Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Gymnothorax: [ 315 ] records

acutirostris, Muraena Abbott [C. C.] 1860:476 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 12; ref. 15619] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 998. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:129 [ref. 13621] with remark on locality and status, Böhlke & Smith 2002:90 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:90 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:124 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:94 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

afer, Gymnothorax Bloch [M. E.] 1795:85, Pl. 417 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 9; ref. 464] Guinea. Syntypes: ZMB 3991 (1,), 7784 (1, stuffed), 7785 (1, stuffed). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:103 [ref. 24282]. On p. 73 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 12 [ref. 21381]. As Muraenophis afra in Lacepède 1803:628, 641 [ref. 4930]. •Valid as Lycodontis afer (Bloch 1795) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795 -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:140 [ref. 19379], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Santos et al. 1997:121 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:55 [ref. 24952], Afonso et al. 1999:69 [ref. 25466], Jiménez et al. 2007:103 [ref. 29038], Wirtz et al. 2007:25 [ref. 30263], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Smith & Brito 2016:1626 [ref. 34557], Carneiro et al. 2019:60 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:59 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:114 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Namibia, including São Tomé and Principe; possibly at Azores and Madeira. Habitat: brackish, marine.

afra, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:628, 641 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Coast of Guinea, Africa. Perhaps an emendation of Gymnothorax afer Bloch; see Strophidon africana McClelland 1844. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

africana, Muraena Shaw [G.] 1803:30 [General zoology or systematic natural history v. 4; ref. 4014] Guinea. Unneeded new name for Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. •Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795 -- (Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

africana, Strophidon McClelland [J.] 1844:214 [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Coast of Guinea. Apparently a new name for Muraenophis afra of Lacepède 1803:628, 641 [ref. 4930]. Current status: Uncertain as Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

agassizi, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1855:458 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 16841] Cocos Islands, Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.250. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

albimarginata, Muraena Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:267, Pl. 118 [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Japan [Nagasaki]. Holotype (unique): RMNH D2236 (stuffed). Type information: Boeseman 1947:190 [ref. 12876]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380]. As Muraena albomarginata in Bleeker 1853:20 [ref. 340]. •Valid as Gymnothorax albimarginatus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Böhlke 1997:94 [ref. 23177], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:226 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:211 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:211 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:141, 490 [ref. 26218], Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Heemstra 2004:5 [ref. 27849], Randall 2005:38 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:116 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:83 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Loh et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31690], Allen & Erdmann 2012:80 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155], Loh et al. 2015:39 [ref. 34118], Ho et al. 2015:154 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2016:595 [ref. 34667], Smith et al. 2018:42 [ref. 36035], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Dewa et al. 2021:22 [ref. 38627], Watanabe et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40711], Allen & Erdmann 2024:89 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax albimarginatus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western and central Pacific: Java and Bali (Indonesia) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to Kagoshima Prefecture (Japan), south to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

albimentis, Lycodontis Evermann [B. W.] & Marsh [M. C.] 1900:78, Fig. 9 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 20 (pt 1) [for 1900]; ref. 14876] Off Culebra Island, Puerto Rico, Fish Hawk station 6093, depth 15 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 49527. Type catalog: Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:180 [ref. 13286], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:135 [ref. 25013], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

albomaculatus, Gymnothorax Bliss [R.] 1883:57 [Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13; ref. 16966] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 5946. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:91-92 [ref. 26380] Species originally as albo maculatus. •In the synonymy of Gymnothorax johnsoni (Smith 1962) but an older name needing action by the ICZN -- (Fricke 1999:49 [ref. 24106]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:233 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

andamanensis, Gymnothorax Mohapatra [A.], Kiruba-Sankar [R.], Praveenraj [J.] & Mohanty [S. R.] 2019:190, Figs. 1-4A [Zootaxa 4661 (no. 1); ref. 36929] Port Mout, Port Blair, South Andaman, India, 11.659327°N, 92.696148°E. Holotype: EBRC/ZSI F11227. Paratype: CIARI MF-05 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax andamanensis Mohapatra, Kiruba-Sankar, Praveenraj & Mohanty 2019 -- (Kodeeswaran et al. 2023:260 [ref. 40064], Allen & Erdmann 2024:89 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax andamanensis Mohapatra, Kiruba-Sankar, Praveenraj & Mohanty 2019. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northeastern Indian Ocean: South Andaman, Andaman Islands (India). Habitat: marine.

angusticauda, Muraena (Priodonophis) Weber [M.] & de Beaufort [L. F.] 1916:389, Fig. 388 [Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago v. 3; ref. 4604] Near Supiori, Schouten Islands, Papua, Indonesia, western Pacific. Holotype (unique): ZMA 102162. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:9 [ref. 19236], Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Gymnothorax angusticauda (Weber & de Beaufort 1916) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:854 [ref. 21744], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke 2000:395 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Allen & Erdmann 2012:81 [ref. 31980], Bogorodsky et al. 2014:411 [ref. 33460], Fricke 2015:1 [ref. 33807], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Ho et al. 2018:12 [ref. 36050], Smith et al. 2018:40 [ref. 36035], Smith et al. 2019:17 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:47 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:90 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax angusticauda (Weber & de Beaufort 1916). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa east to Philippines and Papua New Guinea, north to Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

angusticeps, Priodonophis Hildebrand [S. F.] & Barton [O.] 1949:5, Fig. 2 [Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections v. 111 (no. 10); ref. 13015] Talara, Peru. Holotype (unique): USNM 144254. Type catalog: Smith 1994:23 [ref. 21917]. Böhlke & Smith 2002:92-93 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Gymnothorax angusticeps (Hildebrand & Barton 1949) -- (Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:130 [ref. 24555], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Böhlke 2001:3 [ref. 25774], Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155], Sánchez-Jiménez et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36248]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax angusticeps (Hildebrand & Barton 1949). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Costa Rica south to Peru. Habitat: marine.

annasona, Gymnothorax flavimarginatus Whitley [G. P.] 1937:220 [Australian Zoologist v. 8 (pt 4); ref. 4690] Middleton Reef, North of Lord Howe Island, South Pacific. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.6867. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax annasona Whitley 1937 -- (Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:83 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:248 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax annasona Whitley 1937. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

annulatus, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1997:179, Fig. 3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 148; ref. 23215] Visayan Sea between northern Negros and Masbate Islands, southwestern Caduruan Point, 11°38'20"N, 123°58'38"E, Philippines, depth 0-80.5 meters. Holotype: ANSP 141418. Paratypes: ANSP 141417 (3), 141419 (1); BPBM 23497 (1); CAS 34296 (2), 85588 (1); USNM 343861 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax annulatus Smith & Böhlke 1997 -- (Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380], Imamura 2009:18 [ref. 30434], Allen & Erdmann 2012:81 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155], Allen & Erdmann 2024:90 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax annulatus Smith & Böhlke 1997. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific: Andaman Sea and Gulf of Thailand east to Philippines. Habitat: marine.

arenata, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:61 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] China. Holotype: BMNH uncat. (651 mm TL). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:85 [ref. 2573]. Probably should be regarded as an unneeded replacement name for Muraena thyrsoidea Richardson 1845, based on a Cuvier museum name, with type the Richardson specimen. Kaup's description probably possibly based on MNHN A.8810 from Pondicherry, which Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380] regard as the tentative holotype of arenata. •Objective synonym of Siderea thyrsoidea Richardson 1845 -- (Böhlke 1995:463 [ref. 21738]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380] as thysoidea and thysoideus, Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

aterrima, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1859:22, Pl. 3 (fig. 1) [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Holotype: ZMH H389. Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:160 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:404 [ref. 21161]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:176 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

atolli, Heteromyrus Pietschmann [V.] 1935:93 [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 72 (no. 11); ref. 3477] Pearl and Hermes Reef, South East Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): NMW 65106. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Gymnothorax atolli (Pietschmann 1935) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:227 [ref. 24493], Böhlke 2000:398 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:84 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:116 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:248 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:84 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Mohapatra et al. 2018:128 [ref. 35948]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax atolli (Pietschmann 1935). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea, western Pacific: southern Japan, Lord Howe Island, Hawaiian Islands Chain (Pearl and Hermes Reefs to Midway Atoll). Habitat: marine.

atomaria, Muraena Solander [D. C.] in Richardson 1848:86 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Society Islands. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380]. Based on Solander manuscript. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

atra, Muraena Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Klunzinger 1871:614 [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380]. Not available, name published in synonymy of Muraena corallina Klunzinger 1871. •In the synonymy of Lycodontis corallinus (Klunzinger 1871) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757]). •Unavailable name -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380]). •In the synonymy of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) -- (based on current placement of corallina). •Not available, nomen nudum -- (Smith 2012:54 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

aurea, Muraena Mowbray [L. L.] 1931:unnumb. p. 2 [Fauna Bermudensis v. 1; ref. 13453] South shore of Bermuda. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:135 [ref. 25013]). •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:147 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

aurocephalus, Gymnothorax Nashad [M.], Mohapatra [A.], Varghese [S. P.], Ramalingam [L.], Bineesh [K. K.] & Mohanty [S. R.] 2020:363, Figs. 2-7A [Zootaxa 4877 (no. 2); ref. 37900] Off Swaraj Dweep Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Indian Ocean, 12°39.3'N, 93°03.4'E, depth 125 - 130 meters. Holotype: EBRC/ZSI 11800. Paratypes: EBRC/ZSI, FSI, ZSI/ANRC. •Valid as Gymnothorax aurocephalus Nashad, Mohapatra, Varghese, Ramalingam, Bineesh & Mohanty 2020. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax aurocephalus Nashad, Mohapatra, Varghese, Ramalingam, Bineesh & Mohanty 2020. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

australicola, Gymnothorax Lavenberg [R. J.] 1992:59, Figs. 1-2 [Pacific Science v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 20054] Anakena Cove, east side 100 meters northeast of sand beach, Easter Island, 27°03.5'S, 109°19.5'W, depth 4.5 meters. Holotype: LACM 6560-48. Paratypes: ANSP 165743 (1); BPBM 12262 (1), 12872 (7), 14945 (1), 16844 (1), 16877 (5), 17304 (5), 16975 (3), 17014 (1); LACM 6560-45 (17); SIO 65-624 (2), 65-626 (12), 65-628 (7, 4); UCR 2195-1 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380], Angulo et al. 2015:375 [ref. 35212].. •Valid as Gymnothorax australicola Lavenberg 1992 -- (Pequeño 1997:80 [ref. 23536], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Pequeño & Lamilla 2000:434 [ref. 24906], Böhlke 2000:402 [ref. 24954], Meléndez C. & Cornejo C. 2001:67 [ref. 26163], Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:39 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:84 [ref. 30952], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Mohapatra et al. 2018:128 [ref. 35948]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax australicola Lavenberg 1992. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southern Pacific: Lord Howe Island east to islands off Chile. Habitat: marine.

austrinus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & McCosker [J. E.] 2001:85, Figs. 4-5, Pl. 1 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53 (no. 1); ref. 25226] Half Moon Bay, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, 37°58'S, 145°01'E. Holotype (unique): NMV A.17858. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380]. Known from one very old specimen. •Valid as Gymnothorax austrinus Böhlke & McCosker 2001 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:248 [ref. 29005], Smith 2008:158 [ref. 30621], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax austrinus Böhlke & McCosker 2001. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Victoria, Australia. Habitat: brackish.

bacalladoi, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & Brito [A.] 1987:459, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 139; ref. 12411] Barranco Hondo, Tenerife Island, Canary Islands, depth 604 meters. Holotype: TFMC (ZM-2). Paratypes: ANSP 159041 (1), CAS 60405 (1). Species epithet misspelled in title as baccaladoi. •Valid as Gymnothorax bacalladoi Böhlke & Brito 1987 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:189 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Smith & Brito 2016:1639 [ref. 34557], Carneiro et al. 2019:60 [ref. 37250]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax bacalladoi Böhlke & Brito 1987. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands. Habitat: marine.

baranesi, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.], Brokovich [E.] & Einbinder [S.] 2008:63, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa No. 1678; ref. 29432] Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, 29°29'33.0"N, 34°55'07.8"E, Red Sea, depth 200 meters. Holotype: HUJ 18976. Paratypes: HUJ 18975 (1), USNM 388603 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax baranesi Smith, Brokovich & Einbinder 2008 -- (Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[4] 242 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:19 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:48 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax baranesi Smith, Brokovich & Einbinder 2008. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea: Gulf of Aqaba endemic. Habitat: marine.

bathyphilus, Gymnothorax Randall [J. E.] & McCosker [J. E.] 1975:20, Figs. 11-13 [Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) No. 264; ref. 7466] Off Mt. Tere Vaka, western coast of Easter Island, depth 250 meters. Holotype (unique): BPBM 6801. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax bathyphilus Randall & McCosker 1975 -- (Pequeño 1989:24 [ref. 14125] as bathiphylus, Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Pequeño & Lamilla 2000:434 [ref. 24906] as bathyphylus, Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446] as bathiphylus, Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax bathyphilus Randall & McCosker 1975. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific: Easter Island, Juan Fernandez, Desventuradas Islands (Chile). Habitat: marine.

batuensis, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:241 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 16862] Batu Island, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.253. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:235 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

berndti, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1904:518, Pl. 4 (fig. 8) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 4149] Hololulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50867. Paratypes: CAS-SU 12791 (1). Possible paratypes: USNM 52618 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax berndti Snyder 1904 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Machida in Okamura & Kitajima 1984:105, 325 [ref. 8057], Chen et al. 1994:49 [ref. 22258], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:228 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:204 [ref. 25086], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:204 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Mundy 2005:117 [ref. 28379], McCosker & Stewart 2006:91 [ref. 28702], Randall 2007:84 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Ho et al. 2015:154 [ref. 34130], Stewart & McCosker 2015:229 [ref. 34233], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Smith & Böhlke 2022:48 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax berndti Snyder 1904. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, New Caledonia and northern Kermadec Ridge. Habitat: marine.

bicolor, Muraena Bleeker [P.] (ex Reinwardt) 1864-65:99 [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises v. 4; ref. 4860] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:96-97 [ref. 26380]. Not available, museum name mentioned in passing in the synonymy of Gymnothorax reticularis. •Unavailable name published in synonymy; perhaps the same as Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker & Randall 1982 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:54 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

bilineata, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1838:84 [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Holotype: SMF 911. Paratypes: SMF 7186 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Siderea grisea (Lacepède 1803) -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757], Randall & Golani 1995:870 [ref. 21744]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:29 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

blochii, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:49 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 5); ref. 339] Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.330. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:97-98 [ref. 26380]. Type could not be located in 1995 according to Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380] with question, Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

borneensis, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1863:169 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1; ref. 17004] Borneo. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3797. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380]. Original as borneënsis. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:43 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

breedeni, Gymnothorax McCosker [J. E.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:162, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 41 (no. 3); ref. 7267] Itsandra, Grande Comore Island, Comoro Islands, Indian Ocean. Holotype: CAS 35250. Paratypes: ANSP 134222 (1), BPBM 11903 (1), USNM 215283 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax breedeni McCosker & Randall 1977 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:168 [ref. 5645], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:39 [ref. 28239], Randall et al. 2005:118 [ref. 28745], Allen & Erdmann 2012:81 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Koeda & Akita 2017:32 [ref. 35353], Eudeline 2022:136 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:48 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:90 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax breedeni McCosker & Randall 1977. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa (Mozambique), Seychelles, Comoros and Mayotte (France) east to Caroline Islands and Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), north to southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

brunneus, Gymnothorax Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1923:212 [Philippine Journal of Science v. 23 (no. 2); ref. 2117] Analao, Batangas, Philippines, 13°45'N, 120°55'E, depth 0-3 meters. Neotype: ANSP 164931. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:98-99 [ref. 26380]. Unique holotype lost; neotype selected by Böhlke 2000:404 [ref. 24954]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Gymnothorax brunneus Nichols 1920, replaced by Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van 1933. •Valid as Gymnothorax brunneus Herre 1923 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Chen et al. 1994:49 [ref. 22258], Zhang et al. 2010:259 [ref. 31511]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van 1933 -- (Randall & Golani 1995:860 [ref. 21744], Böhlke 2000:403 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van 1933. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

bullata, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:86 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Borneo. Holotype (unique): BMNH 2008.4.9.4. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

buroensis, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1857:79 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 16866] Kajeli, Buru Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia, Holotype (unique): RMNH 7197. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380]. Original as buroënsis. See Böhlke & Randall 2000:230 [ref. 24493] for remarks on type. •Valid as Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:168 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:35 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:49 [ref. 22258], Allen & Robertson 1994:45 [ref. 22193], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1309 [ref. 22830], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:854 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:153 [ref. 24023], Randall et al. 1997:35 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:44 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:229 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:203 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:202 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:39 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:117 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], Chen & Loh 2007:80 [ref. 29360], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Béarez & Séret 2009:146 [ref. 36646], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Zhang et al. 2010:261 [ref. 31511], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:82 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:154 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:34 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Smith et al. 2019:20 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Fujiwara et al. 2022:88 [ref. 39094], Smith & Böhlke 2022:48 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:91 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Clipperton Island and Panama, north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands (Japan), Amami Islands (Japan) and Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), south to northwestern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

callorhyncha, Muraena Günther [A.] 1870:122 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Fremantle, Western Australia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1861.5.18.7. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:93 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cancellata, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:87, Pl. 46 (figs. 1-5) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Western Australia; northern Australia; Sumatra, Indonesia. Syntypes: BMNH (3, not found), MNHN (not found). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:125 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:96 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:257 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

caramuru, Murenophis Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:82, Pl. 43 (fig. 1) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN B-2437 (1), B-3168 (2). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:100 [ref. 20810]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

carcinognathus, Gymnothorax Fowler [H. W.] 1912:22, Fig. 5 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 64; ref. 1385] St. Martin Island, West Indies. Holotype (unique): ANSP 38163. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

castanea, Sidera Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1883:647 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 335) (for 26 June 1883); ref. 10617] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Lectotype: USNM 29591. Paralectotypes: USNM 28246 (1, lost), 29535 (1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Gymnothorax castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert 1883) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:45 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1309 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:225 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:150 [ref. 24023], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Thomson et al. 2000:43 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34871], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Dale et al. 2021:313 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40981]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert 1883). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California (Mexico) south to Ecuador, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

castlei, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & Randall [J. E.] 1999:550, Figs. 1-3 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 24552] North of Mauimere, Wailiti Reef, 8°34'40"S, 122°11'55"E, Flores, Indonesia, depth 18 meters. Holotype: ANSP 177738. Paratypes: ANSP 141410 (2), 141416 (9), 144443 (1); BPBM 26812 (1), 28690 (1), 28700 (1), 32161 (6), 37664 (1); USNM 263101-02 (6, 4), 312479 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax castlei Böhlke & Randall 1999 -- (Böhlke 2000:396 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:10 [ref. 27510], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], Allen & Erdmann 2012:82 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Allen & Erdmann 2024:91 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax castlei Böhlke & Randall 1999. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia east to Philippines and Papua New Guinea, south to Great Barrier Reef, Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.

