267 [ref. 35139], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203]). •Valid as Rhinotocinclus bockmanni (Carvalho & Datovo 2012) -- (Reis & Lehmann A. 2022:63 [ref. 39390]). Current status: Valid as Rhinotocinclus bockmanni (Carvalho & Datovo 2012). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: lower and middle Tapajós River basin (including the Teles Pires River), Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bodenhameri, Ancistrus brevifilis Schultz [L. P.] 1944:305, Pl. 10 (fig. A) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río San Pedro at bridge south of Mene Grande, Río Motatán system, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 121066. Paratypes: MCZ 37241 [ex USNM 121067] (3); UMMZ 141940 [ex USNM 121067] (6); USNM 121067 (132, now 123), 121068-69 (1, 2), 121299 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:25 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Ancistrus brevifilis Eigenmann 1920, but a valid subspecies as described -- (Pérez & Viloria 1994:106 [ref. 22094]). •Valid as Ancistrus bodenhameri Schultz 1944 -- (Isbrücker 1980:66 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento 2016:539 [ref. 34727]). •Synonym of Ancistrus martini Schultz 1944 -- (Taphorn et al. 2013:351 [ref. 32678]). Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus martini Schultz 1944. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo tributaries, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

boliviana, Farlowella Steindachner [F.] 1910:404 [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 24 (nos. 3-4) (for 1910-1911); ref. 10014] Colombia. Holotype (unique): NMW (apparently lost). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:238 [ref. 29155]. Type lost (Isbrücker 1979:114 [ref. 2302]). •Valid as Farlowella boliviana Steindachner 1910 -- (Isbrücker 1980:97 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:441 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Farlowella gracilis Regan 1904 -- (Retzer & Page 1997:75 [ref. 23176], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:238 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Farlowella gracilis Regan 1904. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Colombia [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

boliviana, Xenocara Steindachner [F.] 1915:95 [81], Pl. 9 (figs. 5-6) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. v. 93; ref. 4244] Río Songo in North Yungas, upper Amazon River basin, Bolivia. Syntypes: (several) NMW 43475-76 (2, 27). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]. On p. 81 of separate; also in Steindachner 1917 [ref. 15259]. Species not listed in earlier abstract [ref. 18909]. Species originally described as "Xenocara bufonia (C.V.) Regan, juv.? (an Xenocara boliviana n. sp.)." •Valid as Ancistrus bolivianus (Steindachner 1915) -- (Isbrücker 1980:66 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:161, 191 [ref. 35004], Provenzano & Barriga-Salazar 2018:235 [ref. 36344]). •Synonym of Ancistrus marcapatae (Regan 1904) -- (Bifi et al. 2019:6 [ref. 36821]). Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus marcapatae (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

bolivianus, Plecostomus Pearson [N. E.] 1924:21, Pl. 4 (figs. 1-3) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Río Popoi, Upper Río Beni, upper Amazon system, Bolivia. Holotype: CAS 77347 [ex IU 17011]. Paratypes: CAS 213883 [ex CAS 77347, ex IU 17011] (orig. 16, now 9), UMMZ 66475 [ex IU 17011] (6). Additional material or paratypes: IU 17012 (orig. 15), UMMZ 66310 [ex IU 17012] (6), USNM 117586 [ex UMMZ 66310, ex IU 17012] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus bolivianus (Pearson 1924) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus bolivianus (Pearson 1924). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Beni River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

borellii, Plecostomus Boulenger [G. A.] 1897:2 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 12 (no. 279); ref. 14624] Misión de San Francisco, Río Pilcomayo, Bolivia. Syntypes: BMNH 1897.1.27.19 (1); MZUT 1393 (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:137 [ref. 21559], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. Information on type locality see Koerber & Terán 2021:138 [ref. 38314]. •Valid as Hypostomus borellii (Boulenger 1897) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:19 [ref. 23548], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2014:102 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Koerber & Terán 2021:138 [ref. 38314]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus borellii (Boulenger 1897). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Pilcomayo River basin (Argentina, Bolivia and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

bororo, Otocinclus Schaefer [S. A.] 1997:69, Fig. 43 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 148; ref. 23213] Barra do Bugres, stream crossing road between Barra do Bugres and Cáceres, about 15°20'S, 57°12'W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 19285. Paratypes: AMNH 215990 (5); MCP 15604 (3), 15721 (7, 2 c&s), 15796 (4). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:274 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Otocinclus bororo Schaefer 1997 -- (Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Britto & Moreira 2002:1067 [ref. 26512], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:324 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:274 [ref. 29155], Lehmann A. et al. 2010:638 [ref. 31083], Delapieve et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35713]). Current status: Valid as Otocinclus bororo Schaefer 1997. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

botucatu, Neoplecostomus Roxo [F. F.], Oliveira [C.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2012:9, Figs. 2b, 3b, 4e-h, 6, 7b [Zootaxa No. 3233; ref. 31839] Côrrego Åguas de Madalena, tributary of Rio Pardo, Rio Paranapanema basin, 22°59'25"S, 48°25'37"W, Municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo state, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 110364. Paratypes: many at DZSJRP, LBP, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:451 [ref. 35588], Oliveira et al. 2022:13 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Neoplecostomus botucatu Roxo, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2012 -- (Roxo et al. 2012:39 [ref. 32073], Roxo et al. 2014:125 [ref. 33492], Andrade & Langeani 2014:9 [ref. 33618], Cherobim et al. 2016:9 [ref. 35001], Pereira & Reis 2017:73 [ref. 35307], Roxo et al. 2017:238 [ref. 35467], Silva et al. 2019:100 [ref. 36454]). Current status: Valid as Neoplecostomus botucatu Roxo, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2012. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Côrrego Åguas de Madalena, tributary of Rio Pardo, Rio Paranapanema basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

boujardi, Lithoxus Muller [S.] & Isbrücker [I. J. H.] 1993:72, Fig. 1 [Cybium v. 17 (no. 1); ref. 20657] Approuague basin, Arataye, between Japigny Fall and Pararé Fall, French Guiana. Holotype: MNHN 1992-1321. Paratypes: MHNG 2536.81 (1), 2536.82 (1); MNHN 1992-1322 (2), 1992-1323 (1), ZMA 120813 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:267 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Lithoxus boujardi Muller & Isbrücker 1993 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Le Bail et al. 2000:242 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:389 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:267 [ref. 29155], Silva et al. 2017:167 [ref. 35668]). •Valid as Paralithoxus boujardi (Muller & Isbrücker 1993) -- (Lujan et al. 2018:[9] [ref. 36081]). Current status: Valid as Paralithoxus boujardi (Muller & Isbrücker 1993). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Approuague and Oyapock River basins, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

boulengeri, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1903:502 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Mato Grosso, Brazil or Asunción, Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 58554 [ex IU 9868]. Paratypes: CAS 58555 [ex IU 9869] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. See Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147]. •Valid as Hypostomus boulengeri (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Koerber 2011:5 [ref. 31122], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:102 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Koerber 2014:9 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:16 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus boulengeri (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

bourguyi, Microlepidogaster Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1911:90 [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 16; ref. 3716] Brazil. Syntypes: possibly MNRJ 1036 (12). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:300 [ref. 29155]. Original as Microlepidogaster (?) lophophanes. •Valid as Otocinclus bourguyi (Miranda Ribeiro 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:82 [ref. 2303]). •Valid as Microlepidogaster bourguyi Miranda Ribeiro 1911 -- (Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Hisonotus bourguyi (Miranda Ribeiro 1911) -- (Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178]). •Species inquirenda in Loricariidae, subfamily Hypoptopomatinae -- (Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:327 [ref. 27061]). •Species inquirenda in Loricariidae -- (Ferraris 2007:300 [ref. 29155]). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bovallii, Ancistrus Regan [C. T.] 1906:96 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 17 (no. 97); ref. 3627] Kaat River, tributary of Treng River [= Ireng], upper Potaro, Guyana. Lectotype: BMNH 1905.11.1.43. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1905.11.1.44-48 (6). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:267 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Nijssen & Isbrücker 1990:332 [ref. 16655]. •Valid as Ancistrus bovallii Regan 1906 -- (Boeseman 1982:49 [ref. 492], Nijssen & Isbrücker 1990:332 [ref. 16655]). •Valid as Lithoxus bovallii (Regan 1906) -- (Isbrücker 1980:77 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Muller & Isbrücker 1993:75 [ref. 20657], Schindler 1996:223 [ref. 34080], Le Bail et al. 2000:246 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:25, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:389 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:267 [ref. 29155], Silva et al. 2017:167 [ref. 35668]). •Valid as Paralithoxus bovallii (Regan 1906) -- (Lujan et al. 2018:[12] [ref. 36081], Rapp-Py-Daniel et al. 2019:[9] [ref. 37169]). Current status: Valid as Paralithoxus bovallii (Regan 1906). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Ireng River along the western border between Guyana and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brachyrhyncha, Pareiorhina Chamon [C. C.], Aranda [A. T.] & Buckup [P. A.] 2005:551, Fig. 1 [Copeia 2005 (no. 3); ref. 28313] Vera Cruz farm, 22°46'14.1"S, 45°26'42.5"W, Bairro Ribeirão Grande, Ribeirão Grande, Munic. Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 25033. Paratypes: MNRJ 22198 (9), 22202 (1), 22267 (2 c&s), 23836 (1), 23855 (2); MZUSP 49296 (13). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Pareiorhina brachyrhyncha Chamon, Aranda & Buckup 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:281 [ref. 29155], Roxo et al. 2012:38 [ref. 32073], Soto et al. 2012:65 [ref. 32231], Silva et al. 2013:66 [ref. 32763], Azevedo-Santos & Roxo 2015:383 [ref. 33717], Silva et al. 2016:389 [ref. 34417], Pereira & Reis 2017:76 [ref. 35307], Roxo et al. 2017:351 [ref. 35310]). Current status: Valid as Pareiorhina brachyrhyncha Chamon, Aranda & Buckup 2005. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brachyurus, Ancistrus Kner [R.] 1854:279, Pl. 4 (fig. 1) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Manaus, Brazil. Holotype (unique): NMW 47268. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:234 [ref. 29155]. On p. 29 of separate. •Valid as Peckoltia brachyura (Kner 1854) -- (Isbrücker 1980:55 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Zonancistrus brachyurus (Kner 1854) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:25, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:30 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Dekeyseria brachyura (Kner 1854) -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:383 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:234 [ref. 29155], Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35633]). •Synonym of Dekeyseria picta (Kner 1854) -- (Silva & Rapp Py-Daniel 2018:[4] [ref. 35865]). Current status: Synonym of Dekeyseria picta (Kner 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

branickii, Chaetostomus Steindachner [F.] 1881:118 [18], Pl. 6 (figs. 1-1b) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Cajamarca, Rio Chota [Chotano], Peru, elevation 1465-1585 meters. Syntypes: (several) NMW 47270-71 (2, 3). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155]. On p. 18 of separate. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Chaetostoma branickii Steindachner 1881 -- (Isbrücker 1980:59 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:379 [ref. 27061], Salcedo 2006:63 [ref. 28542], Salcedo 2006:218 [ref. 28842], Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975] and as cf. branickii on p. 698). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma branickii Steindachner 1881. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

bransfordi, Loricaria Gill [T. N.] 1877:338 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 28 (for 1876); ref. 17633] Empire Station, Panama. Holotype (unique): USNM 16673. Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:28 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:240 [ref.29155]. •Synonym of Fonchiiichthys uracanthus (Kner & Steindachner 1863) -- (Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:240 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Rineloricaria uracantha (Kner 1863) -- (Isbrücker 1980:110 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:344 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Rineloricaria uracantha (Kner 1863). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

brasiliensis, Plecostomus Bleeker [P.] (ex Valenciennes) 1863:2 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1; ref. 401] No locality [Maracaibo Lagoon, Maracaibo Lake in western Venezuela]. Lectotype: not RMNH 3102. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Pre-Linnaean name adopted by Bleeker; other species listed in synonymy. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1968:37 et seq. [ref. 7872] is incorrect; see also Boeseman 1972:311 [ref. 19698]. See Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. See Weber et al. 2012:219 for status of types and dating of the species. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:31 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of p., Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]). •Status needs to be revised -- (Weber et al. 2012:219 [ref. 31999]). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

braueri, Hemiancistrus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:232, Pl. 28 (figs. 1-2) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Takutu, Guyana. Holotype: ZMB 3174 (larger specimen). Paratypes: ZMB 3174 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiancistrus braueri Eigenmann 1912 -- (Isbrücker 1980:49 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Le Bail et al. 2000:232 [ref. 24549] as aff. braueri). •Valid as Hemiancistrus braueri Eigenmann 1912 -- (Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858]). •Valid as Peckoltia braueri (Eigenmann 1912) -- (Isbrücker 2001:27, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Armbruster & Werneke 2005:2 [ref. 28101], Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155], Armbruster 2008:14 [ref. 29740], de Oliveira et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30929], Fisch-Muller et al. 2012:189 [ref. 31970], de Oliveira et al. 2012:548 [ref. 32202], Armbruster 2015:99 [ref. 33670], Armbruster & Lujan 2016:116 [ref. 34264], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[19] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltia braueri (Eigenmann 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Takutu and Pirara rivers, Negro and Branco River drainages: Guyana and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brevibracchium, Neblinichthys Taphorn [D. C.], Armbruster [J. W.], López-Fernández [H.] & Bernard [C. R.] 2010:616, Fig. 1 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 30973] Mouth of a small creek with cut banks and primary forest, lower Kukui River at Jawalla, upper Mazaruni River drainage, Guyana, 5°39'10"N, 60°28'57"W. Holotype: CSBD 1653 [ex ROM 83772]. Paratypes: AUM, ROM. •Valid as Neblinichthys brevibracchium Taphorn, Armbruster, López-Fernández & Bernard 2010 -- (Armbruster & Taphorn 2013:67 [ref. 32700]). Current status: Valid as Neblinichthys brevibracchium Taphorn, Armbruster, López-Fernández & Bernard 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Mazaruni River drainage, Essequibo basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

brevicauda, Plecostomus Günther [A.] 1864:235 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.19.16-17 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus brevicauda (Günther 1864) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20-21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus brevicauda (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: eastern coastal drainages (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

brevifilis, Ancistrus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1920:7, Fig. 2; Pl. 1 [Indiana University Studies v. 7 (no. 44); ref. 11120] Río Tiquirito at El Concejo, Venezuela. Holotype: CAS 64609 [ex IU 15080]. Paratypes: CAS 64610 [ex IU 15080] (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus brevifilis Eigenmann 1920 -- (Isbrücker 1980:66 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento 2016:532 [ref. 34727], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[20] [ref. 35679], de Souza et al. 2019:14 [ref. 36504]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus brevifilis Eigenmann 1920. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tuy River basin, Caribbean Sea coast, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

brevilabiatus, Chaetostomus Dahl [G.] 1941:80 [1], Figs. 1-2 [Förhandlingar / Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund = Proceedings of the Royal Physiographic Society at Lund v. 11 (no. 8); ref. 13197] Río Volcán near junction with Río San Bartolomé, tributary of Río Magdalena, Antióquia Dept., Colombia, elevation about 600 meters. Holotype (unique): ICNMHN 6134 [ex ZMUL]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155], Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:31 [ref. 36127]. On p. 1 of separate. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Chaetostoma brevilabiatum Dahl 1941 -- (Isbrücker 1980:59-60 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:380 [ref. 27061], Salcedo 2006:218 [ref. 28842], Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma brevilabiatum Dahl 1941. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Magdalena and Cimitarra River basins (Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

brevipinnis, Xenocara Regan [C. T.] 1904:257 [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil [Rio Camaquã basin]. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1891.3.16.76. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus brevipinnis (Regan 1904) -- (Isbrücker 1980:67 [ref. 2303], Malabarba 1989:148 [ref. 14217], Muller 1989:894 [ref. 13512], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Knaack 1999:152 [ref. 23874], Isbrücker 2001:25, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155], de Oliveira et al. 2015:81 [ref. 33869] as brevispinnis, Bertaco et al. 2016:417 [ref. 34561], Loureiro et al. 2023:112 [ref. 40506], Widholzer et al. 2024:10 [ref. 40848]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus brevipinnis (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos basin (Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

brevirostratum, Hypoptopoma Aquino [A. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.] 2010:43, Fig. 26 [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History No. 336; ref. 30875] Rio Amazonas, 1 mile upstream from Leticia, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 105076. Paratypes: AMNH 243577 (2), FMNH 117744 (18). •Valid as Hypoptopoma brevirostratum Aquino & Schaefer 2010 -- (Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:76 [ref. 35633], Delapieve et al. 2018:22 [ref. 35713], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:25 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypoptopoma brevirostratum Aquino & Schaefer 2010. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

brevirostris, Loricaria Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1889:35 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 2; ref. 1253] Rio Iça, tributary of Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 8095. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:299 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Sturisoma brevirostre (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889) -- (Isbrücker 1980:93 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Ortega & Vari 1986:18 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:345 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:299 [ref. 29155], Londoño-Burbano 2018:[13] [ref. 35813], Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2019:774 [ref. 37158], Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2022:13 [ref. 39789], Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2023:13 [ref. 40709]). Current status: Valid as Sturisoma brevirostre (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Solimões drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brevis, Chaetostomus Regan [C. T.] 1904:247, Pl. 13 (fig. 3) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Eastern Ecuador. Syntypes: (6) BMNH 1898.11.4.33-36 (4), MSNM 40 [ex MSNM 5592] (1) Rio Zamora; MZUT 1488-89 (total 15 specimens, 1 evidently is a syntype). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:137 [ref. 21559], Conci & Michelangeli 1974:226 [ref. 21560] Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Chaetostoma brevis Regan 1904 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:39 [ref. 37559]). •Valid as Chaetostoma breve Regan 1904 -- (Isbrücker 1980:60 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:379 [ref. 27061], Salcedo 2006:62 [ref. 28542], Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155], Ballen 2011:388 [ref. 31653], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Lujan et al. 2015:685 [ref. 33975], Urbano-Bonilla & Ballen 2021:12 [ref. 38058], Meza-Vargas et al. 2022:376 [ref. 39368]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma breve Regan 1904. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Marañón River drainage, upper Amazon basin, Ecuador and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

brevis, Delturus Reis [R. E.] & Pereira [E. H. L.] in Reis, Pereira & Armbruster 2006:295, Fig. 12 [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 147 (no. 2); ref. 28706] Rio Araçuaí upstream of its mouth on Rio Jequitinhonha, Araçuaí, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 69858. Paratypes: MCP 26927 (3, 1 c&s), 28035 (3); MZUSP 69859 (3); NMW 44070 (1, also paralectotype of angulicauda). •Valid as Delturus brevis Reis & Pereira 2006 -- (Ferraris 2007:443 [ref. 29155], Pereira et al. 2010:37 [ref. 30753]). Current status: Valid as Delturus brevis Reis & Pereira 2006. Loricariidae: Delturinae. Distribution: Upper portions of Jequitinhonha River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brevis, Hemiancistrus LaMonte [F. R.] 1935:3, Fig. 2 [American Museum Novitates No. 784; ref. 13893] Near Sena Madureira, near mouth of River Macaua, tributary of Rio Iaco, itself a tributary to Rio Purus, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): AMNH 12602. Non-types: MSNM 42 [ex MSNM 4702 and ex AMNH] (1). Type catalog: Conci & Michelangeli 1974:227 [ref. 21560], Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155] •Valid as Peckoltia brevis (LaMonte 1935) -- (Isbrücker 1980:55 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:27, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Armbruster & Werneke 2005:12 [ref. 28101], Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155], Armbruster 2008:16 [ref. 29740], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], de Oliveira et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30929], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], Armbruster & Lujan 2016:116 [ref. 34264], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltia brevis (LaMonte 1935). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Purus River basin and upper Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

brevis, Plecostomus Nichols [J. T.] 1919:413 [5], 423 [5] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 11; ref. 15221] Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): AMNH 7150. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. On p. 5 of both Portuguese and English sections of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus brevis (Nichols 1919) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus brevis (Nichols 1919). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná River basin [or eastern Brazilian coastal drainage?], Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brevispinis, Lasiancistrus Heitmans [W. R. B.], Nijssen [H.] & Isbrücker [I. J. H.] 1983:38, Figs. 4-7 [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 53 (no. 1); ref. 5278] Fallawatra River, rapid 5 kilometers southwest of Stondansie Fall, Nickerie District, Suriname. Holotype: ZMA 107740. Paratypes: BMNH 1982.9.30.1-2 (2); CAS 53133 (2); IRSNB 626 (orig. 3, now 1), 627 (orig. 15, now 8), 628-629 (2, 1); FMNH 94506 (2); INPA; MBUCV-V-13442 (1); MCZ 59812 (2); MHNG; MNHN (20 in 11 lots); MNRJ; MZUSP [ex IRSNB 626] (2), [ex IRSNB 627] (7); NMW 77971 (2); NRM 29420 (2); RMNH; USNM 276368 (2); ZMA; ZMB 31366 (2), ZSM 26348 [ex ZMA 106447] (2). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:51 [ref. 12367], Walschaerts 1987:20 [ref. 20755], Ferraris & Vari 1992:27 [ref. 19771], Provenzano et al. 1998:12 [ref. 24196], Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:264 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Lasiancistrus brevispinis Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker 1983 -- (Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Le Bail et al. 2000:236 [ref. 24549], Knaack 2000:58 [ref. 27233]). •Valid as Pseudancistrus brevispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker 1983) -- (Armbruster 2004:5 [ref. 27844], Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155], Cardoso & Montoya-Burgos 2009:947 [ref. 34068], Willink et al. 2010:41 [ref. 30670]). •Valid as Guyanancistrus brevispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker 1983) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:19 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:27, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:385 [ref. 27061], Mol et al. 2012:287 [ref. 32867], Silva et al. 2014:11[ref. 33302], Melo et al. 2016:134 [ref. 34701], Fisch-Muller et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35723], Borstein et al. 2022:18 [ref. 39507] as brevispinis brevispinis). Current status: Valid as Guyanancistrus brevispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen & Isbrücker 1983). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Corantijn River basin to the upper Tapanahony River basin (Suriname), Habitat: freshwater.

brevitentaculatus, Hypostomus Ranzani [C.] 1841:63 [Nuovi annali delle scienze naturali e rendiconto dei lavori dell'Accademia della Scienze dell'Instituto di Bologna con appendice agraria. Bologna Anno III, Tomo V; ref. 24074] Province Divi Pauli, Brazilia [Rio São Francisco]. Holotype (unique): MZUB uncat. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]. Also appeared in more detail in Ranzani 1842:329 [ref. 18607]. •Valid as Pterygoplichthys brevitentaculatus (Ranzani 1841) -- (Isbrücker 1980:40 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) -- (Weber 1992:25 [ref. 19714], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:366 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

britskii, Corumbataia Ferreira [K. M.] & Ribeiro [A. C.] 2007:60, Figs. 1, 3A, 4A, 5A [Zootaxa No. 1386; ref. 28908] Chapadão Pedra Azul, 19°12'15"S, 52°43'55"W, Rio Sucuriú, upper Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Holotype: LIRP 5584. Paratypes: LIRP 4937 (5, 2 c&s), 5897 (2, c&s), 5898 (8). Not treated by Ferraris 2007 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Corumbataia britskii Ferreira & Ribeiro 2007 -- (Carvalho 2008:552 [ref. 29798], Silva et al. 2018:329 [ref. 36151], Thimotheo et al. 2020:12 [ref. 38000]). Current status: Valid as Corumbataia britskii Ferreira & Ribeiro 2007. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

britskii, Parotocinclus Boeseman [M.] 1974:267, Fig. 2; Pl. 2 [Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Series C, Biological and Medical Sciences) v. 77 (no. 3); ref. 7490] Left tributary of Coppename River, Suriname, 3°51'N, 56°55'W. Holotype: ZMA 106593. Paratypes: RMNH 26924 (2), ZMA 106592 (3). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:60 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Parotocinclus britskii Boeseman 1974 -- (Isbrücker 1980:79 [ref. 2303], Garavello 1988:124 [ref. 6853], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Schaefer & Provenzano 1993:42 [ref. 20828], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Ribeiro et al. 2002:223 [ref. 26534], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155], Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:61 [ref. 32074], Lehmann A. et al. 2015:48 [ref. 33723], Roxo et al. 2016:131 [ref. 34921], Lehmann A. & Reis 2021:452 [ref. 38354]). •Valid as Rhinotocinclus britskii (Boeseman 1974) -- (Reis & Lehmann A. 2022:19 [ref. 39390]). Current status: Valid as Rhinotocinclus britskii (Boeseman 1974). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: eastern Greater Amazon (Orinoco and Amazon River basins and Atlantic coastal drainages of the Guianas), eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

britskii, Rhinolekos Martins [F. de O.], Langeani [F.] & Costa [F. C.] in Martins & Langeani 2011:68, Figs. 1a, 4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31235] Bela Vista de Goiás, tributary of the córrego Arapuca, Fazenda Arapuca, rio Paranaíba drainage, 17°04'06"S, 48°43'59"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: DZSJRP 6489. Paratypes: many at DZSJR, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:456 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Rhinolekos britskii Martins, Langeani & Costa 2011 -- (Rosa et al. 2014:59 [ref. 33228], Roxo et al. 2015:124 [ref. 33671], Roxo et al. 2017:352 [ref. 35310], Martins et al. 2017:242 [ref. 35356]). Current status: Valid as Rhinolekos britskii Martins, Langeani & Costa 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Paranaíba drainage, upper rio Paraná system, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brownsbergensis, Guyanancistrus Mol [J. H. A.], Fisch-Muller [S.] & Covain [R.] 2018:40, Figs. 6f, 13 [PLoS ONE v. 13 (no. 1) e0189789; ref. 35723] Kumbu Creek above Kumbu Falls, Saramacca River basin, Brownsberg Nature Park, Brownsberg Mountains, Brokopondo, Suriname, 4˚56'57"N, 55˚11'07"W. Holotype: MHNG 2745.065. Paratypes: MHNG, NZCS. •Valid as Guyanancistrus brownsbergensis Mol, Fisch-Muller & Covain 2018. Current status: Valid as Guyanancistrus brownsbergensis Mol, Fisch-Muller & Covain 2018. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Kumbu Creek, Saramacca River basin, Brownsberg Nature Park, Brownsberg Mountains, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

brunnea, Loricaria Hancock [J.] 1828:247 [Zoological Journal, London v. 4; ref. 18242] Orinoco River, Demerara, Guyana. No types known. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:269 [ref. 29155]. •Species inquirenda in Loricariichthys -- (Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:339 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Loricariichthys brunneus (Hancock 1828) -- (Isbrücker 1980:126 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:269 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:78 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:75 [ref. 35773], Provenzano-Rizzi & Lasso in Lasso & Morales-Betancourt 2022:194 [ref. 40783]). Current status: Valid as Loricariichthys brunneus (Hancock 1828). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Guyana and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

brunneus, Hisonotus Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.] 2011:38, Figs. 4g, 8g, 40-41 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31240] Cruz Alta, rio Passo Novo, on road from Cruz Alta to Ibirubá, rio Jacuí drainage, 28°38'43"S, 53°33'35"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 44516. Paratypes: ANSP 188705 (4); MCP 22701 (30, 3 c&s), 41072 (13); MZUSP 104947 (4). •Valid as Hisonotus brunneus Carvalho & Reis 2011 -- (Roxo et al. 2015:137 [ref. 33763], Zawadzki et al. 2016:380 [ref. 34367], Roxo et al. 2016:235 [ref. 34426], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2018:[12] [ref. 35900]). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus brunneus Carvalho & Reis 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper rio Jacuí basin, Laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bufonius, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:511 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Río Apurimac, Peru, elevation 2000 meters. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-2228 (2). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:68 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus bufonius (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker 1980:67 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:16 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:161, 191 [ref. 35004], Neuhaus et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40715]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus bufonius (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Apurimac River drainage, Ucayali River basin, Peru and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

