Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Echidna: [ 50 ] records

acutis, Muraena Seale [A.] 1917:89 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] San Miguel, Pearl Islands, Gulf of Panama, eastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): MCZ 3960. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:90-91 [ref. 26380]. Genus originally misspelled Mauraena. •Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

alusis, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:67 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] No types known. Based on Muraena catenata of Richardson. •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:131 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

amblyodon, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:72 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.318. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Echidna amblyodon (Bleeker 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:76 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155], Allen & Erdmann 2024:85 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echidna amblyodon (Bleeker 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: northern Sulawesi (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

arae, Gymnothorax Borodin [N. A.] 1928:8 [Bulletin Vanderbilt Oceanographic Museum v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 526] Darwin Bay, Tower Island [Genovesa], Galápagos Islands. Holotype: AMNH 222126 [ex VMM 74]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:425 [ref. 9341]). •Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

auloptera, Muraena De Filippi [F.] 1853:168 [6] [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 5; ref. 17378] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MZUT 235. Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:141 [ref. 21559], Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380]. On p. 6 of separate. •Synonym of Siderea grisea (Lacepède 1803) -- (Fricke 1999:56 [ref. 24106]). •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

boschii, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:52 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 5); ref. 339] Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 7205. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax boschii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Zhang et al. 2010:257 [ref. 31511] as Gymnothorax boschi). •See Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692]. •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke 2000:395 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:98 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

catenatus, Gymnothorax Bloch [M. E.] 1795:84, Pl. 415 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 9; ref. 464] Suriname. Holotype (unique): ZMB 4012. Non-types?: ZMB 4013-14 (1, 2). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:103 [ref. 24282] with ZMB 4012 as holotype. On p. 69 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 12 [ref. 21381]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:37 [ref. 28867]). •Valid as Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:54 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:131 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Cervigón 1991:46 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:366 [ref. 23827], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:231 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:132 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Böhlke & Smith 2003:706 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:8 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:60 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:23 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Pinheiro et al. 2015:5 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1638 [ref. 34557], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:73 [ref. 38844], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:74 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:49 [ref. 40480], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:115 [ref. 40726], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda and Florida (U.S.A.) south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; southern-central Atlantic: Ascension Island; ?eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

catenula, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:628, 641 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Suriname. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:126 [ref. 20810]. Unneeded new name for Gymnothorax catenatus Bloch 1795, Pl. 415 (fig. 1). •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:131 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cerinonigra, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1846:314 [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] Canton, China. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380]. Originally as cerino-nigra. Based solely on illustration by Reeves (see Whitehead 1970:208 [ref. 11606]). •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Siderea picta (Ahl 1789) -- (Zhang et al. 2010:248 [ref. 31511]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chionostigma, Echidna Fowler [H. W.] 1912:28, Fig. 7 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 64; ref. 1385] Probably from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Holotype: ANSP 14519. Paratypes: ANSP 14520 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:424 [ref. 9341], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cocosa, Echidna Garman [S.] 1899:313 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Cocos Island, eastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): MCZ 28452. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380], •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

delicatulus, Poecilophis Kaup [J. J.] 1856:67 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Molucca, Islands. Holotype (unique): RMNH 7212. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Echidna delicatula (Kaup 1856) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:584 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Chen et al. 2008:134 [ref. 29929], Zhang et al. 2010:246 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:77 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155], Moore et al. 2020:109 [ref. 37357] as delicatulus, Allen & Erdmann 2024:85 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echidna delicatula (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Sri Lanka east to Fiji and Samoa, north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Habitat: marine.