cephalospilus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & McCosker [J. E.] 2001:86, Figs. 6-7, Pl. 1 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53 (no. 1); ref. 25226] Off Port Macquarie, 31°16'S, 153°10'E, New South Wales, Australia, depth 134 meters. Holotype: AMS I.37982-001. Paratypes: ANSP 177865 (1), CAS 212449 (1), CSIRO CA 2928 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax cephalospilus Böhlke & McCosker 2001 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], McCosker & Randall 2008:713 [ref. 29941], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax cephalospilus Böhlke & McCosker 2001. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

ceramensis, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:297 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 16825] Wahai, northern Ceram, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 7200. Paralectotypes: (2) BMNH 1867.11.28.272 (1), RMNH 7200 (2, ? Now 1). Bleeker specimens: NMV 46150-51 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:100-101 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:100-101 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

chalazius, Gymnothorax Waite [E. R.] 1904:145, Pl. 17 (fig. 2) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 4561] Lord Howe Island. Syntypes: AMS I.5479 (1), I.6271 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380]. Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380] regard AMS I.5479 as the holotype, but it is technically the syntype on which mmost of the description was based. See Smith & Böhlke 2006:35 [ref. 28678] for remarks on types. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Randall & McCosker 1975:25 [ref. 7466], Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:97 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chilensis, Muraena Günther [A.] 1872:674 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871 (pt 3) (art. 1) (for 21 Nov. 1871); ref. 1997] Chile. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1871.9.13.88. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380], •Valid as Gymnothorax chilensis Günther 1872 -- (Pequeño 1989:24 [ref. 14125]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:92 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chilospilus, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1864:52 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] East Indian Archipelago [Indonesia]. Lectotype: BMNH 1867.11.28.328. Paralectotypes: RMNH 7491 (4). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:101-102 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Randall 2000:232 [ref. 24493]. •Valid as Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:35 [ref. 15987], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Francis & Randall 1993:128 [ref. 20996], Chen et al. 1994:49 [ref. 22258], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:viii [ref. 21953], Randall 1995:55 [ref. 22896], Böhlke 1997:654 [ref. 22972], Randall et al. 1997:35 [ref. 25919], Fricke 1999:44 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:231 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:208 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:208 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:10 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:103 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:40 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:117 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007], Motomura et al. 2010:71 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:278 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:82 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871] as cf. chilospilus, Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Eudeline 2022:136 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:49 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:91 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Timor Sea and Queensland (Australia), Norfolk Island and Rapa (French Polynesia). Habitat: marine.

chlamydatus, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1908:94 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 35 (no. 1635); ref. 4150] Naha market, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype: USNM 62232. Paratypes: CAS-SU 21101 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380]. •Probably valid -- (Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917]). •Valid as Gymnothorax chlamydatus Snyder 1908 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Chen et al. 1994:49 [ref. 22258], Smith & Böhlke 1997:180 [ref. 23215], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:205 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:205 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Zhang et al. 2010:269 [ref. 31511], Allen & Erdmann 2012:83 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130], Allen & Erdmann 2024:92 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax chlamydatus Snyder 1908. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia east to Philippines, north to Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Habitat: marine.

chlevastes, Sidera Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1883:208 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 6 (nos. 13-14, no. 369) (for 5 Oct. 1883); ref. 10621] Galápagos Islands. [probably in error]. Holotype (unique): USNM 20385. Type catalog: Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380]. Type locality probably Indo-Pacific and not Galapagos Is. (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:423 [ref. 9341]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chlorostigma, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:63 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Seychelles. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-4427. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:89 [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:244 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:121 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Gymnothorax chlorostigma (Kaup 1856) -- (Nakabo 2000:203 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:203 [ref. 26001], Motomura et al. 2010:71 [ref. 31256], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax chlorostigma (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chrysops, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:70 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Tahiti, Society Islands. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-2118. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:99 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102-103 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cinerascens, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:120 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Al Muwaylih, Tabuk Province, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 3486. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:102-103 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Lycodontis undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:858 [ref. 21744], Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273]). •Valid as Gymnothorax cinerascens (Rüppell 1830) -- (Smith et al. 2019:22 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax cinerascens (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

concolor, Thyrsoidea Abbott [C. C.] 1860:479 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 12; ref. 15619] Veracruz, Mexico. Holotype (unique): ANSP 970. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

conspersus, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1867:259 [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 14079] Matanzas, Cuba. No types known. Type catalog: Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195]. Poey's manuscript illustration of this species is reproduced as Fig. 1 (p. 219) in Böhlke & Böhlke 1980 [ref. 8738]. •Valid as Gymnothorax conspersus Poey 1867 -- (Böhlke & Böhlke 1980:218 [ref. 8738], Uyeno & Sasaki in Uyeno et al. 1983:104 [ref. 14275], Böhlke et al. 1989:161 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:909 [ref. 13285], Cervigón 1991:43 [ref. 24472], Böhlke & Smith 2003:716 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Figueroa & Ehrlich 2006:236 [ref. 29812], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:23 [ref. 33341], Lins Oliveira et al. 2015:40 [ref. 37485], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195], Klautau et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37903], Carvalho-Filho 2023:54 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax conspersus Poey 1867. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: South Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil). Habitat: marine.

corallina, Muraena Klunzinger [C. B.] 1871:614 [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Lycodontis corallinus (Klunzinger 1871) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax corallinus (Klunzinger 1871) -- (Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], DiBattista et al. 2015:19 [ref. 35706]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:854 [ref. 21744], Böhlke & Randall 2000:229 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264] as corallinus, Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Smith et al. 2019:20 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cormura, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1859:23, suppl. 4, Pl. 3 (fig. 2) [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] Puerto Cabella, Venezuela. No types known. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:144 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cribroris, Gymnothorax Whitley [G. P.] 1932:330, Pl. 39 (fig. 2) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 18 (no. 6); ref. 4674] Northwest Islet, Capricorn Group, Queensland, Australia. Holotype: AMS IA.5012. Paratypes: AMS IA.4619 (1?), IA.5012 (1), IA.5027 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax cribroris Whitley 1932 -- (Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477] as criboris, Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:36 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:32 [ref. 23929], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977] as criboris, Kuiter 1997:30 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:36 [ref. 25919], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:87 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax cribroris Whitley 1932. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

cristini, Muraenophis Risso [A.] 1810:368 [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Holotype: MNHN (not found). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:126 [ref. 20810]. •Synonym of Lycodontis unicolor (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:225 [ref. 7185]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche 1809) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:143 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche 1809). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

curvilineata, Murenophis Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:81, Pl. 42 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MNHN B-2436. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:101 [ref. 20810]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cyanopunctatus, Gymnothorax Howell Rivero [L.] 1932:17 [Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club v. 13; ref. 3765] Matanzas, Cuba. Holotype: MCZ 32787. Paratypes: MCZ 87056 [ex MCZ 32787] (1). •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dakini, Gymnothorax Whitley [G. P.] & Colefax [A. N.] 1938:285, Pl. 14 (fig. 2) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 63 (pts 3-4) (nos. 277-278); ref. 4736] Nauru, Gilbert Islands. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.6990 (missing in 1975 and 1997). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:104-105 [ref. 26380]. See Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:97 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

davidsmithi, Gymnothorax McCosker [J. E.] & Randall [J. E.] 2008:712, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 59 (No. 16); ref. 29941] East of Maumere Bay, Flores, Indonesia, depth 3-4 meters. Holotype (unique): BPBM 34009. •Valid as Gymnothorax davidsmithi McCosker & Randall 2008 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2012:83 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Allen & Erdmann 2024:92 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax davidsmithi McCosker & Randall 2008. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Flores (Indonesia); Milne Bay (Papua New Guinea). Habitat: marine.

davisi, Rabula Fowler [H. W.] 1912:21, footnote [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 64; ref. 1385] San Diego, California, U.S.A. [perhaps from further south]. Holotype (unique): USNM 6673. Type catalog: Smith 1994:23 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380] Based on Gymnothorax aquaedulcis of Jordan & Davis 1888 (1892). •Synonym of Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres 1859) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:422 [ref. 9341], Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dentex, Gymnothorax de Buen [F.] 1961:12, Fig. 4 [Montemar No. 1; ref. 698] Easter Island, southeastern Pacific. Holotype: EBMC 97. Paratypes: EBMC 103 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Randall & McCosker 1975:25 [ref. 7466], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

detactus, Gymnothorax Bryan [W. A.] & Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1903:126 [Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 15652] Marcus Island, western Pacific. Holotype (unique): BPBM 2403. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380], •Synonym of Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864 with question -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

diplodon, Muraena Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:460 [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Ibo, Querimba Island, Mozambique. Syntypes: ZMB 4006 (2), 4007 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:105-106 [ref. 26380]. Also described as new in Peters 1855:272 [ref. 13448]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dovii, Muraena Günther [A.] 1870:103 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Panama (Pacific). Holotype (unique): BMNH 1861.8.13.2. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:106-107 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Lycodontis dovii (Günther 1870) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:26 [ref. 39147]). •Valid as Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:45 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1309 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:227 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:153 [ref. 24023], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:103 [ref. 24550], Thomson et al. 2000:43 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Béarez & Séret 2009:146 [ref. 36646], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Sánchez-Jiménez et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36248], González-Murcia et al. 2019:289 [ref. 36544], Dale et al. 2021:314 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California (Mexico) south to Ecuador, ncluding Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

elaborata, Muraena Poey [F.] 1860:323 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Holotype: probably not USNM 24961. Type catalog: Smith 1994:21, 22 under multiocellata [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

elaineheemstrae, Gymnothorax Sithole [Y.], Smith [D. G.], Mwale [M.] & Gouws [G.] 2020:170, Figs. 3, 5 [Zootaxa 4767 (no. 1); ref. 37459] Cape Vidal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 28°9.8'S, 32°34.1'E. Holotype: SAIAB 86307. Paratypes: AMS, CSIRO, SAIAB, USNM. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Gymnothorax elaineheemstrae Sithole, Smith, Mwale & Gouws 2020. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax elaineheemstrae Sithole, Smith, Mwale & Gouws 2020. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: coast of South Africa from KwaZulu-Natal to the Eastern Cape. Habitat: marine.

elegans, Gymnothorax Bliss [R.] 1883:60 [Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13; ref. 16966] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 5954. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:107-108 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:169 [ref. 5645], Randall et al. 1993:227 [ref. 21003], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:857 [ref. 21744], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:44 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:233 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:207 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:207 [ref. 26001], Randall et al. 2002:154 [ref. 26192], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:25 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:49 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Samoa. Habitat: marine.

elegans, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1917:91 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 5954. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380]. Independent of, and preoccupied by Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883; Seale was unaware of the descriptions by Bliss; name objectively invalid. •Objective synonym and homonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

elegantissima, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:67 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Australia? Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2466. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:99 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first as name only in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:97 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:254 [ref. 29005]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

emmae, Gymnothorax Prokofiev [A. M.] 2010:583, Figs. 1-2 [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 50 (no. 5); ref. 31007] Coastal waters of Vietnam, 12°10' - 12°07'N, 109°27' - 109°26'E, depth 91-95 meters. Holotype: ZIN 54263. Paratypes: (53) at ASIZP, IORAS, NMMBP, ZIN, ZMMU. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Gymnothorax emmae Prokofiev 2010 -- (Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax emmae Prokofiev 2010. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Vietnam. Habitat: marine.

enigmaticus, Gymnothorax McCosker [J. E.] & Randall [J. E.] 1982:18, Figs. 1, 4 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 43 (no. 2); ref. 8445] Off Ngatchab Beach, Angaur Island, Palau Islands, Western Caroline Islands, western Pacific. Holotype: CAS 48815. Paratypes: BPBM 7715 (2), 8184 (1), 9491 (1), 12354 (1), 22339 (2), 22827 (1), 22809 (2); CAS 42377 (1), 48816-26 (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 8, 2, 1, 1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380] with holotype as 4881. •Valid as Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker & Randall 1982 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:169 [ref. 5645], Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:45 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:205 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:205 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:40 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:92 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:71 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:83 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805], Ho et al. 2018:12 [ref. 36050], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Smith & Böhlke 2022:50 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:92 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker & Randall 1982. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Gulf of Aden, East Africa, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), Aldabra (Seychelles), Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan and southern Japan, south to Timor Sea and Queensland (Australia), and Samoa. Habitat: marine.

equatorialis, Priodonophis Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946:134, Fig. 31 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Gulf of Guayaquil, off Mt. Organos, near Cabo Blanco, Peru, 4°13'S, 80°13'W, depth 12 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 127842. Paratypes: USNM 127843 (1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:23 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax equatorialis (Hildebrand 1946) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:46 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:40 [ref. 23101], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1310 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:226 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:130 [ref. 24555], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Thomson et al. 2000:44 [ref. 25640], Böhlke 2001:3 [ref. 25774], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Robertson et al. 2017:31 [ref. 35676], Dale et al. 2021:314 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:97 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax equatorialis (Hildebrand 1946). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Chile, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

ercodes, Gymnothorax Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:428, Fig. 8 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50843. Type catalog: Smith 1994:17-18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108-109 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

erebus, Muraena Poey [F.] 1861:426 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. No types known. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

erythroptera, Muraena Solander [D. C.] in Richardson 1848:86 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Society Islands. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

euptera, Muraena Günther [A.] 1870:122 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1855.8.16.50. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:90 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

eurosta, Thyrsoidea Abbott [C. C.] 1860:478 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 12; ref. 15619] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 984. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380]. There may be more than one species passing under this name -- Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:169 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125], Randall et al. 1990:36 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:32 [ref. 23929], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:36 [ref. 25919], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Fricke 1999:45 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Shinohara et al. 2000:176 [ref. 25987], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624] dated 1861, Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:40 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], McCosker & Stewart 2006:92 [ref. 28702], Allen et al. 2006:250 [ref. 29005], Smith et al. 2008:66 [ref. 29432], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:24 [ref. 32988], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130] with question, Stewart & McCosker 2015:230 [ref. 34233], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Smith et al. 2019:22 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Smith & Böhlke 2022:50 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific, antitropical: Transkei (South Africa) north to Mozambique, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) and Easter Island, north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands (Japan), Ogasawara Islands (Japan), Minami Tori Shima, south to Shark Bay (Western Australia), Lord Howe Island (Australia), Kermadec Islands and Austral Islands (French Polynesia). Habitat: marine.

eurygnathos, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] 2001:2, Figs. 1-2 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 49 (Supplement 1); ref. 25774] Gulf of California, 26°11.4-15.5'N, 109°50.7-39.5'W, depth 406-396 meters. Holotype (unique): SIO 72-199. •Valid as Gymnothorax eurygnathos Böhlke 2001 -- (Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax eurygnathos Böhlke 2001. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

favagineus, Gymnothorax Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:525, Pl. 105 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7782 (stuffed skin). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:103 [ref. 24282], Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:169 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:36 [ref. 15987], Randall 1994:260 [ref. 21644], Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Randall & Golani 1995:858 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:55 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:28 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:36 [ref. 25919], Fricke 1999:46 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:31 [ref. 25480], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Choi et al. 2003:141, 490 [ref. 26218], Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:103 [ref. 28072], Allen et al. 2006:250 [ref. 29005], Chen & Loh 2007:80 [ref. 29360], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], Zhang et al. 2010:286 [ref. 31511], Allen & Erdmann 2012:84 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:24 [ref. 32988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:145 [ref. 34104], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Jawad et al. 2018:99 [ref. 36262], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:114 [ref. 40104], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:26 [ref. 37159], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 5 [ref. 38321], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Eudeline 2022:137 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:51 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:93 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, Sydney (New South Wales, Australia). Habitat: marine.