butantanis, Plecostomus margaritifer Ihering [R. von] 1911:394 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Pinheiros, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): DZSASP [now MZUSP] (not found). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus margaritifer (Regan 1908) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hypostomus butantanis (Ihering 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911) -- (Azevedo et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Brazil [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

cabessadecuia, Parotocinclus Ramos [T. P. A.], Lima [S. M. Q.] & Ramos [R. T. C.] 2017:[2], Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 2) e160153; ref. 35268] São Gonçalo do Gurgueia, rio Gurgueia, rio Parnaíba basin, Piauí, Brazil, 10°06'27.0"S, 45°21'24.0"W. Holotype: UFPB 10029. Paratypes: MZUSP, UFPB, UFRN. •Valid as Parotocinclus cabessadecuia Ramos, Lima & Ramos 2017 -- (Silva-Junior et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37598], Ramos et al. 2021:2 [ref. 38561], Koerber et al. 2022:51 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus cabessadecuia Ramos, Lima & Ramos 2017. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle rio Parnaíba basin (northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

cacerensis, Loricaria Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1912:11 [Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae e Trichomycteridae Annexo no. 5; ref. 3718] Caceres, Matto Grosso, Rio Paraguay drainage, Brazil. Lectotype: MNRJ 645A. Paralectotypes: MNRJ 645 (2). Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:400 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Miranda Ribeiro 1953:400 [ref. 12732] [but perhaps specimen not isolated]. •Valid as Hemiloricaria cacerensis (Miranda Ribeiro 1912) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:27, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Rineloricaria cacerensis (Miranda Ribeiro 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:104 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:442 [ref. 12860], Britski et al. 1999:130 [ref. 24147], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:341 [ref. 27061], Ghazzi 2008:102 [ref. 29636], Vera-Alcaraz et al. 2012:294 [ref. 32034]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria cacerensis (Miranda Ribeiro 1912). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cachivera, Rineloricaria Urbano-Bonilla [A.], Londoño-Burbano [A.] & Carvalho [T. P.] 2023:2, Figs. 1-2, 6a [Journal of Fish Biology v. 103 (no. 5); ref. 40346] Río Vaupés upstream Cachivera Tapira-llerao, Comunidad de Matapí, Negro River drainage, Mitú municipality, Vaupés Department, Colombia, 1°4'49.63"N, 69°22'20.82"W, elevation 143 meters. Holotype: MPUJ 14451. Paratypes: MPUJ. •Valid as Rineloricaria cachivera Urbano-Bonilla, Londoño-Burbano & Carvalho 2023. Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria cachivera Urbano-Bonilla, Londoño-Burbano & Carvalho 2023. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: middle Vaupés River drainage, Amazon basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cadeae, Loricaria Hensel [R.] 1868:369 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 34 (pt 1); ref. 14075] Rio Cadéa [Cadeia], Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: ZMB 7430. Paralectotypes: ZMB 22437 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:294 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1979:112 [ref. 2302]. •Valid as Rineloricaria cadeae (Hensel 1868) -- (Isbrücker 1980:104 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Malabarba 1989:155 [ref. 14217], Burgess 1989:442 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:341 [ref. 27061], Rodriguez & Miquelarena 2005:3 [ref. 28173], Ferraris 2007:293-294 [ref. 29155], Rodriguez & Reis 2008:335 [ref. 29630], Ghazzi 2008:101 [ref. 29636], Litz & Koerber 2014:27 [ref. 33622], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria cadeae (Hensel 1868). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos basin, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

caenosa, Peckoltia Armbruster [J. W.] 2008:20, Fig. 12 [Zootaxa No. 1822; ref. 29740] Caño Maraca, tributary of Caño Igues - Río Portuguesa, Guanare-Guanarito road at road kilometer 60, 8°49'39"N, 69°20'42"W, Rio Orinoco drainage, Portuguesa, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 42665. Paratype: ANSP 166749 (3), 180224 (1); AUM 18946 (4, 1 c&s), 22836 (1); MCNG 9721 (1), 24200 (1), 37452 (1), 38972 (1); UF 32382 (2). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Peckoltia caenosa Armbruster 2008 -- (de Oliveira et al. 2012:548 [ref. 32202], Armbruster et al. 2015:100 [ref. 33670], Armbruster & Lujan 2016:116 [ref. 34264], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633], Provenzano-Rizzi & Lasso in Lasso & Morales-Betancourt 2022:202 [ref. 40783]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltia caenosa Armbruster 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: llanos of Venezuela in rivers draining to the middle Orinoco River (Venezuela and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

cafuringa, Hypostomus Soares [Y. F. F.], Aquino [P. P. U.], Bagley [J. C.], Langeani [F.] & Colli [G. R.] 2021:5, Figs. 3-4 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 99 (no. 3); ref. 38335] Ribeirão Contagem near the bridge, tributary of rio Maranhão, upper Tocantins River basin, Fercal, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil, 15.5916666667S, 47.8858333333W, elevation 850 meters. Holotype: CIUNB 1489. Paratypes: CIUNB, DZSJRP, MNRJ, MZUSP. •Valid as Hypostomus cafuringa Soares, Aquino, Bagley, Langeani & Colli 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus cafuringa Soares, Aquino, Bagley, Langeani & Colli 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Maranhão River drainage, upper Tocantins River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

calamita, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:515 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Río Apurimac, Peru. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-2227 (2). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:68 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus calamita (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker 1980:67 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Ancistrus bufonius (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Neuhaus et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40715]). Current status: Synonym of Ancistrus bufonius (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

callis, Paulasquama Armbruster [J. W.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2011:48, Figs. 1-2. 3B [Copeia 2011 (no. 1); ref. 31222] Waruma River, Kako River-Mazaruni River drainage, riffles and shallow rapids upstream from camp, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Guyana, 05.4755°, -060.77967°. Holotype: UG 1654. Paratypes: AUM 50000 (4, 1c&s). ROM 83784 (5), UG 1655 (2). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Paulasquama callis Armbruster & Taphorn 2011 -- (Lujan & Armbruster 2011:224 [ref. 31416], Salcedo 2013:564 [ref. 32670], Reis et al. 2016:15 [ref. 34496]). Current status: Valid as Paulasquama callis Armbruster & Taphorn 2011. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Waruma River drainage, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

calmoni, Psilichthys Steindachner [F.] 1907:82 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 44 (no. 6) (for 28 Feb. 1907); ref. 20499] •Emendation of Hemipsilichthys cameroni Steindachner 1907 -- (Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155]). •In the synonymy of Pareiorhaphis cameroni (Steindachner 1907). Misspelling. Current status: Synonym of Pareiorhaphis cameroni (Steindachner 1907). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae.

calvus, Isbrueckerichthys Jerep [F. C.], Shibatta [O. A.], Pereira [E. H. L.] & Oyakawa [O. T.] 2006:60, Fig. 2 [Zootaxa No. 1372; ref. 28877] Apucarana, rio Tibagi basin, córrego Juruba, 23°34'44.6"S, 51°33'12.6"W, Paraná State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUEL 3714. Paratypes: MCP 40207 (2), 40208 (2); MZUEL 3638 (5), 3715 (1), 3724 (9); MZUSP 90804 (3). •Valid as Isbrueckerichthys calvus Jerep, Shibatta, Pereira & Oyakawa 2006 -- (Ferraris 2007:441 [ref. 29155], Pereira et al. 2010:37 [ref. 30753], Pereira & Reis 2017:72 [ref. 35307], Reis et al. 2020:468 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Isbrueckerichthys calvus Jerep, Shibatta, Pereira & Oyakawa 2006. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Tibagi River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

cameroni, Psilichthys Steindachner [F.] 1907:82 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 44 (no. 6) (for 28 Feb. 1907); ref. 20499] Rio Cubatao in Santa Catarina State at Theresopolis, Brazil. Lectotype: ZSM 4837. Paralectotypes: (23) MNHN 1907-0175 (1); NMW 46414 (1), 46438 (7), 46442-44 (7, 2, 1), SMF 5415-16 [ex NMW] (2). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:73 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:267 [ref. 31652] The species was originally named as above in this abstract, name later changed to Hemipsilichthys cameroni and illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1907:475, Pls. 1-2 [ref. 18797]. Steindachner 1908:31 [ref. 4243] indicated that the name should have been calmoni, but this is an unjustified emendation, but Pereira & Reis 2002:100 [ref. 26071] suggest using the spelling calmoni. For information regarding the type locality see Van der Stigchel 1947:148 [ref. 13094] and Lucena & Lucena 1990 [ref. 16142]. For date issues see Neumann 2011:267 [ref. 31652]. Lectotype selected by Pereira & Reis 2002:106 [ref. 26071] but perhaps not technically meeting the requirements of the 2000 code. •Valid as Hemipsilichthys cameroni (Steindachner 1907) [also as calmoni] -- (Isbrücker 1980:11 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Pereira & Reis 1992:114 [ref. 17635], Bizerril 1995:121 [ref. 25087], Pereira et al. 2000:377 [ref. 25081], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hemipsilichthys calmoni (Steindachner 1907) -- (Pereira & Reis 2002:104 [ref. 26071], Pereira et al. 2003:2 [ref. 27068], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:353 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pareiorhaphis cameroni (Steindachner 1907) -- (Periera 2005:272 [ref. 28273] as calmoni, Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155], Pereira et al. 2010:37 [ref. 30753], Pereira et al. 2012:539 [ref. 32218], Pereira & Reis 2017:75 [ref. 35307]) Current status: Valid as Pareiorhaphis cameroni (Steindachner 1907). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Cubatão, Tubarão and Araranguá River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

canaliferus, Otothyris Myers [G. S.] 1927:128 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 68 (no. 3); ref. 3096] Hills in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 31577. Paralectotypes: MNHN 1932-0201 [ex SU] (1), CAS-SU 24071 (1), USNM 92974 (3), ZMB 22229 (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:73 [ref. 19575], Böhlke 1953:46 [ref. 12291], Ferraris & Vari 1992:30 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:276 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Garavello et al. 1998:7 [ref. 23346]. •Valid as Otothyris canaliferus Myers 1927 -- (Isbrücker 1980:85 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653]). •Synonym of Otothyris lophophanes (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889) -- (Garavello et al. 1998:5 [ref. 23346], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:325 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:276 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Otothyris lophophanes (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater.

canastra, Harttia Caldas [L.], Cherobim [A. M.] & Langeani [F.] 2022:5, Figs. 1-2, 3G [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 4): e220051; ref. 39804] Fazenda Casca D'Anta, São Roque de Minas municipality, São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 20°30'00"S, 46°50'00"W. Holotype: LIRP 651. Paratypes: DZSJRP, LIRP, MZUSP. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Harttia canastra Caldas, Cherobim & Langeani 2022. Current status: Valid as Harttia canastra Caldas, Cherobim & Langeani 2022. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

canastra, Neoplecostomus Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Oliveira [C.] 2017:228, Figs. 1, 4A [Zootaxa 4294 (no. 2); ref. 35467] Córrego Tamborete, municipality of Capitólio, rio Grande basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 20°38'54''S, 46°09'52''W. Holotype: MZUSP 121504. Paratypes: LBP, MNRJ, NUP, ZUFMS. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:14 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Neoplecostomus canastra Roxo, Silva, Zawadzki & Oliveira 2017. Current status: Valid as Neoplecostomus canastra Roxo, Silva, Zawadzki & Oliveira 2017. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Grande, Upper Rio Paraná basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

candombe, Hisonotus Casciotta [J. R.], Azpelicueta [M. de las M.], Almirón [A. E.] & Litz [T.] 2006:147, Figs. 1-2 [Spixiana (München) v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 28758] Arroyo Palomas, 31°04.71'S, 57°37.44'W, río Uruguay basin, Departamento Salto, Uruguay. Holotype: ZVC-P 5595. Paratypes: AI 187 (4); MHNG 2662.86 (2); MLP 10462 [ex Al 164] (1); ZSM 32062, not 33062 [ex CTL 539] (3). Type catalog: Neumann 2011:267 [ref. 31652], Nadalin & López 2015:7 [ref. 34112], Loureiro et al. 2016:414 [ref. 35150]. •Valid as Hisonotus candombe Casciotta, Azpelicueta, Almirón & Litz 2006 -- (Azpelicueta & Almirón 2007:596 [ref. 29353], Ferraris 2007:440 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hisonotus ringueleti Aquino, Schaefer & Miquelarena 2001 -- (Carvalho & Reis 2009:31 [ref. 30193], Litz & Koerber 2014:24 [ref. 33622]). Current status: Synonym of Hisonotus ringueleti Aquino, Schaefer & Miquelarena 2001. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Lower Uruguay River basin, Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

canensis, Acanthicus Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1913:80 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Cana, Cana, Darien, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7581. Paratypes: FMNH 26305-18 (14), 29294-309 (16); USNM 78300 (now 14, 15 in ledger). Type catalog: Grey 1947:111 [ref. 12302], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:4 [ref. 12367], Ferraris & Vari 1992:25 [ref. 19771] with remarks, Ferraris 2007:266 [ref. 29155]. Probable paratypes; original description specifically cited only type but is based on more than one specimen collected at type locality. •Valid as Leptoancistrus canensis (Meek & Hildebrand 1913) -- (Isbrücker 1980:65 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:388 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:266 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2015:667 [ref. 33975], Provenzano et al. 2017:265 [ref. 35613], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Leptoancistrus canensis (Meek & Hildebrand 1913). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Pacific drainages in Panama and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

canoeiro, Gymnotocinclus Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Ochoa [L. E.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2017:342, Figs. 3-6 [Zootaxa 4268 (no. 3); ref. 35310] Tributary of rio das Almas, tributary of rio Paranã, municipality of Cavalcante, rio Tocantins basin, Goiás State, Brazil, 13°43'12.6"S, 47°27'19.8"W. Holotype: MZUSP 121544. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, LBP, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:13 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Gymnotocinclus canoeiro Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Zawadzki 2017 -- (Silva et al. 2018:329 [ref. 36151]). •Valid as Corumbataia canoeiro (Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Zawadzki 2017) -- (Roxo et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36538], Thimotheo et al. 2020:13 [ref. 38000]). Current status: Valid as Corumbataia canoeiro (Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Zawadzki 2017). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paranã drainage, Tocantins River basin (Goiás, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

capetensis, Loricaria Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1913:80 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Capetí, Río Tuyra basin, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7582. Paratypes: USNM 78340 (1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:53 [ref. 12367], Ferraris & Vari 1992:28 [ref. 19771] with remarks, Ferraris 2007:233 [ref. 29155]. Probable paratypes; original description specifically cited only type but is based on more than one specimen collected at type locality. •Valid as Dasyloricaria capetensis (Meek & Hildebrand 1913) -- (Isbrücker 1980:111 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:331 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:233 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Dasyloricaria latiura (Eigenmann & Vance 1912) -- (Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2016:[8] [ref. 34381], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[17] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Synonym of Dasyloricaria latiura (Eigenmann & Vance 1912). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Tuira River basin, Panama (if valid). Habitat: freshwater.

capetinga, Rhinolekos Roxo [F. F.], Ochoa [L. E.], Silva [G. S. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2015:114, Figs. 1-3 [ZooKeys No. 481; ref. 33671] Goiás State, municipality of Água Fria de Goiás, córrego da Branca, drainage of the rio Tocantizinho, rio Tocantins basin, 14°53'47.2"S, 47°34'58.4"W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 116102. Paratypes: LBP, MZUSP. •Valid as Rhinolekos capetinga Roxo, Ochoa, Silva & Oliveira 2015. Current status: Valid as Rhinolekos capetinga Roxo, Ochoa, Silva & Oliveira 2015. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Tocantizinho, rio Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

capitonia, Rineloricaria Ghazzi [M. S.] 2008:110, Figs. 6-7 [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) v. 98 (no. 1); ref. 29636] Condor, rio Alegre estrada Condor/Colônia Cash, 28°11'S, 53°27'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 19687. Paratypes: MCN 11846 (4); MCP 18739 (24), 18740 (8), 19911 (3), 26900 (5), 31717 (8). Plus additional material. •Valid as Rineloricaria capitonia Ghazzi 2008 -- (Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria capitonia Ghazzi 2008. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Alegre, Palmeira and Passo Fundo rivers, upper Ijuí River, Uruguay River system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

capitulata, Peckoltia Fisch-Muller [S.] & Covain [R.] in Fisch-Muller, Montoya-Burgos, Le Bail & Covain 2012:180, Figs. 7, 10 [Cybium v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 31970] Approuague River, rapids of Saut Athanase, 4°11'12"N, 52°20'03"W, French Guiana. Holotype: MHNG 2723.086. Paratypes:MNHN 2011-0011 (1). •Valid as Peckoltia capitulata Fisch-Muller & Covain 2012 -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:100 [ref. 33670], Armbruster & Lujan 2016:116 [ref. 34264]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltia capitulata Fisch-Muller & Covain 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Approuague River, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

caquetae, Euacanthagenys Fowler [H. W.] 1945:125, Figs. 37-40 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia [probably Bodoquero River, near the town of Morelia]. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71718. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155]. Subjectively invalid; secondarily preoccupied by Loricaria caquetae Fowler 1943 in Spatuloricaria, replaced by Spatuloricaria euacanthagenys Isbrücker 1979. •In the synonymy of Spatuloricaria euacanthagenys Isbrücker 1979 -- (Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:344 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155], Fichberg et al. 2014:322 [ref. 33358]). 2°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Spatuloricaria euacanthagenys Isbrücker 1979. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

caquetae, Harttia Fowler [H. W.] 1945:126, Figs. 41-43 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia [probably Bodoquero River, near the town of Morelia]. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71719. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:300 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Sturisoma caquetae (Fowler 1945) -- (Covain et al. 2015:514 [23] [ref. 34066], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:77 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Sturisomatichthys caquetae (Fowler 1945) -- (Isbrücker 1980:92 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:27, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:346 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:300 [ref. 29155], Londoño-Burbano 2018:[16] [ref. 35813], Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2019:772 [ref. 37158]). Current status: Valid as Sturisomatichthys caquetae (Fowler 1945). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Caquetá River drainage, upper Amazon basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

caquetae, Hemiancistrus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:115, Figs. 17-20 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia [probably Bodoquero River, near the town of Morelia]. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71708 (poor condition). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:265 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Peckoltia caquetae (Fowler 1945) -- (Isbrücker 1980:55 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860]). •Incertae sedis -- (Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Lasiancistrus caquetae (Fowler 1945) -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:387 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Günther 1864) -- (Armbruster 2005:561 [ref. 28554], Ferraris 2007:265 [ref. 29155], Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670]). Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

caquetae, Loricaria Fowler [H. W.] 1943:261, Figs. 60-62 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 70526. Paratypes: ANSP 70527 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Spatuloricaria caquetae (Fowler 1943) -- (Isbrücker 1980:112 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:344 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155], Fichberg et al. 2014:322 [ref. 33358], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633], Londoño-Burbano et al. 2018:619 [ref. 36263]). Current status: Valid as Spatuloricaria caquetae (Fowler 1943). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Orteguasa River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

caracasensis, Hemiloricaria Bleeker [P.] 1862:3 [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises v. 2; ref. 393] Caracas, Venezuela. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3120. Type information: Van der Stigchel 1947:177 [ref. 13094], Boeseman 1972:312 and pl. 1 [ref. 19698]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]. Also appeared in Bleeker 1863:81 [ref. 401]. For locality information see Boeseman 1972:312 [ref. 19698]. •Valid as Hemiloricaria caracasensis Bleeker 1862 -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Rineloricaria caracasensis (Bleeker 1862) -- (Isbrücker 1980:104 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:442 [ref. 12860], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:341 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria caracasensis (Bleeker 1862). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Caribbean coastal drainages, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

carachama, Monistiancistrus Fowler [H. W.] 1940:236, Figs. 26-27 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91 (for 1939); ref. 1432] Contamana, Río Ucayali basin, Ucayali, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 68654. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:289 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Monistiancistrus carachama Fowler 1940 -- (Isbrücker 1980:57 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Pseudorinelepis genibarbis (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Armbruster & Hardman 1999:57 [ref. 23670], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:366 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:289 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudorinelepis genibarbis (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Rhinelepinae. Habitat: freshwater.

careirensia, Sturisoma Londoño-Burbano [A.] & Britto [M. R.] 2023:42, Figs. 1c, 29 [Journal of Fish Biology Early view; ref. 40709] Janauacá Lake, lower Solimões River, Amazon River basin, Janauacá, Amazonas, Brazil, 3°25'S, 60°17'W. Holotype: MZUSP 26945. Paratypes: BMNH, MCP, MZUSP. •Valid as Sturisoma careirensia Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2023. Current status: Valid as Sturisoma careirensia Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2023. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: middle Amazon River basin, Amazonas, Brazil, Habitat: freshwater.

careopinnatus, Hypostomus Martins [F. de O.], Marinho [M. M. F.], Langeani [F.] & Serra [J. P.] 2012:494, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2012 (no. 3); ref. 32197] Alto Araguaia, tributary of Rio Ariranha, Rio Taquari drainage, upper Rio Paraguay basin, 17°18'37"S, 53°32'22"W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: DZSJRP 12231. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, CPUFMT, DZSJRP, INPA, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP, UFRGS. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:444 [ref. 35588], Oliveira et al. 2022:20 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus careopinnatus Martins, Marinho, Langeani & Serra 2012 -- (Rosa et al. 2014:59 [ref. 33228], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus careopinnatus Martins, Marinho, Langeani & Serra 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Taquari drainage, upper Paraguay River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

carinata, Farlowella Garman [S.] in Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889:32 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 2; ref. 1253] Gurupá, Oarä state, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 9830. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1889.11.14.68 (1); MCZ 7742 (2), 7769 (orig. 2, now 1), 7770 (orig. 4, now 1), 7771 (orig. 3, now 1), 7773 (1), 54411 [ex MCZ 9830] (1); ZMA 115267 [ex MCZ 9830] (1), 115268 [ex MCZ 7769] (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:51-52 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155] Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1979:114 [ref. 2302]. The correct spelling of the valid species epithet is amazonum, a noun that does not decline (see note under Curimatus amazonum). •Valid as Farlowella carinata Garman 1889 -- (Isbrücker 1980:97 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:441 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Farlowella amazona (Günther 1864) -- (Retzer & Page 1997:69 [ref. 23176], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Farlowella amazonum (Günther 1864) -- (Marajó et al. 2018:4 [ref. 36366]). Current status: Synonym of Farlowella amazonum (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

carinata, Hirtella Pereira [E. H. L.], Zanata [A. M.], Cetra [M.] & Reis [R. E.] 2014:674, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2014 (no. 4); ref. 33601] Bahia, Camacan, Riacho Braço do Sul, tributary to Rio Panelão, lower Rio Pardo drainage, Brazil, 15°25'17"S, 39°34'01"W, elevation 300 meters. Holotype: MCP 48127. Paratypes: AMNH, MCP, MZUSP, UFBA. •Valid as Hirtella carinata Pereira, Zanata, Cetra & Reis 2014 -- (Pereira & Reis 2017:71 [ref. 35307], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hirtella carinata Pereira, Zanata, Cetra & Reis 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Riacho Braço do Sul tributaries (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

carinata, Loricaria Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:46, Pl. 23 (fig. 3) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Amazon River, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9562. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:74 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]. Type information: Isbrücker 1972:178-179, Fig. 8 [ref. 20708]. •Synonym of Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758 -- (Isbrücker 1980:116 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:60 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:337 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

carinatum, Hypoptopoma Steindachner [F.] 1879:48, Pl. 4 (fig. 3) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 41; ref. 4228] Tributaries of the Amazon at the border of Peru. Holotype (unique): NMW 46267. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:276 [ref. 29155]. Species not included in earlier abstract [ref. 20480]. Oxyropsis is feminine so the correct combination is Oxyropsis carinata. •Valid as Hypoptopoma carinatum Steindachner 1879 -- (Isbrücker 1980:87 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Oxyropsis carinatum (Steindachner 1879) -- (Chang & Ortega 1995:6 [ref. 24302]). •Valid as Oxyropsis carinata (Steindachner 1879) -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Aquino & Miquelarena 2001:3 [ref. 26083], Aquino & Schaefer 2002:381 [ref. 26022], Isbrücker 2002:24 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:325 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:276 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Aquino & Sabaj Pérez 2016:137 [ref. 34526], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:76 [ref. 35633], Delapieve et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35713] as carinatum, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Oxyropsis carinata (Steindachner 1879). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

carinatus, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1881:108 [8], Pl. 4 (fig. 2) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Amazon River at Jatuarana, Ueranduba and Lake Saraca, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44094. Paralectotypes: (1) NMW 44096 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. On p. 8 of separate. Lectotype designation by Zawadzki et al. 2020: 197 [ref. 37387]. •Valid as Watawata carinata (Steindachner 1881) -- (Isbrücker eal. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:30 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus carinatus (Steindachner 1881) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] dated 1882, Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:74 [ref. 32701], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Zawadzki et al. 2020:192 [ref. 37387], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus carinatus (Steindachner 1881). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and central Amazon River basin (Brazil and Peru), Habitat: freshwater.