dizona, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1860:260 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 22 (no. 3-6); ref. 383] Kupang, Timor Island, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.340. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

echidna, Gymnothorax Forster [J. R.] in Bloch & Schneider 1801:526 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Huahina [Huahine] Island, Society Islands. Holotype (unique): ZMB 4000. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380]. Apparently independent of Muraena echidna Gmelin 1789. Based on description of Echidna in manuscript by Forster (Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798, German explorer and naturalist of Cook's second voyage). •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

echidna, Muraena Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1135 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Palmerston Island, central Pacific. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:245 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

efatensis, Gymnothorax Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1935:384 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Vila, Efaté Island, Vanuatu (from stomach of sea snake). Holotype (unique): FMNH 17193. Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:42 [ref. 12367], Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Echidna delicatula (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna delicatula (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

fascigula, Muraena Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:459 [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Mozambique, 15°S. Holotype (unique): ZMB 4004. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380]. Also described as new in Peters 1855:271 [ref. 13448]. •Valid as Echidna fascigula (Peters 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286]). •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

flavofasciata, Echidna Poey [F.] 1867:264 [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 14079] Cuba. Holotype: not found. •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

forsteri, Echidna Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:695 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. New name for Muraena echidna Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

fuscomaculata, Echidna Poey [F.] 1867:263 [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 14079] Cuba. No types known. Echidna flavoscripta Jordan & Davis 1891 is a lapsus. •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:131 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

geographica, Muraena Richardson [J.] (ex Banks & Solander) 1848:94 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. Not available, published in the synonymy of Muraena variegata; from Uhhietea. •In the synonymy of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:35 [ref. 28239]). • Nomen numen, not available -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

lecomtei, Poecilophis Kaup [J. J.] 1856:67 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Gabon. Syntypes: MNHN B-2364 (1), B-2502 (1), B-2503 (1). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810]. Also in Kaup 1856:103 [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Echidna peli (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna peli (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leihala, Echidna Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:428, Fig. 9 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Reef in front of Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50844. Paratypes: CAS-SU 7783 [at one time 23316] (2), ? [ex USFC 2752] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leucotaenia, Echidna Schultz [L. P.] 1943:22, Pl. 3 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 180; ref. 3957] Reef of Enderbury Island, Phoenix Islands [central Pacific], 3°08'30"S, 171°05'34"W. Holotype: USNM 115949. Paratypes: MCZ 37302 [ex USNM 115954] (2); USNM 115950-53 (21, 1, 2, 3), 15955-57 (3, 2, 2). Type catalog: Smith 1994:15 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Echidna leucotaenia Schultz 1943 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:166 [ref. 5645], Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Winterbottom et al. 1989:6 [ref. 13251], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:35 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:75 [ref. 30952] as not Hawaiian Islands, Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:77 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:41 [ref. 32989], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Smith & Böhlke 2022:39 [ref. 39681], Jamandre 2023:160 [ref. 40455], Allen & Erdmann 2024:85 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echidna leucotaenia Schultz 1943. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros and Chagos Archipelago east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Johnston Island, north to Philippines, south to New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