fijiensis, Uropterygius Fowler [H. W.] & Bean [B. A.] 1923:9 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 63 (no. 2488); ref. 1474] Lebukea, Fiji Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 82774. Type catalog: Smith 1994:25 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

fimbriata, Muraena Bennett [E. T.] 1832:168 [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 4944] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1856.2.15.16 [ex Zool. Soc.]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:110-111 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:37 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:166 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:20 [ref. 26476] dated 1831, Randall et al. 1997:37 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:46 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Nakabo 2000:210 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:110 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:210 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:10 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:41 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:250 [ref. 29005], Chen & Loh 2007:79 [ref. 29360], Imamura 2009:18 [ref. 30434], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:71 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:280 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:84 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130], Motomura et al. 2017:29 [ref. 35490], Mohapatra et al. 2017:598 [ref. 35581], Fricke et al. 2018:36 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:113 [ref. 40104], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Psomadakis et al. 2020:272 [ref. 37272], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Eudeline 2022:138 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:51 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:93 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Seychelles, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Mariana Islands, Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Western Australia, southern Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

flavimarginata, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:67 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Syntypes: MNHN A-8811 (1, dry), A-8812 (1, dry). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:99 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Muraena flavimarginata Rüppell 1830. •Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 -- (Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Böhlke & Randall 2000:233 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Smith et al. 2019:25 [ref. 37159]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

flavimarginata, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:119, Pl. 30 (fig. 3) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 765. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380]. Sometimes misspelled as flavomarginatus. •Valid as Lycodontis flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax flavimarginata (Rüppell 1830) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Allen & Robertson 1994:46 [ref. 22193]). •Valid as Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:170 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:37 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1310 [ref. 22830], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:858 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:56 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:153 [ref. 24023], Kuiter 1997:28 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:37 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:47 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:235 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:208 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:111 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:208 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Hatooka 2003:7 [ref. 27558], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576] dated 1828, Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Adrim et al. 2004:118 [ref. 27715], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:41 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:250 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:87 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:71 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:264 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:85 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:2 [ref. 35354], Fricke et al. 2018:36 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:113 [ref. 40104], Eagderi et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:27 [ref. 37159], Psomadakis et al. 2020:273 [ref. 37272], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Dale et al. 2021:314 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Eudeline 2022:138 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:52 [ref. 39681], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Allen & Erdmann 2024:94 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia; eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Colombia, including Revillegigedo Islands (Mexico), Cocos Island (Costa Rica) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

flavocula, Siderea Böhlke [E. B.] & Randall [J. E.] 1996:95, Figs. 1-5 [Journal of South Asian Natural History v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 22470] Eastern side of Masirah Island, central coast of Oman, Arabian Sea, depth 6 meters. Holotype: BPBM 36155. Paratypes: ANSP 173400 (1), BPBM 36382 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380]. Apparently inadvertently appeared first in Randall 1995:59 [ref. 22896] with authorship as Böhlke & Randall 1995. •Valid as Siderea flavocula Böhlke & Randall 1996 -- (Randall 1995:59 [ref. 22896]). •Valid as Gymnothorax flavoculus (Böhlke & Randall 1996) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Chen et al. 2008:134 [ref. 29929], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith & Böhlke 2022:52 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax flavoculus (Böhlke & Randall 1996). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Socotra (Yemen), southern Oman and Gulf of Oman. IUCN (2019): Least concern. Habitat: marine.

flavopicta, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:64 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN (not found). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:127 [ref. 20810]. Also in Kaup 1856:90 [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Edwards & Glass 1987:624 [ref. 9166], Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286]). •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

flavoscriptus, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1876:200 [158], Pl. 9 [6] (fig. 2) [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5 (for 5 Apr. 1876); ref. 3510] Cuba. No types known. On p. 158 of separate. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

florisiana, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1854:334 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 343] Larantuka, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Island, Indonesia. Apparenttly not syntypes: RMNH 7200 (2) not identifiable from lot of 6 specimens; . Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:111-112 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

formosus, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1864:51 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] Wahai, Ceram, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.241. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. Takes precedence over Gymnothorax rhodocephalus Bleeker 1856 -- see Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus Bleeker 1864 -- (Alllen & Erdmann 2012:95 [ref. 31980]). •Valid as Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker 1864 -- (Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall et al. 2002:154 [ref. 26192], Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific. Habitat: marine.

forsstromi, Leptocephalus Strömman [P. H.] 1896:24, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-3) [Leptocephalids in the University Zoological Museum at Upsala; ref. 4294] Central Atlantic, 3°-4°S, 30°-34°W. Syntypes: ZMUU 694a-d (4). Type catalog: Wallin 1996:61 [ref. 32133]. Species correctly spelled forsströmi, umlaut is dropped without modification since name is derived from a non-German word. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286] as forstromi, Smith 1989:912 [ref. 13285] as forstromi, Smith & Böhlke 1990:144 [ref. 19379] as forstromi, Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

fuliginosus, Leptocephalus Strömman [P. H.] 1896:34, Pl. 3 (figs. 6-7) [Leptocephalids in the University Zoological Museum at Upsala; ref. 4294] Central Atlantic, 24°N, 68°W. Holotype (unique): ZMUU 699. Type catalog: Wallin 1996:61 [ref. 32133]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:906 [ref. 13285], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

funebris, Gymnothorax Ranzani [C.] 1839:77 [13], Pl. 11 (figs. 2a-b) [Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis v. 4 [1840]; ref. 18606] Brazil. No types at MZUB. Appeared first without description as Ranzani in Alessandrini 1838:433 [ref. 25852]. Dates to publication in a separate, on p. 13 and Pl. 5 in 1839; journal version in 1840. •Valid as Lycodontis funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221]). •Valid as Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:52 [ref. 23100], Scott & Scott 1988:81 [ref. 25518], Böhlke et al. 1989:176 [ref. 13286], McAllister 1990:47 [ref. 14674], Cervigón 1991:37 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:368 [ref. 23827], Andreata & Séret 1996:581 [ref. 16204] as Gymnotorax, McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:234 [ref. 23897], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:134 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639] as Gimnothorax and dated 1840, Collette et al. 2003:98 [ref. 26784] dated 1840, Böhlke & Smith 2003:708 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192] dated 1840, Smith et al. 2003:8 [ref. 27621] dated 1840, Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:23 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:5 [ref. 34324], Robertson et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34961], Spier et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36103], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:98 [ref. 38945], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:73 [ref. 38844], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:74 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:51 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: New Jersey (U.S.A.) and Bermuda south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), ncluding Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

fuscomaculata, Rabula Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:147, Fig. 30 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon reef at Latoback, Island, Rongerik Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific. Holotype: USNM 141639. Paratypes: FMNH 62585-66 [ex USNM] (1, 1); USNM 141638 (16), 141640-43 (9, 1, 3, 2), 141645-46 (1, 1), 141648-53 (2, 18, 9, 2, 5, 6). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:74 [ref. 12367], Smith 1994:23-24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax fuscomaculata (Schultz 1953) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442]). •Valid as Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (Schultz 1953) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:170 [ref. 5645], Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:37 [ref. 15987], Randall et al. 1997:37 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Böhlke & Randall 1999:553 [ref. 24552], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:237 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:41 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:119 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:250 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:87 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:85 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130], Smith & Böhlke 2022:52 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:94 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (Schultz 1953). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles and Comoros east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to Philippines and Mariana Islands, south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

garsiae, Gymnothorax Whitley [G. P.] & Colefax [A. N.] 1938:286, Pl. 14 (fig. 3) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 63 (pts 3-4) (nos. 277-278); ref. 4736] Nauru, Gilbert Islands. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.7171 (not found). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. See Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:97 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

geometrica, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:118, Pl. 30 (fig. 1) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 130. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:112-113 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Siderea grisea (Lacepède 1803) -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757], Randall & Golani 1995:870 [ref. 21744]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:29 [ref. 37159]) Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

gilberti, Gymnothorax Tanaka [S.] 1908:25, Pl. 1 (fig. 1) [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 23 (art. 7); ref. 6032] Bonin [Ogasawara] Islands, Japan. Holotype (unique): SMF 21030. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

gillii, Leptocephalus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1902:88, Figs. 7, 7a-b [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 21 (1901); ref. 11071] Atlantic, 38°25'N, 72°40'W, Albatross. Holotype (unique): USNM 49748. Type catalog: Smith 1994:20-21 [ref. 21917]. •Probably young of Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891 -- (Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]). •See Smith 1989:907 [ref. 13285]. Current status: Uncertain as Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

goldsboroughi, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:167 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50617. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 -- (Randall et al. 1993:227 [ref. 21003], Böhlke & Randall 2000:233 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

gracilicauda, Gymnothorax Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:426, Fig. 6 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Reef in front of Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50679. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins 1903 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:38 [ref. 15987], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977] as gracilicaudus, Randall et al. 1997:38 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Randall 2000:239 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495] as gracilicaudus, Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:11 [ref. 27510] as gracilicaudus, Randall 2005:42 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:119 [ref. 28379], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:317 [ref. 28867], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Shao et al. 2008:238 [ref. 29952], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007] as gracilicaudus, Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins 1903. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific: Caroline Islands and Papua New Guinea east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, south to Queensland (Australia) and Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia); possibly Cocos Island (eastern Pacific). Habitat: marine.

gracilis, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:92 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] India. Lectotype: not distinguishable. Lectotype and paralectotype: BMNH 2008.4.9.5-6 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:113-114 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

grandimaculis, Muraena Regan [C. T.] 1903:418, Pl. 14 (fig. 3) [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 3620] Bahia, Rio de Janero, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MHNG 665.39. Type catalog: Mahnert 1976:474 [ref. 21535], Weber 1998:5 [ref. 32707]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

griffini, Gymnothorax Whitley [G. P.] & Phillipps [W. J.] 1939:229 [Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand v. 69 (no. 2); ref. 4737] White Island, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Holotype (unique): AIM AK99608 [ex AIM PS 29.1]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380] but type not seen. New name for Gymnothorax meleagris of Griffin 1927:138, Pl. 10 (fig. 2) [ref. 15788]. •Valid as Gymnothorax griffini Whitley & Phillipps 1939 -- (Paulin et al. 1989:69 [ref. 24556], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley 1932) -- (Gomon et al. 1994:207 [ref. 22532], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:91 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380] with some question). •Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848) -- (McCosker & Stewart 2006:93 [ref. 28702], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

grisea, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson) 1803:629, 642, Pl. 19 (fig. 3) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] No locality stated [Madagascar]. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:126 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380]. Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:57 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. Based on description and drawing in manuscript by Commerson (Philibert Commerson, 1727-1773, French explorer and naturalist). •Valid as Siderea grisea (Lacepède 1803) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757], Castle & McCosker 1986:174 [ref. 5645], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:68 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:870 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:58 [ref. 22896], Fricke 1999:56 [ref. 24106], Caratini & Soriano 2011:60 [ref. 39915]). •Valid as Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Böhlke & Randall 1999:551 [ref. 24552], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:104 [ref. 28072], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Fricke et al. 2018:36 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:112 [ref. 40104], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:29 [ref. 37159], Eudeline 2022:139 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:53 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; western Indian Ocean: Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and East Africa to Seychelles, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues). Habitat: marine.

guarapariensis, Lycodontis Pinto [S. Y.] 1975:401, Figs. 1-2 [Physis Seccion A los Oceanos y sus Organismos v. 34 (no. 89); ref. 7456] Guarapari, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Holotype: MHNI 208. Paratypes: MHNI 209 (1). •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

hansi, Gymnothorax Heemstra [P. C.] 2004:2, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa No. 515; ref. 27849] South coast off Itsounzou, 11°52'S, 43°23'E, Grand Comoro (Ngazidja), Comoro Islands, depth about 143 meters. Holotype: SAIAB 38673. Paratypes: SAIAB 74102 (1), USNM 376770 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax hansi Heemstra 2004 -- (Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:53 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax hansi Heemstra 2004. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Grand Comoro (Ngazidja) Island (Comoros). Habitat: marine.

hepatica, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:120 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 3554. Non-types: ZMB 4015 (4). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:114-115 [ref. 26380]. Records from the Pacific probably refer to G. monochorus -- Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]. Muraena Hepatica and M. cinerascens were described in the same publication; apparently Randall and Golani 1995 serve as first revisers -- Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Lycodontis hepaticus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Dor 1984:28 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:viii [ref. 21953], Randall & Golani 1995:858 [ref. 21744], Böhlke 2000:395 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:38 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:83 [ref. 30952], Zhang et al. 2010:260 [ref. 31511], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:154 [ref. 34130], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:31 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:54 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; ? western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

herrei, Gymnothorax Beebe [W.] & Tee-Van [J.] 1933:138 [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 13 (no. 7); ref. 16101] Analao, Batangas, Philippines, 13°45'N, 120°55'E, depth 0-3 meters. Neotype: ANSP 164931. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380]. Replacement name for Gymnothorax brunneus Herre 1923, preoccupied by Gymnothorax brunneus Nichols 1920. Unique holotype lost; neotype selected by Böhlke 2000:404 [ref. 24954]. •Valid as Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van 1933 -- (Ferraris 1985:518 [ref. 19663], Randall & Golani 1995:860 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:56 [ref. 22896], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke 2000:403 [ref. 24954], Nakabo 2000:202 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:202 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:11 [ref. 27510], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264], Allen & Erdmann 2012:85 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Yoshida et al. 2013:20 [ref. 34464], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2018:126 [ref. 35948], Allen et al. 2018:46 [ref. 36275], Hibino in Motomura et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38121], Smith & Böhlke 2022:54 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:94 [ref. 40796]). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van 1933. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Sri Lanka east to Philippines and Papua New Guinea, north to Taiwan, south to northeastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

hilonis, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:167 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Hilo, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50618. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380]. •Probably valid as Gymnothorax hilonis Jordan & Evermann 1903 -- (Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:45 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:91 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

hubbsi, Gymnothorax Böhlke [J. E.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1977:238, Figs. 1-3 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 27 (no. 2); ref. 7233] Off Cape Canaveral, Florida, U.S.A., 28°33'N, 80°03'W, depth 38 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 214833 [ex ANSP 115230]. Paratypes: ANSP 88787 (1), 115256 (1), 115269 (1), 115270 (1, c&s), 115272 (1), 115293 (1), 130200 (1), 133321 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Gymnothorax hubbsi Böhlke & Böhlke 1977 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:52 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:150 [ref. 13286], Böhlke & Smith 2003:716 [ref. 26990], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax hubbsi Böhlke & Böhlke 1977. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

indicus, Gymnothorax Mohapatra [A.], Ray [D.], Smith [D. G.] & Mishra [S. S.] 2016:592, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4150 (no. 5); ref. 34667] Shankarpur, West Bengal, India (21°06.55'N, 87°58.68'E). Holotype: ZSI F 11370/2. Paratypes: MARC/ZSI/F, ZSI F. •Valid as Gymnothorax indicus Mohapatra, Ray, Smith & Mishra 2016 -- (Mohapatra et al. 2017:285 [ref. 35504]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax indicus Mohapatra, Ray, Smith & Mishra 2016. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Bay of Bengal, India. Habitat: marine.

indong, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1910:491 [The Philippine Journal of Science Section A v. 4 (no. 6) (for 1909); ref. 4000] Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippines. Holotype (unique): BSMP 4445 (apparently destroyed). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale 1906 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale 1906. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

infernalis, Muraena Poey [F.] 1861:347, 354 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Holotype (unique): USNM 4808 (lost). Type catalog: Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:176 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

insignis, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1917:93 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 5912. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867) -- (Fricke 1999:51 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 2000:245 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:90 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

interrupta, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:67, Pl. 10 (fig. 51) [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Red Sea. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2470. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:99-100 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Lycodontis rueppelli (McClelland 1844) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493], Smith et al. 2019:57 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

intesi, Lycodontis Fourmanoir [P.] & Rivaton [J.] 1979:426, Fig. 16 [Cahiers de l'Indo-Pacifique v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 8833] Lifou Island, Loyalty Islands, southwestern Pacific, depth 400 meters. Holotype: MNHN 1980-0304. Paratypes: BPBM 22614 (1); MNHN 1991-0697 (1), 1991-0698 (1). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:99 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax intesi (Fourmanoir & Rivaton 1979) -- (Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:207 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:207 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Sumod et al. 2019:363 [ref. 36895], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Koeda et al. 2021:5 [ref. 38857], Huang et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39471], Smith & Böhlke 2022:54 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax intesi (Fourmanoir & Rivaton 1979). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Mascarenes (Mauritius); Philippines, eastern Indonesia and New Guinea, north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan) east to Gilbert Islands (Kiribati), south to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

irregularis, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:65 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MNHN B-3120 [not B-2758]. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810]. Also in Kaup 1856:95 [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Pinheiro et al. 2015:6 [ref. 34324]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

isingleenoides, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:48 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 5); ref. 339] Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 7191. Paralectotypes: (3, with other specimens). Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1867.11.28.235 (1), NMV 46444 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380]. Original as isingleenoïdes. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

isingteena, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1845:[108], Pl. 48 (fig. 1) [Ichthyology.--Part 2. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur; ref. 20574] China seas; Canton, China. Holotype and second specimen: BMNH 2008.4.9.2 (1, stuffed), 2008.4.9.3 (1, alcohol). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:116-117 [ref. 26380]. Available from plate before appearing in the text; technically the holotype is the specimen represented in the figure. Text in Richardson 1845:108 [ref. 20575]. Also in Richardson 1846:314 [ref. 3742] as isengleena. Lectotype (2008.4.9.3) designation by Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380] is not appropriate; however the holotype can not be discerned from the second specimen (D. G. Smith, 2/15/2012). •Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Zhang et al. 2010:286 [ref. 31511]). •Valid as Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845) -- (Fricke 1999:48 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:210 [ref. 25086], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:210 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256], Ho & Shao 2011: 21 [ref. 31432], Allen & Erdmann 2012:86 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:8 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Psomadakis et al. 2020:273 [ref. 37272], Balisco et al. 2023:5 [ref. 39932], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Allen & Erdmann 2024:95 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Comoros and Mascarenes (Mauritius); Myanmar; Indonesia and Vietnam north to Korea and Japan, south to northern Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

jacksoniensis, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1863:450 [Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afdeling Natuurkunde. v. 15; ref. 17014] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3780. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:92 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

januarius, Gymnothorax ocellatus var. Jordan [D. S.] & Davis [B. M.] 1891:607 [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 16 (for 1888) (art. 9); ref. 2437] Replacement name for Murenophis variegata Castelnau 1855, preoccupied. •Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:174 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

javanica, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1859:347 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 19; ref. 368] Patjitan, Java, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.214. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380]. See Smith 2012:17-18 [ref. 32155] for nomenclatural remarks. •Valid as Lycodontis javanicus (Bleeker 1859) -- (Dor 1984:28 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker 1859) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:38 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Randall & Golani 1995:861 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:21 [ref. 26476], Kuiter 1997:30 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:38 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:48 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:240 [ref. 24493], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:111 [ref. 25191], Thomson et al. 2000:43 [ref. 25640], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Adrim et al. 2004:118 [ref. 27715], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:42 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:119 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:87 [ref. 30952], Imamura 2009:18 [ref. 30434], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Zhang et al. 2010:266 [ref. 31511], Caratini & Soriano 2011:57 [ref. 39915], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:86 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:36 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:113 [ref. 40104], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:35 [ref. 37159], Psomadakis et al. 2020:273 [ref. 37272], Dale et al. 2021:314 [ref. 38298], Durville et al. 2021:310 [ref. 38802], Wada et al. 2021:36 [ref. 38521], Eudeline 2022:140 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:55 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:95 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), and Pitcairn Group, north to Amami Islands (southern Japan), south to northern Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia; eastern Pacific: Costa Rica south to Panama, including Cocos Island (Costa Rica) and Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

johnsoni, Lycodontis Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:438, Pl. 56 (figs. C-D) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Algoa Bay, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 40 fathoms (75 meters). Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 104. Paratypes: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 5019 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax johnsoni (Smith 1962) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:170 [ref. 5645], Baranes & Golani 1993:302 [ref. 22372], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:862 [ref. 21744], Fricke 1999:48 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:95 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Smith et al. 2008:67 [ref. 29432], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2018:37 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Sumod et al. 2019:363 [ref. 36895], Smith et al. 2019:37 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:55 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax johnsoni (Smith 1962). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; western Indian Ocean: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and East Africa to Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues). Habitat: marine.