carinotus, Plecostomus (Carinotus) LaMonte [F. R.] 1933:2, Fig. 1 [American Museum Novitates No. 591; ref. 2705] Rio Doce, Espirito Santo State, eastern Brazil. Holotype (unique): AMNH 11911. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Delturus carinotus (LaMonte 1933) -- (Isbrücker 1980:9 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061], Reis et al. 2006:293 [ref. 28706], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Delturus carinotus (LaMonte 1933). Loricariidae: Delturinae. Distribution: Doce River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

carnegiei, Pseudancistrus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1916:85 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (nos 1-2) (art. 6); ref. 1233] Río San Gil, Santander, Río Magdalena system, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 58350 [ex CM 7346]. Paratypes: CAS 77344 [ex IU 13661] (2), 77345 [ex IU 13662] (4); FMNH 58351 (5). Type catalog: Henn 1928:85 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:70 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155] •Valid as Lasiancistrus carnegiei (Eigenmann 1916) -- (Isbrücker 1980:43-44 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Knaack 2000:58 [ref. 27233]). •Valid as Dolichancistrus carnegiei (Eigenmann 1916) -- (Isbrücker 2001:26, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:384 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155], Ballen & Vari 2012:508 [ref. 32204], Lujan et al. 2015:667 [ref. 33975], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:80 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Dolichancistrus carnegiei (Eigenmann 1916). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

carrancas, Pareiorhina Bockmann [F. A.] & Ribeiro [A. C.] 2003:232, Figs. 1-3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 3); ref. 27391] Córrego Debaixo da Serra, an upper course tributary of córrego do Beijinho, a left margin affluent of rio Grande at Reservoir of Camargos, in piedmont of Serra de Carrancas, 44°36'08.7"W, 21°26'39.7"S, Carrancas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, depth 980-1000 m. Holotype: MNRJ 23156 [? LIRP 2280]. Paratypes: LIRP 2280 (1, c&s), MNRJ 17064 (2 + 1 c&s). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:281 [ref. 29155] with holotype as LIRP 2280. •Valid as Pareiorhina carrancas Bockmann & Ribeiro 2003 -- (Chamon et al. 2005:550 [ref. 28313], Ferraris 2007:281 [ref. 29155], Pereira et al. 2010:37 [ref. 30753], Roxo et al. 2012:38 [ref. 32073] and belonging to a new genus, Soto et al. 2012:65 [ref. 32231], Silva et al. 2013:66 [ref. 32763], Azevedo-Santos & Roxo 2015:383 [ref. 33717], Silva et al. 2016:389 [ref. 34417], Pereira & Reis 2017:76 [ref. 35307]). Current status: Valid as Pareiorhina carrancas Bockmann & Ribeiro 2003. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Grande River basin, upper Paraná River system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

carreiro, Hisonotus Carvalho [T. P.] & Reis [R. E.] 2011:27, Figs. 4d, 8d, 28, 29 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31240] Serafina Corrêa, rio Carreiro, downstream of Carreiro bathing spot, 28°42'10"S, 51°50'57"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 44515. Paratypes: ANSP 188702 (3); MCN 16361 (3); MCP 40495 (4, 2 c&s), 40943 (3), 41548 (1); MZUSP 104944 (3); UFRGS 6961 (7). Name is a noun in apposition. •Valid as Hisonotus carreiro Carvalho & Reis 2011 -- (Roxo et al. 2015:137 [ref. 33763], Zawadzki et al. 2016:380 [ref. 34367], Roxo et al. 2016:235 [ref. 34426], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2018:[12] [ref. 35900]). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus carreiro Carvalho & Reis 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Carreiro drainage, tributary of the rio Taquari, rio Jacuí basin, Laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

carrioni, Lipopterichthys Norman [J. R.] 1935:628, Figs. [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 15 (no. 90); ref. 3223] Río Zamora near Loja, upper Amazon River basin, eastern Ecuador. Holotype: BMNH 1933.5.29.1 (78 mm). Paratypes: BMNH 1933.5.29.2-5 (4). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:267 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Lipopterichthys carrioni Norman 1935 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:40 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:65 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:389 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:267 [ref. 29155], Salcedo 2013:564 [ref. 32670], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745]). •Valid as Chaetostoma carrioni (Norman 1935) -- (Salcedo 2006:62 [ref. 28542], Lujan et al. 2015:676 [ref. 33975]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma carrioni (Norman 1935). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Santiago River drainage (southwestern Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

carvalhoi, Harttia Miranda Ribeiro [P. de] 1939:11, Pl. 2 (upper) [Boletim Biológico, São Paulo (Nova Série) v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 3024] Rio Paquequer, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Syntypes: (2) MNRJ 1038 [ex Seçao de Zoologia do Museau Nacional, Brazil]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:240 [ref. 29155] with 11 syntypes. •Valid as Harttia carvalhoi Miranda Ribeiro 1939 -- (Isbrücker 1980:90 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860], Oyakawa 1993:19 [ref. 21109], Langeani et al. 2001:141 [ref. 25126], Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001:80 [ref. 25404], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:335 [ref. 27061], Provenzano et al. 2005:521 [ref. 28461], Ferraris 2007:240 [ref. 29155], Oyakawa et al. 2013:785 [ref. 33027], Oyakawa et al. 2018:85 [ref. 35818]). Current status: Valid as Harttia carvalhoi Miranda Ribeiro 1939. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Paquequer River basin in Paraíba do Sul River drainage, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

carvalhoi, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1937:54 [O Campo Rio de Janeiro No. 1; ref. 5025] Rio Granjeiro, Crato, Ceará, Brazil. Lectotype: MNRJ 924A. Paralectotypes: MNRJ 924 (3). Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:401 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Miranda Ribeiro 1953:401 [ref. 12732] [but perhaps specimen not isolated]. Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355] and Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170] state MNRJ 28870 (2) as syntypes. •Valid as Hypostomus carvalhoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1937) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:241 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus carvalhoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1937). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cashibo, Loricaria Eigenmann [C. H.] & Allen [W. R.] 1942:205 [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Lake Cashiboya, Upper Amazon River basin, Peru. Holotype (unique): IU 15416. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Loricariichthys cashibo (Eigenmann & Allen 1942) -- (Isbrücker 1980:126 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:445 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:338 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745] as Loricarichthys). Current status: Valid as Loricariichthys cashibo (Eigenmann & Allen 1942). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River basin: Peru and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

castanea, Loricaria Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:46, Pl. 23 (fig. 4) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9561. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:74 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Loricariichthys castaneus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Isbrücker 1980:126 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:445 [ref. 12860], Reis & Pereira 2000:1035 [ref. 25021], Isbrücker 2001:29, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:338 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155], Reis et al. 2021:565 [ref. 38433]). Current status: Valid as Loricariichthys castaneus (Castelnau 1855). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Coastal streams in southeastern Brazil between southern São Paulo and northern Espírito Santo, including the Paraíba do Sul River basin (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo States), Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

castaneus, Eurycheilichthys Reis [R. E.] 2017:[11], Figs. 2d, 9 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35226] Arroio Burro Preto, tributary to rio Guaporé, rio Taquari basin, on road RS-324, between Passo Fundo and Marau, Marau, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 28°21'29"S, 52°15'51"W, elevation above 400 meters. Holotype: MCP 40664. Paratypes: AMNH, MCP, MZUSP. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Eurycheilichthys castaneus Reis 2017 -- (Delapiewe et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40645]). Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys castaneus Reis 2017. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Guaporé drainage, Taquari-Antas basin (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

castelnaui, Hemiancistrus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1911:58 [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 16; ref. 3716] Río Ucayali, Peru. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:265 [ref. 29155]. Replacement name for Hypostomus pictus Castelnau 1855, secondarily preoccupied in Hemiancistrus by Ancistrus pictus Kner 1854. Lasiancistrus castelnaui should be used as valid since the replacement of the secondary junior homonym pictus happened before 1961 (see Art. 59.3 of the Code). However, castelnaui has been found to be a synonym of schomburgkii (Günther 1864). •Valid as Lasiancistrus castelnaui (Miranda Ribeiro 1911) -- (Isbrücker 2001:27, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:387 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Günther 1864) -- (Armbruster 2005:561 [ref. 28554], Ferraris 2007:265 [ref. 29155], Armbruster 2015:99 [ref. 33670]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Lasiancistrus schomburgkii (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

castroi, Rineloricaria Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.] 1984:93, Fig. 1 [Beaufortia v. 34 (no. 3); ref. 9845] Rio Trombetas, Trapiche da Reserva Biológica de Trombetas, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP 15731. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiloricaria castroi (Isbrücker & Nijssen 1984) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:27, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Rineloricaria castroi Isbrücker & Nijssen 1984 -- (Burgess 1989:442 [ref. 12860], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:341 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:78 [ref. 35633], Londoño-Burbano & Urbano-Bonilla 2018:382 [ref. 36212], Careaga et al. 2020:78 [ref. 37774], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40346]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria castroi Isbrücker & Nijssen 1984. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

catamarcensis, Loricaria Berg [C.] 1895:137 [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires v. 4; ref. 14575] Arroyo El Tala, Catamarca Province, Argentina. Syntypes: MACN 3585 (1), 5171 (1). Type catalog: Braga & Piacentino 1994:100 [ref. 23697], Ferraris 2007:294 [ref. 29155]. Ferraris 2007:294 [ref. 29155] indicates types were not found at MACN. •Valid as Rineloricaria catamarcensis (Berg 1895) -- (Isbrücker 1980:104 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:442 [ref. 12860], Haro et al. 1996:6 [ref. 25004], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], López et al. 2002:60 [ref. 26808], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:341 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:48 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Rodriguez & Miquelarena 2005:2 [ref. 28173], Ferraris 2007:294 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:46 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria catamarcensis (Berg 1895). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Tala and Salí River basins in Catamarca Province, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

cataphracta, Loricaria Linnaeus [C.] 1758:307 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mouth of Marowijne River, near Galibi, 5°45'N, 54°00'W, Suriname [South America]. Lectotype: NRM 33. Paralectotype: ZMUC (1). Type catalog: Isbrücker 1972:163 et seq. [ref. 20708], Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:223-224 [ref. 20707], Nijssen et al. 1982:57 [ref. 19236]. Type information: Wheeler 1989:214 [ref. 21873] with a lectotype (ZMUC 27). Neotype (ZMA 109616) designated by Isbrücker 1972:172-175 [ref. 20708] for the species sensu stricto (not including L. cataphracta beta), but that became invalid when syntypes were found. •Valid as Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:38 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1972 [ref. 20708], Isbrücker 1980:116 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:58 [ref. 5522], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Britski et al. 1998:132 [ref. 24147], Le Bail et al. 2000:280 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Schmidt 2001:235 [ref. 25646], Lasso et al. 2001:99 [ref. 25928], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2003:865 [ref. 26999], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:337 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Melo et al. 2016:134 [ref. 34701], Marceniuk et al. 2017:39 [ref. 35324], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:78 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:74 [ref. 35773], Silvano et al. 2020:259 [ref. 38135], Saraiva et al. 2021:432 [ref. 38090], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:49 [ref. 39235], Provenzano-Rizzi et al. in Lasso & Morales-Betancourt 2022:190 [ref. 40783], Londoño-Burbano et al. 2023:20 [ref. 40487], Vieira et al. 2023:21 [ref. 40759] as cf. cataphracta). Current status: Valid as Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin and coastal rivers in the Guianas (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

cataphracta, Plecostomus Meuschen [F. C.] 1778:39 [ ref. 17682] Original not seen. Not available, published in a rejected work (Opinion 260). Suppressed. Loricariidae: Loricariinae.

cataphracta, Plecostomus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:158 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] South America (probably Suriname). Neotype: ZMB 3163. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155]. Regarded by Isbrücker 1971:1, 15-16 [ref. 21907] as separate from Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758. Neotype designated by Isbrücker 1971:15 [ref. 21907]. •Objective synonym of Loricariichthys maculatus (Bloch 1794) after lectotype designation -- (Isbrücker 1971:12 [ref. 21907], Isbrücker 1980:127 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:26 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:339 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Loricariichthys maculatus (Bloch 1794). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

caucanus, Ancistrus Fowler [H. W.] 1943:253, Figs. 40-43 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Sonsón, Río Cauca basin, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 70516. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus caucanus Fowler 1943 -- (Isbrücker 1980:67 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155], Taphorn et al. 2013:346 [ref. 32678], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus caucanus Fowler 1943. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

caucanus, Lasiancistrus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:11 [Indiana University Studies No. 16 [sic No. 8]; ref. 1228] Cartago, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56034 [ex CM 4824]. Paratypes: (8, CM and IU) CAS 77327 [ex IU 12683] (4); FMNH 56035 (4). Type catalog: Henn 1928:84 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:51 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:264 [ref. 29155]. Armbruster 2005:555 [ref. 28554] serves as first reviser selecting L. caucanus over H. mayoloi when both are synonyms. •Valid as Lasiancistrus caucanus Eigenmann 1912 -- (Isbrücker 1980:44 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Knaack 2000:58 [ref. 27233], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:387 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2005:553 [ref. 28554], Ferraris 2007:264 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35633], Poveda-Cuellar et al. 2023:12 [ref. 40298]). Current status: Valid as Lasiancistrus caucanus Eigenmann 1912. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Cauca River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cavatica, Peckoltia Armbruster [J. W.] & Werneke [D. C.] 2005:8, Figs. 2, 4 [Zootaxa No. 882; ref. 28101] Rupununi River, 3.7 kilometers south-southeast. of Massara, 03.86228°N, -059.28439°W, Rupununi (Region 9), Guyana. Holotype: UG/CSBD 11043. Paratypes: ANSP 180209-10 (6, 10); AUM 35536 (8, 2 c&s), 36229 (7, 4 c&s); UG/CSBD 11044 (6); USNM 372572 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Peckoltia cavatica Armbruster & Werneke 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155], Armbruster 2008:24 [ref. 29740], de Oliveira et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30929] as cf. cavatica, Fisch-Muller et al. 2012:189 [ref. 31970], de Oliveira et al. 2012:548 [ref. 32202], Armbruster & Lujan 2016:117 [ref. 34264]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltia cavatica Armbruster & Werneke 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rupununi River, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

caxarari, Otocinclus Schaefer [S. A.] 1997:71, Figs. 44, 49b [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 148; ref. 23213] Between Guajara-Mirim and Mato Grosso, about 10°48'S, 65°23'W, Rio Solimões/Madeira/Guaporé basin, Brazil/Bolivia border. Holotype: MZUSP 51102. Paratypes: MCP 19286 (9), MZUSP 51602 (9), USNM 316402 (21, 2 c&s), plus non-type material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:274 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Otocinclus caxarari Schaefer 1997 -- (Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Britto & Moreira 2002:1067 [ref. 26512], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:324 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:274 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Delapieve et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35713]). Current status: Valid as Otocinclus caxarari Schaefer 1997. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Madeira River basin: Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cearensis, Parotocinclus Garavello [J. C.] 1977:14, Figs. 19-20 [Arquivos de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 7249] Cachoeira do Gusmao, Ipu, Ceará State, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 10176. Paratypes: ANSP 69414 (1), 69415-16 (2); MNRJ 8689 and 10155-10175 (124). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155].. •Valid as Parotocinclus cearensis Garavello 1977 -- (Isbrücker 1980:79 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Lacerda & Evers 1996:88 [ref. 22351], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Ribeiro et al. 2002:218 [ref. 26534], Britski & Garavello 2002:287 [ref. 26540], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155], Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:62 [ref. 32074], Lehmann A. et al. 2013:437 [ref. 32919], Ramos et al. 2013:787 [ref. 33028], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Ramos et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35268], Silva-Junior et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37598], Ramos et al. 2021:2 [ref. 38561]). Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus cearensis Garavello 1977. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Ceará, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

centrolepis, Ancistrus Regan [C. T.] 1913:470 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 12 (no. 71); ref. 3656] Río Condoto, Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 1913.10.1.58. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1910.4.11.122 (1) Rio San Juan, Colombia Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype designation not researched, not designated here. •Valid as Ancistrus centrolepis Regan 1913 -- (Isbrücker 1980:67 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:219 [ref. 29155], Taphorn et al. 2013:351 [ref. 32678], Taphorn et al. 2013:351 [ref. 32678], de Oliveira et al. 2015:73 [ref. 33869], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35633], Provenzano & Barriga-Salazar 2018:231 [ref. 36344]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus centrolepis Regan 1913. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of northern Andes, rivers of northern Colombia, Atrato, Baudo and San Juan River basins: Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cephalacanthus, Otocinclus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1911:93 [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 16; ref. 3716] Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNRJ 1050. Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:400 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:276 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Otocinclus cephalacanthus Miranda Ribeiro 1911 -- (Isbrücker 1980:82 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860]). •In Otothyris -- (Schaefer 1997:8 [ref. 23213]). •Synonym of Otothyris lophophanes (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889) -- (Garavello et al. 1998:5 [ref. 23346], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:325 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:276 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Otothyris lophophanes (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater.

cephalaspis, Crossoloricaria Isbrücker [I. J. H.] 1979:102, Figs. 18-19 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 5 (no. 4) [for 1978]; ref. 2302] Río Magdalena, Colombia (either 11°00'N, 74°50'W; 6°28'N, 74°28'W or 5°15'N, 74°50'W). Holotype (unique): BMNH 1947.7.1.228. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:232 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Crossoloricaria cephalaspis Isbrücker 1979 -- (Isbrücker 1980:120 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Chang & Castro 1999:81 [ref. 23673], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:331 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:232 [ref. 29155], Covain et al. 2015:515 [24] [ref. 34066], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:77 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Crossoloricaria cephalaspis Isbrücker 1979. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cepta, Pareiorhina Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Mehanna [M.] & Oliveira [C.] 2012:65, Figs. 1-2, 3a [Zootaxa No. 3512; ref. 32231] Corrego do Lavapés, affluent Rio Santo Antônio, affluent Rio Samburá, Rio São Francisco basin, 20°08'36"S, 46°38'21"W, municipality of São Roque de Minas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 111095. Paratypes: LBP 10261 (1), 10287 (13), 11835 (20, 1 c&s); LIRP 8950 (2); MCP 46896 (2), NUP 13578 (2). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:15 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Pareiorhina cepta Roxo, Silva, Mehanna & Oliveira 2012 -- (Silva et al. 2013:66 [ref. 32763], Azevedo-Santos & Roxo 2015:383 [ref. 33717], Silva et al. 2016:389 [ref. 34417], Pereira & Reis 2017:76 [ref. 35307]). Current status: Valid as Pareiorhina cepta Roxo, Silva, Mehanna & Oliveira 2012. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Francisco basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

cerosus, Hemipsilichthys Miranda Ribeiro [P. de] (ex A. de Miranda Ribeiro) 1951:xxxix [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 42 (no. 1); ref. 19699] No locality. Lectotype: MNRJ 648. Paralectotypes: MNRJ 22213 [ex MNRJ 648] (1). Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:400 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Miranda Ribeiro 1953:400 [ref. 12732] but specimen not isolated. Lectotype selected by Pereira & Reis 2002:115 [ref. 26071]. Species epithet is an adjective and corrected to cerosa when in genus Pareiorhaphis. •Valid as Hemipsilichthys cerosus Miranda Ribeiro 1951 -- (Isbrücker 1980:11-12 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Oliveira & Oyakawa 1999:79 [ref. 23672], Pereira et al. 2000:377 [ref. 25081], Bizerril 1995:116 [ref. 25087], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Pereira & Reis 2002:115 [ref. 26071], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:353 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pareiorhaphis cerosus (Miranda Ribeiro 1951) -- (Periera 2005:272 [ref. 28273], Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155], Pereira et al. 2012:539 [ref. 32218], Pereiro & Zanata 2014:36 [ref. 33226], Pereira & Reis 2017:75 [ref. 35307]). •Valid as Pareiorhaphis cerosa (Miranda Ribeiro 1951). Current status: Valid as Pareiorhaphis cerosa (Miranda Ribeiro 1951). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Eastern Brazilian coastal basin. Habitat: freshwater.

cerrado, Hemiancistrus de Souza [L. S.], Melo [M. R. S.], Chamon [C. C.] & Armbruster [J. W.] 2008:420, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29848] Município Goiás Velho, rio Bugre, tributary of rio Vermelho, under bridge on road GO-164, 25 kilometers northwest of Goiás, 15°47'13"S, 50°07'53"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 89078. Paratypes: AUM 45427 (4); MZUSP 26549 (1), 89389 (1), 98668 (6, 1 c&s). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as "Hemiancistrus" cerrado de Souza, Melo, Chamon & Armbruster 2008 -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670]). Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus cerrado de Souza, Melo, Chamon & Armbruster 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tributaries of the Araguaia River, Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cesarpintoi, Parotocinclus Miranda Ribeiro [P. de] 1939:364, Fig. [Boletim Biológico, São Paulo (Nova Série) v. 4 (no. 3); ref. 10385] Riacho Quebrângulo, Rio Paraíba do Meio drainage, Quebrângulo, Alagoas State, Brazil. Syntypes: (2+) Seção de Zoologia do Museu Nacional, Brasil [now MNRJ 1022 (10), MNRJ 1154 (10)]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Parotocinclus cesarpintoi Miranda Ribeiro 1939 -- (Garavello 1977:17 [ref. 7249], Isbrücker 1980:79 [ref. 2303], Garavello 1988:117 [ref. 6853], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Lacerda & Evers 1996:88 [ref. 22351], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Ribeiro et al. 2002:218 [ref. 26534], Britski & Garavello 2002:287 [ref. 26540], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:62 [ref. 32074], Ramos et al. 2013:788 [ref. 33028], Silva-Junior et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37598], Ramos et al. 2021:2 [ref. 38561]). Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus cesarpintoi Miranda Ribeiro 1939. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Paraíba do Meio River basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

chagresi, Ancistrus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1889:47 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 2; ref. 1253] Río Chagres, Panama Canal Zone, Panama. Syntypes: MCZ 8026 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus chagresi Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 -- (Isbrücker 1980:67 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155], Taphorn et al. 2013:354 [ref. 32678], de Oliveira et al. 2015:73 [ref. 33869]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus chagresi Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Panama Canal Zone, Chagres, Gatun and Chorrera River basins, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

changae, Chaetostoma Salcedo [N. J.] 2006:61, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2006 (no. 1); ref. 28542] Vicinity of Tingo María, backwater near Puerto Nuevo, flowinginto Río Tullamaya, 9°18'S, 75°59'W, Departamento de Huánuco, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 179125. Paratypes: ANSP 138891 (1), 138950 (13); MUSM 14904 (2). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Chaetostoma changae Salcedo 2006 -- (Salcedo 2006:218 [ref. 28842], Salcedo 2006:218 [ref. 28842], Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma changae Salcedo 2006. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Huallaga River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

changae, Panaque Chockley [B. R.] & Armbruster [J. W.] 2002:83, Fig. 1 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 26069] Río Itaya, río Amazonas drainage, 11 kilometers south-southwest of center of Iquitos at bearing 39°, 3°49'47.6"S, 73°18'2.9"W, Loreto, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 17107. Paratypes: AUM 29929 (1), INHS 42419 (2), MUSM 17108 (1), SIU 29928 (1). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Panaque changae Chockley & Armbruster 2002 -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:391 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Panaqolus changae (Chockley & Armbruster 2002) -- (Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155], Fisch-Muller et al. 2012:189 [ref. 31970], Lujan et al. 2013:192 [ref. 32784], Cramer 2014:69 [ref. 33229], Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015:469 [ref. 33945], Cramer & Sousa 2016:14 [ref. 34885], Lujan et al. 2017:333 [12] [ref. 35031] as subgenus Panaqolus, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Panaqolus changae (Chockley & Armbruster 2002). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Itaya and Momon River basins (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

chanjoo, Parahemiodon Fowler [H. W.] 1940:240, Figs. 30-32 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91 (for 1939); ref. 1432] Contamana, Río Ucayali basin, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 68656. Paratypes: ANSP 68657-59 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Loricariichthys chanjoo (Fowler 1940) -- (Isbrücker 1980:126 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:445 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker et al. 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:338 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745] in genus Loricarichthys, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Loricariichthys chanjoo (Fowler 1940). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon basin (Peru and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

chaparae, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1940:81, Figs. 38-40 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 92; ref. 1436] Boca Chapare, Río Chimore, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 69067. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus chaparae (Fowler 1940) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Armbruster & Page 1996:384 [ref. 22151], Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus popoi (Pearson 1924) -- (Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:26 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Hypostomus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of page). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 1998:254 [ref. 23319], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155], Ray & Armbruster 2016:526 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

charrua, Hisonotus Almirón [A. E.], Azpelicueta [M. de las M.], Casciotta [J. R.] & Litz [T.] 2006:87 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 113 (no. 1); ref. 28713] Ríp Uruguay basin, Cañada de Los Peña, 31°39.09'S, 56°12.32'W, Dept. Tacuarembó, Uruguay. Holotype: ZVC-P 5639. Paratypes: Al, MHNG, MTD, ZVC. Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:7 [ref. 34112], Loureiro et al. 2016:414 [ref. 35150]. •Valid as Hisonotus charrua Almirón, Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Litz 2006 -- (Azpelicueta & Almirón 2007:596 [ref. 29353], Ferraris 2007:440 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Carvalho & Reis 2009:35 [ref. 30193], Koerber 2011:6 [ref. 31122], Garvalho & Reis 2011:21 [ref. 31240], Koerber 2014:9 [ref. 33621], Litz & Koerber 2014:24 [ref. 33622], Roxo et al. 2015:137 [ref. 33763], Mirande & Koerber 2015:41 [ref. 35117], Zawadzki et al. 2016:380 [ref. 34367], Roxo et al. 2016:235 [ref. 34426], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:31 [ref. 35565] with authors as Almirón, Casciotta, Azpelicueta & Litz, Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2018:[12] [ref. 35900], Loureiro et al. 2023:118 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus charrua Almirón, Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Litz 2006. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: La Plata River and Uruguay River basins (Argentina and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

chauliodon, Brochiloricaria Isbrücker [I. J. H.] 1979:90, 102, Figs. 15-17 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 5 (no. 4) [for 1978]; ref. 2302] Isla El Dorado, Paraná Guaza [Guazú], 60 kilometers northwest of Villa Ballester, Province Entre Rios, Argentina. Holotype: ZSM 23342. Paratypes: NMW 45144 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:263 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Brochiloricaria chauliodon Isbrücker 1979 -- (Isbrücker 1980:119 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:331 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:45 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:79 [ref. 28131], Rodriguez & Miquelarena 2005:142 [ref. 28787], Ferraris 2007:227 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:44 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:417 [ref. 34561], Loureiro et al. 2023:102 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Brochiloricaria chauliodon Isbrücker 1979. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: La Plata River basin (Argentina and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

chimu, Chaetostoma Urbano-Bonilla [A.] & Ballen [G. A.] 2021:2, Figs. 1-2 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 98 (no. 4); ref. 38058] Sardinata River, Güejar River drainage, tributary to the upper Guaviare River, Orinoco basin, Serranía de la Macarena, Vista Hermosa, Meta, Colombia, 03°01'7.1"N, 73°50'27.4"W, elevation 276 meters. Holotype: MPUJ 14918 [ex 9936]. Paratypes: IAVHP, MPUJ. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Chaetostoma chimu Urbano-Bonilla & Ballen 2021. Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma chimu Urbano-Bonilla & Ballen 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Meta and Guaviare River drainages, Andean foothills of the Orinoco basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

chlorostictus, Hemiancistrus Cardoso [A. R.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 1999:144, Figs. 2-3 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS, Série Zoologia v. 12; ref. 24148] Passo Fundo dam, Gerasul UHPF, Ronda Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, about 27°40'09"S, 52°45'25"W. Holotype: MCP 21153. Paratypes: MCP 19939 (6), 19941 (7). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiancistrus chlorostictus Cardoso & Malabarba 1999 -- (Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:385 [ref. 27061], Cardoso & da Silva 2004:1 [ref. 27704], Cardoso 2004:176 [ref. 27799], Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155], Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670] as "Hemiancistrus", Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561]). Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus chlorostictus Cardoso & Malabarba 1999. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Uruguay River basin, Passo Fundo dam, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

chromodontus, Hisonotus Britski [H. A.] & Garavello [J. C.] 2007:414, Figs. 1 [Brazilian Journal of Biology v. 67 (no. 3); ref. 29429] Diamantino, creek no. 1, tributary of Rio Preto, on road to São Francisco, Rio Arinos drainage, about 14°18'S, 56°20'W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 45355. Paratypes: many at ANSP, MCP, MHNG and MZUSP. •Valid as Hisonotus chromodontus Britski & Garavello 2007 -- (Garvalho & Reis 2011:44 [ref. 31240], Carvalho & Datovo 2012:266 [ref. 32054], Roxo et al. 2014:57 [ref. 33252], Silva et al. 2014:119 [ref. 33533], Roxo et al. 2015:137 [ref. 33763], Zawadzki et al. 2016:380 [ref. 34367], Roxo et al. 2016:235 [ref. 34426], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2018:[12] [ref. 35900], Dias et al. 2018:583 [ref. 36235]). •Valid as Rhinotocinclus chromodontus (Britski & Garavello 2007) -- (Reis & Lehmann A. 2022:80 [ref. 39390]). Current status: Valid as Rhinotocinclus chromodontus (Britski & Garavello 2007). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Tapajós drainage, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

chrysolomus, Baryancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], Zuanon [J.] & de Oliveira [R. R.] 2011:247, Figs. 5-6 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 31383] Rio Xingu at Furo do Ramiro, 3°15'21"S, 52°05'06"W, Altamira, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 33947. Paratypes: many at INPA, MPEG, MZUSP, ZUEC. •Valid as Baryancistrus chrysolomus Rapp Py-Daniel, Zuanon & de Oliveira 2011 -- (de Oliveira et al. 2019:491 [ref. 36981]). Current status: Valid as Baryancistrus chrysolomus Rapp Py-Daniel, Zuanon & de Oliveira 2011. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Xingu and rio Iriri drainages, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

chrysostiktos, Hypostomus Birindelli [J. L. O.], Zanata [A. M.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2007:272, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 29280] Iaçu, rio Paraguaçu, Fazenda Santo Antonio at 10 kilometers from Vila São Vicente, 12°30'54.1"S, 39°22'53.9"W, Bahia State, Brazil, elevation 134 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 88157. Paratypes: many at ANSP, AUM, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP and UFBA. •Valid as Hypostomus chrysostiktos Birindelli, Zanata & Lima 2007 -- (Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). •Valid as Pterygoplichthys chrysostiktos (Birindelli, Zanata & Lima 2007) -- (Anjos et al. 2020:575 [ref. 37130], Silva et al. 2020:12 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys chrysostiktos (Birindelli, Zanata & Lima 2007). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraguaçu River basin (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