nebulosa, Muraena Ahl [J. N.] 1789:7, Pl. 1 (right fig.) [Specimen ichthyologicum de Muraena et Ophichtho; ref. 80] In Orientali India [Indonesia]. Holotype (unique): ?ZMUC 345. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Fricke 1999:42 [ref. 24106] as the specimen in original figure Pl. 1. Fricke 1999:41 dates to 1801 but that is apparently incorrect as there is a 1789 publication that differs from the 1801 reference. •Valid as Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Dor 1984:26 [ref. 29757], Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:167 [ref. 5645], Hatooka 1986:381 [ref. 22522], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:127 [ref. 12442], Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Winterbottom et al. 1989:6 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:34 [ref. 15987], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Chen et al. 1994:45 [ref. 22258], Allen & Robertson 1994:43 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1307 [ref. 22830], Randall 1995:54 [ref. 22896], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:65 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:851 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:106 [ref. 23922], Kuiter 1997:32 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:34 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:41 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:201 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:584 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:110 [ref. 25191], Thomson et al. 2000:46 [ref. 25640], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:201 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:102 [ref. 28072], Love et al. 2005:17 [ref. 37547], Randall 2005:35 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:245 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:80 [ref. 30952], Béarez & Séret 2009:145 [ref. 36646], Fricke et al. 2009:14 [ref. 30213], Imamura 2009:17 [ref. 30434], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:70 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:245 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:77 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Page et al. 2013:60 [ref. 32708], Larson et al. 2013:24 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:17 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:145 [ref. 34104], Ho et al. 2015:152 [ref. 34130], Motomura et al. 2015:14 [ref. 34709], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Koeda et al. 2016:6 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:2 [ref. 35354], Fricke et al. 2018:33 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:19 [ref. 36273], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:115 [ref. 40104], Eagderi et al. 2019:17 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:50 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:61 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:9 [ref. 37159], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 4 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:272 [ref. 37272], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Love et al. 2021:32 [ref. 39279], Eudeline 2022:133 [ref. 39191], Kang et al. 2022:479 [ref. 39559], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40981], Allen & Erdmann 2024:86 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to southern Korea, southern Japan and Johnston Atoll, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia; eastern Pacific: couthern Baja California Sur and southern Gulf of California (Mexico) south to Colombia, including Clipperton Island (France). Habitat: marine.

nigra, Muraena Day [F.] 1871:702 [26] [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1870 (pt 3); ref. 1078] Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Holotype (unique): ZSI 2644. Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:154 [ref. 23762], Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380]. On p. 26 of separate. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Muraena nigra Risso 1810. •A species of Echidna; not available -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Echidna. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nocturnus, Poecilophis Cope [E. D.] 1872:474 [U. S. Geological Survey Territitories Annual Report v. 5 (pt 4); ref. 923] Río Grande at San Jose, Costa Rica. Holotype: ANSP 14926. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:131-132 [ref. 26380] Locality questioned, San Jose is too far inland -- Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Allen & Robertson 1994:43 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1307 [ref. 22830], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:148 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:127 [ref. 24555], Thomson et al. 2000:45 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:17 [ref. 37547], Béarez & Séret 2009:145 [ref. 36646], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:60 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], González-Murcia et al. 2019:289 [ref. 36544], Dale et al. 2021:311 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40981]). Current status: Valid as Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of southern Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including southern Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

obscura, Echidna Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:430, Fig. 11 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50686. Paratypes: CAS-SU 7725 (1, now at USNM), USNM 126011 [ex USBF 1175 and CAS-SU 7725] (2). Type catalog: Smith 1994:15-16 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

ophis, Muraena Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:xiv [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] [Lohajæ] Al-Luhayya, Yemen, Red Sea; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380]. Not available, no description. Not an independent species description, but a composite species, misidentified in part as Muraena ophis (non Linnaeus, 1758) -- (Fricke 2008:15 [ref. 30182]). •Name in synonymy, not available -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). •In the synonymy of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757], Fricke 2008:15 [ref. 30182], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Smith et al. 2019:9 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

ophis, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:116, Pl. 29 (fig. 2) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 19. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Muraena ophis Linnaeus 1758. •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:851 [ref. 21744], Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Smith et al. 2019:9 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

ornata, Poecilophis Kaup [J. J.] 1859:28, Pl. 5 [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] East Indies. Holotype (unique): ZMH 12469. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna xanthospilos (Bleeker 1859) -- (Chen & Böhlke 1996:301 [ref. 22680], Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna xanthospilos (Bleeker 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

peli, Poecilophis Kaup [J. J.] 1856:67 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Ghana. Holotype: RMNH.Pisc. 3786. Also in Kaup 1856:102, Fig. 68 [ref. 2573]. Blache 1867:696 serves as first reviser selecting pele over leucomtei described on the same page in the same publication (Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). •Valid as Echidna peli (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Wirtz et al. 2007:4, 24 [ref. 30263], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Smith & Brito 2016:1623 [ref. 34557], Reiner 2019:58 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:114 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Echidna peli (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Angola, including Cape Verde Islands and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