jordani, Lycodontis Evermann [B. W.] & Marsh [M. C.] 1899:352 [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 25 (for 1899) Appendix 7; ref. 1283] Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. Holotype (unique): USNM 49358. Type catalog: Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:174 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

kaupii, Thyrsoidea Abbott [C. C.] 1860:477 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 12; ref. 15619] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 916. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:124 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:94 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

kidako, Muraena Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:266, Pl. 117 [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Nagasaki, Japan. Lectotype: RMNH 3957. Paralectotypes: RMNH D2027 (1, stuffed), 3779 (3). Possible paralectotypes: (stuffed) RMNH D2219 (1, dry), D2220 (1, dry), D2235 (1, dry), D2259 (1, dry), D2302 (1, dry). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:118-119 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1947:190 [ref. 12876]. •Valid as Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Böhlke & Randall 1995:3 [ref. 21580], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Randall 2000:242 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:208 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:208 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:141, 490 [ref. 26218], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:43 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:120 [ref. 28379], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:317 [ref. 28867], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:89 [ref. 30952], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:277 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Allen et al. 2018:46 [ref. 36275], Huang et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36534], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Sonoyama et al. 2020:16 [ref. 37637], Huang et al. 2021:14 [ref. 38612], Huang et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39471], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: southern China and nprthern Taiwan north to central Japan. Hybridizes with Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Habitat: marine.

kishinouyei, Echidna Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:885, Fig. 21 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 23 (no. 1239); ref. 2508] Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 6481. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:46 [ref. 12291], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

kolpos, Gymnothorax Böhlke [J. E.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1980:223, Fig. 3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 132; ref. 8738] Alabama, U.S.A., 29°19'N, 88°04'W, Oregon station 3201, depth 120 meters. Holotype: ANSP 107093. Paratypes: ANSP 107092 (1), 107098 (1, c&s), 116135 (1), 127501 (1, c&s), 134031 (1); GCRL 1066 (1), 2790 (1); MCZ 35110 (1); MNHN 1974-0105 [ex USNM 158730] (1); TU 82455 (2); UF 70683 [ex FSU 20683] (1), 70721 [ex FSU 20721] (1), 72266 [ex FSU 22266] (1), 72292 [ex FSU 22292] (1), 217424 [ex UMML 17424] (1), 220524 [ex UMML 20524] (1); USA 03127 (2); USNM 154982 (1), 158729 (1), 158739 (1), 158741 (1), 215279 [ex USNM 158740] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Bart & Taylor 1993:50 [ref. 20906], Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Gymnothorax kolpos Böhlke & Böhlke 1980 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:53 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:164 [ref. 13286], Boschung 1992:32 [ref. 23239], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:235 [ref. 23897], Böhlke & Smith 2003:709 [ref. 26990], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax kolpos Böhlke & Böhlke 1980. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

kontodontos, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] 2000:411, Figs. 2G, 3E, 8 [Pacific Science v. 54 (no. 4); ref. 24954] Outside reef 300 yards northwest of entrance to English Harbor, Tabuaeran [= Fanning Island], Line Islands, central Pacific, depth 6 meters. Holotype: ANSP 177771. Paratypes: BPBM 9392 (2), 31780 (1), 33391 (1), 37448 (1); ROM 38924 (1), 57311 (1); USNM 357423 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax kontodontos Böhlke 2000 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:120 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:75 [ref. 30952], Allen & Erdmann 2012:87 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Mohapatra et al. 2018:126 [ref. 35948], Smith & Böhlke 2022:55 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:96 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax kontodontos Böhlke 2000. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Comoros and Chagos Archipelago east to Line Islands and Johnston Atoll. Habitat: marine.

kowanensis, Gymnothorax pictus Aoyagi [H.] 1943:27, Fig. 9 [Coral fishes. Part 1; ref. 17936] Bay of Kowan, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype (unique): not at YCM, apparently lost. Type information: Hayashi 1995:7 [ref. 22717]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

krulli, Muraena Hector [J.] 1877:468, Pl. 8 (bottom) [Transactions of the New Zealand Institute v. 9 (art. 62); ref. 14244] Bay of Islands, New Zealand. Holotype (unique): AIM (missing). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:93 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

kuhlii, Polyuranodon Kaup [J. J.] 1856:65 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Ceram, Indonesia. No types known. Bleeker specimens: ?AMS I.101 (1), BMNH 1867.11.28.242 (1) no locality, RMNH. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:96 [ref. 2573]. Unneeded replacement name for Muraena polyuranodon Bleeker 1854, apparently to avoid "Strickland tautonymy" when Polyuranodon was treated as a genus. •Synonym of Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989] as kuhli). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

latus, Leptocephalus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1902:87, Figs. 6, 6a-b [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 21 (1901); ref. 11071] 55 miles south-southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, U.S.A., 34°15'00"N, 76°11'30"W, Albatross station 2611, depth 0-31 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 49760. Type catalog: Smith 1994:20 [ref. 21917]. See Smith 1989:907 [ref. 13285]. •Probably young of Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891 -- (Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]). Current status: Uncertain as Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

laysana, Muraena Steindachner [F.] 1900:177 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 37 (no. 16) (for 21 June 1900); ref. 20498] Laysan Island, Leeward Islands, Hawaiian Islands. Lectotype: UMB 151 [RK UMB 4735]. Paralectotypes: [UMB 152-155] UMB 4689-90 (1, 1), 4733-34 (1, 1). Type catalog: Wahlert 1955:323-324 [ref. 21527], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. Species later illustrated and described in detail in Steindachner 1900:515 Pl. 6 (figs. 1-2) [ref. 14892]; on p. 33 of separate. Lectotype selected by Wahlert 1955:324 [ref. 21527]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leecote, Gymnothorax Scott [E. O. G.] 1965:54, Fig. 1 [Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania v. 99; ref. 9253] Off George Rock, north of St. Helen's, Tasmania, Australia, depth 10 fathoms. Holotype (unique): QVM 1964:5:0015 [ex QVM type 123]. Type catalog: Green 1974:3 [ref. 19267], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:208 [ref. 22532], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:93 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

lemayi, Lycodontis Smith [J. L. B.] 1949:108 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 2 (no. 14) (art. 13); ref. 4077] Inhaca Island, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] (lost). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:170 [ref. 5645], Böhlke & Randall 2000:235 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leucacme, Gymnothorax Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:427, Fig. 7 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50682. Paratypes: CAS-SU 23325 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120-121 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:123 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leucostictus, Gymnothorax Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:425-426, Fig. 5 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50681. Paratypes: CAS-SU 23289 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:121 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leucostigma, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Richardson [R. E.] 1909:174, Pl. 68 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 2493] Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Holotype (unique): FMNH 52124 [ex CM 253]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:54 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Gymnothorax leucostigma Jordan & Richardson 1909 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Zhang et al. 2010:283 [ref. 31511], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:94 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

lineopinnis, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:89 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Puerto Caballo, South America. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1847.5.14.43. Originally as lineo-pinnis. •Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:176 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

lita, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:84 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1846.2.16.111. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

literata, Lycodontis McClelland [J.] 1844:186 (203, 215), Pl. 7 (fig. 2) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Calcutta market, Bengal, India. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380]. As Strophidon literata on pp. 203 and 215. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

longinaris, Gymnothorax Allen [G. R.], Erdmann [M. V.] & Sianipar [A. B.] 2018:38, Figs. 1-3A, 4-7 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 24 (no. 2); ref. 36275] Pulau Seraya Besar, northwest Flores, Indonesia, 08°23.255'S, 119°52.485'E, depth 18 meters. Holotype (unique): MZB 24606. •Valid as Gymnothorax longinaris Allen, Erdmann & Sianipar 2018 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2024:96 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax longinaris Allen, Erdmann & Sianipar 2018. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean: Komodo and northwestern Flores (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

longinquus, Lycodontis Whitley [G. P.] 1948:73 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 4710] North of Mackay, Queensland, Australia. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.6953. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax longinquus (Whitley 1948) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692] as longinquis, Böhlke & McCosker 2001:88 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Zainal Abidin et al. 2024:127 [ref. 40774]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax longinquus (Whitley 1948). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: eastern Malaya (Malaysia), Gulf of Thailand and southern Vietnam; northern Western Australia, Northern Territory and northern Queensland south to Mackay (northern Australia). Habitat: marine.

maculaepinnis, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] in Steindachner 1866:473 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 53; ref. 4210] Port Jackson, Macassar, and Hong Kong. Syntypes: (3) missing. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:123-124 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:93 [ref. 25226], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005]). •Not treated in Smith 2012 [ref. 32155]. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

maculata, Strophidon McClelland [J.] 1844:203, 215, Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Ganges River estuaries near Calcutta, India. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380]. Unneeded new name for Muraenophis tile Hamilton 1822. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

maculipinnis, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1857:83 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Ghana. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3792. Appeared first with minimal description in Kaup 1856:61 [ref. 2572]; perhaps available from ref. 2572. •Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795 -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:141 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

maderensis, Pseudomuraena Johnson [J. Y.] 1862:167 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1862 (pt 2) (art. 2) (for 10 June 1862); ref. 2357] Madeira, eastern Atlantic. Syntypes: BMNH 1862.6.14.10 (1). Misspelled madeirensis in literature. •Valid as Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson 1862) -- (Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:540 [ref. 13676], Böhlke et al. 1989:152 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:141 [ref. 19379], Arruda 1997:55 [ref. 24952], Uiblein et al. 1999:60 [ref. 24045], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:134 [ref. 25013], Böhlke & Smith 2003:716 [ref. 26990], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Jiménez et al. 2007:103 [ref. 29038], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:5 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1627 [ref. 34557], Carneiro et al. 2019:61 [ref. 37250], Fermon et al. 2022:114 [ref. 39448] with question, Carvalho-Filho 2023:54 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson 1862). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Bahia (Brazil); eastern Atlantic: Benin, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands. Habitat: marine.

makassariensis, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1863:168 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1; ref. 17004] Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3768. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker 1853) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380], Zhang et al. 2010:272 [ref. 31511] as macassariensis and author as Günther 1870, Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Kang et al. 2018:300 [ref. 36290]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker 1853). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

mareei, Gymnothorax Poll [M.] 1953:118, Fig. 46 [Résultats Scientifiques. Expédition Océanographique Belge dans les Eaux Côtières Africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948-1949). Bruxelles. v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 12713] Atlantic, 8 miles west of Rio Cuanza, 9°20'S, 13°04'E. Holotype: IRSNB 169. Paratypes: (9) IRSNB 170 (15?), MRAC 95462-69 (8). Additional material: (14). Type catalog: Walschaerts 1987:21 [ref. 20755], Derijst 1991:43 [ref. 21528]. •Valid as Gymnothorax mareei Poll 1953 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:149 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Afonso et al. 1999:69 [ref. 25466], Wirtz et al. 2007:25 [ref. 30263], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Smith & Brito 2016:1628 [ref. 34557], Brown et al. 2019:185 [ref. 36444], Reiner 2019:60 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:115 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax mareei Poll 1953. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Namibia, including Annobón Island and São Tomé and Principe. Saint Helena record doubtful [ref. 36444]. Habitat: marine.

margaritophorus, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1864:53 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.268. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker 1864 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:170 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:38 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:38 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:49 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Nakabo 2000:208 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:208 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:43 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:120 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:75 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007], Zhang et al. 2010:282 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:87 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130], Loh et al. 2015:42 [ref. 37906], Fricke et al. 2018:37 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Smith & Böhlke 2022:56 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:96 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Johnston Atoll and Line Islands, north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands, south to Western Australia and southern Queensland (Australia) at 23°30'S. Habitat: marine.

marginata, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1859:24, suppl. 4, Pl. 4 (fig. 1) [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] West Africa. Holotype (unique): ZMH 12505. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:144 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795 -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:141 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

marquesensis, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1906:10, Fig. 1 [Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 3999] Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands. Holotype: BPBM 2384. Paratypes: (8) ANSP 88191 [ex BPBM 2388] (1), 88192 [ex BPBM 2387] (2); BPBM 2385 (1), 2386 (1, missing); USNM 109375 [ex BPBM 2385-88] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:124-125 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) -- (Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Randall 2000:229 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

marshallensis, Rabula Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:149, Fig. 31 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon reef at Ennylabegan Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific. Holotype: USNM 141687. Paratypes: FMNH 62587 [ex USNM 141688] (1); USNM 141688 (orig. 4, now 3), 141689-90 (2, 3). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:74 [ref. 12367], Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax marshallensis (Schultz 1953) -- (Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Böhlke & Randall 1999:553 [ref. 24552], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Randall 2007:87 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax marshallensis (Schultz 1953). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Islands of Micronesia and Melanesia. Habitat: marine.

mauritiana, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:65 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Lectotype: MNHN B-2468. Paralectotypes: MNHN A-3738 (1) Réunion. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:100 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Randall 2000:236 [ref. 24493]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Fricke 1999:47 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 2000:235 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

mccoskeri, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1997:181, Fig. 5 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 148; ref. 23215] Northwest of Roebuck Bay, Western Australia, 17°47'S, 121°46'E, depth 52-56 meters. Holotype: CSIRO CA 1489. Paratypes: AMS I.34953-002 (1); CSIRO H 3253-05 (1), H 3406-02 (3), H 3552-02 (5), H 4138-02 (2), H 4179-01 (1), H 4180-01 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax mccoskeri Smith & Böhlke 1997 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:252 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax mccoskeri Smith & Böhlke 1997. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

megaspilus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & Randall [J. E.] 1995:2, Fig. 1 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 472; ref. 21580] Off sw side of Sawda Island, Al Hallaniyaat (Kuria Muria Islands), southern Oman, Arabian Sea, depth 21 meters. Holotype: BPBM 36042. Paratypes: ANSP 127225 (2), BPBM 36321 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:125-126 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax megaspilus Böhlke & Randall 1995 -- (Randall 1995:56 [ref. 22896], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Eagderi et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37020], Smith & Böhlke 2022:56 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax megaspilus Böhlke & Randall 1995. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: southern Oman to Persian Gulf. Habitat: marine.

melanosomatus, Gymnothorax Loh [K.-H.], Shao [K.-T.] & Chen [H.-M.] 2011:44, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 3134; ref. 31690] Offshore from Changbin, Taitung, Taiwan, depth 50-100 meters. Holotype: TOU-AE 1991. Paratypes: ASIZP 0072170 (1), 0072171 (1); TOU-AE 0627 (1), 1879 (3), 3774 (1), 3775 (1), 5095 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax melanosomatus Loh, Shao & Chen 2011 -- (Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Loh et al. 2015:39 [ref. 34118], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2016:595 [ref. 34667], Smith et al. 2018:33 [ref. 36035]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax melanosomatus Loh, Shao & Chen 2011. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

melanospilos, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1855:279 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 351] Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.239. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax melanospilos (Bleeker 1855) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441] as melanospilus, Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977] as melanospilus, Nakabo 2000:209 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:209 [ref. 26001], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:11 [ref. 27510], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:98 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

melatremus, Gymnothorax Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:120, Figs. 23d, 25 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Ocean reef at Boby Island, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific. Holotype (unique): USNM 141610. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz 1953 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:171 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:39 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:39 [ref. 25919], Hatooka et al. 1998:2 [ref. 24389], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:50 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 1999:553 [ref. 24552], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:242 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:202 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:202 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Hatooka 2003:7 [ref. 27558], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:43 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:120 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:252 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:89 [ref. 30952], Imamura 2009:19 [ref. 30434], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:258 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:87 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:158 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Eudeline 2022:140 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:57 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:97 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz 1953. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Aliwal Shoal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan, south to northern Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

meleagris, Muraena Shaw [G.] in Shaw & Nodder 1795:no page number, Pl. 220 [The Naturalist's Miscellany; ref. 4013] "Southern Ocean." Holotype (unique): BMNH 1977.4.22.2. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380]. Sometimes seen with authorship as Shaw & Nodder. See Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155] for remarks on status. •Valid as Lycodontis meleagris (Shaw 1795) -- (Dor 1984:28 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:171 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:39 [ref. 15987], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:154 [ref. 24023], Kuiter 1997:28 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:39 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:50 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:244 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:203 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:111 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:203 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:44 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:121 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:252 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:90 [ref. 30952], Smith et al. 2008:66 [ref. 29432], Imamura 2009:19 [ref. 30434], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:263 [ref. 31511], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264] with author as Shaw & Nodder, Caratini & Soriano 2011:58 [ref. 39915], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:88 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:158 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:37 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:114 [ref. 40104], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Sumod et al. 2019:364 [ref. 36895], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Nashad et al. 2020:370 [ref. 37900], Durville et al. 2021:310 [ref. 38802], Eudeline 2022:141 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:57 [ref. 39681], Jamandre 2023:160 [ref. 40455], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Allen & Erdmann 2024:97 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Pitcairn Group, Galápagos Islands and Cocos Island, north to southern Japan, Ogasawara Islands and Minami Tori Shima, south to Queensland (Australia), New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island (Australia) and Austral Islands (French Polynesia). Habitat: marine.