ciliatus, Hypostomus Bleeker [P.] 1864:11 [Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem (Ser. 2) v. 20; ref. 14181] Not available, museum name mentioned in passing under Pseudancistrus guttatus. Nomen Nudum. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

cirrhosa, Loricaria Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:125, Pl. 34 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] South America. Lectotype: ZMB 3160. Paralectotypes: ZMB 22223 [ex ZMB 3160] (1). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:95, and errata on inside of back cover [ref. 24282], Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1972:170 [ref. 20708]. •Synonym of Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758 -- (Isbrücker 1980:116 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:60 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:337 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

cirrhosa, Loricaria Perugia [A.] 1897:22 [7] [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 18; ref. 18536] Río Beni, Mission Mosetenes, Bolivia. Lectotype: MSNG 8850. Paralectotypes: (3) MSNG 43118 [ex 8850] (2). Type catalog: Tortonese 1963:311 [ref. 10351], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155].. On p. 7 of separate. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Loricaria cirrhosa Bloch & Schneider 1801. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1973:174 [ref. 22669]. •Synonym of Spatuloricaria evansii (Boulenger 1892) -- (Isbrücker 1980:113 [ref. 2303] with question, Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:345 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:46 [ref. 35117]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Spatuloricaria evansii (Boulenger 1892). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

cirrhosus, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] 1836:Pl. 7 (fig. 3) [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] No locality. Non-types (possibly incl. holotype): MNHN 0000-4845 (4), A-9565 (2), and B-0603 (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:68 [ref. 19575] as syntypes; technically the figured specimen is the unique holotype if identifiable, Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155]. Name available from plate as above, description in Valenciennes 1847:8 [ref. 5010]. Pl. 7 was published in 1836. See also Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:511 [ref. 1008]. A lectotype (MNHN 4845, 86.8 mm SL) was selected by Isbrücker 1980:67 [ref. 2303] but that has no standing. •Valid as Ancistrus cirrhosus (Valenciennes 1836) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:38 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:67-68 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:16 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:65 [ref. 23791], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Knaack 1999:152 [ref. 23874], Britski et al. 1999:134 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:25, 28 [ref. 25653], Miquelarena et al. 2002:78 [ref. 26517], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:53 [ref. 27366] dating to 1840, Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Bifi et al. 2009:41 [ref. 30541], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:161, 191 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:41 [ref. 35117], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565] dated 1840, Reis et al. 2020:466 [ref. 38364] as cf. cirrhosus). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus cirrhosus (Valenciennes 1836). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin (Bolivia, Argentina and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

citurensis, Oxyloricaria Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1913:82 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Cupe at Cituro, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7585. Paratypes: FMNH 29499 (1), 29500-06 (7), 29507 (1), 29508-36 (29), 29537-41 (5), 29542-54 (13), 29555-56 (2), 29557-58 (2), 19559-648 (90); USNM 78363 (2). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:63 [ref. 12367], Ferraris & Vari 1992:30 [ref. 19771] with remarks, Ferraris 2007:300 [ref. 29155]. Probable paratypes; original description specifically cited only the type but species is based on more than one specimen collected at type locality. •Valid as Sturisomatichthys citurensis (Meek & Hildebrand 1913) -- (Isbrücker 1980:92 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860] as citrensis, Isbrücker 2001:30, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:346 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:300 [ref. 29155], Covain et al. 2015:514 [23] [ref. 34066], Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2019:774 [ref. 37158]). Current status: Valid as Sturisomatichthys citurensis (Meek & Hildebrand 1913). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Bayano, Capeti, Chucunaque, Cituro and Tuyra River basins, Panama and Atrato River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

claro, Ancistrus Knaack [J.] 1999:71, Figs. 1-3 + unnumbered [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 47 (no. 10); ref. 23828] Rio Claro, above the bridge, in the direction of Chappada dos Guimaraes, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 28667 [ex ZMB 32918]. Paratypes: MCP 28668 [ex ZMB 32919] (9). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus claro Knaack 1999 -- (Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:374 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155], Bifi et al. 2009:41 [ref. 30541], de Oliveira et al. 2015:81 [ref. 33869], Bifi et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36821]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus claro Knaack 1999. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cuiabá River basin in upper Paraguay River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

claustellifer, Panaqolus Tan [M.], de Souza [L. S.] & Armbruster [J. W.] 2016:[3], Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 14 (no. 2) (e150033); ref. 34532] Amazon River - rio Branco drainage, Takutu River near Lethem, Guyana, 3.47043°, -059.80993°. Holotype: CSBD F1702 (ex AUM 44721). Paratypes: AUM, MZUSP. •Valid as Panaqolus claustellifer Tan, de Souza & Armbruster 2016 -- (Cramer & de Sousa 2016:1 [ref. 34885], Lujan et al. 2017:333 [12] [ref. 35031] as subgenus Panaqolus). Current status: Valid as Panaqolus claustellifer Tan, de Souza & Armbruster 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guyana and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

clavipinna, Loricaria Fowler [H. W.] 1940:247, Figs. 44-47 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91 (for 1939); ref. 1432] Contamana, Ucayali River basin, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 68665. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Loricaria clavipinna Fowler 1940 -- (Isbrücker 1980:117 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:78 [ref. 5522], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:337 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155], Thomas & Sabaj Pérez 2010:280 [ref. 30831], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298], Saraiva et al. 2021:432 [ref. 38090], Londoño-Burbano et al. 2023:20 [ref. 40487]). Current status: Valid as Loricaria clavipinna Fowler 1940. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

clementinae, Ancistrus Rendahl [H.] 1937:4, Fig. 2 [Arkiv för Zoologi v. 29 (pt. 3) A (art. 11); ref. 15300] Río Clementina system, northwest of Babahoyo, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): NRM 10369. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus clementinae Rendahl 1937 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:38 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:68 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:212 [ref. 34894], Provenzano & Barriga-Salazar 2018:222 [ref. 36344]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus clementinae Rendahl 1937. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Pacific versant (Ecuador and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

cobrensis, Pseudancistrus pediculatus Schultz [L. P.] 1944:299, Pl. 9 (figs. A-B) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río Cobre, tributary to Río Quinta, below La Grita, Catatumbo system, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 121036. Paratypes: MBUCV (10); MCZ 37225 (50); MBUCV-V-18375 [ex USNM 121037] (10); UMMZ 141941 (60, 1 c&s); USNM 121037 (4820, now 4670); ZMA 102631 (30). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:61 [ref. 19236], Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Provenzano et al. 1998:15 [ref. 24196], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Pseudancistrus pediculatus Eigenmann 1918, but a valid subspecies as described -- (Galvis et al. 1997:96 [ref. 23651]). •Valid as Dolichancistrus cobrensis (Schultz 1944) -- (Isbrücker 1980:48 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:384 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155], Ballen & Vari 2012:510 [ref. 32204], Lujan et al. 2015:667 [ref. 33975], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:80 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Dolichancistrus cobrensis (Schultz 1944). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Catatumbo River basin in Lake Maracaibo drainage, Colombia and Venezuela and upper Apure in the río Orinoco basin. Habitat: freshwater.

cocama, Otocinclus Reis [R. E.] 2004:110, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 27934] Quebrada Yamayacu, about 4°55'S, 73°43'W, tributary to the caño of the cocha Supay in Jenaro Herrera, Provincia Requena, Departamento Loreto, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 20686. Paratypes: AMNH 233730 (3), MCP 34842 (10, 2 c&s), MUSM 20687 (5). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:274 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Otocinclus cocama Reis 2004 -- (Ferraris 2007:274 [ref. 29155], Ribeiro & Lehmann A. 2016:245 [ref. 34636], Delapieve et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35713], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298], Mejia & Reis 2023:[2] [ref. 40702]). Current status: Valid as Otocinclus cocama Reis 2004. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: lower Ucayali and Marañon rivers, upper Amazon River basin (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

cochliodon, Chaetostomus Steindachner [F.] 1879:194 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 16 (no. 18) (for 17 July 1879); ref. 20479] Río Cauca, Magdalena River drinage, Colombia. Syntypes: NMW 47297-98 (1, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Species later described in more detail in Steindachner 1879:187 [p. 69 in separate] [ref. 4229]. •Valid as Panaque cochliodon (Steindachner 1879) -- (Isbrücker 1980:74 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:24 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:391 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2010:683 [ref. 31098], Lujan et al. 2017:331 [ref. 35031], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633], Ortega-Lara & Lujan 2020:406 [ref. 37306]). Current status: Valid as Panaque cochliodon (Steindachner 1879). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cauca and Magdalena River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cochliodon, Hypostomus Kner [R.] 1854:265 [15], Pl. 2 (fig. 1) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Rio Cuiabá, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44101. Syntypes: NMW 46277 (1), 59395 (1, dry); RMNH D1897 [ex NMW] (1). Type information: Van der Stigchel 1947:157 [ref. 13094]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype designated by Tencatt et al. 2014:590 [ref. 33520]. On p. 15 of separate. •Valid as Cochliodon cochliodon (Kner 1854) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:39 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:39 [ref. 2303], Lilyestrom 1984:41 [ref. 23620], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:10 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:26, 28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131]). •Valid as Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854 -- (Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:366 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2003:21 [ref. 27426], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Armbruster et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29252], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Carvalho et al. 2010:39 [ref. 30754], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:49 [ref. 33227], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Tencatt et al. 2014:587 [ref. 33520], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:50 [ref. 33866], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Careaga et al. 2020:78 [ref. 37774] as gr. cochliodon, Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay and middle Paraná River basins (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay); introduced in Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

collinsae, Parotocinclus Schmidt [R. E.] & Ferraris [C. J., Jr.] 1985:341, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 98 (no. 2); ref. 17274] Essequibo River drainage, tributary to Takutu River, 6°15'N, 59°5'W, Essequibo, Guyana. Holotype: AMNH 55433. Paratypes: AMNH 55434 (4, largest c&s), USNM 265091 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Parotocinclus collinsae Schmidt & Ferraris 1985 -- (Garavello 1988:124 [ref. 6853], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Schaefer & Provenzano 1993:50 [ref. 20828], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Ribeiro et al. 2002:223 [ref. 26534], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Gauger & Buckup 2005:517 [ref. 28562], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155], Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:62 [ref. 32074], Lehmann A. et al. 2013:437 [ref. 32919], Lehmann A. et al. 2014:1 [ref. 33224], Lehmann A. et al. 2015:47 [ref. 33723], Roxo et al. 2016:131 [ref. 34921], Lehmann A. & Reis 2021:452 [ref. 38354], Lehmann A. et al. 2022:74 [ref. 39041]). •Valid as Rhinotocinclus collinsae (Schmidt & Ferraris 1985) -- (Reis & Lehmann A. 2022:57 [ref. 39390]). Current status: Valid as Rhinotocinclus collinsae (Schmidt & Ferraris 1985). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

colombiensis, Acestridium Retzer [M. E.] 2005:2, Fig. 1 [Zootaxa No. 972; ref. 28228] Río Inirida, lagoon at 1 kilometer up river from Puerto Inirida, Orinoco Basin, Guainia State, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 115255. Paratypes: FMNH 105169 (10), INHS 99093 (2), USNM 381314 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Acestridium colombiense Retzer 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155], Rodriguez & Reis 2007:429 [ref. 29464], Reis & Lehmann A. 2009:451 [ref. 30379], Rodriguez et al. 2015:325 [ref. 33908], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:75 [ref. 35633] as colombiensis, Delapieve et al. 2018:21 [ref. 35713] as colombiensis). Current status: Valid as Acestridium colombiense Retzer 2005. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Inirida River drainage, Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

colombiensis, Farlowella Retzer [M. E.] & Page [L. M.] 1997:62, Fig. 33 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 147; ref. 23176] Río Upia drainage, area of Guaicaramo, Meta Dept., Colombia. Holotype: CAS 123733. Paratypes: ANSP 88080 (11), CAS 169739 [ex CAS 123733] (1), INHS 32939 [ex ASNP 88080] (2). Type catalog: Sabaj et al. 1997:271 [ref. 23225], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Farlowella colombiensis Retzer & Page 1997 -- (Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155], Ballen & Mojica 2014:140 [ref. 33176], Ballen et al. 2016:331 [ref. 34915], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:76 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Farlowella colombiensis Retzer & Page 1997. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

commersoni, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] 1836:Pl. 7 (fig. 2) [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Río de La Plata, Montevideo, Uruguay. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9444 (dry). Valenciennes specimens and non-types: ?BMNH 1899.24.5.1 (1, dry), ?BMNH 1899.24.5.4-3 (2, dry); MNHN A-9443 (1), A-9445 (1), A-9563 (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:70 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. See Casatti & Castro 1998:232 [ref. 23663]. Name available from plate in 1837, description in Valenciennes 1847:8 [ref. 5010]. See also Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:495 [ref. 1008]. Lectotype selected by Weber 1986:994 [ref. 8023] as MNHN 99.24.5.7 [ex A.9444] but 99.24.5.7 is a BMNH number; but technically the unique holotype is the figured specimen in Pl. 7 (fig. 2) and that may be MNHN A.9444; A.9444 and A.9443 were collected by d'Orbigny and one or the other is the type. •Valid as Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes 1836 -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Weber 1986:994 [ref. 8023], Malabarba 1989:152 [ref. 14217], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Reis et al. 1990:736 [ref. 16139], López & Miquelarena 1991:20 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Sverlij et al. 1998:67 [ref. 27632] dated 1840, Butí & Cancino 1999:72 [ref. 25277], Zawadzki et al. 2001:914 [ref. 25469] as cf. commersonii, Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Miquelarena et al. 2002:79 [ref. 26517], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] as commersonii 1840, Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Garavello et al. 2012:267 [ref. 32033], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Cardoso et al. 2019:[8] [ref. 36685], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Loureiro et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40506], Penido et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40572]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes 1836. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: lower Paraná River basin (including the Iguazú. Paraguay, Plata and Dulce rivers) (Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

commersonoides, Loricaria Devincenzi [G. J.] 1943:3, Figs. 2-4 [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 13048] Río Uruguay at Paysandú, Uruguay. Holotype (unique): MHNM (apparently lost). Type catalog: Olazarri et al. 1970:4 [ref. 23527], Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155], Loureiro et al. 2016:412 [ref. 35150]. •Mention as Paraloricaria commersonoides (Devincenzi 1943) -- (Isbrücker 1979:112 [ref. 2302]). •Valid as Paraloricaria commersonoides (Devincenzi 1943) -- (Isbrücker 1980:115 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:339 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:47 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:26 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:45 [ref. 35117], Nión et al. 2016:31 [ref. 35565], Loureiro et al. 2023:104 [ref. 40506], Liotta et al. 2024:391 [ref. 40910]). Current status: Valid as Paraloricaria commersonoides (Devincenzi 1943). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin (Argentina, ?Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

commersonoides, Plecostomus Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & LaMonte [F. R.] 1933:3 [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Dársena Norte, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Holotype: AMNH 12243. Paratypes: AMNH 12244 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Plecostomus commersonoides Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933 -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Hypostomus commersonoides (Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933) -- (Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907) -- (López & Miquelarena 1991:29 [ref. 23548], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2019:[17] [ref. 36685]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

compta, Peckoltia de Oliveira [R. R.], Zuanon [J.], Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] & Rocha [M. S.] 2010:49, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 2534; ref. 30929] Itaituba, Pimental, rio Tapajós downstream from confluence with rio Ja,anxim, 4°41'06"S, 56°23'07"W, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 6865. Paratypes: INPA 6782 (4, 1 c&s), 6975 (4); MCP 45008 (1); MPEG 18643 (1); MZUSP 105752 (1). •Valid as Peckoltia compta de Oliveira, Zuanon, Rapp Py-Daniel & Rocha 2010 -- (de Oliveira et al. 2012:548 [ref. 32202], Armbruster et al. 2015:100 [ref. 33670], Armbruster & Lujan 2016:116 [ref. 34264]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltia compta de Oliveira, Zuanon, Rapp Py-Daniel & Rocha 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rios Tapajós and Jamanxim, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

condei, Apistoloricaria Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.] 1986:104, Figs. 1-4 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 12 (no. 4) [for 1985]; ref. 5212] Río Napo basin (upper Amazon), Napo Province, Ecuador. Holotype: FMNH 94683. Paratypes: EPN uncat. (1), EPN uncat. (1); FMNH 94677 (4), 94808 (1), 96551-52 (1, 1), 96558 (1); ZMA 119407 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Apistoloricaria condei Isbrücker & Nijssen 1986 -- (Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Chang & Ortega 1995:4 [ref. 24302], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:330 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Provenzano & Barriga Salazar 2020:497 [ref. 37527]). •Valid as Rhadinoloricaria condei (Isbrücker & Nijssen 1986) -- (Covain et al. 2015:515 [24] [ref. 34066]). Current status: Valid as Rhadinoloricaria condei (Isbrücker & Nijssen 1986). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River drainage, Napo River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

contradens, Hypancistrus Armbruster [J. W.], Lujan [N. K.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2007:64, Figs. 1A, 2 [Copeia 2007 (no. 1); ref. 29036] Río Ventuari, 23 kilometers northeast of Macuruco, 94 kilometers east of San Fernando de Atabapo, 4°04'50"N, 66°51'31"W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 54656. Paratypes: Many lots at ANSP, AUM, FMNH, and MCNG. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Hypancistrus contradens Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 2007 -- (Tan & Armbruster 2016:134 [ref. 34145], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:80 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus contradens Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 2007. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

coppenamensis, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1969:120, Fig. 3 [Beaufortia v. 16 (no. 215); ref. 7799] Left Coppename River, Suriname, 3°54'N, 56°46'W. Holotype: ZMA 105856. Paratypes: ZMA 106143 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:54-55 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus coppenamensis Boeseman 1969 -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus coppenamensis Boeseman 1969. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Coppename River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

coquenani, Ancistrus (Pseudancistrus) Steindachner [F.] 1915:90 [76], Pl. 11 (figs. 3-5) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. v. 93; ref. 4244] Río Coquenan, Venezuela. Syntypes: (3) NMW 48023 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155]. On p. 76 of separate; also in Steindachner 1917 [ref. 15259]. Species not listed in earlier abstract [ref. 18909]. Described as ...coquenani n. sp.? an A. güntheri Regan female. •Valid as Pseudancistrus coquenani (Steindachner 1915) -- (Isbrücker 1980:10 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:95 [ref. 23651], Isbrücker 2001:25, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:27 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:394 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:5 [ref. 27844], Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155], Armbruster & Taphorn 2008:39 [ref. 29748], Willink et al. 2010:41 [ref. 30670]). Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus coquenani (Steindachner 1915). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Kukenan River basin in upper Caroni River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

corantijni, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:40, Pl. 4 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Sipaliwini River, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25471 (largest of 3). Paratypes: RMNH 25470 (1), 25471 (2 of 3, with holotype), 25472-75 (9, 1, 1, 1), 25519 (1), 25523 (1); ZMA 110171 [ex RMNH 25472] (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:55 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Corantijn River basin, upstream of first cataracts, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

corantijniensis, Pseudancistrus De Chambrier [S.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.] 2008:47, Figs. 1-2, 3 (lower right) [Zootaxa No. 1918; ref. 29881] Corantijn River at Kaw Falls, 4°59'48.3"N, 57°37'49.5"W, Corantijn River drainage, Sipaliwini District, Suriname. Holotype: MHNG 2672.092. Paratypes: MHNG 2672.056 (1), 2672.066 (1), 2672.081 (1), 2672.090 (1), 2672-074 (10, now 8), 2712/100 [ex 2672.092] (5 not 7); MNHN 2007-1931 (1), 2007-1932 (1); NZCS F7064-65 (2). •Valid as Pseudancistrus corantijniensis De Chambrier & Montoya-Burgos 2008 -- (Willink et al. 2010:41 [ref. 30670]. Silva et al. 2014:2 [ref. 33302], Silva et al. 2015:21 [ref. 33679]). Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus corantijniensis De Chambrier & Montoya-Burgos 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Corantijn River, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

cordobensis, Leptoancistrus Dahl [G.] in Dahl, Medem & Ramos Henao 1964:32, Unnum. pl. [El "Bocachico" contribución al estudio de su biología y de su ambiente; ref. 23526] Río Uré of the upper San Jorge in tributaries of Río Sinú, Colombia. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. Paratypes: (2) whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:266 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Leptoancistrus cordobensis Dahl 1964 -- (Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:389 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:266 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2015:667 [ref. 33975], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Leptoancistrus cordobensis Dahl 1964. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cordovae, Plecostomus Günther [A.] 1880:11 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 6 (no. 31) (art. 2); ref. 14279] Cordova [Córdoba], Argentina. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1878.4.4.1. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus cordovae (Günther 1880) -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:24 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Haro et al. 1996:6 [ref. 25004], Butí & Cancino 1999:71 [ref. 25277], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], López et al. 2002:60 [ref. 26808], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Armbruster et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29252], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Cardoso et al. 2019:[14] [ref. 36685], Koerber et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). •Synonym of Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh 1877 -- (Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh 1877. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

corumba, Neoplecostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Pavanelli [C. S.] & Langeani [F.] 2008:32, Fig. 2 [Zootaxa No. 1757; ref. 29594] Córrego Gameleira, affluent of Rio Corumbá, rio Paranaíba basin, 17°59'S, 48°29'W, Corumbaiba, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: DZSJRP 6713. Paratypes: DZSJRP 6193 (5); MZUSP 86208 (9); NUP 2528 (5). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:451 [ref. 35588], Oliveira et al. 2022:14 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Neoplecostomus corumba Zawadzki, Pavanelli & Langeani 2008 -- (Roxo et al. 2012:2 [ref. 31839], Roxo et al. 2012:39 [ref. 32073], Roxo et al. 2014:125 [ref. 33492], Andrade & Langeani 2014:9 [ref. 33618], Cherobim et al. 2016:9 [ref. 35001], Pereira & Reis 2017:74 [ref. 35307], Roxo et al. 2017:238 [ref. 35467], Silva et al. 2019:100 [ref. 36454]). Current status: Valid as Neoplecostomus corumba Zawadzki, Pavanelli & Langeani 2008. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Paranaíba River basin (Goiás, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

coryphaenus, Eurycheilichthys Reis [R. E.] 2017:[13], Figs. 2e, 3, 10 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 35226] Arroio Contendas, rio Taquari basin, Tainhas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, approximately 29°17'S, 50°14'W, elevation above 400 meters. Holotype: MCP 40665. Paratypes: AMNH, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFRGS. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Eurycheilichthys coryphaenus Reis 2017 -- (Delapiewe et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40645]). Current status: Valid as Eurycheilichthys coryphaenus Reis 2017. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio das Antas drainage, Taquari-Antas basin (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

coximensis, Loricaria Rodriguez [M. S.], Cavallaro [M. R.] & Thomas [M. R.] 2012:49, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2012; ref. 31866] São Gabriel do Oeste, Rio Coxim, riffle justt downriver of Ponte Alta hydroelectric powerhouse, 19°24'47"S, 54°27'27"W, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: LIRP 7547. Paratypes: many at FMNH, LIRP, ZUFMS-PIS 1889 (2). •Valid as Loricaria coximensis Rodriguez, Cavallaro & Thomas 2012 -- (Thomas et al. 2013:376 [ref. 32997]). Current status: Valid as Loricaria coximensis Rodriguez, Cavallaro & Thomas 2012. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Rio Caxim basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

coxipone, Curculionichthys Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Ochoa [L. E.] & Oliveira [C.] 2015:117, Figs. 4B, 5D, 9-10 [ZooKeys No. 534; ref. 34024] Municipality of Cuiabá, tributary of. Rio Aricá Mirim, Rio Cuiabá drainage, Rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 15°46'03"S, 55°30'44"W. Holotype: MZUSP 117380. Paratypes: LBP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:12 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Curculionichthys coxipone Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira 2015 -- (Silva et al. 2016:289 [ref. 34828], Roxo et al. 2017:268 [ref. 35655], Calegari et al. 2018:669 [ref. 36345]). Current status: Valid as Curculionichthys coxipone Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira 2015. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Cuiabá dranage, Rio Paraguay basin (Mato Grosso, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

crassicauda, Harttia Boeseman [M.] 1953:10, Figs. 1b, 2 [Zoologische Mededeelingen (Leiden) v. 32 (no. 1); ref. 12684] Creek in Nassau Mountains, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 19418 (largest of 15). Paratypes: RMNH 19418 (14 of 15). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Harttiella crassicauda (Boeseman 1953) -- (Isbrücker 1980:89 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860], Le Bail et al. 2000:276 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:336 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155], Covain et al. 2012:139 [ref. 32000]). Current status: Valid as Harttiella crassicauda (Boeseman 1953). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Marowijne River basin, Nassau Mountains, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

crassicauda, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:42, Pl. 17 (figs. 1-2) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Sipaliwini River, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25489 (212 mm TL specimen of 5). Paratypes: RMNH 25489 (4, with holotype). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus crassicauda Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus crassicauda Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Sipaliwini River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

cristatus, Parotocinclus Garavello [J. C.] 1977:6, Figs. 9-10 [Arquivos de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 7249] Fazenda Almada, Ilhéus, Bahia State, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 10132. Paratypes: MNRJ 10122-31 (10). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Parotocinclus cristatus Garavello 1977 -- (Isbrücker 1980:80 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Lacerda & Evers 1996:88, 89 [ref. 22351], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Ribeiro et al. 2002:223 [ref. 26534], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Garavello & Britski 2003:258 [ref. 27469], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155], Sarmento-Soares et al. 2009:197 [ref. 30254], Britski & Garavello 2009:60 [ref. 30260], Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:62 [ref. 32074], Ramos et al. 2013:788 [ref. 33028], Lehmann A. et al. 2014:32 [ref. 33224], Ramos et al. 2017:[1] [ref. 35268], Silva et al. 2020:12 [ref. 37809], Silva-Junior et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37598], Ramos et al. 2021:2 [ref. 38561], Silva-Junior & Zanata 2022:7 [ref. 39783]). Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus cristatus Garavello 1977. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: coastal rivers near Ilhéus (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

crulsi, Hypostomus Soares [Y. F. F.], Aquino [P. P. U.], Bagley [J. C.], Langeani [F.] & Colli [G. R.] 2021:10, Figs. 6-7 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 99 (no. 3); ref. 38335] Ribeirão Taquara, tributary of rio São Bartolomeu, Paranaíba River drainage, upper Parana River basin, Fazenda Agua Limpa da Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil, 15.9105555556S, 47.9088888889W, elevation 1,035 meters. Holotype: CIUNB 1497. Paratypes: CIUNB, DZSJRP, MNRJ, MZUSP. •Valid as Hypostomus crulsi Soares, Aquino, Bagley, Langeani & Colli 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus crulsi Soares, Aquino, Bagley, Langeani & Colli 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper São Bartolomeu River, Paranaíba River drainage, upper Parana River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cryptodon, Pseudohemiodon (Planiloricaria) Isbrücker [I. J. H.] 1971:278, Figs. 3-8 [Bonner Zoologische Beiträge v. 21 (no. 3/4) (1970); ref. 2300] Río Ucayali, near Pucallpa, Peru. Holotype (unique): ZFMK 1865 [ex ZFMK I/66/1717]. Type catalog: Busse 1984:219 [ref. 28342]., Ferraris 2007:285 [ref. 29155], Herder et al. 2010:121 [ref. 31087]. •Valid as Planiloricaria cryptodon (Isbrücker 1971) -- (Isbrücker 1980:122 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:340 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:285 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[18] [ref. 35679], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Planiloricaria cryptodon (Isbrücker 1971). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River drainage: (Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