pikei, Poecilophis Bliss [R.] (ex Steindachner) 1883:61 [Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13; ref. 16966] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Syntypes: MCZ 6149-50 (1, 1); USNM 153564 [ex MCZ 6149] (1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:23 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Fricke 1999:42 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

polyzona, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1845:112, Pl. 55 (figs. 11-14) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] No locality stated. Lectotype: BMNH 1977.4.22.3. Paralectotypes: (1) ? BMNH 1855.9.19.1292 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Randall 2000:220 [ref. 24493]. •Valid as Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757], Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:167 [ref. 5645], Hatooka 1986:383 [ref. 22522], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:127 [ref. 12442], Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Winterbottom et al. 1989:6 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:35 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:47 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:851 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:35 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:42 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:201 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:584 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:201 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:9 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:102 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:35 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:246 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:81 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:70 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:243 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:78 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:17 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:152 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:34 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:115 [ref. 40104], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Smith et al. 2019:11 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Wada et al. 2021:36 [ref. 38521], Eudeline 2022:134 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:86 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Marshall Islands and Tuamotu Islands (French Polynesia), north to Amami Islands (southern Japan), south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

psalion, Echidna Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:431, Fig. 12 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50685. Type catalog: Smith 1994:16 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

rhodochilus, Echidna Bleeker [P.] 1863:247 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1; ref. 17007] Roti Island (Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia). Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.277. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:144-145 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Echidna rhodochilus Bleeker 1863 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Hatooka et al. 1992:2 [ref. 24312], Kottelat et al. 1993:10 [ref. 23448], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:202 [ref. 25086], Sakai et al. 2001:85 [ref. 25693], Nakabo 2002:202 [ref. 26001], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:41 [ref. 32989] as rhodochila [not an adjective], Huang et al. 2021:44 [ref. 38853], Jamandre 2023:160 [ref. 40455]). Current status: Valid as Echidna rhodochilus Bleeker 1863. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: eastern Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

rotchii, Rabula Clark [H. W.] 1936:384 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 21 (no. 29); ref. 839] Tidepools, Black Beach Anchorage, Santa María Island [Charles Island], Galápagos Islands. Holotype (unique): CAS 4964. •Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:424 [ref. 9341], Smith & Böhlke 2006:36 [ref. 28678], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

sauvagei, Echidna Fowler [H. W.] 1912:30, Fig. 8 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 64; ref. 1385] No locality [probably Hawaiian Islands]. Holotype: ANSP 38161 [not 38164]. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:131 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Smith & Böhlke 2006:36 [ref. 28678], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

scabra, Echidna Garman [S.] 1899:314 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Cocos Island, eastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): MCZ 28451. •Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:424 [ref. 9341], Smith & Böhlke 2006:36 [ref. 28678], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

sordida, Muraena Cuvier [G.] 1816:233 [Le Règne Animal; ref. 993] No locality. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:126 [ref. 20810]. Based on Muraena seu conger brasiliensis of Seba 1738, Pl. 69 (fig. 4). •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:131 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

tritor, Poecilophis Vaillant [L. L.] & Sauvage [H.-E.] 1875:287 [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 3) v. 3; ref. 17853] Hawaiian Islands. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-8844 to 0000-8849 (6). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Smith & Böhlke 2006:37 [ref. 28678], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

trossula, Echidna Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.] in Jordan & Seale 1906:203, Fig. 8 [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Apia, Upolu Island, Western Samoa. Holotype: USNM 51714. Paratypes: CAS-SU 8728 (11); USNM 126605 [ex USBF 1260] (6), 320270 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:46-47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:16 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Echidna delicatula (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 2006:37 [ref. 28678], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna delicatula (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