microdon, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:62 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Puducherry, India. Holotype: MNHN B-2469. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102-103 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126-127 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:89, Pl. 13 (fig. 64) [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

microspila, Muraena Günther [A.] 1870:109 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Eastern Indian Archipelago. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.238. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380]. Based on Gymnothorax bullatus of Bleeker 1864:91, Pl. 27 [ref. 4860] (not Muraena bullata Richardson 1848) and one specimen. •Synonym of Gymnothorax reevesii (Richadson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax reevesii (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

microstictus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] 2000:413, Figs. 2H, 3F, 9 [Pacific Science v. 54 (no. 4); ref. 24954] North side of western entrance, Hermit Island, Papua New Guinea. Holotype: USNM 357424. Paratypes: ANSP 141362 (2), 141368 (3), 141379 (1), 141413 (2), 141420-21 (1, 1), 144452 (1), 144454-55 (1, 2), 144775 (2), 144776-78 (4, 2, 17), 164934-35 (1, 9), 177773 (1); BPBM 34165 (1); ROM 53466 (3); USNM 357425-29 (2, 5, 2, 2, 4). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax microstictus Böhlke 2000 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Allen et al. 2006:252 [ref. 29005], Allen & Erdmann 2012:88 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Mohapatra et al. 2018:128 [ref. 35948], Allen & Erdmann 2024:98 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax microstictus Böhlke 2000. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Indonesia east to Philippines and Papua New Guinea, south to Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Habitat: marine.

mieroszewskii, Muraena Steindachner [F.] 1896:222 [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 11; ref. 14618] Japan. Holotype (unique): NMW 61642. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax mieroszewskii (Steindachner 1896) -- (Nakabo 2000:209 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:209 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:141, 491 [ref. 26218]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:94 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

miliaris, Thrysoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:63 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Martinique Island, West Indies. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2456. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:103 [ref. 20810]. Also in Kaup 1856:90 [ref. 2573]. According to Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Böhlke 1982:40 serves as first reviser selecting miliaris over irregularis and flavopicta; all three described by Kaup in the same publication. •Valid as Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:54 [ref. 23100], Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379], Cervigón 1991:44 [ref. 24472]). •Valid as Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Edwards & Glass 1987:624 [ref. 9166], Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:906 [ref. 13285], Boschung 1992:32 [ref. 23239], Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810], Santos et al. 1997:121 [ref. 23531], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:134 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Collette et al. 2003:98 [ref. 26784], Feitoza et al. 2003:68 [ref. 26943], Böhlke & Smith 2003:710 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:8 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Pinheiro et al. 2015:5 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1629 [ref. 34557], Spier et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36103], Brown et al. 2019:155 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:61 [ref. 37250], Sumod et al. 2019:364 [ref. 36895], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:74 [ref. 38844], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:74 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:52 [ref. 40480], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:115 [ref. 40726], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Bahamas and Florida (U.S.A.) south to Brazil, including Caribbean Sea; central Atlantic: Ascension and Saint Helena islands; eastern Atlantic: Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands, possibly Azores. Habitat: marine.

mindanoensis, Gymnothorax Borodin [N. A.] 1930:43, Pl. 1 (fig. 1) [Bulletin Vanderbilt Marine Museum v. 1 (art. 2); ref. 16069] Mindanao Island, Philippines. Holotype (unique): VMM 655 [not 665] (now AMNH 222125). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:127-128 [ref. 26380] as mindanaoensis. •Synonym of Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker 1859) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:240 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

minor, Muraena Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:269, Pl. 115 (fig. 2) [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Japan. Lectotype: RMNH 3771a. Paralectotypes: RMNH D2025 (1, stuffed), D2026 (1), 3771b (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1947:192 [ref. 12876]. See Smith 2012:20-21 [ref. 32155] for comments on antitropical distribution. •Valid as Gymnothorax minor (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1997:177 [ref. 23215], Nakabo 2000:205 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:205 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Allen et al. 2006:252 [ref. 29005], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Yoshida et al. 2013:20 [ref. 34464], Ho et al. 2015:158 [ref. 34130], Hibino in Kimura et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36460], Li et al. 2018:149 [ref. 35913], Kim et al. 2020:53 [ref. 39118], Psomadakis et al. 2020:274 [ref. 37272], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Sonoyama et al. 2020:16 [ref. 37637]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax minor (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: China and Taiwan to southern Korea and southern Japan; southeastern Indian Ocean and southwestern Pacific: Port Hedland (Western Australia), Gulf of Carpentaria (Queensland) and northern New South Wales (Australia). Habitat: marine.

mishrai, Gymnothorax Ray [D.], Mohapatra [A.] & Smith [D. G.] 2015:141, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4027 (no. 1); ref. 33981] Shankarpur, West Bengal, India, 21°06.55'N, 87°58.68'E. Holotype (unique): MARC/ZSI/F4210. •Valid as Gymnothorax mishrai Ray, Mohapatra & Smith 2015 -- (Mohapatra et al. 2016:591 [ref. 34667], Mohapatra et al. 2018:123 [ref. 35948], Mohapatra et al. 2019:190 [ref. 36929], Kodeeswaran et al. 2023:260 [ref. 40064]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax mishrai Ray, Mohapatra & Smith 2015. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: Bay of Bengal, India. Habitat: marine.

modesta, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1859:21, Pl. 4 (fig. 2) [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] Zanzibar, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): ZMH 3772. Type catalog: Wilkens & Dohse 1993:413 [ref. 21161], Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax modesta (Kaup 1859) -- (Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

moluccensis, Priodonophis Bleeker [P.] 1864:48 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.227. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax moluccensis (Bleeker 1864) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:863 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Allen & Erdmann 2012:88 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:38 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:57 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:98 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax moluccensis (Bleeker 1864). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa); Christmas Island (Australia), Indonesia and Coral Sea. Habitat: marine.

monochrous, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:384 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 10; ref. 16853] Ternate, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.244. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:128-129 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax monochrous (Bleeker 1856) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:171 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke 2000:396 [ref. 24954], Nakabo 2000:206 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847] [but later deleted in author's circular of Jan. 2002], Nakabo 2002:206 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:44 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:253 [ref. 29005], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:89 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Huang et al. 2022:100 [ref. 39626], Smith & Böhlke 2022:58 [ref. 39681] with question, Allen & Erdmann 2024:98 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax monochrous (Bleeker 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Madagascar and ?Rodrigues (Mascarenes) east to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, north to Taiwan, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

monostigma, Muraena Regan [C. T.] 1909:438 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 4 (no. 23); ref. 14420] Raiatea, Society Islands. Lectotype: BMNH 1874.11.19.19. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1873.4.3.9 (1) Tahiti, 1877.12.10.10 (1) Tahiti. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax monostigma (Regan 1909) -- (Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965] as monostigmus, Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268] as monostigmus, Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495] as monostigmus, Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:44 [ref. 28239], Allen & Erdmann 2012:89 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:158 [ref. 34130], Smith & Böhlke 2022:58 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:99 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax monostigma (Regan 1909). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Maldives east to Micronesia, Marquesas Islands and Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

mordax, Muraena Ayres [W. O.] 1859:30 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 1) v. 2 (1858-1862); ref. 155] Cedros Island, Baja California, Mexico. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380]. Any types at CAS would have been lost in 1906. •Valid as Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres 1859) -- (Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:64 [ref. 9277], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1310 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:227 [ref. 24545], Richards & Engle 2001:181 [ref. 25759], Böhlke 2001:3 [ref. 25774], Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Kells et al. 2016:88 [ref. 35888], Dale et al. 2021:314 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern California (U.S.A.) south to Baja California Sur (Mexico), including Guadalupe Island (Mexico); records from Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) and Colombia could not be confirmed. Habitat: marine.

moringa, Muraena Cuvier [G.] (ex Catesby) 1829:352 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Antilles. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:125 [ref. 20810]. Available from footnote as, "Aj. la moringue des Antilles. (M. moringa, N.) Catesb., II, xxi." Based on the "Muraena maculata nigra" of Catesby 1743: 21, Pl. 21 [ref. 774]. •Valid as Lycodontis moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Cervigón 1991:39 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:368 [ref. 23827], Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221]). •Valid as Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:53 [ref. 23100], Edwards & Glass 1987:625 [ref. 9166], Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:910 [ref. 13285], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Boschung 1992:32 [ref. 23239], Andreata & Séret 1996:581 [ref. 16204], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:236 [ref. 23897], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:135 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Collette et al. 2003:98 [ref. 26784], Böhlke & Smith 2003:711 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:9 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Prokofiev & Kukuev 2009:215 [ref. 30172] as cf. moringa, Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Pinheiro et al. 2015:6 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1639 [ref. 34557], Robertson et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34961], Spier et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36103], Brown et al. 2019:155 [ref. 36444], Reiner 2019:60 [ref. 38139], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:99 [ref. 38945], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:74 [ref. 38844], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:74 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:53 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) and Bermuda south to southeastern Brazil, including Caribbean Sea; southern central Atlantic: Ascension Island and Saint Helena Island; eastern Atlantic: São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

mucifer, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1904:519, Pl. 5 (fig. 9) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 4149] Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50868. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:43 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:120 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:89 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155]). •Valid as Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder 1904 -- (Böhlke & Randall 1995:3 [ref. 21580], Huang et al. 2019:153 [ref. 36534], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Huang et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38612], Hibino & Ito 2023:56 [ref. 40369]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder 1904. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western and Central Pacific: Taiwan north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan); Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.); northern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

multifasciata, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1857:87 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 3789. Paralectotypes: RMNH 3788 (1, dry, poor condition). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:62. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

multiocellata, Muraena Poey [F.] 1860:324 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Holotype: unknown; apparently not USNM 24961. Type catalog: Smith 1994:22 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

myrialeucostictus, Muraena Fowler [H. W.] 1912:18, Fig. 4 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 64; ref. 1385] St. Martin Island, West Indies. Holotype (unique): ANSP 16031. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:147 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nasuta, Gymnothorax de Buen [F.] 1961:10, Fig. 3 [Montemar No. 1; ref. 698] Easter Island, southeastern Pacific. Holotype: EBMC 118. Paratypes: EBMC 120-121 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax nasuta de Buen 1961 -- (Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:45 [ref. 28239], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax nasuta de Buen 1961. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Easter Island and Chile. Habitat: marine.

neglectus, Gymnothorax Tanaka [S.] 1911:28, Pl. 7 (fig. 24) [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 2; ref. 14881] Keelung, Taihoku, northern Taiwan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT 2165. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:130-131 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Aizawa et al. 2022:141 [ref. 39647]. •Valid as Gymnothorax neglectus Tanaka 1911 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Machida in Okamura & Kitajima 1984:107, 325 [ref. 8057], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Nakabo 2000:207 [ref. 25086], Shinohara et al. 2001:292 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:207 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Zhang et al. 2010:285 [ref. 31511], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:158 [ref. 34130], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Sumod et al. 2019:364 [ref. 36895], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Huang et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39471]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax neglectus Tanaka 1911. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines and Taiwan north to southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

nigrolineata, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:66 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Marquesas Islands. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2467. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:100 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax ruppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nigromarginata, Neomuraena Girard [C. F.] 1858:171 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 10; ref. 1813] St. Joseph Island, Texas, U.S.A. Holotype (unique): USNM 860 [= USNM 7004]. Type catalog: Smith 1994:22-23 [ref. 21917]. See also Girard 1859:76, Pl. 41 [ref. 13405]. •Valid as Gymnothorax nigromarginatus (Girard 1858) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:53 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:172 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:907 [ref. 13285], Boschung 1992:32 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:367 [ref. 23827], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:237 [ref. 23897], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:104 [ref. 24550], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639] as Gimnothorax, Böhlke & Smith 2003:717 [ref. 26990], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:100 [ref. 38945], Robertson et al. 2022:86 [ref. 39353], Carvalho-Filho 2023:54 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax nigromarginatus (Girard 1858). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico south to northern Brazil. Habitat: marine.

niphostigmus, Gymnothorax Chen [H.-M.], Shao [K.-T.] & Chen [C.-T.] 1996:20, Figs. 1-3 [Zoological Studies v. 35 (no. 1); ref. 22011] Hopingtao fish market, 25°11'N, 121°51'E, Keelung, Taiwan, depth 100-150 meters. Holotype: ASIZP 056940. Paratypes: ASIZP 056941 (1); TFRI-TT 063 (1), 071 (1). Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432]. See Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155] for remarks on status. •Valid as Gymnothorax niphostigmus Chen, Shao & Chen 1996 -- (Zhang et al. 2010:284 [ref. 31511], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Huang et al. 2019:162 [ref. 36534], Huang et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38612], Ramos-Castro et al. 2021:518 [ref. 38842], Hibino & Ito 2023:59 [ref. 40369]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax niphostigmus Chen, Shao & Chen 1996. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Vietnam east to Taiwan (South China Sea), north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Habitat: marine.

nirosus, Gymnothorax Tanaka [S.] 1918:51 [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 30 (no. 352); ref. 17355] Nagasaki fish market, Japan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT 8628 (lost). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380], Aizawa et al. 2022:141 [ref. 39647] as nirosus. Spelling of species apparently intended to be nivosus as later (1931) used by Tanaka, but appeared in the original description as nirosus; continued usage of nirosus is apparently acceptable. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Aizawa et al. 2022:141 [ref. 39647]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:94 [ref. 25226] as nirosus, Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380] as nirosus, Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nubila, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:81, Pl. 46 (figs. 6-10) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Norfolk Island. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1972.1.26.159. Additional material (conditionally referred): BMNH 1867.3.4.414 (dried skin) Houtman Abrolhos, 1867.3.7.414 (dry skin) Mauritius. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380]. Fricke 1999:52 [ref. 24106] refers the Mauritius specimen to G. rueppelliae [rueppellii]. •Valid as Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson 1848) -- (Paulin et al. 1989:68 [ref. 24556], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:90 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:253 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Stewart & McCosker 2015:231 [ref. 34233]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

nudivomer, Muraena Günther [A.] in Playfair & Günther 1867:127, Pl. 18 [The fishes of Zanzibar; ref. 3490] Zanzibar, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean. Lectotype: BMNH 1867.3.9.418 (stuffed). Paralectotypes: BMNH 1867.3.9.408 (1, stuffed). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380]. Authors have called the type at the BMNH the holotype, but 2 specimens are mentioned in the original description and use of "typical" specimen is insufficient to establish a holotype. Lectotype established by Günther 1870:104 [ref. 1995] -- see Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Lycodontis nudivomer (Günther 1867) -- (Dor 1984:28 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:171 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:39 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:52 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:864 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:57 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:39 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:51 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:245 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:207 [ref. 25086], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:112 [ref. 25191], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:207 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:45 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:121 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:253 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:90 [ref. 30952], Smith et al. 2008:66 [ref. 29432], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:267 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:89 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:114 [ref. 40104], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:40 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Durville et al. 2021:310 [ref. 38802], Eudeline 2022:141 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:58 [ref. 39681], Cabebe-Barnuevo et al. 2023:218 [ref. 40621], Allen & Erdmann 2024:99 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Mayotte (France) and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to southern Japan, south to Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

nuttingi, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1904:518, Pl. 4 (fig. 7) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 4149] Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50866. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder 1904 -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:246 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:122 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:91 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Sumod et al. 2019:364 [ref. 36895]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder 1904. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

obesus, Uropterygius Whitley [G. P.] 1932:329, Pl. 39 (fig. 1) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 18 (no. 6); ref. 4674] Montague Island, New South Wales, Australia, depth about 70 fathoms. Holotype: AMS IA.3888. Paratypes: AMS IA.2658 (1). Additional material: (plaster casts of holotype) AMS L.1676 (1), T.627(1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius obesus Whitley 1932 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:133 [ref. 12442]). •Valid as Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley 1932) -- (Paulin et al. 1989:69 [ref. 24556], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Gomon et al. 1994:207 [ref. 22532], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:91 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:253 [ref. 29005], Smith 2008:159 [ref. 30621], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Stewart & McCosker 2015:232 [ref. 34233]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley 1932). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

obscuratus, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1870:320 [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 9 (art. 23); ref. 18563] Havana, Cuba. Holotype (unique): MCZ 27217. Type catalog: Howell Rivero 1938:175 [ref. 22926]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

obscurirostris, Gymnothorax Rendahl [H.] 1921:62 [The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island v. 3 (pt 1); ref. 15329] Easter Island, southeastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): NRM 7103. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:92 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

ocellatus, Gymnothorax Agassiz [L.] in Spix & Agassiz 1831:91, Pl. 50b. [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Major river mouths of equatorial Brazil. Syntypes: MHNN 1193 (1). Type catalog: Kottelat 1984:146 [ref. 21784]. •Valid as Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831 -- (Uyeno & Sasaki in Uyeno et al. 1983:103 [ref. 14275], Böhlke et al. 1989:174 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:907 [ref. 13285], Cervigón 1991:41 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:367 [ref. 23827], Andreata & Séret 1996:581 [ref. 16204], Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:104 [ref. 24550], Böhlke & Smith 2003:712 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:6 [ref. 34324], Nión et al. 2016:25 [ref. 35565], Spier et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:4 [ref. 36717], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:101 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:54 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Vidigal et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40696]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Florida (U.S.A.) south to Mar del Plata (Argentina), including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and Vitoria-Trinidade seamount chain off Brazil. Habitat: marine.