cryptophthalmus, Ancistrus Reis [R. E.] 1987:82, Figs. 1, 3-4 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 14 (no. 3); ref. 6263] Caverna Passa Três, about 300 meters into the cave, 13°20' to 13°52'S, 46°16' to 46°30'W, Rio São Vicente system, São Domingos, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 28809. Paratypes: IRSNB 730 (1), MAPA 2566-2567, MCP 10523, MFA 555, MFA 874-878, MZUSP 24486, MZUSP 28806, MZUSP 28807-08, ZMA 119409 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis 1987 -- (Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Pérez & Viloria 1994:106 [ref. 22094], Sabino & Trajano 1997:73 [ref. 23465], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Fisch-Muller et al. 2005:570 [ref. 28242], Proudlove 2006:151 [ref. 28992], Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155], Bifi et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36821]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis 1987. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River, Tocantins River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ctenistus, Leptotocinclus Delapieve [M. L. S.], Lehmann A [P.] & Reis [R. E.] 2018:24, Figs. 3c, 7f, 13, 15 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 4) e170079 (for 18 Dec. 2017); ref. 35713] Igarapé São Sebastião, tributary to igarapé do Baré, lago Amanã basin, Maraã, Amazonas, Brazil, 02°17'06"S, 64°40'36"W. Holotype: INPA 53272. Paratypes: ICNMHN, INPA, MCP, MPEG. •Valid as Leptotocinclus ctenistus Delapieve, Lehmann A & Reis 2018. Current status: Valid as Leptotocinclus ctenistus Delapieve, Lehmann A & Reis 2018. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Solimões and rio Negro drainages, Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cubataonis, Loricaria Steindachner [F.] 1907:489 [15] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 116 (1. Abth.); ref. 18797] Cubatao River, Santa Catarina State, near Theoresopolis, Brazil. Holotype (unique): NMW (not found). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:294 [ref. 29155]. On p. 15 of separate. Types not found (Isbrücker 1979:113 [ref. 2302]). For information regarding the type locality see Lucena & Lucena 1990 [ref. 16142]. •Valid as Rineloricaria cubataonis (Steindachner 1907) -- (Isbrücker 1980:104 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:442 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:342 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:294 [ref. 29155], Ghazzi 2008:102 [ref. 29636]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria cubataonis (Steindachner 1907). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Coastal Atlantic rivers of southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cuestae, Corumbataia Britski [H. A.] 1997:234, Figs. 3, 5-6 [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo v. 40 (no. 15); ref. 24174] Rio Corumbataí, Cachoeira de Analândia, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 51222. Paratypes: MZUSP 22420 (8), 22690 (124), 22821 (40), 22926 (1), 24549 (28), 27778 (2), 39846 (32), 39856 (35), 47967 (31). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:232 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Corumbataia cuestae Britski 1997 -- (Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Ferreira & Ribeiro 2007:61 [ref. 28908], Ferraris 2007:232 [ref. 29155], Carvalho 2008:552 [ref. 29798], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Roxo et al. 2015:106 [ref. 34024], Roxo et al. 2017:351 [ref. 35310], Silva et al. 2018:329 [ref. 36151], Thimotheo et al. 2020:13 [ref. 38000]). Current status: Valid as Corumbataia cuestae Britski 1997. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tietê River drainage, upper Paraná river basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cuffyi, Loricaria Londoño-Burbano [A.], Urbano-Bonilla [A.] & Thomas [M. R.] 2020:2, Figs. 2a, 3a-b, 4-5 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 98 (no. 1); ref. 37854] Ireng River, 6.9 km west-south-west of Karasabai, Takutu River - Negro River drainage, Rupununi Region 9, Guyana, 4°01'10"N, 59°36'06"W. Holotype: CSBD F-3617. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, MNRJ, ROM, UF, UMMZ. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Loricaria cuffyi Londoño-Burbano, Urbano-Bonilla & Thomas 2020. Current status: Valid as Loricaria cuffyi Londoño-Burbano, Urbano-Bonilla & Thomas 2020. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Rivers draining the Guiana Shield: Essequibo, Takutu, Ireng (Negro) Rivers, Guyana, and Ventuari, Casiquiare and Orinoco Rivers, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

cuiabae, Ancistrus Knaack [J.] 1999:151, Figs. [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 47 (no. 12); ref. 23874] Pantanal, 36 kilometers southeast of Poconé, in a permanent remnant water of Rio Bento Gome, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 28671 [ex ZMB 32920]. Paratypes: BZM 32921 (9). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus cuiabae Knaack 1999 -- (Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155], Bifi et al. 2009:41 [ref. 30541], de Oliveira et al. 2015:81 [ref. 33869], Bifi et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36821]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus cuiabae Knaack 1999. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cuiabá River basin in upper Paraguay River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

curtirostra, Farlowella Myers [G. S.] 1942:102, Fig. 11 [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 3121] Quebrada Tabor, tributary of Río Motatan system, 30 kilometers north of Trujillo, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Holotype: CAS-SU 36508. Paratypes: CAS-SU 36509-10 (2, 10); USNM 130635 [ex CAS-SU 36510] (2) Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:46 [ref. 12291], Ferraris & Vari 1992:27 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Farlowella curtirostra Myers 1942 -- (Isbrücker 1980:97 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:441 [ref. 12860], Retzer & Page 1997:50 [ref. 23176], Galvis et al. 1997:84 [ref. 23651], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155], Ballen & Mojica 2014:140 [ref. 33176], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:77 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Farlowella curtirostra Myers 1942. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo drainage, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

curvidens, Plesioptopoma Reis [R. E.], Pereira [E. H. L.] & Lehmann A. [P.] 2012:6, Figs. 1-4 [Copeia 2012 (no. 1); ref. 31863] Cristiano Otoni, Rio Paraopeba, upper Rio São Francisco drainage, at old bridge ca. 100 meters west of highway BR-040, 20°49'11"S, 43°48'47"W, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 46286. Paratypes: AMNH 253202 (3), MCP 36861 (8 + 2 c&s)m NNRJ 21426 (3 + 1 c&s). •Valid as Plesioptopoma curvidens Reis, Pereira & Lehmann A. 2012 -- (Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:61 [ref. 32074], Rosa et al. 2014:59 [ref. 33228], Roxo et al. 2017:352 [ref. 35310]). Current status: Valid as Plesioptopoma curvidens Reis, Pereira & Lehmann A. 2012. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Paraopeba, upper Rio São Francisco drainage, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

curvispina, Loricaria Dahl [G.] 1941:85 [6], Figs. 5-7 [Förhandlingar / Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund = Proceedings of the Royal Physiographic Society at Lund v. 11 (no. 8); ref. 13197] Río Batatal, tributary to Río San Jorge, Río Magdalena system, Bolivar Dept., Colombia. Holotype (unique): ZMUL. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155]. On p. 6 of separate. •Valid as Spatuloricaria curvispina (Dahl 1941) -- (Isbrücker 1980:112 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:344 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155], Fichberg et al. 2014:322 [ref. 33358], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Spatuloricaria curvispina (Dahl 1941). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Magdalena River basin (Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

daguae, Hemiancistrus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:11 [Indiana University Studies No. 16 [sic No. 8]; ref. 1228] Caldas, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56052 [ex CM 4842]. Paratypes: (42, CM and IU) CAS 56745 [ex IU 12698] (7), 74161 [ex IU 12699] (4); FMNH 56053-54 (27, 4). Type catalog: Henn 1928:83 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:231 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Pseudoancistrus daguae (Eigenmann 1912) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:40 [ref. 37559] as dague). •Valid as Lasiancistrus daguae (Eigenmann 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:44 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Knaack 2000:58 [ref. 27233]). •Valid as Cordylancistrus daguae (Eigenmann 1912) -- (Isbrücker 2001:26, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:383 [ref. 27061], Provenzano & Milani 2006:34 [ref. 28579], Ferraris 2007:231 [ref. 29155], Tan & Armbruster 2012:52 [ref. 31842], Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], Lujan et al. 2015:659 [ref. 33963], Provenzano & Villa-Navarro 2017:529 [ref. 35473], Provenzano et al. 2017:263 [ref. 35613], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:80 [ref. 35633]). •Incertae sedis within the Chaetostoma group -- (Lujan et al. 2015:667 [ref. 33975]). Current status: Valid as Cordylancistrus daguae (Eigenmann 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Dagua River basin (Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

daidalmatos, Chaetostoma Salcedo [N. J.] 2006:208, Figs. 1-2, 3a [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 3); ref. 28842] Tingo María, Río Huallaga, 9°18'S, 76°00'W, Province Leoncio Prado, Depto. Huánuco, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 25552. Paratypes: MUSM 10579 (2), 14911 (1), 15153 (1), 16472 (2, 1 c&s). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Chaetostoma daidalmatos Salcedo 2006 -- (Ferraris 2007:444 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma daidalmatos Salcedo 2006. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Huallaga River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

damasceni, Xenocara Steindachner [F.] 1907:292 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 44 (no. 17) (for 4 July 1907); ref. 18799] Rio Parnahyba near Victoria and Filomena, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) NMW 43489-90 (4, 7); ZSM 7579 [ex NMW 43491] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:268 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Ancistrus damasceni (Steindachner 1907) -- (Isbrücker 1980:68 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Koerber et al. 2022:53 [ref. 39235], Vieira et al. 2023:20 [ref. 40759] as cf. damasceni). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus damasceni (Steindachner 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Parnaíba River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

dani, Parotocinclus Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2016:127, Figs. 1, 2a, 3 [ZooKeys No. 634; ref. 34921] Small tributary of rio Peixoto de Azevedo, drainage of rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós basin, municipality of Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Gross State, Brazil, 10°23'10"S, 54°18'22"W. Holotype: MZUSP 120737. Paratypes: LBP, MZUSP. •Valid as Parotocinclus dani Roxo, Silva & Oliveira 2016 -- (Roxo et al. 2017:267 [ref. 35139], Ramos et al. 2017:[2] [ref. 35268], Roxo et al. 2019:354 [ref. 36855]). •Valid as Rhinotocinclus dani (Roxo, Silva & Oliveira 2016) -- (Reis & Lehmann A. 2022:66 [ref. 39390]). Current status: Valid as Rhinotocinclus dani (Roxo, Silva & Oliveira 2016). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Teles Pires and Jamanxim River drainages, Tapajós River basin, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

daraha, Rineloricaria Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] & Fichberg [I.] 2008:340, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29840] Rio Daraã, cachoeira do Aracu, 0°25'00"S, 64°46'59"W, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 28579. Paratypes: INPA 6586 (4), 6587 (2), 12045 (7), 17939 (3), 28780 (1); MZUSP 31396 (1 c&s), 35094 (2). •Valid as Rineloricaria daraha Rapp Py-Daniel & Fichberg 2008 -- (DoNascimiento et al. 2017:78 [ref. 35633], Londoño-Burbano & Urbano-Bonilla 2018:382 [ref. 36212], Silvano et al. 2020:273 [ref. 38135], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40346]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria daraha Rapp Py-Daniel & Fichberg 2008. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

dardanelos, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.] & Carvalho [P. H.] 2014:44, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 33227] Mato Grosso State, município de Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin, rio Praia Grande (at its mouth to rio Aripuanã downstream cachoeira Dardanelos and Andorinhas), 10°02’51"S, 59°23’21"W, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 37342. Paratypes: Many, Rio Aripuanã basin: INPA, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP. Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:20 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus dardanelos Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014 -- (Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus dardanelos Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Aripuanã basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

dariensis, Oxyloricaria Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1913:81 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Tuyra, Boca de Cupe, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7584 [missing]. Paratypes: FMNH 29649-87 (total 39). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:63 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:299 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Sturisoma dariense (Meek & Hildebrand 1913) -- (Isbrücker 1980:94 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:30, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:345 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:299 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Sturisomatichthys dariensis (Meek & Hildebrand 1913 )-- (Covain et al. 2015:514 [23] [ref. 34066], Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2019:777 [ref. 37158]). Current status: Valid as Sturisomatichthys dariensis (Meek & Hildebrand 1913). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Tuyra and Capeti River basin, Pacific slope of Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

debilittera, Hypancistrus Armbruster [J. W.], Lujan [N. K.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2007:68, Figs. 1D, 5 [Copeia 2007 (no. 1); ref. 29036] Pasaganado, 38 kilometers north of San Fernando de Atabapo, 4°23'04"N, 67°46'28"W, Río Orinoco, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MNGN 54661. Paratypes: ANSP 182800 (2), AUM 42136 (3), MSNG 54662 (2). •Valid as Hypancistrus debilittera Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 2007 -- (Tan & Armbruster 2016:123 [ref. 34145], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:80 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus debilittera Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 2007. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

defranciscoi, Sturisoma Londoño-Burbano [A.] & Britto [M. R.] 2023:47, Figs. 31-32 [Journal of Fish Biology Early view; ref. 40709] Orteguaza River, 11.4 km southeast of Florencia, upper Amazon River basin, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, 1°31'9.5"N, 75°32'19.1"W. Holotype: ROM 107205. Paratypes: ANSP, BMNH, IUQ. •Valid as Sturisoma defranciscoi Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2023. Current status: Valid as Sturisoma defranciscoi Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2023. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin, Colombia and upper Solimões River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

delimai, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], de Oliveira [R. R.] & Debona [T.] 2013:74, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 32701] Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 5°07'29.6"S, 49°18'44.4"W, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 6191. Paratypes: Many at ANSP, INPA, MPEG, MZUSP, NUP, ZUEC. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:20 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus delimai Zawadzki, de Oliveira & Debona 2013 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Soares et al. 2021:14 [ref. 38335]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus delimai Zawadzki, de Oliveira & Debona 2013. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tocantins and Araguaia River drainages (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

demantoides, Baryancistrus Werneke [D. C.], Sabaj Pérez [M. H.], Lujan [N. K.] & Armbruster [J. W.] 2005:535, Figs. 1a,b, 2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 28457] Rio Ventuari near ornamental fish market in river, 04.07565°N, 066.89285°W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 54029. Paratypes: ANSP 180226 (1), 180227 (1), 180228 (1); AUM 37974 (1), 42034 (1), 42169 (2); MCNG 54030 (1), 54031 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Baryancistrus demantoides Werneke, Sabaj Pérez, Lujan & Armbruster 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2009:53 [ref. 30056], Rapp Py-Daniel et al. 2011:241[ref. 31383], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633], de Oliveira et al. 2019:491 [ref. 36981]). Current status: Valid as Baryancistrus demantoides Werneke, Sabaj Pérez, Lujan & Armbruster 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River and upper tributaries, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

dentata, Loricaria Shaw [G.] 1804:37 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas, in error [South America]. No types known. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]. Unneeded new name; based on several literature sources. •Synonym of Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758 -- (Isbrücker 1980:116 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:60 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:337 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

dentex, Chaetostomus Günther [A.] 1868:477 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 1992] Xeberos (or Jeberos), upper Río Aipena system, tributary to Río Huallaga, about 5°18'S, 76°17'W, Dept. Loreto, Peru. Holotype: BMNH 1867.6.13.37. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Also published in Günther (Sept.) 1868:233 [ref. 5756]. •Valid as Panaque dentex (Günther 1868) -- (Isbrücker 1980:74-75 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Schaefer & Stewart 1993:321 [ref. 21282], Le Bail et al. 2000:248 [ref. 24549] as cf. dentex, Chockley & Armbruster 2002:83 [ref. 26069], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:391 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745]). •Valid as Panaqolus dentex (Günther 1868) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:21 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:24 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155], Fisch-Muller et al. 2012:189 [ref. 31970], Lujan et al. 2013:192 [ref. 32784], Cramer 2014:69 [ref. 33229], Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015:469 [ref. 33945], Cramer & Sousa 2016:14 [ref. 34885], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Panaqolus dentex (Günther 1868). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Napo, Pastaza and Marañón River basins (Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

denticulatus, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Weber [C.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2008:404, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29846] Município de Caldas Novas, rio do Peixe, tributary to rio Corumbá, rio Paranaába drainage, 17°34'24"S, 48°29'50" W, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 98770. Paratypes: many at ASNP, MHNG, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:20 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus denticulatus Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli 2008 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus denticulatus Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Corumba River, upper Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

depressa, Harttia Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] & Oliveira [E. C.] 2001:87, Fig. 5 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 25404] Rio Pitinga, River Uatumã basin, below the Paranapanema Enterprise dam, Cachoeira 40 Ilhas, 59°34'24"W, 0°53'20"S, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 3901. Paratypes: INPA 3150 (2), 14981 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:240 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Harttia depressa Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 -- (Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:335 [ref. 27061], Provenzano et al. 2005:521 [ref. 28461], Ferraris 2007:240 [ref. 29155], Oyakawa et al. 2013:785 [ref. 33027], Oyakawa et al. 2018:85 [ref. 35818]). Current status: Valid as Harttia depressa Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Uatumã River basin, Amazonas - Guiana Shield, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

depressicauda, Otocinclus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1918:635 [7] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Sorocaba, Rio Paraná, São Paulo State, Brazil. Lectotype: MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 1004. Paralectotypes: (10) MNRJ 1931 (4), MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 5381-5384 (4). Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:400 [ref. 12732], Britski 1969:208-209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:248 [ref. 29155] On p. 7 of separate. Lectotype selected by Britski 1969:208 [ref. 12401]. •Valid as Otocinclus depressicauda Miranda Ribeiro 1918 -- (Isbrücker 1980:82 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860]). •In Microlepidogaster -- (Schaefer 1997:8 [ref. 23213]). •Valid as Hisonotus depressicauda (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) -- (Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Aquino et al. 2001:9 [ref. 25673], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Britski & Garavello 2003:593 [ref. 27131], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Almirón et al. 2006:92 [ref. 28713], Azpelicueta & Almirón 2007:596 [ref. 29353], Britski & Garavello 2007:414 [ref. 29429], Ferraris 2007:248 [ref. 29155], Roxo et al. 2015:137 [ref. 33763], Zawadzki et al. 2016:380 [ref. 34367], Roxo et al. 2016:235 [ref. 34426], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2018:[12] [ref. 35900], Dias et al. 2018:583 [ref. 36235], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:469 [ref. 38364] as cf. depressicauda). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus depressicauda (Miranda Ribeiro 1918). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River basin, upper Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

depressinotus, Microlepidogaster Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1918:633 [5] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 2156. Type catalog: Britski 1969:208 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:248 [ref. 29155]. On p. 5 of separate. •Valid as Otocinclus depressinotus (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) -- (Isbrücker 1980:82 [ref. 2303]). •Valid as Microlepidogaster depressinotus Miranda Ribeiro 1918 -- (Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Hisonotus depressinotus (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) -- (Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Aquino et al. 2001:9 [ref. 25673], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Britski & Garavello 2003:593 [ref. 27131], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Almirón & Azpelicueta 2006:92 [ref. 28713], Azpelicueta & Almirón 2007:596 [ref. 29353], Britski & Garavello 2007:414 [ref. 29429], Ferraris 2007:248 [ref. 29155], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203]). •Synonym of Hisonotus paulinus (Regan 1908) -- (H. A. Britski pers. comm.). Current status: Synonym of Hisonotus paulinus (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater.

depressus, Chaetostomus Günther [A.] 1868:476 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 1992] Probably Suriname. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1866.8.14.139. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Also published in Günther (Sept.) 1868:232 [ref. 5756]. •Valid as Pseudancistrus depressus (Günther 1868) -- (Isbrücker 1980:10 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:27 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:394 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:5 [ref. 27844], Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155], De Chambrier & Montoya-Burgos 2008:52 [ref. 29881], Willink et al. 2010:41 [ref. 30670], Silva et al. 2014:2 [ref. 33302], Silva et al. 2015:21 [ref. 33679]). Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus depressus (Günther 1868). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rivers of central Suriname: Suriname and Coppename rivers. Habitat: freshwater.

depressus, Hemiodon Kner [R.] 1853:91 [27], Pl. 7 (fig. 1a-c) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 6; ref. 2627] Marabitanas, 0°57'N, 66°55'W, Amazonas, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 9438. Paralectotypes: NMW 44862 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:293 [ref. 29155]. On p. 27 of separate. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker & Nijssen 1974:219 [ref. 7126]. •Valid as Reganella depressa (Kner 1853) -- (Isbrücker & Nijssen 1974:219 [ref. 7126], Isbrücker 1980:123 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1980:123 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:341 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:293 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004]). Current status: Valid as Reganella depressa (Kner 1853). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Negro, Branco and Tapajós River basins, Brazil and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

derbyi, Loricariichthys Fowler [H. W.] 1915:267, Fig. 4 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 67; ref. 15099] Rio Jaguaribe at Barro Alto, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39932. Paratypes: ANSP 39933 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Loricariichthys derbyi Fowler 1915 -- (Isbrücker 1980:126 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:445 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker et al. 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:338 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Reis et al. 2016:17 [ref. 34496], Melo et al. 2016:376 [ref. 35317], Koerber et al. 2022:50 [ref. 39235], Vieira et al. 2023:21 [ref. 40759]). Current status: Valid as Loricariichthys derbyi Fowler 1915. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Jaguaribe River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

derbyi, Plecostomus Haseman [J. D.] 1911:384, Pls. 79-81 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (19); ref. 2048] Rio Iguaçu at Porto União da Victoria, Brazil. Holotype (unique): FMNH 54246 [ex CM 2865]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:84 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:67 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus derbyi (Haseman 1911) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus derbyi (Haseman 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River and Uruga-í Creek basins, Paraguayan tributaries of Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

dermorhynchus, Chaetostomus Boulenger [G. A.] 1887:277, Pl. 22 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1887 (pt 2) (art. 2) (for 1 Mar. 1887); ref. 532] Canelos, eastern Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1880.12.8.64-66 (3). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Specific name is a noun. •Valid as Chaetostoma dermorhynchus Boulenger 1887 (often seen as dermorhynchum) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:39 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:60 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:380 [ref. 27061], Salcedo 2006:62 [ref. 28542], Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2015:689 [ref. 33975]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma dermorhynchus Boulenger 1887. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Pastaza and Napo river drainages (Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

devidei, Hisonotus Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.] & Melo [B. F.] 2018:[2], Figs. 1, 2a, 3-4 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 92 (no. 6); ref. 35900] Córrego Catolé, Rio Pandeiros drainage, Rio São Francisco basin, Bonito de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 15°17'22"S, 44°49'20"W. Holotype: MZUSP 123294. Paratypes: ANSP, LBP, MCNIP, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:15 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hisonotus devidei Roxo, Silva & Melo 2018 -- (Dias et al. 2018:583 [ref. 36235]). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus devidei Roxo, Silva & Melo 2018. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Pandeiros drainage, Rio São Francisco basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

devincenzii, Loricaria Señorans [J. Soriano] 1950:265 [Revista de la Facultad de Humanidides y Ciencias, Montevideo v. 4 (no. 5); ref. 18739] 200 meters down Espinillar brook, Río Uruguay, Salto, eastern Uruguay. Holotype (unique): MHNM (apparently lost). Type catalog: Olazarri et al. 1970:5 [ref. 23527], Ferraris 2007:288 [ref. 29155], Loureiro et al. 2016:412 [ref. 35150]. Species misspelled in title as devicenzii. •Mention as Pseudohemiodon devincenzii (Señorans 1950) -- (Isbrücker 1979:110 [ref. 2302]). •Valid as Pseudohemiodon devincenzii (Señorans 1950) -- (Isbrücker 1980:121 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:444 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:340 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:47 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:288 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:27 [ref. 33622], Nión et al. 2016:31 [ref. 35565] with author as Soriano-Señorans). Current status: Valid as Pseudohemiodon devincenzii (Señorans 1950). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin: Argentina and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

dialeukos, Otothyropsis Calegari [B. B.], Morlis [W. G.] & Reis [R. E.] 2017:232, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4244 (no. 2); ref. 35203] Arroyo Itá at Paso Itá, near to Embalse de Acaray, ca. 8 km from road between Hernandarias and Ciudad del Este, Río Paraná basin, Hernandarias, Alto Paraná, Paraguay, 25°22'56.9"S, 54°41'34.8"W, elevation approximately 200 meters. Holotype: MNHNP 3880. Paratypes: MCP, MNHNP. •Valid as Otothyropsis dialeukos Calegari, Morlis & Reis 2017 -- (Koerber et al. 2017:59 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Valid as Otothyropsis dialeukos Calegari, Morlis & Reis 2017. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Paraná basin, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

dichromum, Acestridium Retzer [M. E.], Nico [L. G.] & Provenzano [F.] 1999:316, Figs. 3a-c [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 10 (no. 4); ref. 24231] Pozo Lucas, tributary of Río Orinoco, 7 kilometers south of San Fernando de Atabapo, 4°02'N, 67°42'W, Orinoco Basin, Amazonas State, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV-V-26780. Paratypes: FMNH 103326 (6); INHS 27642 (1), 40427 (1); MBUCV-V-13037 (30, 4 c&s); MCNG 19427 (8), 21746 (20). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Acestridium dichromum Retzer, Nico & Provenzano 1999 -- (Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:321 [ref. 27061], Retzer 2005:4 [ref. 28228], Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155], Rodriguez & Reis 2007:429 [ref. 29464], Reis & Lehmann A. 2009:451 [ref. 30379], Rodriguez et al. 2015:325 [ref. 33908], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:76 [ref. 35633], Delapieve et al. 2018:21 [ref. 35713]). Current status: Valid as Acestridium dichromum Retzer, Nico & Provenzano 1999. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Amazon and Orinoco river basins: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

dimorpha, Microlepidogaster Martins [F. de O.] & Langeani [F.] 2011:80, Figs. 1, 2b, 3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31236] Uberaba, riacho Grotão at Fazenda Nossa Senhora da Abadia, unpaved road at BR-262, rio Grande drainage, 19°41'31"S, 47°42'57"W, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Holotype: DZSJRP 10543. Paratypes: DZSJRP 5564 (11), 8750 (19, 2 c&s), 12332 (17, 2 c&s); LBP 4854 (4); MCP 45866 (2), 41912 (4); MNRJ 37848 (2); MZUSP 107585 (2). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:449 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Microlepidogaster dimorpha Martins & Langeani 2011 -- (Martins et al. 2013:386 [ref. 32415], Martins et al. 2014:560 [ref. 33544], Calegari et al. 2014:220 [ref. 33627], Roxo et al. 2017:267 [ref. 35139], Martins et al. 2017:242 [ref. 35356], Martins 2022:277 [ref. 39327]). Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster dimorpha Martins & Langeani 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Tributaries of rio Grande, upper rio Paraná system, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

dinizae, Hisonotus Ribeiro-Silva [L. R.], Silva [G. S. C.], Venere [P. C.], Pains da Silva [H.] & Roxo [F. F.] 2020:554, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4860 (no. 4); ref. 37845] Córrego Grande, drainage of rio Pindaíba, rio Araguaia basin, municipality of Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, -15.7417°, -52.0936°. Holotype: MZUSP 125790. Paratypes: LBP, MZUSP. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Rhinotocinclus dinizae (Ribeiro-Silva, Silva, Venere, Pains da Silva & Roxo 2020) -- (Reis & Lehmann A. 2022:89 [ref. 39390]). Current status: Valid as Rhinotocinclus dinizae (Ribeiro-Silva, Silva, Venere, Pains da Silva & Roxo 2020). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: upper Araguaia River drainage, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

discolor, Rhinotocinclus Reis [R. E.] & Lehmann A. [P.] 2022:43, Figs. 10B, 26 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 2): e220002; ref. 39390] Caño Pasa, tributary of Río Sipapo, 98 km from Puerto Ayacucho airport, Amazonas, Venezuela, 05°03'40.28"N, 67°46'46.45"W. Holotype: MHNLS 26183. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, MCNG, MHNLS, MZUSP, ROM. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Rhinotocinclus discolor Reis & Lehmann A. 2022. Current status: Valid as Rhinotocinclus discolor Reis & Lehmann A. 2022. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: middle Orinoco basin, Amazonas, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