unicolor, Echidna Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:106, Figs. 21d, 22 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon reef at Eniwetok Island, Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific. Holotype: USNM 141627. Paratypes: FMNH 62582 [ex USNM 141625] (1); USNM 141625 (orig. 2, now 1), 141626 (1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:33 [ref. 12367], Smith 1994:16 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Echidna unicolor Schultz 1953 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:127 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:7 [ref. 13251], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:36 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:115 [ref. 28379], Smith & Böhlke 2006:37 [ref. 28678], Allen et al. 2006:246 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:75 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:78 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:17 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Fricke et al. 2018:34 [ref. 35805], Smith & Böhlke 2022:41 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:87 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echidna unicolor Schultz 1953. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa (Kenya south to Mozambique), Seychelles and Madagascar east to Marshall Islands, Tuamotu Islands and Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), north to Philippines, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

variegata, Echidna Forster [J. R.] in Richardson 1848:94, Pl. 47 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Appeared first in 1777 in ref. 1353:181, unpublished and unavailable. Also appeared in Lichtenstein (editor) in 1844, ref. 17531, but Lichtenstein treats as synonym of "Gymnothorax echidna Bl. Schn. p. 526", so not available; from Huahina [= Huahine, Society Islands], Bola Bola [= Bora Bora, Society Islands] and Tonga-tabu [= Tongatapu, Tonga]. Appeared in Richardson as above as a name in synonymy, although Richardson credited the name to Forster; we regard Echidna variegata as unavailable, never having been published in an available way. See Muraena variegata Richardson 1848. •In the synonymy of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Allen et al. 2006:245 [ref. 29005]). •Nomen nudum, not available -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

variegata, Muraena Richardson [J.] (ex Forster) 1848:94, Pl. 47 (figs. 1-5) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] No types known. Name attributed to Forster by Richardson, but Forster's Echidna variegata was not published in an available way and is not available; Richardson based Muraena variegata on several literature sources and specimens. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Muraena variegata Rafinesque 1810, and Muraena variegata Quoy & Gaimard 1824. •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:153 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2018:33 [ref. 35805]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

vincta, Echidna Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:429, Fig. 10 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50687. Paratypes: FMNH 2753 (1, never arrived at FMNH), CAS-SU 7492 (15). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:33 [ref. 12367], Smith 1994:16 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Smith & Böhlke 2006:37 [ref. 28678], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

xanthospilos, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1859:348 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 19; ref. 368] Karangbollong [Karang-Bollong Bay, on northeastern tip of Nusa Kambangan Island, 4.5 kilometers southeast to Cilacap, Jawa Tengah Province, Java, Indonesia, eastern Indian Ocean, ca. 7°45'34''S, 109°02'32''E]. Lectotype: RMNH 7210. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1867.11.28.229 (1). Lectotype selected by Chen & Böhlke 1996:301 [ref. 22680]. •Valid as Echidna xanthospilos (Bleeker 1859) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286] as xanthospilus, Chen & Böhlke 1996:300 [ref. 22680], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:584 [ref. 25122], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Smith & Böhlke 2006:38 [ref. 28678], Allen & Erdmann 2012:78 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:153 [ref. 34130], Allen & Erdmann 2024:87 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echidna xanthospilos (Bleeker 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Sri Lanka, Java and Sumatra (Indonesia), Papua New Guinea, Taiwan and Samoa. Habitat: marine.

zebra, Muraenophis Lesueur [C. A.] 1825:107, Pl. 4 (fig. 2) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 5 (pt 1); ref. 17523] Barbados, West Indies. No types known. •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:131 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

zonata, Echidna Fowler [H. W.] 1900:495, Pl. 18 (fig. 2) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 52; ref. 14727] Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 16484. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:131 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Smith & Böhlke 2006:38 [ref. 28678], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

zonophaea, Echidna Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:167 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50621. Paratypes: FMNH 3965 (1), CAS-SU 7448 (1), USNM 125491 [ex USBF 1222 = USFC 2698] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:33 [ref. 12367], Smith 1994:16 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Smith & Böhlke 2006:38 [ref. 28678], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.