odiosus, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1908:94 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 35 (no. 1635); ref. 4150] Kagoshima, Japan. Holotype (unique): USNM 62231. Type catalog: Smith 1994:19 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133-134 [ref. 26380] •Apparently valid as Gymnothorax odiosus Snyder 1908 -- (Smith 1994:19 [ref. 21917]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale 1907 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale 1907. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

odishi, Gymnothorax Mohapatra [A.], Mohanty [S. R.], Smith [D. G.], Mishra [S. S.] & Roy [S.] 2018:124, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 4420 (no. 1); ref. 35948] Gopalpur beach, Odisha, northeastern coast of India. Holotype: ZSI F 12592/2. Paratypes: EBRC/ZSI, ZSI. •Valid as Gymnothorax odishi Mohapatra, Mohanty, Smith, Mishra & Roy 2018 -- (Mohapatra et al. 2019:190 [ref. 36929], Kodeeswaran et al. 2023:260 [ref. 40064]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax odishi Mohapatra, Mohanty, Smith, Mishra & Roy 2018. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: Bay of Bengal, India. Habitat: marine.

panamensis, Muraena Steindachner [F.] 1876:67 [19] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] (Pacific) Panama. Holotype (unique): NMW (not found). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Rabula panamensis (Steindachner 1876) -- (Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:126 [ref. 24555]). •Valid as Gymnothorax panamensis (Steindachner 1876) -- (Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:46 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1311 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:227 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:154 [ref. 24023], Böhlke 2000:404 [ref. 24954], Thomson et al. 2000:44 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], Randall 2005:39 [ref. 28239], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Mohapatra et al. 2018:126 [ref. 35948], Dale et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40981]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax panamensis (Steindachner 1876). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Chile, including Gulf of California (Mexico), Guadalupe Island (Mexico) and Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

pantherina, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:628, 641, 642 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] No locality. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-3141. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:101 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:134-135 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

parini, Gymnothorax Collette [B. B.], Smith [D. G.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1991:344, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 104 (no. 2); ref. 16729] Walters Shoals, western Indian Ocean, 33°11'54"S, 43°51'42"E, Vityaz station 2751, depth 18 meters. Holotype: USNM 307751. Paratypes: ANSP 163850 (2); AMS I.28155-001 (3); IOM uncat. (3); LACM 44749 (3); USNM 307749-50 (2, 1), 307752 (4). Type catalog: Smith 1994:19-20 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax parini Collett, Smith & Böhlke 1991 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:59 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax parini Collette, Smith & Böhlke 1991. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: Walters Shoal (south of Madagascar). Habitat: marine.

parvibranchialis, Lycodontis Fowler [H. W.] 1900:494, Pl. 18 (fig. 1) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 52; ref. 14727] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 16483. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380] Spelled parvibranchialis on p. 494; parvibrachialis in figure caption. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

paucivertebralis, Gymnothorax Allen [G. R.], Erdmann [M. V.] & Sianipar [A. B.] 2018:43, Figs. 3B, 9-11 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 24 (no. 2); ref. 36275] Pulau Seraya Besar, northwest Flores, Indonesia, 08°23.255'S, 119°52.485'E, depth 16 meters. Holotype: MZB 24607. Paratype: WAM P.34628-003 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax paucivertebralis Allen, Erdmann & Sianipar 2018 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2024:99 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax paucivertebralis Allen, Erdmann & Sianipar 2018. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Komodo, Flores and Maluku (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

paum, Calamaia Russell [P.] 1803:22, Pl. 32 [v. 1-2; ref. 13862] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380]. Not available from Russell, a native common name -- see Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen nudum, not available -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

permistus, Lycodontis Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:433, Pl. 55 (figs. A-B) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Mahé, Seychelles, western Indian Ocean. Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 94. Paratypes: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] (2) lost. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:135-136 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax permistus (Smith 1962) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:172 [ref. 5645]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380] with question, Zhang et al. 2010:287 [ref. 31511] with author as Zhang 1989, Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

perustus, Lycodontis Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:437, Pl. 59 (fig. E) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Pinda Island, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 114. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:136 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864 -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:231 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:136 [ref. 26380] with question, Randall 2005:40 [ref. 28239], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pescadoris, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1902:326, Fig. 8 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 25 (no. 1289); ref. 2447] Kotosho, Hokoto[Hokuto, Taipai City] or Pescadores Islands, Taiwan. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 12686 [ex CAS-SU 7131]. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Böhlke & Smith 2002:136 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Gymnothorax pescadoris Jordan & Evermann 1902 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Chen et al. 1994:46, 50 [ref. 22258], Zhang et al. 2010:286 [ref. 31511]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:136 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

petelli, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:84 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 16856] Ora Malang, Java, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.282. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:136-137 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Lycodontis rueppelli (McClelland 1844) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:136 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:47 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:92 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Randall 1995:57 [ref. 22896], Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493], Mundy 2005:123 [ref. 28379]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pfeifferi, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1853:173 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 16912] Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Lectotype: BMNH 1867.11.28.286. Paralectotypes: RMNH 7199 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380]. Also appeared in Bleeker 1853:72 [ref. 339]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Randall 2000:248 [ref. 24493]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

phalarus, Gymnothorax Bussing [W. A.] 1998:439, Figs. 1-4 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 46 (no. 2); ref. 24930] West side of Isla del Caño off Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, 8°47'00"N, 84°03'48"W, depth 136-237 meters. Holotype: LACM 47317-1. Paratypes: LACM 32560-13 (1), 47318-1 (2), 47319-1 (1), 47320-1 (5); UCR 427-16 (1), 489-17 (1), 1242-4 (1), 1555-1 (3), 1711-2 (1), 1730-6 (2), 1963-4 (1), 2353-14 (3), 2366-1 (1 or 2), 2372-6 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380], Angulo et al. 2015:375 [ref. 35212]. •Valid as Gymnothorax phalarus Bussing 1998 -- (Böhlke 2001:5 [ref. 25774], Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Robertson et al. 2017:31 [ref. 35676], Dale et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:98 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax phalarus Bussing 1998. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern tip of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

pharaonis, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.], Bogorodsky [S. V.], Mal [A. O.] & Alpermann [T. J.] 2019:41, Figs. 25-29 [Zootaxa 4704 (no. 1); ref. 37159] Isolated coral block on slope, Yabua Island, Al Khoraybah, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, 27°47'24.66"N, 35°07'48.00"E, depth 14 - 16 meters. Holotype: SMF 35814 [ex KAU13-614]. Paratypes: BPBM, KAUMM, SMF, USNM. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Gymnothorax pharaonis Smith, Bogorodsky, Mal & Alpermann 2019. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pharaonis Smith, Bogorodsky, Mal & Alpermann 2019. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea and Socotra Island, western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

phasmatodes, Lycodontis Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:436, Pl. 53 (figs B, C & I) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Inhaca Island, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 108. Paratypes: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] (4) not researched. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax phasmatodes (Smith 1962) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:172 [ref. 5645], Randall et al. 1994:225 [ref. 21645], Randall 1995:57 [ref. 22896], Böhlke 1997:97 [ref. 23177], Carpenter et al. 1997:107 [ref. 23922], Hatooka et al. 1998:2 [ref. 24387], Fricke 1999:51 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:211 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:211 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Loh et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31690], Allen & Erdmann 2012:90 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Psomadakis et al. 2015:146 [ref. 34104], Loh et al. 2015:39 [ref. 34118], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2016:595 [ref. 34667], Mohapatra et al. 2017:285 [ref. 35504], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805], Smith et al. 2018:42 [ref. 36035], Arndt & Fricke 2019:24 [ref. 36883], Eagderi et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37020], Smith et al. 2019:46 [ref. 37159], Eudeline 2022:142 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:59 [ref. 39681], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Allen & Erdmann 2024:100 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax phasmatodes (Smith 1962). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Persian Gulf, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Fiji, north to southern Japan, south to northern Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia). Habitat: marine.

philippinus, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Seale [A.] 1907:7, Fig. 2 [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 26 (Doc. 606) (for 1906); ref. 2498] Cavite, Luzon Island, Philippines. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 9215. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380]. See Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692] for remarks. •Valid as Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale 1907 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380] with some doubt, Allen & Erdmann 2012:90 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Allen & Erdmann 2024:100 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale 1907. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines, Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Habitat: marine.

picta, Muraena Ahl [J. N.] 1789:8, Pl. 2 (right fig.) [Specimen ichthyologicum de Muraena et Ophichtho; ref. 80] In Indiæ Orientalis [Indonesia]. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Siderea picta (Ahl 1789) -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757], Castle & McCosker 1986:174 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:132 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:68 [ref. 24556], Randall et al. 1990:42 [ref. 15987], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Allen & Robertson 1994:49 [ref. 22193], Chen et al. 1994:53 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1313 [ref. 22830], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:68 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:870 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:58 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:159 [ref. 24023], Larson & Williams 1997:346 [ref. 23967], Kuiter 1997:32 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:42 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:50 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:58 [ref. 24106], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:204 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:104 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:45 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:91 [ref. 30952], Zhang et al. 2010:248 [ref. 31511]). •Valid as Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:204 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Mundy 2005:122 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:253 [ref. 29005], Béarez & Séret 2009:146 [ref. 36646], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:73 [ref. 31256], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:90 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Stewart & McCosker 2015:233 [ref. 34233], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:24 [ref. 36883], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:47 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Eudeline 2022:143 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:59 [ref. 39681], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Allen & Erdmann 2024:100 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Clipperton Island and Panama, north to southern Japan, south to North West Cape (Western Australia), Queensland (Australia) to 23°30'S, and Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

picturatus, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1880:257, Pl. 10 (figs. 1-3) [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 9 (for 7 July 1880); ref. 6524] Cuba. No types known. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:180 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pikei, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1917:90 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 6145. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380]. Independent of, and preoccupied by Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1883; Seale was unaware of the descriptions by Bliss; name objectively invalid. •Objective synonym of Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1883 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pikei, Gymnothorax Bliss [R.] (ex Steindachner) 1883:59 [Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13; ref. 16966] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 6145. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1883 -- (Hatooka & Randall 1992:183 [ref. 20258], Fricke 1999:51 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], McCosker & Stewart 2006:87 [ref. 28702], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:60 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius); Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

pindae, Gymnothorax Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:430, Pl. 55 (fig. D) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Pinda, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 105. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax pindae Smith 1962 -- (Hatooka 1988:87 [ref. 22494], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:34 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:52 [ref. 22258], Randall & Golani 1995:865 [ref. 21744], Myers 1999:50 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Randall 2000:249 [ref. 24493], Böhlke 2000:406 [ref. 24954], Nakabo 2000:206 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:206 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:46 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:122 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:254 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:91 [ref. 30952], Zhang et al. 2010:260 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:91 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Mohapatra et al. 2018:128 [ref. 35948], Smith et al. 2019:49 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:60 [ref. 39681], Hashimoto & Motomura 2023:26 [ref. 40840], Allen & Erdmann 2024:101 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pindae Smith 1962. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to Amami Islands (Japan) and Marshall Islands, south to Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

pintita, Muraena Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:346 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 4 (no. 237); ref. 2470] Rocks near Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Holotype (unique): USNM 28311 (lost). Type catalog: Smith 1994:22 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870) -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:103 [ref. 24550]). •Nomen oblitum -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380]). Nomen Oblitum. Current status: Uncertain as Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

poikilospilus, Gymnothorax Chen [H.-M.] & Huang [W.-C.] in Huang, Loh & Chen 2022:88, Figs. 1-7, 9B, 10A [Zootaxa 5189 (no. 1); ref. 39626] Off Hsiao-men fishing harbor, Xi-yu Township, Penghu Islands, Taiwan, 23°39'N, 119°29'E, depth 10 - 20 meters. Holotype: TOU-AE 0645. Paratype: TOU-AE 5112 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax poikilospilus Chen & Huang 2022. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax poikilospilus Chen & Huang 2022. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Penghu Islands, Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

polygonius, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1875:68, Pl. 10 [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 11 (nos 3-4) (art. 6); ref. 18564] Cuba. Holotype (unique): USNM 9825. Type catalog: Smith 1994:20 [ref. 21917], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195]. •Valid as Lycodontis polygonius (Poey 1875) -- (Cervigón 1991:40 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:369 [ref. 23827]). •Valid as Gymnothorax polygonius Poey 1875 -- (Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:541 [ref. 13676], Böhlke et al. 1989:184 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:143 [ref. 19379], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:238 [ref. 23897], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:135 [ref. 25013], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Böhlke & Smith 2003:717 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Lins Oliveira et al. 2015:41 [ref. 37485], Pinheiro et al. 2015:6 [ref. 34324], Richardson & Brito 2015:1 [ref. 36244], Smith & Brito 2016:1630 [ref. 34557], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195], Carneiro et al. 2019:61 [ref. 37250], Klautau et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37903], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax polygonius Poey 1875. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; southern central Atlantic: Ascension Island; eastern Atlantic: offshore islands, including Madeira. Habitat: marine.

polyophthalmus, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1858:15 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 3 (art. 11); ref. 361] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.332. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

polyspondylus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & Randall [J. E.] 2000:251, Figs. 10-11 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 150; ref. 24493] Northwest of Oahu, 21°41'N, 158°06'W, Hawaiian Islands, depth 180-200 meters. Holotype (unique): BPBM 24821. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax polyspondylus Böhlke & Randall 2000 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380], Heemstra 2004:5 [ref. 27849], Mundy 2005:123 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:92 [ref. 30952], Loh et al. 2011:50 [ref. 31690], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Mohapatra et al. 2016:595 [ref. 34667]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax polyspondylus Böhlke & Randall 2000. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

polyuranodon, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1854:248 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 16901] Ceram, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Bleeker specimens: ?AMS I.101 (1), BMNH 1867.11.28.242 (1) no locality, RMNH 7198 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380] Also appeared in Bleeker 1853:67 [ref. 339]. •Valid as Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Allen 1991:42 [ref. 21090], Pethiyagoda 1991:49 [ref. 20075], Roberts 1993:14 [ref. 21799], Kottelat et al. 1993:10 [ref. 23448], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:57 [ref. 25191], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Allen et al. 2002:334 [ref. 25930], Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:254 [ref. 29005], Shao et al. 2008:238 [ref. 29952], Zhang et al. 2010:262 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155] dated 1853, Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989] dated 1853, Fricke et al. 2014:20 [ref. 33932], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Miesen et al. 2016:81 [ref. 34492], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Keith et al. 2021:26 [ref. 38257], Smith & Böhlke 2022:61 [ref. 39681], Jamandre 2023:160 [ref. 40455], Sudasinghe et al. 2022:599 [ref. 40890]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Seychelles and Sri Lanka east to Palau and Fiji, north to Philippines and Taiwan, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

porphyreus, Murenophis Guichenot [A.] 1848:342, Pl. 11 (fig. 2) [Fauna Chilena.... in Gay.; ref. 1939] Juan Fernández Islands. Syntypes: not at MNHN. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:127 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848) -- (Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Francis & Randall 1993:128 [ref. 20996], Pequeño & Sáez 2000:31 [ref. 24590], Pequeño & Lamilla 2000:434 [ref. 24906], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:92 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:46 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:254 [ref. 29005], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Stewart & McCosker 2015:234 [ref. 34233]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: South Pacific: New Caledonia east to Peru, Chile, Easter Island and Juan Fernández Islands. Habitat: marine.

prasina, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:93 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Bondi Bay, Sydney, Australia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 2008.3.23.2 (mounted and stuffed). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:68 [ref. 24556], Paulin & Roberts 1992:119 [ref. 24625], Kuiter 1993:32 [ref. 23929], Gomon et al. 1994:208 [ref. 22532], Kuiter 1997:30 [ref. 25488], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:93 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Smith 2008:160 [ref. 30621], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Stewart & McCosker 2015:235 [ref. 34233], Hoschke et al. 2019:153 [ref. 36626]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean, southwestern Pacific: Western Australia; eastern Australia, New Zealand and Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

pratberon, Muraena Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:246, Pl. 52 [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Not available, a common name on p. 246 and on Pl. 52 for Muraena variegata (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Also published by Richardson 1848:84 [ref. 3740]. •In the synonymy of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

prionodon, Gymnothorax Ogilby [J. D.] 1895:720 [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Series 2) v. 9 (pt 4) (for 1894); ref. 14552] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Holotype (unique): AMS I.3324. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:141 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:69 [ref. 24556], Kuiter 1993:33 [ref. 23929], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:94 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:141 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Ho & Shao 2011: 21 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:160 [ref. 34130], Stewart & McCosker 2015:236 [ref. 34233], Sonoyama et al. 2020:16 [ref. 37637]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Philippines, eastern Indonesia and New Guinea east to Vanuatu, north to central Japan, south to Gascoyne (Western Australia), southern New South Wales (Australia) and North Island (New Zealand). Hybridizes with Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Habitat: marine.

prismodon, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & Randall [J. E.] 2000:253, Figs. 12-14 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 150; ref. 24493] Off Makaha Beach, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, depth 44 meters. Holotype: BPBM 15508 (461 mm TL). Paratypes: ANSP 176589 (1); BPBM 11856 (1), 11931 (2), 12343 (1), 15502 (1), 19550 (2), 37528 (4), 38408 (2); CAS 207714 (1); USNM 349923 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:141 [ref. 26380]. The caption to Fig. 12 in inaccurate; the specimen shown in Fig. 12 is a paratype and not the holotype. •Valid as Gymnothorax prismodon Böhlke & Randall 2000 -- (Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:141 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:123 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:92 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax prismodon Böhlke & Randall 2000. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands, Line Islands, Marquesas Islands. Habitat: marine.