discontenta, Microlepidogaster Calegari [B. B.], Silva [E. V.] & Reis [R. E.] 2014:214, Figs. 1-2, 3b [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 3); ref. 33627] Goiás State: Cristalina, córrego Morais, tributary to córrego Arrependido, 1.5 km east of highway BR-251, rio São Francisco basin, 16°14'39"S, 47°21'53"W, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 48107. Paratypes: MCP, UFRGS, USNM. •Valid as Microlepidogaster discontenta Calegari, Silva & Reis 2014 -- (Martins et al. 2017:242 [ref. 35356], Martins 2022:277 [ref. 39327]). Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster discontenta Calegari, Silva & Reis 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

discus, Acestridium Haseman [J. D.] 1911:319, Pls. 50 (fig. 1), 51 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (17); ref. 2047] Igarapé de Cachoeira Grande, near Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54339 [ex CM 2985]. Paratypes: FMNH 54340 (1), UMMZ 138203 [ex CM 2986] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:83 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:4 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Acestridium discus Haseman 1911 -- (Isbrücker 1980:102 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:441 [ref. 12860], Retzer et al. 1999:315 [ref. 24231], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:321 [ref. 27061], Retzer 2005:4 [ref. 28228], Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155], Rodriguez & Reis 2007:429 [ref. 29464], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Reis & Lehmann A. 2009:451 [ref. 30379], Rodriguez et al. 2015:325 [ref. 33908], Delapieve et al. 2018:21 [ref. 35713]). Current status: Valid as Acestridium discus Haseman 1911. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Lower Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

discus, Microlepidogaster Martins [F. de O.], Rosa [A. C.] & Langeani [F.] 2014:161, Figs. 1-4a [Zootaxa 3873 (no. 5); ref. 33544] Minas Gerais State, Botumirim, unnamed stream on dirt road Ita/cambira-Botumirim, tributary to rio Itacambiruçu, rio Jequitinhonha basin, 16°47’40"S, 43°03’39"W, Brazil, elevation 946 meters. Holotype: DZSJRP 19101. Paratypes: DZSJRP, MCP, MZUSP. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:450 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Microlepidogaster discus Martins, Rosa & Langeani 2014 -- (Martins et al. 2017:242 [ref. 35356], Martins 2022:277 [ref. 39327]). Current status: Valid as Microlepidogaster discus Martins, Rosa & Langeani 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Headwaters of rio Itacambiruçu, coastal basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

disjunctivus, Liposarcus Weber [C.] 1991:638 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 98 (no. 3); ref. 19114] Rio Madeira, Amazon River system, Restauracao, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 28360. Paratypes: CAS 11687 (1); FCMBB 305 (2); INPA 465 (1), 500 (5), 2223 (1), 2227 (1); INPA POLO 195 (3); MHNG 2479.10 (1); MNHN 1988-0102 to 0103 (1, 2), 1988-109 (14); MZUSP 28360 (1); ZMA 119345 (1), 119568 (2), 119572 (6). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Liposarcus disjunctivus Weber 1991 -- (Weber 1992:12, 28 [ref. 19714], Chang & Ortega 1995:4 [ref. 24302], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Fuller et al. 1999:224 [ref. 25838], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Sakai et al. 2001:88 [ref. 25693], Nakabo 2002:282 [ref. 26001], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Pterygoplichthys anisitsi Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903 -- (López & Miquelarena 1991:39 [ref. 23548], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:365 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber 1991) -- (Nelson et al. 2004:84 [ref. 27807], Chavez et al. 2006:59 [ref. 28577], Page & Robins 2006:455 [ref. 28913], Armbruster & Page 2006:403 [ref. 28898], Scharpf 2006:20 [ref. 30386], Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155], Page & Burr 2011:371 [ref. 31215], Sandoval-Huerta et al. 2012:294 [ref. 37364], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Kottelat 2013:216 [ref. 32989], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004], Çiçek et al. 2015:149 [ref. 35151], Zhang et al. 2016:211 [ref. 34477], Labatos 2017:3 [ref. 36239], Robins et al. 2018:147 [ref. 35886], Ng et al. 2019:532 [ref. 36606], Chakraborty et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37437], Abesinghe et al. 2020:147 [ref. 37767], Careaga et al. 2020:78 [ref. 37774], Çiçek et al. 2020:254 [ref. 37644], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2020:202 [ref. 38085], López-Segovia et al. 2020:110 [ref. 38151], Stolbunov et al. 2021:266 [ref. 40479], Taki et al. 2021:304 [ref. 39830], Chan et al. 2023:138 [ref. 40365] as cf. disjunctivus, Çiçek et al. 2023:462 [ref. 40601], Çiçek et al. 2023:417 [ref. 40625], Jamandre 2023:175 [ref. 40455], Page et al. 2023:80 [ref. 40505], Çiçek et al. 2024:270 [ref. 40789]). Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber 1991). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Madeira River basin (Bolivia and Brazil). Introduced in Turkey, Israel, southeast Asia, Mexico and Guatemala; established in Florida (U.S.A.). Habitat: freshwater.

dissidens, Harttia Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] & Oliveira [E. C.] 2001:91, Fig. 8 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 25404] Rio Tapajós, Pimental, 4°35'22"S, 56°15'16"W, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 7739. Paratypes: INPA 6734 (5), 6637 (11), 6703 (9), 6776 (11), 7046 (20, 1 c&s). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:241 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Cteniloricaria dissidens (Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001) -- (Isbrücker 2001:26, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Harttia dissidens Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 -- (Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:335 [ref. 27061], Provenzano et al. 2005:521 [ref. 28461], Ferraris 2007:241 [ref. 29155], Oyakawa et al, 2013:785 [ref. 33027], Oyakawa et al. 2018:85 [ref. 35818]). Current status: Valid as Harttia dissidens Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Tapajós River basin, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

dlouhyi, Hypostomus Weber [C.] 1985:956, Figs. 1-5 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 92 (no. 4); ref. 8128] Lake in arm of Río Yguazú, River Paraná system, 25°25'30"S, 55°20'W, Paraguay. Holotype: MHNG 2229.43. Paratypes: (14) CAS 60262 [ex MHNG 2229.44] (1); CFAP; MCZ 65044 [ex MHNG 2229.44] (1); MHNG; ZMA. Type catalog: Weber 1998:9 [ref. 32707], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus dlouhyi Weber 1995 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus dlouhyi Weber 1985. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Yguazú River drainage, middle Paraná River basin, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

doceanus, Microlepidogaster Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1918:634 [6] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Rio Doce, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 1016. Type catalog: Britski 1969:208 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155] On p. 6 of separate. •Valid as Microlepidogaster doceanus Miranda Ribeiro 1918 -- (Burgess 1989:439 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Parotocinclus doceanus (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) -- (Garavello 1977:11 [ref. 7249], Isbrücker 1980:80 [ref. 2303], Garavello 1988:124 [ref. 6853], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Lacerda & Evers 1996:88 [ref. 22351], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Ribeiro et al. 2002:223 [ref. 26534] with author and date as Garavello 1977, Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Garavello & Britski 2003:258 [ref. 27469], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155], Sarmento-Soares et al. 2009:197 [ref. 30254], Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:62 [ref. 32074], Roxo et al. 2017:267 [ref. 35139], Silva-Junior et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37598], Ramos et al. 2021:2 [ref. 38561]). Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus doceanus (Miranda Ribeiro 1918). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Doce River basin, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

doceensis, Neoplecostomus Roxo [F. F.], Silva [G. S. C.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Oliveira [C.] 2014:117, Figs. 1-2 [ZooKeys No. 440; ref. 33492] Minas Gerais State, municipality of Ouro Preto, córrego Bananeiras, affluent of rio Gualaxo do Norte, rio Doce basin, 20°14'20"S, 43°28'40"W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 115486. Paratypes: (all from Rio Doce basin) LBP, MCNIP, MZUSP, NUP. Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:14 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Neoplecostomus doceensis Roxo, Silva, Zawadzki & Oliveira 2014 -- (Pereira & Reis 2017:74 [ref. 35307], Roxo et al. 2017:238 [ref. 35467], Silva et al. 2019:100 [ref. 36454]). Current status: Valid as Neoplecostomus doceensis Roxo, Silva, Zawadzki & Oliveira 2014. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Doce basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

dolichopterus, Ancistrus Kner [R.] 1854:274 [24], Pl. 3 (fig. 1) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Manaus, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 46276 (2), 47164 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155]. On p. 24 of separate. •Valid as Ancistrus dolichopterus Kner 1854 -- (Isbrücker 1980:68 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:220 [ref. 29155], de Oliveira et al. 2015:73 [ref. 33869], de Oliveira et al. 2015:81 [ref. 33869], de Souza et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36504], Koerber et al. 2022:53 [ref. 39235] unconfirmed). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus dolichopterus Kner 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Negro basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

dorsalis, Chaetostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1922:226 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Río Albirregas and Río Millo, near Merida, northwestern Venezuela. Holotype: CAS 77093 [ex IU 13940]. Paratypes: CAS 77094 [ex IU 13656], 82268 [ex IU 13940] (2), 82269 [ex IU 13946]; UMMZ (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Based on Chaetostomus anomalus Regan 1903 (in part, specimens from Merida and mountain streams above it). •Valid as Chaetostoma dorsale Eigenmann 1922 -- (Isbrücker 1980:60 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:380 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155], Ballen 2011:388 [ref. 31653], Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975], Ballen et al. 2016:194 [ref. 34396], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:75 [ref. 35773], Urbano-Bonilla & Ballen 2021:12 [ref. 38058]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma dorsale Eigenmann 1922. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

dubius, Ancistrus cirrhosus var. Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1889:48 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 2; ref. 1253] Gurupa [Curupá], Para State, Brazil. Holotype: MCZ 7993. Paratypes: MCZ 7983 (5), 7984 (orig. 5, now 6), 7993 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus dubius Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 -- (Isbrücker 1980:68 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Knaack 1999:152 [ref. 23874], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155], Bifi et al. 2009:41 [ref. 30541], Sarmiento et al. 2014:161, 191 [ref. 35004], de Oliveira et al. 2015:81 [ref. 33869] as cf. dubius, Koerber et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35267], Provenzano & Barriga-Salazar 2018:235 [ref. 36344], de Souza et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36504]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus dubius Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Amazon River basin; middle Paraná and Paraguay River basins: Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

dumus, Lasiancistrus Armbruster [J. W.] & Provenzano [F.] 2000:246, Fig. 3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 11 (no. 3); ref. 25069] Río Orinoco, backwater behind sand playa about 0.5 hr upstream from Isla Temblador, 3°04'N, 66°28'W, Amazonas State, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV V-17544. Paratypes: ANSP 162160 (1), 162403 (1); MBUCV V-17543 (1); MCNG 25796 (1). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:289 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Pseudolithoxus dumus (Armbruster & Provenzano 2000) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:21 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:394 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:289 [ref. 29155], Lujan & Birindelli 2011:39 [ref. 31408], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35633], Collins et al. 2018:[8] [ref. 35943]). Current status: Valid as Pseudolithoxus dumus (Armbruster & Provenzano 2000). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Orinoco River basin, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

duodecimalis, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:498, Pl. 454 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9446 (dry). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:69 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Pterygoplichthys duodecimalis (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker 1980:40 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) -- (Weber 1992:25 [ref. 19714], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:366 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

dupouii, Chaetostoma Fernández-Yépez [A.] 1945:27 [3] [Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle v. 5 (no. 14); ref. 13083] Río Encantado, about 1 kilometer from junction of Río Encantado and Río Grande, Venezuela. Holotype: AFY. Paratypes: AFY (11). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155]. On p. 3 of separate. •Valid as Chaetostoma dupouii Fernández-Yépez 1945 -- (Isbrücker 1980:60 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:380 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[18] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma dupouii Fernández-Yépez 1945. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tuy River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

dura, Loricaria Bleeker [P.] 1862:3 [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises v. 2; ref. 393] Suriname and unknown. Syntypes: RMNH 3113-16 (1, 2, 1). Type catalog: Boeseman 1972:311 [ref. 19698], Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]. Based on Linnaeus 1754 (pre-Linnaean) -- named cataphracta by Linnaeus 1758 -- and on specimens. Also in Bleeker 1863:80 [ref. 401]. Covain & Fisch-Muller 2007:32 [ref. 29329] say holotype is NRM 33. •Synonym of Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758 -- (Isbrücker 1980:116 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:58 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:337 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

duriventris, Harttia Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] & Oliveira [E. C.] 2001:84, Fig. 3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 25404] Rio Tocantins, Igarapé Bacuri, 4°29'44"S, 49°30'32"W, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 2833. Paratypes: INPA 2968-69 (1, 4), 2973 (2, 1 c&s). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:241 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Cteniloricaria duriventris Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 -- (Isbrücker 2001:26, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Harttia duriventris Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 -- (Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:335 [ref. 27061], Provenzano et al. 2005:521 [ref. 28461], Ferraris 2007:241 [ref. 29155], Oyakawa et al. 2013:785 [ref. 33027], Oyakawa et al. 2018:85 [ref. 35818]). Current status: Valid as Harttia duriventris Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, above Tucurui dam, and Araguaia River, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

duseni, Hemipsilichthys Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1907:187, Fig. [Boletim Sociedade Nacional Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro [Lavoura] v. 11 (no. 5); ref. 17767] Ribeirão do Monjolinho, Iporanga, São Paulo, Brazil. Lectotype: MNRJ 772. Paralectotypes: (1) whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:400 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155] Lectotype selected by Gosline 1947:102 [ref. 1857]. •Valid as Pareiorhaphis duseni (Miranda Ribeiro 1907) -- (Isbrücker 1980:13 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Isbrueckerichthys duseni (Miranda Ribeiro 1907) -- (Derijst 1996:64 [ref. 22356], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Pereira & Reis 2002:141 [ref. 26071], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Pereira & Oyakawa 2003:7 [ref. 27318], Jerep et al. 2006:55 [ref. 28877], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Roxo et al. 2012:38 [ref. 32073], Pereira & Reis 2017:72 [ref. 35307], Reis et al. 2020:468 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Isbrueckerichthys duseni (Miranda Ribeiro 1907). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: upper Ribeira de Iguapé River in Paraná state (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

echinasus, Neblinichthys Taphorn [D. C.], Armbruster [J. W.], López-Fernández [H.] & Bernard [C. R.] 2010:619, Fig. 3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 30973] Upper Mazaruni River drainage, Kukui River, near town of Philipai, 5°21'37"N, 60°22'18"W, Guyana. Holotype: CSBD 1652 [ex ROM 83713]. Paratypes: AUM, ROM. •Valid as Neblinichthys echinasus Taphorn, Armbruster, López-Fernández & Bernard 2010 -- (Armbruster & Taphorn 2013:67 [ref. 32700]). Current status: Valid as Neblinichthys echinasus Taphorn, Armbruster, López-Fernández & Bernard 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Mazaruni River drainage, Essequibo basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

edentatus, Loricariichthys Reis [R. E.] & Pereira [E. H. L.] 2000:1041, Fig. 8 [Copeia 2000 (no. 4); ref. 25021] Rio Uruguay at brazo Itape, south of Isla Canario, Concepción del Uruguay, Argentina, 32°29'S, 58°14'W. Holotype: MACN 4041. Paratypes: MACN 7943 (2), MCP 17167-68 (1, 1), MLP 3290 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155], Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:13 [ref. 33466]. •Valid as Loricariichthys edentatus Reis & Pereira 2000 -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:30 [ref. 25653], López et al. 2002:60 [ref. 26808], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:338 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:46 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:270 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:26 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:45 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:31 [ref. 35565], Terán et al. 2019:60 [ref. 36764], Loureiro et al. 2023:96 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Loricariichthys edentatus Reis & Pereira 2000. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: lower Uruguay River basin and Paraná River (Argentina and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

eigenmanni, Loricaria Pellegrin [J.] 1908:125 [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 33 (no. 6/7); ref. 14331] Sarare, Venezuela. Lectotype: MNHN 1899-0118 (101.5 mm SL). Paralectotypes: MNHN 1899-0119 (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:75 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1979:113 [ref. 2302]. •Valid as Hemiloricaria eigenmanni (Pellegrin 1908) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Rineloricaria eigenmanni (Pellegrin 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:104 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:87 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:442 [ref. 12860], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:342 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:78 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:74 [ref. 35773], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:457 [ref. 40760], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2023:9 [ref. 40346]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria eigenmanni (Pellegrin 1908). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Venezuela and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

eleonorae, Nannoplecostomus Ribeiro [A. C.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Pereira [E. H. L.] 2012:638, Figs. 1-3 [Copeia 2012 (no. 4); ref. 32358] São Domingos, Rio da Lapa, a tributary to Rio São Domingos, itself a tributary to Rio Paranã, upper Rio Tocantins basin, near the entrance of Lapa Terra Ronca, Terra Ronca State Park, 13°43'09"S, 46°21'17"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 106059. Paratypes: many at AMNH, ANSP, CPUFMT, MNRJ, MZUSP, ZUEC. •Valid as Nannoplecostomus eleonorae Ribeiro, Lima & Pereira 2012 -- (Pereira & Reis 2017:82 [ref. 35307] no subfamily, Roxo et al. 2017:351 [ref. 35310]). Current status: Valid as Nannoplecostomus eleonorae Ribeiro, Lima & Pereira 2012. Loricariidae. Distribution: Rio Paranã, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

elongatum, Hypoptopoma Aquino [A. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.] 2010:67, Figs. 35 [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History No. 336; ref. 30875] Rio Tapajos, Itaituba, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 7240. Paratypes: INPA 29657 (58, 2 c&s). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Hypoptopoma elongatum Aquino & Schaefer 2010 -- (Delapieve et al. 2018:22 [ref. 35713]). Current status: Valid as Hypoptopoma elongatum Aquino & Schaefer 2010. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Lower Rio Tapajos and lower Rio Trombetas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

emarginatus, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:500 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Probably from Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9447 (dry). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:70 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Plecostomus emarginatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:40 [ref. 37559]). •Valid as Hypostomus emarginatus Valenciennes 1840 -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850]). •Valid as Squaliforma emarginata (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], DoNascimiento 2016:533 [ref. 34727], Careaga et al. 2020:78 [ref. 37774]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:512 [ref. 34178], Oliveira et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35225], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:76 [ref. 35773], Silvano et al. 2020:248 [ref. 38135], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:25 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:52 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Orinoco River, Essequibo River and eastern Amazon River basins (Brazil and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

epakmos, Isbrueckerichthys Pereira [E. H. L.] & Oyakawa [O. T.] 2003:6, Fig. 2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 27318] Rio Ribeira de Iguapé drainage, rio Verde at Piúva. on road to Rio Verde, 23°58'22"S, 47°34'23"W, Tapiraí, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 79804. Paratypes: MCP 28276 (63); MZUSP 78444 (6), 79498 (4). •Valid as Isbrueckerichthys epakmos Pereira & Oyakawa 2003 -- (Jerep et al. 2006:55 [ref. 28877], Pereira et al. 2010:37 [ref. 30753], Pereira & Reis 2017:72 [ref. 35307], Reis et al. 2020:468 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Isbrueckerichthys epakmos Pereira & Oyakawa 2003. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: headwaters of the Juquiá River, Ribeira de Iguapé River basin (São Paulo State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

ephippia, Oxyropsis Aquino [A. E.] & Sabaj Pérez [M. H.] 2016:132, Figs. 1A, 2A, 3, 4, 5A [Zootaxa 4136 (no. 1); ref. 34526] Deer Falls, between Deer Creek and Water Dog Falls, Burro Burro river, Essequibo drainage, Guyana, 4°39'53"N, 58°50'28"W. Holotype: ANSP 177381. Paratypes: AMNH, ANSP, AUM, INPA, MCP. •Valid as Nannoxyropsis ephippia (Aquino & Sabaj Pérez 2016) -- (Delapieve et al. 2018:30 [ref. 35713]). Current status: Valid as Nannoxyropsis ephippia (Aquino & Sabaj Pérez 2016). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Essequibo and Branco river basins, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

ephippiata, Peckoltia Armbruster [J. W.], Werneke [D. C.] & Tan [M.] 2015:102, Fig. 2 [ZooKeys No. 480; ref. 33670] Rôndonia, Presidente Médici, rio Madeira drainage, rio Leitão on highway BR-364, about 5 km north of Presidente Médici, -11.1328°, -061.9008°, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 35627. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, MCP, MNRJ, UF. •Valid as Peckoltia ephippiata Armbruster, Werneke & Tan 2015 -- (Armbruster & Lujan 2016:117 [ref. 34264]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltia ephippiata Armbruster, Werneke & Tan 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Madeira drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

eppleyi, Parotocinclus Schaefer [S. A.] & Provenzano [F.] 1993:46, Figs. 5-6 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 20828] Caño Curicurito, about 1 kilometer above its mouth into the Río Autana, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela, 4°47'N, 67°25'W. Holotype: MBUCV-V-22530. Paratypes: ANSP 160645 (1), 160657 (1), 160700 (6), 161495 (2), 162164 (2), 165845 (12), 165846 (1), 169470 (9); MBUCV-V-4728 (36, not 20), V-16890 (3), V-17574 (1), V-18378 (3), V-20188 (4, not 3), V-22524 (155, not 157). Type catalog: Provenzano et al. 1998:14 [ref. 24196], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Parotocinclus eppleyi Schaefer & Provenzano 1993 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Ribeiro et al. 2002:223 [ref. 26534], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:326 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:282 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Lehmann A. & Reis 2012:62 [ref. 32074], Lehmann A. et al. 2015:47 [ref. 33723], Roxo et al. 2016:131 [ref. 34921], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:76 [ref. 35633], Lehmann A. & Reis 2021:452 [ref. 38354]). •Valid as Rhinotocinclus eppleyi (Schaefer & Provenzano 1993) -- (Reis & Lehmann A. 2022:32 [ref. 39390]). Current status: Valid as Rhinotocinclus eppleyi (Schaefer & Provenzano 1993). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: upper Orinoco River basin, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

eptingi, Chaetostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:158, Figs. 66-68 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil [probably mistaken, probably Rio Parnaíba basin]. Holotype: ANSP 69447. Paratypes: ANSP 69448-50 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Type locality incorrect Zawadzki et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35355]. •Valid as Hypostomus eptingi (Fowler 1941) -- (Isbrücker 1980:60 [ref. 2302], Burgess 1898:435 [ref. 12860], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35355] as possible synonym of Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner 1877)). •Synonym of Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner 1877) -- (Ramos et al. 2017:3 [ref. 35396]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

ericae, Hypostomus Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.] 2005:958, Figs. 3-6 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Porto Alfredinho, 14°02'22.1"S, 48°31'28.6"W, Rio Tocantins, Tocantins River basin, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 27861. Paratypes: MHNG 2650.025 -.028 (1, 1, 3, 1), MNRJ 24251- 64 (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), 27862-63 (1, 4) Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus ericae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 -- (Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:36 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ericae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Tocantins River drainage (Goiás, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

ericius, Hypostomus Armbruster [J. W.] 2003:25, Fig. 9 [Zootaxa No. 249; ref. 27426] 1 kilometer upstream from Caterpiza, River Marañon, Amazonas, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 17441. Paratypes: AMNH 218035 (1); ANSP 176149 (1); INHS 36876 (1); LACM 39947-7 (1), 41893-6 (1), 42004-9 (1); SIUC 29195 (1); USNM 357392 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. The holotype is listed both as the holotype and as a paratype. •Valid as Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003 -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2004:955 [ref. 28067], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

erinaceus, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:510 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Chile. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9568 (poor condition). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:68 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus erinaceus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker 1980:68 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus erinaceus (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Chile (?). Habitat: freshwater.

eschwartzae, Andeancistrus Lujan [N. K.], Meza-Vargas [V.] & Barriga Salazar [R. E.] 2015:652, Fig. 4 [Copeia v. 103 (no. 3); ref. 33963] Morona-Santiago Province, Palora Canton, Sangay Sector, Pastaza River drainage, Amundalo River 10.3 km WSW of Palora, Ecuador, 1°44'54.90"S, 78°02'39.78"W, elevation 953 meters. Holotype: MEPN 14780 (ex ROM 93927). Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, ROM. •Valid as Andeancistrus eschwartzae Lujan, Meza-Vargas & Barriga Salazar 2015 -- (Provenzano & Villa-Navarro 2017:528 [ref. 35473], Provenzano et al. 2017:264 [ref. 35613]). Current status: Valid as Andeancistrus eschwartzae Lujan, Meza-Vargas & Barriga Salazar 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Amundalo River [Río Amundal], Morona Santiago, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

espiritosantensis, Neoplecostomus Langeani [F.] 1990:16, Figs. 3, 6 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS, Série Zoologia v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 16736] Rio Jacu (braço sul), Victor Hugo, Mun. de Domingos Martins, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 38573. Paratypes: MNRJ 4240 (9); MZUSP 38574-75 (2); ZUFES 130325 (5), 130722 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:273 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Neoplecostomus espiritosantensis Langeani 1990 -- (Bizerril 1995:698 [ref. 23196], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:319 [ref. 27061], Zawadzki et al. 2004:579 [ref. 27753], Ferraris 2007:273 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2008:46 [ref. 29594], Roxo et al. 2012:16 [ref. 31839], Roxo et al. 2012:39 [ref. 32073], Roxo et al. 2014:125 [ref. 33492], Andrade & Langeani 2014:9 [ref. 33618], Cherobim et al. 2016:9 [ref. 35001], Pereira & Reis 2017:74 [ref. 35307], Roxo et al. 2017:238 [ref. 35467], Silva et al. 2019:100 [ref. 36454]). Current status: Valid as Neoplecostomus espiritosantensis Langeani 1990. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of the eastern slope of Serra do Mar, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

etentaculatum, Hypostoma Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.] 1829:7, Pl. 4 (figs. 1-2) [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Rio São Francisco, Januaria, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Neotype: MZUSP 35821. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]. Name first published in Cuvier 1829 [ref. 995]. Neotype designated by Weber 1992:25 [ref. 19714]. Species epithet misspelled etentaculum by Cuvier 1831:221 [ref. 30376]. •Valid as Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) -- (Isbrücker 1980:41 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Weber 1991:642 [ref. 19114], Weber 1992:4, 25 [ref. 19714], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:366 [ref. 27061], Armbruster & Page 2006:403 [ref. 28898], Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155], Silva et al. 2020:12 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

euacanthagenys, Spatuloricaria Isbrücker [I. J. H.] 1979:113, Figs. 24-26, 27b [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 5 (no. 4) [for 1978]; ref. 2302] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71718. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155]. Replacement name for Euacanthagenys caquetae Fowler 1945, secondarily preoccupied in Spatuloricaria by Loricaria caquetae Fowler 1943. •Valid as Spatuloricaria euacanthagenys Isbrücker 1979 -- (Isbrücker 1980:112 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:344 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155], Fichberg et al. 2014:322 [ref. 33358], Fichberg et al. 2014:322 [ref. 33358], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633]). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Spatuloricaria euacanthagenys Isbrücker 1979. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Caquetá River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

eurycephalus, Hemipsilichthys Pereira [E. H. L.] & Reis [R. E.] 2002:131, Fig. 21 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 26071] Creek tributary of rio Canoas, east of vila São José, on road to serra do Corvo Branco, 28°03'33"S, 49°25'42"W, Urubici, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 19778. Paratypes: MCP 22342 (22), 22352 (19), 22360 (8), 22361 (21); MNRJ 18340 (22). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemipsilichthys eurycephalus Pe eira & Reis 2002 -- (Pereira et al. 2003:2 [ref. 27068], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:354 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pareiorhaphis eurycephalus (Pereira & Reis 2002) -- (Pereira 2005:272 [ref. 28273], Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155], Pereira & Britto 2012:524 [ref. 32198], Pereira et al. 2012:539 [ref. 32218], Pereira & Zanata 2014:36 [ref. 33226], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Pereira & Reis 2017:75 [ref. 35307], Pereira & Reis 2022:12 [ref. 39732]). Current status: Valid as Pareiorhaphis eurycephalus (Pereira & Reis 2002). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Canoas River drainage, Rio Uruguai basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