prolatus, Gymnothorax Sasaki [K.] & Amaoka [K.] 1991:7, Figs. 1-3 [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 38 (no. 1); ref. 19081] Suao fish market, northeastern Taiwan. Holotype (unique): HUMZ 107775. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:141 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:22 [ref. 31432]. •Synonym of Strophidon sathete (Hamilton 1822) -- (Zhang et al. 2010:240 [ref. 31511]). •Valid as Gymnothorax prolatus Sasaki & Amaoka 1991 -- (Böhlke 1997:99 [ref. 23177], Böhlke & Smith 2002:141 [ref. 26380], Heemstra 2004:5 [ref. 27849], Ho & Shao 2011:22 [ref. 31432], Loh et al. 2011:45 [ref. 31690], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Psomadakis et al. 2015:146 [ref. 34104], Loh et al. 2015:39 [ref. 34118], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:160 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2016:595 [ref. 34667], Mohapatra et al. 2017:285 [ref. 35504], Smith et al. 2018:33 [ref. 36035], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 5 [ref. 38321], Mohapatra et al. 2021:419 [ref. 38368]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax prolatus Sasaki & Amaoka 1991. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

prosopeion, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1853:300 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 12580] Cauer, Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 7195 (370 mm TL). Paralectotypes: RMNH 32444 (1). Non-types: BMNH 1867.11.28.288 (1, not found), NMV 46445 (1), RMNH 32445 (7), SMNS 10618 (4). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:141-142 [ref. 26380]. Also appeared in Bleeker 1853:73 [ref. 339]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke 1995:465 [ref. 21738]. •Synonym of Siderea thrysoidea (Richardson 1845) -- (Randall et al. 1990:42 [ref. 15987], Böhlke 1995:463 [ref. 21738]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:142 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:48 [ref. 28239], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pseudoherrei, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] 2000:408, Figs. 2F, 3D, 7 [Pacific Science v. 54 (no. 4); ref. 24954] Western side of Solino (Selinog) Island, 8°51'24"N, 123°24'36"E, Zamboanga Del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines, depth 0-4.6 meters. Holotype: USNM 357430. Paratypes: [92 not 101] ANSP (14 lots, 55 spec.), BPBM (3 lots, 5), FMNH (2 lots, 5), CAS (4 lots, 10), HUJ 15110 (2), MCZ 46958 (2), ROM (3 lots, 5), CAS-SU 26801 (1), USNM (3 lots, 7). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:142 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Gymnothorax pseudoherrei Böhlke 2000 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:142 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264], Allen & Erdmann 2012:91 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Mohapatra et al. 2018:128 [ref. 35948], Eagderi et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37020], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:51 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:61 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:101 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pseudoherrei Böhlke 2000. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf and Socotra (Yemen) east to Philippines and Solomon Islands, south to Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.

pseudokidako, Gymnothorax Huang [W.-C.], Loh [K.-H.] & Liao [T.-Y.] in Huang, Smith, Loh & Liao 2021:7, Figs. 5-8, 9A, C, E. G [Zoological Studies v. 60: 24; ref. 38612] Fugang, Taitung County, eastern Taiwan. Holotype: ASIZP 0080920. Paratype: (14) ASIZP, DOS, NMMBP, TOU-AE, TFRI, USNM. •Valid as Gymnothorax pseudokidako Huang, Loh & Liao 2021 -- (Huang et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39471]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pseudokidako Huang, Loh & Liao 2021. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: North-West Pacific: Negros Oriental (Philippines) and Taiwan north to southern Ryukyu islands (Japan). Habitat: marine.

pseudomelanosomatus, Gymnothorax Loh [K.-H.], Shao [K.-T.] & Chen [H.-M.] in Loh et al. 2015:32, Figs. 1-2, 3A [Zootaxa 4060 (no. 1); ref. 34118] From Changbin, Taitung county, Taiwan. Holotype: TOU-AE 5302. Paratype: TOU-AE 5301 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax pseudomelanosomatus Loh, Shao & Chen 2015 -- (Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:160 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2016:596 [ref. 34667], Smith et al. 2018:39 [ref. 36035]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pseudomelanosomatus Loh, Shao & Chen 2015. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

pseudoprolatus, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.], Hibino [Y.] & Ho [H.-C.] 2018:34, Figs. 1, 2A [Zootaxa 4454 (no. 1); ref. 36035] Dong-gang, southwestern Taiwan. Holotype (unique): FRLM 46721. •Valid as Gymnothorax pseudoprolatus Smith, Hibino & Ho 2018 -- (Ho et al. 2018:13 [ref. 36050], Dewa et al. 2022:154 [ref. 39860]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pseudoprolatus Smith, Hibino & Ho 2018. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Taiwan north to Kagoshima Prefecture (Japan). Habitat: marine.

pseudothyrsoidea, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1853:778 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 5); ref. 335] Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.246. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:142 [ref. 26380]. Original as pseudothyrsoïdea. •Valid as Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker 1853) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:40 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:52 [ref. 22258], Randall 1995:57 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:40 [ref. 25919], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Nakabo 2000:209 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:32 [ref. 25480], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:209 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:142 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830] as pseudothyrsoidea, Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Allen et al. 2006:256 [ref. 29005], Chen et al. 2008:134 [ref. 29929], Imamura 2009:19 [ref. 30434], Zhang et al. 2010:274 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:91 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Yoshida et al. 2013:21 [ref. 34464], Psomadakis et al. 2015:146 [ref. 34104], Ho et al. 2015:160 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Motomura et al. 2017:29 [ref. 35490], Jawad et al. 2018:94 [ref. 36262], Kang et al. 2018:300 [ref. 36290], Hoschke et al. 2019:153 [ref. 36626], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871] as cf. pseudothyrsoides, Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 5 [ref. 38321], Kim et al. 2020:53 [ref. 39118], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Sonoyama et al. 2020:16 [ref. 37637], Huang et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39471], Huang et al. 2022:100 [ref. 39626], Smith & Böhlke 2022:62 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:101 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker 1853). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Persian Gulf and Seychelles east to Philippines, New Guinea, Samoa and Marquesas Islands, north to southern Korea and Japan, south to Bunbury (Western Australia), southern New South Wales (Australia), and New Caledonia. Hybridizes with Gymnothorax reevesii (Richardson 1845). Habitat: marine.

pseudotile, Gymnothorax Mohapatra [A.], Smith [D. G.], Ray [D.], Mishra [S. S.] & Mohanty [S. R.] 2017:587, Figs. 1-2, 3A, 3C [Zootaxa 4286 (no. 4); ref. 35418] Shankarpur fishing harbour, West Bengal, India, 20°10.770'N, 81°26.047'E. Holotype: ZSI F11603/2. Paratypes: MARC/ZSI. •Valid as Gymnothorax pseudotile Mohapatra, Smith, Ray, Mishra & Mohanty 2017 -- (Mohanty et al. 2020:1435 [ref. 37820], Nashad et al. 2020:370 [ref. 37900]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pseudotile Mohapatra, Smith, Ray, Mishra & Mohanty 2017. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northeastern Indian Ocean: northern Bay of Bengal (northeast coast of India). Habitat: marine.

punctata, Muraena Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:18 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Rivers of tropical North America [not in rivers]. No types known. Objectively invalid, preoccupied by Muraena punctata Rafinesque 1810. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

punctata, Strophidon McClelland [J.] 1844:187 (203, 215), Pl. 7 (fig. 3) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Bengal, vicinity of Calcutta, India. Syntypes: SMF 3497 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:142 [ref. 26380]. As Strophidon punctata on pp. 203 and 215, as Lycodontis on p. 187. Original spelling should have been punctatus -- see Böhlke & Smith 2002:142 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Muraenophis tile Hamilton 1822 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:142 [ref. 26380]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

punctatofasciatus, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1863:167 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1; ref. 17004] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Lectotype: BMNH 1867.11.28.280. Paralectotypes: RMNH 7189 (374-mm spec. of 2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:142-143 [ref. 26380]. Original as punctato-fasciatus. Lectotype selected by Smith & Böhlke 1997:184 [ref. 23215]. •Valid as Gymnothorax punctatofasciatus Bleeker 1863 -- (Randall & Golani 1995:865 [ref. 21744], Smith & Böhlke 1997:184 [ref. 23215], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:143 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Randall 2005:46 [ref. 28239], Zhang et al. 2010:271 [ref. 31511] with author as Bleeker 1856, Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264] with author as Bleeker 1856, Allen & Erdmann 2012:92 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:162 [ref. 34130], Allen & Erdmann 2024:102 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax punctatofasciatus Bleeker 1863. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Malaysia and Indonesia east to Philippines and Papua New Guinea, north to China and Taiwan, south to New Caledonia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

punctatus, Gymnothorax Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:526 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Syntypes: ZMB 6141 (1, stuffed), 3989 (1). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:103 [ref. 24282], Böhlke & Smith 2002:143 [ref. 26380] with 6141 as holotype. Bloch and Schneider had a variety a and variety b -- therefore syntypes. See Smith & Böhlke 2006:35 [ref. 28678] for remarks on types. •Valid as Lycodontis punctatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Dor 1984:28 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax punctatus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Randall & Golani 1995:866 [ref. 21744], Mishra et al. 1999:83 [ref. 25315], Böhlke & Smith 2002:143 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Smith et al. 2008:67 [ref. 29432], McCosker & Randall 2008:713 [ref. 29941], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Sumod et al. 2019:364 [ref. 36895], Smith et al. 2019:52 [ref. 37159], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 5 [ref. 38321], Nashad et al. 2020:370 [ref. 37900], Smith & Böhlke 2022:62 [ref. 39681] with question). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax punctatus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indian Ocean: East Africa east to Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka. Habitat: marine.

python, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:68, Pl. 10 (fig. 52) [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Africa. Holotype (unique): BMNH 2008.4.21.5. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:143 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

randalli, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1997:185, Figs. 1, 2, 8 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 148; ref. 23215] Sorongjunkong, Lombok, Indonesia, eastern Indian Ocean (from local fishermen). Holotype: BPBM 30138. Paratypes: ANSP 175205 (1), USNM 343860 (1). Non-type material: HUJ 9410 (1). Type catalog: Golani 2006:21 [ref. 28840] with a paratype as HUJ 9410. •Valid as Gymnothorax randalli Smith & Böhlke 1997 -- (Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264], Allen & Erdmann 2012:92 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155], Bogorodsky et al. 2014:411 [ref. 33460], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:54 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:62 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:102 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax randalli Smith & Böhlke 1997. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indian Ocean: Lombok (southern Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

reevesii, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1845:no p., Pl. 49 (fig. 2) [Ichthyology.--Part 2. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur; ref. 20574] China seas. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:143-144 [ref. 26380]. Available from plate. Text in Richardson 1845:109 [ref. 20575] (not on Pl. 48 as stated in text). Based solely on illustration by Reeves (see Whitehead 1970:208 [ref. 11606]). •Valid as Gymnothorax reevesii (Richardson 1845) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Chen et al. 1994:52 [ref. 22258], Chen et al. 1997:13 [ref. 26476] dated 1846, Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:210 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:33 [ref. 25480], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Nakabo 2002:210 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:143 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:47 [ref. 28239], Chen & Loh 2007:79 [ref. 29360], Zhang et al. 2010:281 [ref. 31511] as reevesi, Allen & Erdmann 2012:92 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:20 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:160 [ref. 34130], Hibino in Kimura et al. 2018:19 [ref. 36460], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Huang et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39471], Allen & Erdmann 2024:102 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax reevesii (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Indonesia, Vietnam and Papua New Guinea east to Samoa and Marquesas Islands, north to southern Korea and central Japan. Hybridizes with Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker 1853). Habitat: marine.

reticularis, Gymnothorax Bloch [M. E.] 1795:85, Pl. 416 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 9; ref. 464] Coromandel coast, India. Holotype (unique): ZMB 3986. Type catalog: Paepke 1999:103 [ref. 24282], Böhlke & Smith 2002:144 [ref. 26380]. Spelled reticulatus on plate, and in Bloch & Schneider 1801. First reviser Bloch & Schneider 1801 on Art. 24.2.4 of the Code [original author subsequently uses one name as valid]; also Paepke 1999:92 [ref. 24282]. On p. 71 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 12 [ref. 21381]. However, spelling reticularis should be maintained on the basis of Art. 23.9.1 [prevailing usage]. •Valid as Gymnothorax reticularis Bloch 1795 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Krishnan & Mishra 1993:215 [ref. 24016], Chen et al. 1994:52 [ref. 22258], Randall & Golani 1995:867 [ref. 21744], Chen et al. 1997:21 [ref. 26476], Smith & Böhlke 1997:186 [ref. 23215], Fricke 1999:52 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:112 [ref. 25191], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:33 [ref. 25480], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Shinohara et al. 2001:292 [ref. 25995], Böhlke & Smith 2002:144 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Mishra & Krishnan 2003:18 [ref. 27712], Zhang et al. 2010:268 [ref. 31511], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155], Stern & Goren 2013:197 [ref. 32673], Bogorodsky et al. 2014:411 [ref. 33460], Psomadakis et al. 2015:147 [ref. 34104], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[20] 258 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:23 [ref. 36273], Li et al. 2018:149 [ref. 35913], Kannan et al. 2019:[2] 568 [ref. 38214], Smith et al. 2019:55 [ref. 37159], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 5 [ref. 38321], Kumar et al. 2020:[3] [ref. 37539], Psomadakis et al. 2020:274 [ref. 37272], Golani 2021:13 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39014], Smith & Böhlke 2022:63 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax reticularis Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa and Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Indonesia and New Guinea, north to Japan, south to northern Australia; eastern Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea migrant). Habitat: marine.

reticulata, Thaerodontis McClelland [J.] 1844:188, 203, 216, Pl. 7 (fig. 1) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Malay Coast. Holotype (unique): SMF (lost). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:144 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:144 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

rhodocephalus, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1864:50 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.309. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:144 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker 1864 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:144 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

richardsonii, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:296 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 16825] Wahai, northern Ceram and Padang, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 7201. Paralectotypes: RMNH (1). Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1867.11.28.267 (1) Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:145 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:145 [ref. 26380]. Muraena richardsonii and M. ceramensis were described in the same publication; Günther 1870:118 serves as first reviser selecting richardsonii over ceramensis.3 •Valid as Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:172 [ref. 5645], Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441] as richardsoni, Hatooka 1986:379 [ref. 22522] as richardsoni, Chen et al. 1994:52 [ref. 22258] as richardsoni, Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977] as richardsoni, Chen et al. 1997:21 [ref. 26476] as richardsoni, Myers 1999:50 [ref. 23965] as richardsoni, Fricke 1999:52 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692] as richardsoni, Nakabo 2000:206 [ref. 25086] as richardsoni, Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122] as richardsoni, Sadovy & Cornish 2000:34 [ref. 25480] as richardsoni, Kimura & Peristiwady in Matsuura & Peristiwady 2000:109 [ref. 27511] as richardsoni, Nakabo 2002:206 [ref. 26001] as richardsoni, Böhlke & Smith 2002:145 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830] as richardsoni, Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495] as richardsoni, Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:11 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:47 [ref. 28239], Imamura 2009:20 [ref. 30434] as richardsoni, Zhang et al. 2010:275 [ref. 31511] as richardsoni, Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:93 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:20 [ref. 33932], Ho et al. 2015:160 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:8 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:39 [ref. 35805], Allen et al. 2018:46 [ref. 36275], Fricke et al. 2019:52 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Eudeline 2022:143 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:63 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:103 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to New Caledonia and Cook Islands. Habitat: brackish, marine.

robinsi, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] 1997:648, Figs. 1-3 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 60 (no. 3); ref. 22972] Kai Island, off northwestern corner of Tajandoe Island, Indonesia, 5°31'24"S, 132°17'48"E, depth 3-6 meters. Holotype: ANSP 144431. Paratypes: ANSP 138726-29 (1, 2, 1, 1), 144432-33 (1, 1), 164936 (1), 173507 (1); BPBM 32868 (3); CAS 82351 (2); ROM 42849-53 (1, 2, 7, 5, 1); USNM 337541 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:145 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax robinsi Böhlke 1997 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:145 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Allen et al. 2006:256 [ref. 29005], Allen & Erdmann 2012:93 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:20 [ref. 33932], Allen et al. 2018:46 [ref. 36275], Smith & Böhlke 2022:63 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:103 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax robinsi Böhlke 1997. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Maldives; Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea to Fiji. Habitat: marine.

rosaliae, Ahynnodontophis Howell Rivero [L.] 1932:19 [Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club v. 13; ref. 3765] Deep water off Cojimar, near Havana, Cuba. Holotype (unique): MCZ 32785. •Synonym of Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson 1862) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:152 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:141 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson 1862). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

rostratus, Gymnothorax Agassiz [L.] in Spix & Agassiz 1831:91, Pl. 50a [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Major river mouths of Brazil. No types known. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

rueppelliae, Dalophis McClelland [J.] 1844:213 [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Red Sea. Lectotype: SMF 151. Paralectotypes: SMF 7346 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:145 [ref. 26380]. The spelling rueppelliae apparently is acceptable; early workers almost certainly Latinized the name first (Art. 31.1.1) [WNE, 12 Mar. 2012] -- we suggest using rueppelliae (not following Böhlke & Smith 2002:145 [ref. 26380]), see also Kullander 2016:94-95 [ref. 34436]. Lectotype established by Böhlke 1982:44 [ref. 26388], and by Randall & Golani 1995:868 [ref. 21744]. •Valid as Lycodontis rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax ruppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:173 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:40 [ref. 15987] as ruppelliae, Chen et al. 1994:53 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:867 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:155 [ref. 24023] [but see McCosker 1998:810 [ref. 24025]], Randall et al. 1997:40 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:50 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:52 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268] as rueppeliae, Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:205 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:205 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Hatooka 2003:7 [ref. 27558], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576] as ruppelliae, Mundy 2005:123 [ref. 28379], Zhang et al. 2010:270 [ref. 31511] as rueppelliae). •Valid as Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:145 [ref. 26380], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:40 [ref. 28239], Randall 2005:47 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:256 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:92 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], Imamura 2009:20 [ref. 30434], Fricke et al. 2011:351 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:93 [ref. 31980] as ruppelii, Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Fricke et al. 2014:20 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:161 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:39 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:23 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:24 [ref. 36883], Fricke et al. 2019:52 [ref. 36673] as rueppellii, Smith et al. 2019:57 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2021:519 [ref. 38842], Eudeline 2022:144 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:64 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:104 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan), south to Western Australia and Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia). Habitat: marine.