eustictus, Pristiancistrus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:121, Figs. 29-32 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Upper Río Baudó, Pacific slope of Colombia, elevation 3000 feet. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71710. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus eustictus (Fowler 1945) -- (Isbrücker 1980:68 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Ancistrus centrolepis Regan 1913 -- (see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[20] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus eustictus (Fowler 1945). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Baudó River basin, Colombia [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

evansii, Loricaria Boulenger [G. A.] 1892:10, Pl. 1 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 10 (no. 55) (art. 2); ref. 533] Jangada, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1892.4.20.29. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Spatuloricaria evansii (Boulenger 1892) -- (Isbrücker 1980:113 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:88 [ref. 5522], Ortega & Vari 1986:18 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:130 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:345 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:48 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:296 [ref. 29155], Fichberg et al. 2014:322 [ref. 33358], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:46 [ref. 35117], Londoño-Burbano et al. 2018:619 [ref. 36263], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Spatuloricaria evansii (Boulenger 1892). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: SouthAmerica: Paraná/Paraguay, Beni and Tocantins River basins (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

falconensis, Ancistrus Taphorn [D. C.], Armbruster [J. W.] & Rodríguez-Olarte [D.] 2010:26, Figs. 2-3 [Zootaxa No. 2345; ref. 30697] El Hueque River, 11°09'41.4"N, 69°33'24.9" W, at bridge on highway from Churuguara to Coro, Falcón State, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 56067. Paratypes: ANSP 189316 (2); AUM 84518 (2); Cpucla 1638 (3); MNCL 54543 (9), 54538 (3), 54552 (12). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Ancistrus falconensis Taphorn, Armbruster & Rodríguez-Olarte 2010. Current status: Valid as Ancistrus falconensis Taphorn, Armbruster & Rodríguez-Olarte 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Hueque and Ricoa rivers, (Caribbean) Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

fallax, Loricaria (Loricariichthys) Steindachner [F.] 1915:101 [87], Pl. 13 (figs. 1-4) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. v. 93; ref. 4244] Igarapé de Carauná, Amazon River basin, Est. Rpraía, Brazil, elevation 200 meters. Lectotype: NMW 44864. Paralectotypes: NMW 44865-69 (2, 5, 3 now 2, 1, 1), 45046 (1), 46157 (2), 46159 (2), 84990 (1); ZMA 114349 (1); ZSM 4869 [ex NMW 44867] (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:58 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:264 [ref. 31652]. On p. 87 of separate; also in Steindachner 1917 [ref. 15259]. Species not listed in earlier abstract [ref. 18909]. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker & Nijssen 1979:198 [ref. 8822]. •Valid as Hemiloricaria fallax (Steindachner 1915) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:27, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Rineloricaria fallax (Steindachner 1915) -- (Isbrücker 1980:105 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:88 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:442 [ref. 12860], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:342 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria fallax (Steindachner 1915). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Upper Rupununi and Branco River basins: Brazil and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

faveolus, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Birindelli [J. L. O.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2008:396, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29845] Cocalinho, Corixo da Saudade (Corixinho), 25 kilometers north of Cocalinho on road MT 136, rio Araguaia drainage, rio Tocantins basin, 14°17'20.6"S, 51°09'12.1"W, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 90722. Paratypes: many at ANSP, MHNG, MZUSP and UNT. Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:21 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus faveolus Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima 2008 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2012:245 [ref. 32031], Zawadzki et al. 2013:74 [ref. 32701], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Azevedo et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38203], Soares et al. 2021:14 [ref. 38335], Koerber et al. 2022:51 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus faveolus Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tocantins and upper Xingu River basins, and upper Paraná drainage (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

feldbergae, Peckoltia de Oliveira [R. R.], Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.], Zuanon [J.] & Rocha [M. S.] 2012:547, Figs. 1-3 [Copeia 2012 (no. 3); ref. 32202] Río Xingu, Ilha de Babaquara, upstream of Altamira, 3°23'45"S, 52°12'16"W, Altamira, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 32352. Paratypes: many at ANSP, INPA, MCP, MPEG, MZUEL, MZUSP, NUP, ROM. Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:29 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Ancistomus feldbergae (de Oliveira, Rapp Py-Daniel, Zuanon & Rocha 2012) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:100 [ref. 33670]). Current status: Valid as Ancistomus feldbergae (de Oliveira, Rapp Py-Daniel, Zuanon & Rocha 2012). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Río Xingu, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

felipponei, Loricaria Fowler [H. W.] 1943:319, Figs. 7-9 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1444] Uruguay. Holotype: ANSP 70324. Paratypes: ANSP 67777-82 (6). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:294 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Rineloricaria felipponei (Fowler 1943) -- (Isbrücker 1980:105 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:88 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:442 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], López et al. 2003:48 [ref. 27366], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:342 [ref. 27061], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Rodriguez & Miquelarena 2005:2 [ref. 28173], Ferraris 2007:294 [ref. 29155], Ghazzi 2008:102 [ref. 29636], Litz & Koerber 2014:27 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:46 [ref. 35117], Nión et al. 2016:31 [ref. 35565]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria felipponei (Fowler 1943). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Lower La Plata River basin: Argentina and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

ferrarisi, Niobichthys Schaefer [S. A.] & Provenzano [F.] 1998:226, Fig. 4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 23317] Río Baria, about 200 meters above Neblina base camp, Municipio Autónomo Río Negro, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela, 0°55'N, 66°10'W. Holotype: MBUCV-V-20225. Paratypes: AMNH 74452 (5), 74453 (5, 1 c&s); MBUCV-V-14903 (16, not 12, 1 c&s), V-14916 (?7, not 6). Type catalog: Provenzano et al. 1998:13 [ref. 24196], Ferraris 2007:274 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Niobichthys ferrarisi Schaefer & Provenzano 1998 -- (Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:324 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:274 [ref. 29155], Delapieve et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35713]). Current status: Valid as Niobichthys ferrarisi Schaefer & Provenzano 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Upper Baria River, Negro River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

festae, Plecostomus Boulenger [G. A.] 1898:11 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 13 (no. 329); ref. 14677] Río Vinces and Río Peripa, Ecuador. BMNH 1898.11.4.32. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.11.4.32 (1), ZMUT 1518 (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:137 [ref. 21559], Ferraris 2007:263 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Isorineloricaria festae (Boulenger 1898) -- (Isbrücker 1980:17 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178]). •Probably a synonym of Hypostomus spinosissimus (Steindachner 1880) -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of p.). •Synonym of Isorineloricaria spinosissima (Steindachner 1880) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:263 [ref. 29155], Ray & Armbruster 2016:530 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Isorineloricaria spinosissima (Steindachner 1880). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

festivum, Sturisoma Myers [G. S.] 1942:100, Figs. 8-10 [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 3121] Río Monay, 35 kilometers north of Trujillo, Motatan system, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Holotype: CAS-SU 36505. Paratypes: (9) CAS-SU 36506 (9, now 7), USNM 130637 [ex SU 36506] (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:46 [ref. 12291], Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:299 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Sturisoma festivum Myers 1942 -- (Isbrücker 1980:94 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:97 [ref. 23651], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:345 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:299 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento 2016:534 [ref. 34727]). •Valid as Sturisomatichthys festivus (Myers 1942) -- (Covain et al. 2015:514 [23] [ref. 34066], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:77 [ref. 35633], Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2019:779 [ref. 37158]). Current status: Valid as Sturisomatichthys festivus (Myers 1942). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela and Catatumbo River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

filamentissima, Harttia Eigenmann [C. H.] & Allen [W. R.] 1942:211, Pl. 8 (figs. 1-2) [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Río Huallaga, upper Amazon River basin, Peru. Holotype: CAS 28541 [ex IU 15378]. Paratypes: CAS 28542 [ex IU 15379] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:264 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Harttia filamentissima Eigenmann & Allen 1942 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:38 [ref. 37559] as Hartia filamentissima). •Questionably a synonym of Lamontichthys filamentosus (LaMonte 1935) -- (Isbrücker 1980:91 [ref. 2303]). •Synonym of Lamontichthys filamentosus (LaMonte 1935) -- (Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:336 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:264 [ref. 29155], Paixão & Toledo-Piza 2009:527 [ref. 30675]). Current status: Synonym of Lamontichthys filamentosus (LaMonte 1935). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

filamentosa, Harttia LaMonte [F. R.] 1935:5, Fig. 4 [American Museum Novitates No. 784; ref. 13893] Near Envira, near mouth of Rio Embira, tributary of River Tarauaca, itself a tributary to Rio Jurua, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: AMNH 12616. Paratypes: AMNH 26941 (1), ?MSNM 41 [ex MSNM 4721 and ex AMNH] (1). Type catalog: Conci & Michelangeli 1974:226 [ref. 21560], Ferraris 2007:264 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Lamontichthys filamentosus (LaMonte 1935) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:38 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:91 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:27, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:336 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:264 [ref. 29155], Paixão & Toledo-Piza 2009:527 [ref. 30675], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:77 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Lamontichthys filamentosus (LaMonte 1935). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

filamentosa, Loricaria Steindachner [F.] 1878:90 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 15 (no. 12) (for 9 May 1878); ref. 20476] Magdalena River, Colombia. Lectotype: NMW 44874. Paralectotypes: NMW 44870-73 (3, 5, 1, 5), 44874:2 (1), 44875-77 (4, 2, 1); ZMUC 86 (1) Rio Magdalena. Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:52 [ref. 9588], Ferraris 2007:233 [ref. 29155]. Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1879:45 [p. 29 of separate], Pl. 9 (figs. 1-2) [ref. 4227]. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1979:113 [ref. 2302]. •Valid as Rineloricaria filamentosa (Steindachner 1878) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:38 [ref. 37559]). •Valid as Loricaria filamentosa Steindachner 1878 -- (Galvis et al. 1997:90 [ref. 23651]). •Valid as Dasyloricaria filamentosa (Steindachner 1878) -- (Isbrücker 1980:111 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:88 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:331 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:233 [ref. 29155], Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2016:[4] [ref. 34381], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:77 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Dasyloricaria filamentosa (Steindachner 1878). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Magdalena River basin, lower Cauca, río Sinú and Maracaibo basin (Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

filicaudatus, Peckoltichthys Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1917:49 [Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Sciências (Rio de Janeiro) v. 1; ref. 5742] Solimões River, upper Amazon River basin, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNRJ 969. Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:401 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Peckoltia filicaudatus (Miranda Ribeiro 1917) -- (Isbrücker 1980:55 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Peckoltia filicauda (Miranda Ribeiro 1917) -- (Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Armbruster & Werneke 2005:12 [ref. 28101], Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Peckoltia bachi (Boulenger 1898) -- (Armbruster 2008:7 [ref. 29740]). •Synonym of Peckoltichthys bachi Boulenger 1898 -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:100 [ref. 33670]). Current status: Synonym of Peckoltichthys bachi (Boulenger 1898). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Solimões River basin, Brazil [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

fimbriata, Loricaria Eigenmann [C. H.] & Vance [L.] in Eigenmann 1912:12 [Indiana University Studies No. 16 [sic No. 8]; ref. 1228] Boca de Certegai, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 55117 [ex CM 3808]. Paratypes: (2, CM and IU) CAS 77173 [ex IU 12714] (1), FMNH 55118 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:84 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:53 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Loricaria filamentosa Steindachner 1878 -- (Galvis et al. 1997:90 [ref. 23651]). •Valid as Spatuloricaria fimbriata (Eigenmann & Vance 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:113 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:88 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:443 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:345 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155], Fichberg et al. 2014:323 [ref. 33358], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Spatuloricaria fimbriata (Eigenmann & Vance 1912). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Magdalena River at Boca de Certegai and Tiura River: Colombia and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

fimbriatus, Otocinclus Cope [E. D.] 1894:98, Pl. 9 (figs. 16, 16a-b) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Jacuhy [Jacuí], Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Syntypes: ANSP 21752 (4), 21585-97 (14). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:271 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Otocinclus fimbriatus Cope 1894 -- (Isbrücker 1980:82 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Macrotocinclus flexilis (Cope 1894) -- (Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:24 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:271 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Otocinclus flexilis Cope 1894 -- (Malabarba 1989:150-151 [ref. 14217], Schaefer 1997:49 [ref. 23213], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:324 [ref. 27061], Lehmann A. et al. 2010:60 [ref. 30756], Litz & Koerber 2014:24 [ref. 33622]). Current status: Synonym of Otocinclus flexilis Cope 1894. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Habitat: freshwater.

fimbriatus, Pseudacanthicus (Lithoxus) Steindachner [F.] 1915:201 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 52 (no. 17); ref. 15071] Río Coquenan, Venezuela. Holotype (unique): NMW 44418. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155]. Genus originally misspelled as Pseudocanthicus in the above abstract, later corrected as Pseudacanthicus when illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1915:92 [p. 78 of separate], Pl. 10 (figs. 1-3) [ref. 4244]; also in Steindachner 1917 [ref. 15259]. •Valid as Exastilithoxus fimbriatus (Steindachner 1915) -- (Isbrücker 1980:78 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:27, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:384 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2018:[5] [ref. 36081]). Current status: Valid as Exastilithoxus fimbriatus (Steindachner 1915). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Caroni and Matacuni River basins in Orinoco River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

fischeri, Chaetostomus Steindachner [F.] 1879:150 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 16 (no. 15) (for 19 June 1879); ref. 20478] Río Mamoni near Chepo, Panama. Syntypes: (several) NMW 47170-73 (1, 1, 2, 1), 54991 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1879:162 [p. 14 in separate], Pl. 4 [ref. 18782]. •Valid as Chaetostoma fischeri Steindachner 1879 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:39 [ref. 37559] as fisheri, Isbrücker 1980:61 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Lasso et al. 1998:62 [ref. 24173], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:13 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:380 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:228 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:216 [ref. 34894], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma fischeri Steindachner 1879. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Colombia, Ecuador and Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

flagellaris, Plecostomus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:158 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Suriname. Holotype: BMNH 1863.11.12.195. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758 -- (Isbrücker 1980:116 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:60 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:26 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:337 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:268 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus 1758. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

flava, Loricaria Shaw [G.] 1804:38, Pl. 101 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Sea, in error [South America]. Lectotype: NRM 32 (57.8 mm SL). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Unneeded new name; based on several literature sources. Lectotype selected bn Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999] •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:88 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

flexilis, Otocinclus Cope [E. D.] 1894:97, Pl. 8 [7] (figs. 13, 13a-b) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Jacuhy [Jacuí], Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: ANSP 21756. Paralectotypes: ANSP 21622-26 (5), 21757-67 (11). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:271 [ref. 29155]. Intended Pl. 7 was reversed with Pl. 8. Lectotype selected by Schaefer 1997:53 [ref. 23213]. •Valid as Macrotocinclus flexilis (Cope 1894) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:20 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker et al. 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Menni 2004:79 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:271 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127]). •Valid as Otocinclus flexilis Cope 1894 -- (Isbrücker 1980:82 [ref. 2303], Malabarba 1989:150 [ref. 14217], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Schaefer 1991:6 [ref. 18926], Aquino 1994:218 [ref. 22311], Aquino 1996:13 [ref. 22664], Schaefer 1997:49 [ref. 23213], Gómez & Chebez 1996:62 [ref. 23791], Britto & Moreira 2002:1067 [ref. 26512], Britto et al. 2002:735 [ref. 26546], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:324 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:44 [ref. 27366], Axenrot & Kullander 2003:256 [ref. 27393], Lehmann A. et al. 2010:60 [ref. 30756], Koerber 2011:5 [ref. 31122], Litz & Koerber 2014:24 [ref. 33622], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:31 [ref. 35565], Delapieve et al. 2018:23 [ref. 35713], Loureiro et al. 2023:117 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Otocinclus flexilis Cope 1894. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Jacuí, Laguna dos Patos system, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

floridablancaensis, Chaetostoma Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2013:[5], Figs. 1 et seq. [Peces del Departamento de Santander - Colombia. No. 6; ref. 33712] Departamento de Santander, municipio de Floridablanca, quebrada Aranzoque, afluente del río de Oro, cuenca alto del río Lebrija, elevation 925 meters. Holotype: CAR 633.1. Paratypes: CAR, IMCN, MBUCV, MUSM. Genus Chaetostoma is neuter, therefore correction to floridablancaense. •Valid as Chaetostoma floridablancaense Ardila Rodríguez 2013 -- (Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975] as floridablancaensis, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma floridablancaense Ardila Rodríguez 2013. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Floridablanca, afluente del Río Oro, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

fluminense, Parotocinclus Roxo [F. F.], Melo [B. F.], Silva [G. S. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2017:261, Figs. 1, 2a [Zootaxa 4232 (no. 2); ref. 35139] Municipality of Casemiro de Abreu, rio Branco, tributary of rio São João, coastal drainage, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 22°27'04"S, 42°05'04"W. Holotype: MZUSP 120989. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, LBP, MCP, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Parotocinclus fluminense Roxo, Melo, Silva & Oliveira 2017. Current status: Valid as Parotocinclus fluminense Roxo, Melo, Silva & Oliveira 2017. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio São João drainage (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

fluminensis, Harttia Covain [R.] & Fisch-Muller [S.] in Covain, Fisch-Muller, Montoya-Burgos, Mol, Le Bail & Dray 2012:151 [Cybium v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 32000] Coppename River at Raleighvallen, Suriname. Holotype: MHNG 2724.003 [ex MHNG 2690.013]. Paratypes: MHNG 2690.012 (6), 2690.013 (14); MNHN 2011-0033 (2); NZCS F7077 (1) •Valid as Harttia fluminensis Covain & Fisch-Muller 2012 -- (Oyakawa et al. 2018:85 [ref. 35818]). Current status: Valid as Harttia fluminensis Covain & Fisch-Muller 2012. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Coppername River drainage, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

fluviatilis, Plecostomus Schubart [O.] 1964:7, Figs. 1-4 [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 251; ref. 3425] Rio Mogi Guaçu basin, Brazil. Syntypes: (6) EEBP 282 (1, ex 3, 2 lost), 658 (2, lost); MRNJ uncat. (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2023:547 [ref. 40344]. •Valid as Hypostomus fluviatilis (Schubart 1964) -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus fluviatilis (Schubart 1964). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Grande basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

fonchii, Hypostomus Weber [C.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.] 2002:357, Figs. 2-3 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 109 (no. 2); ref. 26428] Lower part near mouth of Río Pauya, 6°36'7.0"S, 75°56'26.3"W, Quebrada John, Ucayali, Peru, elevation 360 meters. Holotype: MHNG 2613.66. MHNG 2613.67 (tissue), 2613.68 (1); MUSM 18791 (1). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002 -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Cushabatay River basin (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

fordii, Chaetostomus Günther [A.] 1868:476 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 1992] Probably Suriname. Syntypes: BMNH 1866.8.14.148-152 (4). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:286 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Also published in Günther (Sept.) 1868:231, Pl. 21 [ref. 5756]. •Valid as Pseudacanthicus fordii (Günther 1868) -- (Isbrücker 1980:76 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:27 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:393 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:286 [ref. 29155], Fisch-Muller et al. 2012:189 [ref. 31970], Chamon & Sousa 2016:13 [ref. 34852], Chamon & Costa e Silva 2018:507 [ref. 35821]). Current status: Valid as Pseudacanthicus fordii (Günther 1868). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

forestii, Microplecostomus Silva [G. S. C.], Roxo [F. F.], Ochoa [L. E.] & Oliveira [C.] 2016:136, Figs. 1-6 [ZooKeys No. 598; ref. 34486] Roncador Stream, a tributary of das Brancas Stream, tributary of the Tocantizinho River, Tocantins River basin, municipality of São João D’Aliança, Goiás state, Brazil, 14°53'47.2"S, 47°34'58.4"W. Holotype: MZUSP 118673. Paratypes: AUM, LBP, MZUSP. •Valid as Microplecostomus forestii Silva, Roxo, Ochoa & Oliveira 2016 -- (Pereira & Reis 2017:82 [ref. 35307] no subfamily). Current status: Valid as Microplecostomus forestii Silva, Roxo, Ochoa & Oliveira 2016. Loricariidae. Distribution: Tocantizinho River, Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

formosa, Rineloricaria Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.] 1979:192, Figs. 1-3 [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 48 (no. 2); ref. 8822] Lagoon about 1 kilometer upriver from Puerto Inírida, Río Orinoco basin, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 83713. Paratypes: FMNH 83714-15 (22, 8); IRSNB 608-609 (now 3, now 7); MZUSP (8), MZUSP [ex IRSNB 608 (2), MZUSP ex IRSNB 609] (5); ZMA 114922-23 (5, 2), 115182 (1), 115196-97 (1, 1); ZSM 25821 (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:62 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:76 [ref. 12367], Walschaerts 1987:21 [ref. 20755], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:268 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Hemiloricaria formosa (Isbrücker & Nijssen 1979) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:27, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:245 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Rineloricaria formosa Isbrücker & Nijssen 1979 -- (Isbrücker 1980:105 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:442 [ref. 12860], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:342 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:78 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2023:9 [ref. 40346]). Current status: Valid as Rineloricaria formosa Isbrücker & Nijssen 1979. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: western Orinoco and upper Amazon River basins, Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

formosae, Chaetostoma Ballen [G. A.] 2011:384, Figs. 1 and 3 [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo v. 51 (no. 26); ref. 31653] Caño Chuy, affluent of río Upía, Boyacá -- Casanare border, upper río Meta basin, Orinoco drainage, San Luis de Gaceno, Departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. Holotype: ICNMHN 17114. Paratypes: many as CZUT-IC, ICNMHN and MLS. Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:31 [ref. 36127]. •Valid as Chaetostoma formosae Ballen 2011 -- (Lujan et al. 2015:666 [ref. 33975], Ballen et al. 2016:194 [ref. 34396], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:75 [ref. 35773], Urbano-Bonilla & Ballen 2021:12 [ref. 38058]). Current status: Valid as Chaetostoma formosae Ballen 2011. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Meta and Guaviare River drainages, Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

formosae, Hypostomus Cardoso [Y. P.], Brancolini [F.], Paracampo [A.], Lizarralde [M. S.], Covain [R.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.] 2016:13, Figs. 2, 3c, 4a [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 1); ref. 34373] Formosa Province, Saladillo Stream, tributary of Paraguay River, Argentina, 26°26'28"S, 58°24'03"W. Holotype: MACN Ict 9720. Paratypes: CFA-IC 11972 [ex ILPLA 1972] (2); MACN, MHNG. Type catalog: Bogan et al. 2019:19 [ref. 37088]. •Valid as Hypostomus formosae Cardoso, Brancolini, Paracampo, Lizzaralde, Covain & Montoya-Burgos 2016 -- (Koerber et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267], Koerber et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35632], Koerber et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus formosae Cardoso, Brancolini, Paracampo, Lizzaralde, Covain & Montoya-Burgos 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin (Argentina and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

formoso, Ancistrus Sabino [J.] & Trajano [E.] 1997:74, Figs. 3-4 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 24 (no. 3/4); ref. 23465] Buraco do Ducho cave, Serra da Bodoquena, Município de Bonito, 21°08'S, 56°28'W, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP 51836. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus formoso Sabino & Trajano 1997 -- (Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Romero & Paulson 2001:29 [ref. 26040], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Proudlove 2006:154 [ref. 28992], Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155], Bifi et al. 2009:41 [ref. 30541]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus formoso Sabino & Trajano 1997. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cave in Formoso phreatic system, Rio Formoso basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

fowleri, Oxyloricaria Pellegrin [J.] 1908:126 [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 33 (no. 6/7); ref. 14331] Camopi River, French Guiana. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1901-0372. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:75 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:233 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Cteniloricaria fowleri (Pellegrin 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:91 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860], Le Bail et al. 2000:266 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:26, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:331 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:233 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Harttia fowleri (Pellegrin 1908) -- (Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001:81 [ref. 25404], Provenzano et al. 2005:521 [ref. 28461], Covain et al. 2006:9 [ref. 28739], Covain et al. 2012:154 [ref. 32000], Oyakawa et al. 2013:785 [ref. 33027], Oyakawa et al. 2018:85 [ref. 35818]). Current status: Valid as Harttia fowleri (Pellegrin 1908). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Oyapock River basin: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

francirochai, Otocinclus Ihering [R. von] 1928:2, Fig. 1 [Boletim Biologico, Trabalho do Laboratorio de Parasitologia da Facultade de Medicina de São Paulo v. 11 (no. 42); ref. 13840] Creeks by Pirangy, head waters of Rio Turvo, Brazil. Lectotype: MZUSP 3258 [ex DZSASP]. Paralectotypes: MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 5387-5397 (11). Type catalog: Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:248 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401]. •Valid as Otocinclus francirochai Ihering 1928 -- (Isbrücker 1980:82 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860]). •In Microlepidogaster -- (Schaefer 1997:8 [ref. 23213]). •Valid as Microlepidogaster francirochai (Ihering 1928) -- (Castro & Casatti 1997:342 [ref. 23333]). •Valid as Hisonotus francirochai (Ihering 1928) -- (Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Britski & Garavello 2003:593 [ref. 27131], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Almirón & Azpelicueta 2006:92 [ref. 28713], Azpelicueta & Almirón 2007:596 [ref. 29353], Britski & Garavello 2007:414 [ref. 29429], Ferraris 2007:248 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Garvalho & Reis 2011:27 [ref. 31240], Roxo et al. 2015:137 [ref. 33763], Zawadzki et al. 2016:380 [ref. 34367], Roxo et al. 2016:235 [ref. 34426], Roxo et al. 2017:267 [ref. 35139], Calegari et al. 2017:243 [ref. 35203], Roxo et al. 2018:[12] [ref. 35900], Dias et al. 2018:583 [ref. 36235], Reis et al. 2020:469 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hisonotus francirochai (Ihering 1928). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Grande River basin, upper Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

francisci, Plecostomus Lütken [C. F.] 1874:30 [2] [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 1); ref. 2855] Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMUC 60. Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:52 [ref. 9588], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. On p. 2 of separate. Also described in Lütken 1875:143 (and p. II of summary) [ref. 19674]. •Valid as Hypostomus francisci (Lütken 1874) -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Britski 2001:19 [ref. 26046], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Koerber 2014:10 [ref. 33621] not in Argentina, Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203], Zawadzki & Penido 2021:366 [ref. 38404]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus francisci (Lütken 1874). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin, Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

franciscoensis, Neoplecostomus Langeani [F.] 1990:22, Figs. 5-6 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS, Série Zoologia v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 16736] Riacho afluente do córrego da Mutuca, à direita da estrada Belo Horizonte-Nova Lima, kilometer 20, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 20°06'S,43°55'W. Holotype: MZUSP 38577. Paratypes: MZUSP 37149 (40), 37163 (2), 37171 (4); ZMA 120343 (7). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:273 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Neoplecostomus franciscoensis Langeani 1990 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Casatti & Castro 1998:232 [ref. 23663], Bizerril 1995:698 [ref. 23196], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:319 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:273 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2008:46 [ref. 29594], Roxo et al. 2012:16 [ref. 31839], Roxo et al. 2012:39 [ref. 32073], Roxo et al. 2014:125 [ref. 33492], Andrade & Langeani 2014:9 [ref. 33618], Cherobim et al. 2016:9 [ref. 35001], Pereira & Reis 2017:74 [ref. 35307], Roxo et al. 2017:238 [ref. 35467], Silva et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36454]). Current status: Valid as Neoplecostomus franciscoensis Langeani 1990. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Headwaters of Das Velhas and Paraopeba River basins, São Francisco River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

frankei, Aphanotorulus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.] 1983:108, Figs. 1-2 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 9 (no. 4) [for 1982]; ref. 5389] Río Neshua, Río Aguaytia system, about 8°36'S, 74°50'W, 60 kilometers southwest of Pucallpa, Coronel Portillo Province, Peru. Holotype: ZMA 116640. Paratypes: ZMA 116641 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ahanotorulus frankei Isbrücker & Nijssen 1983 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Armbruster & Page 1996:384 [ref. 22151], Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Hypostomus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of p.). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 1998:254 [ref. 23319], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155], Ray & Armbruster 2016:526 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

freirei, Hypostomus Penido [I. S.], Pessali [T. C.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2021:4, Figs. 3, 4a-b, 5 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 98 (no. 5); ref. 38145] Rio Paraopeba, municipality of Belo Vale, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 20°27'19"S, 43°59'40"W. Holotype: NUP 22602. Paratypes: ANSP, CPUFMT, LIRP, MCNIP, MNRJ, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:21 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus freirei Penido, Pessali & Zawadzki 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus freirei Penido, Pessali & Zawadzki 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: tributaries of the upper and middle São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

frenata, Loricaria Boulenger [G. A.] 1902:69 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 9 (no. 49) (art. 15); ref. 14844] Salidero, northwestern Ecuador, elevation 350 feet. Lectotype: BMNH 1901.8.3.29. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1901.8.3.30-31 (2), 1901.6.27.23-24 (2), ?1902.5.27.46-48 (3). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:299 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1979:113 [ref. 2302]. •Valid as Sturisoma frenatum (Boulenger 1902) -- (Isbrücker 1980:94 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:88 [ref. 5522], Burgess 1989:440 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:345 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:299 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:234 [ref. 34894]). •Valid as Sturisomatichthys frenatus (Boulenger 1902) -- (Covain et al. 2015:514 [23] [ref. 34066], Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2019:781 [ref. 37158]). Current status: Valid as Sturisomatichthys frenatus (Boulenger 1902). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Pacific versant rivers (Esmeraldas, San Javier, Salidero and Durango), Ecuador and Patia River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

froehlichi, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Nardi [G.] & Tencatt [L. F. C.] 2021:99, Figs. 1-4, 6 [Zootaxa 4933 (no. 1); ref. 38157] Córrego Salobrinha, tributary of rio Miranda, rio Paraguay basin, Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, 20.68273°S, 56.78600°W Holotype: NUP 22689. Paratypes: LIRP, NUP, ZUFMS. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:21 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus froehlichi Zawadzki, Nardi & Tencatt 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus froehlichi Zawadzki, Nardi & Tencatt 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Bodoquena Plateau, rio Miranda drainage, upper Paraguay River basin (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

fuesslii, Ancistrus Steindachner [F.] 1911:373 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 48 (no. 17) (for 6 July 1911); ref. 14817] Sosomoco, Colombia, elevation 800 meters. Holotype (unique): NMW 48026. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155]. Species originally spelled as füsslii. •Valid as Lasiancistrus fuesslii (Steindachner 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:44 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Knaack 2000:58 [ref. 27233]). •Valid as Dolichancistrus fuesslii (Steindachner 1911) -- (Isbrücker 2001:25, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:384 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:235 [ref. 29155], Ballen & Vari 2012:513 [ref. 32204], Lujan et al. 2015:667 [ref. 33975], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:80 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:76 [ref. 35773]). Current status: Valid as Dolichancistrus fuesslii (Steindachner 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Río Orinoco system, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

fugleri, Hemiancistrus Ovchynnyk [M. M.] 1971:108, Figs. 12-15 [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 187 (nos 1/2); ref. 7699] Río Bogota, Parroquia Cadondelet, 1°06'N, 78°45'W, Province Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): MUSM 5133. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiancistrus fugleri Ovchynnyk 1971 -- (Isbrücker 1980:49 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:385 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745]). •Synonym of Hypostomus annectens (Regan 1904) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], Provenzano & Barriga Salazar 2017:228 [ref. 35332]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus annectens (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

fuliginosus, Hemiancistrus Cardoso [A. R.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 1999:148, Figs. 5-6 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS, Série Zoologia v. 12; ref. 24148] Rio Jacutinga, road Seara-Concórdia (BR283), Concórdia, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, about 27°10'S, 52°09'W. Holotype: MCP 21155. Paratypes: MCP 10878 (18), 11717 (3), 11855 (2), 12514 (10), 12521 (15), 12615 (1), 12647 (1), 12773 (2), 12900 (3), 12999 (1), 16192 (2), 16793 (2), 16820 (12), 18419 (5), 18442 (1), 18464 (28), 18559 (6), 18784 (11), 18869 (5), 18896 (4), 18898 (15), 19063 (12), 19397 (3), 19887 (1), 19940 (11), 20392 (2), 20417 (1), 20444 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiancistrus fuliginosus Cardoso & Malabarba 1999 -- (Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:386 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:53 [ref. 27366], Cardoso & da Silva 2004:1 [ref. 27704], Cardoso 2004:176 [ref. 27799], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena & López 2004:234 [ref. 28357], Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670] as "Hemicancistrus", Mirande & Koerber 2015:41 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565] with author as Cardozo & Malabarba). Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus fuliginosus Cardoso & Malabarba 1999. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper and middle Uruguay River basin, Paraná River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

fulva, Xenocara Holly [M.] 1929:119 [3] [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 66 (no. 13) (for 2 May 1929); ref. 16088] Alto Rio Acara, tributary of Rio Guamá, south of Belém, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNW 57203. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155], Bogutskaya et al. 2022:52 [ref. 39277]. On p. 3 of separate. •Valid as Ancistrus fulvus (Holly 1929) -- (Isbrücker 1980:69 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:437 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155], de Oliveira et al. 2015:73 [ref. 33869]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus fulvus (Holly 1929). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Acará River basin in lower Amazon drainage (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

furcatus, Chaetostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1940:238, Figs. 28-29 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91 (for 1939); ref. 1432] Contamana, Río Ucayali basin, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 68655. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Chaetostoma furcatum Fowler 1940 -- (Isbrücker 1980:61 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653]). •Valid as Peckoltia furcata (Fowler 1940) -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:392 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:284 [ref. 29155], Armbruster 2008:26 [ref. 29740], de Oliveira et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30929], de Oliveira et al. 2012:548 [ref. 32202], Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], Lujan et al. 2015:664 [ref. 33975], Armbruster & Lujan 2016:115, 117 [ref. 34264]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltia furcata (Fowler 1940). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River, Marañon and Ucayali rivers: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

furtivus, Hemiancistrus Provenzano [F.] & Barriga Salazar [R. E.] 2017:223, Figs. 1, 2A [Zootaxa 4272 (no. 2); ref. 35332] Río Silanche, río Blanco tributary, close to San Francisco de Silanche town, Esmeraldas River basin, Pichincha Province, Ecuador, approximately 00°08'45"N, 79°16'38"W. Holotype: MEPN 11569. Paratypes: AUM, MCZ, MEPN. •Valid as Hemiancistrus furtivus Provenzano & Barriga Salazar 2017. Current status: Valid as Hemiancistrus furtivus Provenzano & Barriga Salazar 2017. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Esmeraldas River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

furunculus, Hypancistrus Armbruster [J. W.], Lujan [N. K.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2007:71, Figs. 1C, 7 [Copeia 2007 (no. 1); ref. 29036] Cucue Amerindian village on Río Orinoco, 60 kilometers east of San Juan de Atabapo, 3°58'26"N, 67°09'30"W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 54658. Paratypes: Many lots at ANSP, AUM, and MCNG, •Valid as Hypancistrus furunculus Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 2007 -- (Tan & Armbruster 2016:123 [ref. 34145], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypancistrus furunculus Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 2007. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

fuscomaculatus, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.] & Pains da Silva [H.] 2022:2, Figs. 1-3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 31 (no. 2): IEF-1176; ref. 39204] Rio Salobra, Rio Paraguay basin, municipality of Nobres, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 14°38'38"S, 56°16'29"W. Holotype: NUP 22963. Paratypes: CPUFMT, MNRJ, NUP, ZUFMS. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hypostomus fuscomaculatus Zawadzki & Pains da Silva 2022. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus fuscomaculatus Zawadzki & Pains da Silva 2022. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: middle Rio Paraguay basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

galani, Ancistrus Pérez [A.] & Viloria [A.] 1994:105, Figs. 3-5 [Mémoires de Biospéologie v. 21; ref. 22094] Los Laureles cave, Río Socuy, Sierra de Perijá, Zulia State, Venezuela, 10°45'04"N, 72°27'42"W, elevation 650 meters. Holotype: MBLUZ 04351. Paratypes: MCP 15634 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Ancistrus galani Pérez & Viloria 1994 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Sabino & Trajano 1997:73 [ref. 23465], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Romero & Paulson 2001:29 [ref. 26040], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178] dated 1987, Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:375 [ref. 27061], Proudlove 2006:153 [ref. 28992], Ferraris 2007:221 [ref. 29155], Bifi et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36821]). Current status: Valid as Ancistrus galani Pérez & Viloria 1994. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Socuy River basin, Lake Maracaibo phreatic system, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

galaxias, Leporacanthicus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.] 1989:546, Figs 8-10, 13-15 [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 42 (no. 9); ref. 13622] Rio Tocantins, Lagoa em frenta a Jacobal, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 24136. Paratypes: INPA 674 (1); INPA-TOC 1578 (1); IRSNB 694 (1); MZUSP 27665 (17); ZMA 107862 (16), 119396 (4), 119477 (1), 120337 (2 + 1 mutilated), 120344 (1); ZSM 26672 (1), 26735 (9). Additional material: ZMA 120338 (4). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:265 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:264 [ref. 31652] •Valid as Leporacanthicus galaxias Isbrücker & Nijssen 1989 -- (Provenzano 1995:97 [ref. 38661], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:388 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:265 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633], Koerber et al. 2022:53 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Leporacanthicus galaxias Isbrücker & Nijssen 1989. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

garapia, Pareiorhaphis Pereira [E. H. L.], Lehmann A. [P.], Schvambach [L. J.] & Reis [R. E.] 2015:557, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4034 (no. 3); ref. 34007] Rio Grande do Sul, Maquiné, Barra do Ouro, Arroio Garapiá upstream the Garapiá waterfall, Brazil, 29°30’05.2"S, 50°13’15.8"W. Holotype: MCP 48861. Paratypes: AMNH, MCP, MNRJ. •Valid as Pareiorhaphis garapia Pereira, Lehmann A., Schvambach & Reis 2015 -- (Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Pereira & Reis 2017:75 [ref. 35307], Pereira et al. 2018:639 [ref. 36274]). Current status: Valid as Pareiorhaphis garapia Pereira, Lehmann A., Schvambach & Reis 2015. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Tramandaí drainage, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

garavelloi, Harttia Oyakawa [O. T.] 1993:13, Fig. 4 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS, Série Zoologia v. 6; ref. 21109] Rio Fanado, near city of Minas Nova, Rio Jequitinhonha basin, Brazil, 17°15'S, 42°35'W. Holotype: MZUSP 43266. Paratypes: MCP 15105 (3); MNRJ 12142 (3); MZUSP 42484 (6), 42485 (1), 42696 (2, c&s) Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:241 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Harttia garavelloi Oyakawa 1993 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Langeani et al. 2001:141 [ref. 25126], Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001:80 [ref. 25404], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:335 [ref. 27061], Provenzano et al. 2005:521 [ref. 28461], Ferraris 2007:241 [ref. 29155], Oyakawa et al. 2013:785 [ref. 33027], Oyakawa et al. 2018:85 [ref. 35818]). Current status: Valid as Harttia garavelloi Oyakawa 1993. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Fanado and Araçuaí River basins, Rio Jequitinhonha basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

garavelloi, Rhinolekos Martins [F. de O.] & Langeani [F.] 2011:71, Figs. 1b, 5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31235] Caldas Novas, rio Paranaíba drainage, stream at Fazenda Lageado, near road GO-213, after rio Corumbá bridge, 17°44'20"S, 48°28'27"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: DZSJRP 10479. Paratypes: DZSJRP 10477 (22, 3 c&s), 12191 (37, 4 c&s); MCP 44057 (6); MNRJ 34127 (5); MZUSP 103697 (5). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:456 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Rhinolekos garavelloi Martins & Langeani 2011 -- (Roxo et al. 2015:124 [ref. 33671], Martins et al. 2017:242 [ref. 35356]). Current status: Valid as Rhinolekos garavelloi Martins & Langeani 2011. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Rio Paranaíba drainage, upper rio Paraná system, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

garbei, Hemipsilichthys Ihering [R. von] 1911:399 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Macahé [Macaé], Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Lectotype: MZUSP 1163. Paralectotypes: MZUSP 2107 (1), 2108 (16), 47060 (1), 47918 (1), MNRJ 945 (6), NMW 60905 (1). Type catalog: Britski 1969:200 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by and redescription by Oliveira 1997:117 [ref. 26081]. •Valid as Hemipsilichthys garbei Ihering 1911 -- (Isbrücker 1980:12 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Oliveira 1997:117 [ref. 26081], Oliveira & Oyakawa 1999:79 [ref. 23672], Pereira et al. 2000:377 [ref. 25081], Bizerril 1995:116 [ref. 25087], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Pereira & Reis 2002:107 [ref. 26071], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Pereira et al. 2003:2 [ref. 27068], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:354 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pareiorhaphis garbei (Ihering 1911) -- (Periera 2005:272 [ref. 28273], Lazzarotto et al. 2007:91 [ref. 28803], Ferraris 2007:279 [ref. 29155], Pereira et al. 2012:539 [ref. 32218], Pereira & Reis 2017:75 [ref. 35307]). Current status: Valid as Pareiorhaphis garbei (Ihering 1911). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Macaé River basin, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

garmani, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1904:214, Pl. 10 (fig. 1) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Rio das Velhas, eastern Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1904.1.28.3 [ex MCZ]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus garmani (Regan 1904) -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Casatti & Castro 1998:232 [ref. 23663], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus garmani (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

genibarbis, Rinelepis Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:484, Pl. 453 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Probably Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN (dry) (not found). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:289 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Pseudorinelepis genibarbis (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker 1980:8 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:18 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Armbruster & Hardman 1999:57 [ref. 23670], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Quevedo & Reis 2002:408 [ref. 26014], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:366 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:289 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:75 [ref. 35633], Celis-Granada et al. 2019:193 [ref. 36914], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Pseudorinelepis genibarbis (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Rhinelepinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco lowlands (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

genisetiger, Pseudancistrus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:155, Figs. 59-62 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Rio Jaguaribe, Orós, Ceará State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 69441. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155] •Valid as Lasiancistrus genisetiger (Fowler 1941) [sometimes as genistiger] -- (Isbrücker 1980:44 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Knaack 2000:58 [ref. 27233]). •Valid as Lithoxancistrus genisetiger (Fowler 1941) -- (Isbrücker 2001:29, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:389 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pseudancistrus genisetiger Fowler 1941 -- (Armbruster 2004:5 [ref. 27844], Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155], Willink et al. 2010:41 [ref. 30670], Silva et al. 2014:2 [ref. 33302]). •Sister to Hemipsilichthys gobio and may represent an undescribed genus -- (Covain & Fisch-Muller 2012:235 [ref. 31998]). Current status: Valid as Pseudancistrus genisetiger Fowler 1941. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ghazziae, Sturisoma Londoño-Burbano [A.] & Britto [M. R.] 2023:39, Figs. 1a, 26-28 [Journal of Fish Biology Early view; ref. 40709] Saranzal island, at beach, Araguaia River basin, Palestina do Pará, Pará, Brazil, 5°50'21"S, 48°17'29"W. Holotype: UNT 10610. Paratypes: MCP, MPEG, MZUEL, MZUSP, UNT, ZUFMS. •Valid as Sturisoma ghazziae Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2023. Current status: Valid as Sturisoma ghazziae Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2023. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Araguaia River basin, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará and Tocantins States, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gianetii, Farlowella Ballen [G. A.], Pastana [M. N. L.] & Peixoto [L. A. W.] 2016:[2], Figs. 1, 2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 14 (no. 3) e160046; ref. 34813] Rio Couto de Magalhães, Campinápolis, rio Xingu basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 13°50'17"S, 53°03'53"W. Holotype: MZUSP 95564. Paratypes: MZUSP. •Valid as Farlowella gianetii Ballen, Pastana & Peixoto 2016. Current status: Valid as Farlowella gianetii Ballen, Pastana & Peixoto 2016. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Rio Xingu basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gibbiceps, Ancistrus Kner [R.] 1854:284 [34], Pl. 5 (fig. 2) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Upper Rio Negro near Marabitanos, Amazonas State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]. On p. 34 of separate. •Valid as Glyptoperichthys gibbiceps (Kner 1854) -- (Weber 1991:643 [ref. 19114], Weber 1992:17, 29 [ref. 19714], Chang & Ortega 1995:6 [ref. 24302], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Lasso et al. 2001:99 [ref. 25928], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps (Kner 1854) -- (Isbrücker 1980:41 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:18 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Armbruster & Page 2006:402 [ref. 28898], Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Silvano et al. 2020:268 [ref. 38135], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps (Kner 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: middle and upper Amazon and Orinoco River basins (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

gibbosus, Chaetostomus cochliodon Steindachner [F.] 1880:63, Pl. 4 [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Río Cauca, Colombia. Syntypes: NMW 47297-98 (1, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Described as "sive gibbosus" -- an unneeded replacement name proposed conditionally for cochliodon. •Synonym of Panaque cochliodon (Steindachner 1879) -- (Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:391 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:278 [ref. 29155]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Panaque cochliodon (Steindachner 1879). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

gibbosus, Otocinclus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1908:[2], Figs 2-2a. [Kosmos, Rio de Janeiro [Rev. Art. Sci. Litt.] v. 5 (no. 2) (for 1907); ref. 3715] Rio Bethary [Betharí], São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNRJ 1048. Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:401 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:264 [ref. 29155]. •Generic placement uncertain -- (Schaefer 1997:8 [ref. 23213]). •Valid as Lampiella gibbosa (Miranda Ribeiro 1908) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:19 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:29, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:264 [ref. 29155], Roxo et al. 2017:351 [ref. 35310]). •Valid as Otocinclus gibbosus Miranda Ribeiro 1908 -- (Isbrücker 1980:83 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:324 [ref. 27061], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127]). Current status: Valid as Lampiella gibbosa (Miranda Ribeiro 1908). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gigas, Chaetostomus Boulenger [G. A.] 1895:526 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895 (pt 3); ref. 14576] Paraguay. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1895.5.17.72. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:272 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Megalancistrus gigas (Boulenger 1895) -- (Isbrücker 1980:52 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Megalancistrus parananus (Peters 1881) -- (Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:390 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:272 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:64 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Synonym of Megalancistrus parananus (Peters 1881). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

gladiolus, Acestra Günther [A.] 1864:261 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Rio Cupai [= Cupari], Rio Tapajós basin, Amazon River drainage, Pará State, Brazil. Lectotype: BMNH 1853.3.19.66 (91 mm SL). Paralectotypes: (2) BMNH 1853.3.19.67 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1979:114 [ref. 2302]. •Valid as Farlowella gladiolus (Günther 1864) -- (Isbrücker 1980:98 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:441 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Farlowella amazonum (Günther 1864) [often seen as amazona] -- (Retzer & Page 1997:69 [ref. 23176], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Farlowella gladiolus (Günther 1864) -- (Covain et al. 2015:513 [22] [ref. 34066], Dopazo et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40178]). Current status: Valid as Farlowella gladiolus (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gladius, Acestra Boulenger [G. A.] 1898:425, Pl. 41 (fig. 2) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 14 (pt 7, no. 2); ref. 543] Rio Juruá, Brazil. Lectotype: BMNH 1897.12.1.80 (202 mm SL). Paralectotypes: BMNH 1897.12.1.81 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:239 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Isbrücker 1979:114 [ref. 2302]. •Valid as Farlowella gladius (Boulenger 1898) -- (Isbrücker 1980:98 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:441 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:62 [ref. 23791]). •Synonym of Farlowella oxyrryncha (Kner 1853) -- (Retzer & Page 1997:77 [ref. 23176], Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:11 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:333 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:45 [ref. 27366], Ferraris 2007:239 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Farlowella oxyrryncha (Kner 1853). Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

gnomus, Panaque Schaefer [S. A.] & Stewart [D. J.] 1993:333, Fig. 17 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 21282] Río Cushuimi at Cushuimi, about 2°39'S, 77°43'W, upper Río Morona - Marañón basin, Ecuador, elevation 300+ meters. Holotype: FMNH 70860. Paratypes: FMNH 96950 (3, 2 c&s), 97597-98 (3, 2); LACM 36329-5 (1), 36330-4 (2), 36357-32 (4), 41726-17 (1), 41992-6 (2), 42005-11 (1), 42115-7 (2); MEPN 1829 (1), 2945 (6), 3017 (4); USNM 163912 (1), 177209 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Panaque gnomus Schaefer & Stewart 1993 -- (Chang & Ortega 1995:4 [ref. 24302], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Chockley & Armbruster 2002:83 [ref. 26069], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:391 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745]). •Valid as Panaqolus gnomus (Schaefer & Stewart 1993) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:20 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:24 [ref. 27178], Ferraris 2007:277 [ref. 29155], Lujan et al. 2013:197 [ref. 32784], Cramer 2014:69 [ref. 33229], Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015:469 [ref. 33945], Tan et al. 2016:[19] [ref. 34532], Cramer & Sousa 2016:16 [ref. 34885], Lujan et al. 2017:333 [12] [ref. 35031] as subgenus Panaqolus, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Panaqolus gnomus (Schaefer & Stewart 1993). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Pastaza and upper Marañón River basins (Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

gobio, Xenomystus Lütken [C. F.] 1874:217 [16], Pl. 4 [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn, Aaret 1873 (nos 13-14); ref. 2854] Rio Parahyba, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMUC 76. Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:52 [ref. 9588], Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:247 [ref. 29155]. On p. 16 of separate. •Valid as Hemipsilichthys gobio (Lütken 1874) -- (Isbrücker 1980:12 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Oliveira 1997:119, 123 [ref. 26081], Oliveira & Oyakawa 1999:79 [ref. 23672], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Pereira et al. 2000:377 [ref. 25081], Bizerril 1995:116 [ref. 25087], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Pereira & Reis 2002:99 [ref. 26071], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Pereira et al. 2003:2 [ref. 27068], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:354 [ref. 27061], Periera 2005:272 [ref. 28273], Reis et al. 2006:281 [ref. 28706], Ferraris 2007:247 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Hemipsilichthys gobio (Lütken 1874). Loricariidae: Delturinae. Distribution: Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gomesi, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1942:2 [The Fish Culturist v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 17876] Ceará, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 69409. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]. Replacement name for Plecostomus iheringi Fowler 1941, preoccupied by Plecostomus iheringii Regan 1908. •Valid as Hypostomus gomesi (Fowler 1942) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). •Valid as Squaliforma gomesi (Fowler 1942) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus gomesi (Fowler 1942) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:517 [ref. 34178] dated 1941). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus gomesi (Fowler 1942). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

goyazensis, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:798, Fig. 207 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Goiás, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1889.11.14.49 [ex MCZ]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus goyazensis (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:73 [ref. 32701]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus goyazensis (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gracilis, Epactionotus Reis [R. E.] & Schaefer [S. A.] 1998:12, Fig. 6 [American Museum Novitates No. 3254; ref. 23691] Rio Jordão at Jordão Alto, 28°36'S, 49°29'W, Nova Veneza, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 20282. Paratypes: ANSP 168968 (20); MCP 11615 (19, 2 c&s), 19193 (2); USNM 285878 (10). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:236 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Epactionotus gracilis Reis & Schaefer 1998 -- (Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Schaefer in Reis et al. 2003:322 [ref. 27061], Azpelicueta et al. 2004:89 [ref. 28029], Almirón et al. 2004:143 [ref. 27988], Ferraris 2007:236 [ref. 29155], Delapieve et al. 2020:20 [ref. 37840]). •Valid as Hisonotus gracilis (Reis & Schaefer 1998) -- (Roxo et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36538]). Current status: Valid as Epactionotus gracilis Reis & Schaefer 1998. Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Araranguá River basin, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gracilis, Farlowella Regan [C. T.] 1904:303, Pl. 20 (fig. 3) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Río Caquetá, Cauca Valley, southern Colombia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1902.5.29.180. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Farlowella gracilis Regan 1904 -- (Isbrücker 1980:98 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:441 [ref. 12860], Retzer & Page 1997:75 [ref. 23176], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:15 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27061], Retzer 2006:61 [ref. 28957], Ferraris 2007:237 [ref. 29155], Ballen & Mojica 2014:140 [ref. 33176], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Ballen et al. 2016:331 [ref. 34915], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:77 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Farlowella gracilis Regan 1904. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Ecuador and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

gracilis, Harttia Oyakawa [O. T.] 1993:16, Fig. 5 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS, Série Zoologia v. 6; ref. 21109] Upper Rio Paraná basin, Brazil, 20°58'S, 46°47'W. Holotype: MZUSP 43267. Paratypes: MCP 15106 (3); MNRJ 12143 (3); MZUSP 35399 (6), 42695 (2, c&s). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:241 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Harttia gracilis Oyakawa 1993 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Langeani et al. 2001:141 [ref. 25126], Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001:80 [ref. 25404], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:335 [ref. 27061], Provenzano et al. 2005:521 [ref. 28461], Ferraris 2007:241 [ref. 29155], Oyakawa et al. 2013:785 [ref. 33027], Oyakawa et al. 2018:85 [ref. 35818]). Current status: Valid as Harttia gracilis Oyakawa 1993. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

graffini, Sturisoma Londoño-Burbano [A.] 2018:1002 [4], Figs. 1a, 2a, 3-5 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 92 (no. 4); ref. 35813] Picaflor Creek, at Pakitza guard post, Castanel Trail #12 to Caña Brava Trail #16, Madre de Dios River basin, Amazonas, Peru, 11°49'60"S, 71°20'59"W. Holotype: MUSM 58700 [ex ROM 64044]. Paratypes: CAS, MUSM, ROM, USNM. •Valid as Sturisoma graffini Londoño-Burbano 2018 -- (Londoño-Burbano & Reis 2019:801 [ref. 37158], Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2022:13 [ref. 39789], Londoño-Burbano & Britto 2023:14 [ref. 40709]). Current status: Valid as Sturisoma graffini Londoño-Burbano 2018. Loricariidae: Loricariinae. Distribution: South America: Madre de Dios River drainage, upper Amazon basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

granosus, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:502 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Cayenne, French Guiana; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN B-0597 (6) Cayenne, B-0598 (5 or 6) Brazil, 9566 (3) Rio de Janeiro. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:75 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:273 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Neoplecostomus granosus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker 1980:6 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], Langeani 1990:25 [ref. 16736], de Pinna 1998:304 [ref. 23847], Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:23 [ref. 27178], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:319 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:273 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2008:46 [ref. 29594], Andrade & Langeani 2014:9 [ref. 33618], Pereira & Reis 2017:74 [ref. 35307]). Current status: Valid as Neoplecostomus granosus (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: Locality uncertain: Brazil (?) and French Guiana (?). Habitat: freshwater.

greedoi, Peckoltia Armbruster [J. W.], Werneke [D. C.] & Tan [M.] 2015:107, Fig. 4 [ZooKeys No. 480; ref. 33670] Pará, río Gurupi on BR 316 at border of Pará and Maranhão, -01.8003°, -046.3167°, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 21972. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, MCP, MNRJ. •Valid as Peckoltia greedoi Armbruster, Werneke & Tan 2015 -- (Armbruster & Lujan 2016:117 [ref. 34264], Koerber et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40665]). Current status: Valid as Peckoltia greedoi Armbruster, Werneke & Tan 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Gurupi drainage, Pará and Maranhão (northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.