ryukyuensis, Gymnothorax Hatooka [K.] 2003:2, Figs. 1-2, 4 [Bulletin of the Osaka Museum of Natural History No. 57; ref. 27558] Umino Fisheries Port, Chinen, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands. Holotype: FAKU 51606. Paratypes: FAKU 41167 (1), 51436 (1), 100235 (1); KPM-NI 008732 (1); OMNH-P 11548 [ex SMBL-F 73344] (1), OMNH-P 17950 [ex FAKU 51437] (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax ryukyuensis Hatooka 2003 -- (Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax ryukyuensis Hatooka 2003. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Ryukyu Islands. Habitat: marine.

sagenodeta, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:81 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 2008.4.9.1 (stuffed) Janvier coll. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380]. Misspelled sagenedota by Kaup 1856:59 [ref. 2573]. •Valid as Gymnothorax sagenodeta (Richardson 1848) -- (Fricke 1999:53 [ref. 24106]). •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: Mauritius (Mascarenes endemic). Habitat: marine.

sagmacephalus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] 1997:100, Figs. 12-14 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 147; ref. 23177] Yokohama Aquarium, Tokyo Bay, Japan. Holotype (unique): USNM 149777. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax sagmacephalus Böhlke 1997 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380], Loh et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31690], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155], Loh et al. 2015:39 [ref. 34118], Ho et al. 2015:161 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2016:596 [ref. 34667], Mohapatra et al. 2017:285 [ref. 35504]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax sagmacephalus Böhlke 1997. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan and Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

samalensis, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1910:492 [The Philippine Journal of Science Section A v. 4 (no. 6) (for 1909); ref. 4000] Samal Island, Davao Gulf, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Holotype (unique): BSMP 3781 (apparently lost). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864 -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:231 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

saxicola, Gymnothorax ocellatus var. Jordan [D. S.] & Davis [B. M.] 1891:606 [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 16 (for 1888) (art. 9); ref. 2437] Cedar Keys, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A. Lectotype: USNM 34280. Paralectotypes: CAS-SU 1658 (1); USNM 5997 (3), 30779 (1), 32802 (1), 152255 [ex USNM 34280] (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:18-19 [ref. 21917]. See Böhlke et al. 1989:167 [ref. 13286] and Smith 1994:19 [ref. 21917] for nomenclatural discussion of types. Lectotype selected by Smith 1994:19 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:53 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:167 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:907 [ref. 13285], Boschung 1992:33 [ref. 23239], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:239 [ref. 23897], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:136 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Böhlke & Smith 2003:717 [ref. 26990], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

schonlandi, Siderea Smith [J. L. B.] 1949:109 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 2 (no. 14) (art. 13); ref. 4077] Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Syntypes: (3 localities) SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 106 (primary specimen) Delagoa Bay, other syntypes not researched. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380]. Eschmeyer et al. 1998:1521 [Cat. of Fishes] recognized RUSI as the primary specimen, but 3 localities were mentioned, and the maximum size given was much larger that RUSI 106 -- therefore syntypes. Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380] treated RUSI 106 as the holotype. See Smith & Böhlke 2006:35 [ref. 28678] for remarks on types. •Synonym of Siderea grisea (Lacepède 1803) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:174 [ref. 5645], Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

scoliodon, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:43 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 5); ref. 339] Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.327. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first in Bleeker 1852:297 [ref. 16825] without distinguishing features. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:146 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

scriptus, Gymnothorax Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:529 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Australia [as New Holland]. ZMB (not found). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:147 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax scriptus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442]). •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:98 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:147 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:259 [ref. 29005]). Nomen Dubium. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

scriptus, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1867:261 [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 14079] Cuba. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Gymnothroax scriptus Bloch & Schneider 1801. •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

serratidens, Priodonophis Hildebrand [S. F.] & Barton [O.] 1949:3, Fig. 1 [Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections v. 111 (no. 10); ref. 13015] Talara, Peru. Holotype (unique): USNM 144253. Type catalog: Smith 1994:23 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:147 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax serratidens (Hildebrand & Barton 1949) -- (Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Böhlke 2001:5 [ref. 25774], Böhlke & Smith 2002:147 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax serratidens (Hildebrand & Barton 1949). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

shaoi, Gymnothorax Chen [H.-M.] & Loh [K.-H.] 2007:77, Figs. 1-2, 3a, 4 [Journal of Marine Science and Technology v. 15 (no. 2); ref. 29360] Off shore of Sanshengtai, 23.130°N, 121.414°E, Chengkung, Taitung, Taiwan. Holotype: ASIZP 00062978. Paratypes: ASZIP 00062979-80 (2); TOU-AE 0370, 0371, 0372, 0373, 0375 (5), 0381 (1), 1797 (1). Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:22 [ref. 31432] •Valid as Gymnothorax shaoi Chen & Loh 2007 -- (Ho & Shao 2011:22 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:161 [ref. 34130], Ramos-Castro et al. 2021:519 [ref. 38842], Hibino & Orita 2022:30 [ref. 39893]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax shaoi Chen & Loh 2007. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western and southern-central Pacific: Taiwan north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan); Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia). Habitat: marine.

shirleyi, Muraena Griffin [L. T.] 1933:172, Pl. 24 (top); Fig. [Transactions of the New Zealand Institute v. 63 (pt 2); ref. 1906] Mokohinau Islands, New Zealand. Holotype (unique): AIM 289.1. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:147 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:94 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:147 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

siderea, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:85, Pl. 48 (figs. 1-5) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Western and northern shores of Australia; coast of New Guinea. Syntypes: BMNH 1846.9.11.16 (1), Australia, coll. Jukes. [1 syntype lost]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:147 [ref. 26380]. Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493] regard BMNH 1846.9.11.16 as holotype, but it is a syntype. See Smith & Böhlke 2006:35 [ref. 28678] for remarks on types. •Synonym of Siderea picta (Ahl 1789) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:132 [ref. 12442]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:147 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:254 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

signifer, Gymnothorax Bliss [R.] 1883:58 [Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13; ref. 16966] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 6147. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:147-148 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:148 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Fricke 1999:53 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

similis, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:83 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Polynesia; Red Sea; Japan. Syntypes: BMNH 1846.2.16.100 (1, stuffed) Japan [ the described syntype]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:148 [ref. 26380]. Böhlke & Randall 2000:242 [ref. 24493] regard BMNH 1846.2.16.100 as the holotype as do Böhlke & Smith 2002:148 [ref. 26380], but the type series consists of all the specimens included by the author (whether directly or by bibliographic reference)... In this case, Forster's ms is cited, and 3 localities are given -- therefore syntypes. BMNH 1846.2.16.100 would make the best lectotype. See Smith & Böhlke 2006:35 [ref. 28678] for remarks on types. See Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155] for remarks on types. •Synonym of Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:242 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:148 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

smithi, Gymnothorax Sumod [K. S.], Mohapatra [A.], Sanjeevan [V. N.], Kishor [T. G.] & Bineesh [K. K.] 2019:360, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 4652 (no. 2); ref. 36895] Off Kochi, India, 09°59.935'N, 75°36.086'E, depth 200 meters. Holotype: CMLRE IO/SS/FIS/00452. Paratypes: EBRC/ZSI/F 11228 (1), ZSI/ANRC 22842 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax smithi Sumod, Mohapatra, Sanjeevan, Kishor & Bineesh 2019 -- (Nashad et al. 2020:370 [ref. 37900]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax smithi Sumod, Mohapatra, Sanjeevan, Kishor & Bineesh 2019. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Kerala coast, southeastern Arabian Sea, India. Habitat: marine.

sokotrensis, Gymnothorax Kotthaus [A.] 1968:18, Figs. 107, 150 [Meteor Forschungsergebnisse. Reihe D, Biologie No. 3; ref. 2669] Off Socotra Island, Indian Ocean, 11°33.9'N, 52°54'E to 11°38'N, 52°52'E, Meteor station 102. Holotype (unique): ZMH 4940 [ex IOES 43]. Type catalog: Wilkens & Dohse 1993:413 [ref. 21161], Böhlke & Smith 2002:148 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Gymnothorax sokotrensis Kotthaus 1968 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:148 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Smith et al. 2008:67 [ref. 29432], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155], Zajonz et al. 2019:104 [ref. 36871], Psomadakis et al. 2020:274 [ref. 37272] as cf. sokotrensis, Smith & Böhlke 2022:64 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax sokotrensis Kotthaus 1968. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Socotra (Yemen). Habitat: marine.

steindachneri, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:166 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50616. Paratypes: CAS-SU 7447 (1), USNM 126528 [ex USBF 1068 = USFC 2697] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:20 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:148 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax steindachneri Jordan & Evermann 1903 -- (Böhlke & Randall 1995:4 [ref. 21580], Böhlke & Randall 2000:257 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:148 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:123 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:93 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax steindachneri Jordan & Evermann 1903. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

stellifer, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:86 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Madagascar. Holotype (unique): BMNH 2012.2.15.2 (poor condition). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:149 [ref. 26380], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805]. •May be a senior synonym of Gymnothorax johnsoni (Smith 1962) or a junior synonym of Gymnothorax punctatus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:149 [ref. 26380]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) -- (Fricke et al. 2018:34 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

stigmanotus, Gymnothorax Fowler [H. W.] 1912:26, Fig. 6 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 64; ref. 1385] Eastern Pacific (no specific locality). Holotype (unique): ANSP 16705. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:131 [ref. 13621] with locality note, Böhlke & Smith 2002:149 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert 1883) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:149 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert 1883). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

strommani, Leptocephalus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1902:89, Figs. 8, 8a-b [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 21 (1901); ref. 11071] 20 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, U.S.A., 35°08'30"N, 75°10'00"W, Albatross station 2596, depth 0-49 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 49762. Type catalog: Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]. Original as strömmani, but name apparently Swedish and unlaut is dropped. •Probably young of Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891 -- (Smith 1994:20 [ref. 21917]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:180 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:910 [ref. 13285], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

tahitensis, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1906:7, Fig. 1 [Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 3999] Tahiti, Society Islands. Holotype (unique): BPBM 1367. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:149 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:229 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:149 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

taiwanensis, Gymnothorax Chen [H.-M.], Loh [K.-H.] & Shao [K.-T.] 2008:132, Figs. 1-2 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. No. 19; ref. 29929] Offshore from Shihtiping (23°29'N, 121°30'E), Hualien, eastern Taiwan, depth 10 meters. Holotype: ASIZ P0069371. Paratypes: ASIZ P0069372-73 (1, 1); TOU-AE 1217 (1), 1218 (1), 1223 (1), 1225 (1), 1238 (1), 1296 (1), 1297 (1), 1232 (1), 1333 (1). Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:22 [ref. 31432] •Valid as Gymnothorax taiwanensis Chen, Loh & Shao 2008 -- (Ho & Shao 2011:22 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:161 [ref. 34130], Ramos-Castro et al. 2021:520 [ref. 38842]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax taiwanensis Chen, Loh & Shao 2008. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Taiwan endemic. Habitat: marine.

talofa, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.] in Jordan & Seale 1906:201, Fig. 7 [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Apia, Upolu Island, Samoa. Holotype: USNM 51713. Paratypes: CAS-SU 8727 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:20 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:149 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker 1864 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:149 [ref. 26380], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:317 [ref. 28867] dated Bleeker 1865, Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

tamarae, Enchelycore Prokofiev [A. M.] 2005:702, Figs. 1-2 [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 45 (no. 5); ref. 28366] Mangapan coral reef, Crusadan Island, India. Holotype (unique): ZIN 53422. •Synonym of Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832) -- (Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:595 [ref. 35581]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

tamilnaduensis, Gymnothorax Kodeeswaran [P.], Kantharajan [G.], Mohapatra [A.], Kumar [T. T. A.] & Sarkar [U. K.] 2023:255, Figs. 2-5 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 99 (no. 1); ref. 40064] Mudasalodai fish landing centre, off Cuddalore coast, Bay of Bengal, Tamil Nadu, India, 11°29'N, 79°46'E. Holotype: NBFGR MURGTAM. Paratypes: EBRC/ZSI F14687 (2), NBFGR MURGTAM.2 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax tamilnaduensis Kodeeswaran, Kantharajan, Mohapatra, Kumar & Sarkar 2023. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax tamilnaduensis Kodeeswaran, Kantharajan, Mohapatra, Kumar & Sarkar 2023. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: off Cuddalore coast, Bay of Bengal, southeast coast of India. Habitat: marine.

tessellata, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1845:109, Pl. 55 (figs. 5-8) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Southern seas? Holotype (unique): BMNH (apparently lost). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:150 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:150 [ref. 26380] as tessellata, Zhang et al. 2010:286 [ref. 31511], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

thalassopterus, Gymnothorax Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:427, Pl. 2 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50619. Paratypes: CAS-SU 7449 (1), 12770-71 (1, 1) 12773 (1); USNM 50683 (1), 51102 (1), 52615 (1), 52630 (1), 126529 [ex USBF 1064] (1), 312444 [ex Univ. Iowa 19133] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:20 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:150 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:235 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:150 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:87 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

thomsoni, Gymnothorax Borodin [N. A.] 1928:8, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-2) [Bulletin Vanderbilt Oceanographic Museum v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 526] Galápagos Islands [or Cocos Island, eastern Pacific]. Holotype (unique): AMNH 225216 [ex VMM 411]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:150 [ref. 26380]. Named for "Charles Thompson" but species spelled thomsoni in text and on figures. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:424 [ref. 9341], Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:150 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

thyrsoidea, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1845:111 [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] [Canton] Guangdong Province, China, South China Sea, western Pacific. Lectotype: BMNH 2008.4.21.1. Paralectotypes: AMS I.100 (1), BMNH (1, lost or now AMS I.100). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:150-151 [ref. 26380]. Not the same as Mureana thrysoides Richardson 1843, Pl. 49 (fig. 1) which was published first but not treated as valid; see Böhlke 1995:463 [ref. 21738]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke 1995:463 [ref. 21738]. •Valid as Siderea thrysoideus (Richardson 1845) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:133 [ref. 12442]). •Valid as Siderea thrysoidea (Richardson 1845) -- (Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Kuiter 1993:33 [ref. 23929], Chen et al. 1994:54 [ref. 22258], Böhlke 1995:463 [ref. 21738], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:30 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:42 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:51 [ref. 23965], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:115 [ref. 25191], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:35 [ref. 25480], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Zhang et al. 2010:249 [ref. 31511], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264]). •Valid as Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Chen et al. 1997:22 [ref. 26476], Böhlke & Randall 1999:553 [ref. 24552], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Shinohara et al. 2000:176 [ref. 25987], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Nakabo 2000:202 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:202 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:151 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495] as thyrsoidea, Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:48 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:256 [ref. 29005], Imamura 2009:20 [ref. 30434], Motomura et al. 2010:73 [ref. 31256], Fricke et al. 2011:351 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:94 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:26 [ref. 32988], Yoshida et al. 2013:21 [ref. 34464], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Ho et al. 2015:161 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:8 [ref. 35333], Golani & Fricke 2018:23 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:31 [ref. 37159], Psomadakis et al. 2020:275 [ref. 37272], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Smith & Böhlke 2022:65 [ref. 39681], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Vilasri et al. 2023:71 [ref. 40764] as thysoides, Allen & Erdmann 2024:104 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Maldives and India east to the Line Islands(Kiribati) and Tuamotu Islands (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan, southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to northern Australia and Kermadec Islands (New Zealand). Habitat: marine.

thyrsoides, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1845:no p., Pl. 49 (fig. 1) [Ichthyology.--Part 2. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur; ref. 20574] Canton, China seas. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:151 [ref. 26380]. Available from plate as thyrsoides; the holotype is the specimen represented in the plate (whereabouts unknown). Species appeared (later) in text as Muraena thyrsoidea Richardson 1845:111 [ref. 20275] which is a different species (see Böhlke 1995:463 [ref. 21738]). •Valid as Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845) -- (Mohsin & Ambak 1996:167 [ref. 27969]). •Nomen oblitum -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:151 [ref. 26380]). Nomen Oblitum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

tile, Muraenophis Hamilton [F.] 1822:18, 363 [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Calcutta, Ganges River system, India. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:151 [ref. 26380]. Information on type locality see Britz 2019:38 [ref. 37532]. Hamilton's original illustration reproduced by Britz 2019:Pl. 11 [ref. 37532]. •Valid as Lycodontis tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Ataur Rahman 1989:42 [ref. 24860], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:79 [ref. 20764], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:184 [ref. 25703], Khan 2003:6 [ref. 27710]). •Valid as Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Kottelat et al. 1993:10 [ref. 23448], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:151 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Ataur Rahman 2003:57 [ref. 31338], Mundy 2005:124 [ref. 28379], Tan & Kottelat 2009:25 [ref. 30261], Allen & Erdmann 2012:94 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2014:20 [ref. 33932], Hibino in Kimura et al. 2015:10 [ref. 34319], Miesen et al. 2016:81 [ref. 34492], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418], Bleher 2018:72 [ref. 36647], Sumod et al. 2019:364 [ref. 36895], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 5 [ref. 38321], Nashad et al. 2020:370 [ref. 37900], Hasan et al. 2023:2212 [ref. 40412], Allen & Erdmann 2024:104 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: India, Bangladesh and Andaman Islands (India) east to Indonesia, Philippines and New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

tricolor, Muraena Richardson [J.] (ex Banks & Solander) 1848:82 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Not available, name in the synonymy of Muraena ocellata -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). •In the synonymy of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:174 [ref. 13286]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

trinitatis, Muraena Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1919:175, Unnum. pl. (fig. 3) [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 22; ref. 15243] Trindade Island, Martin Vaz Islands, off southeastern Brazil, South Atlantic, 20°31'S, 29°19'W. Lectotype: MNRJ 1922A. Paralectotypes: MNRJ 1922 (2). Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:402 [ref. 12732] with genus as Mruaena, Miranda Ribeiro 1961:5 [ref. 22041] as 3 cotypes. Lectotype selected by Miranda Ribeiro 1953:402 [ref. 12732] [but perhaps specimen not isolated]. •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:147 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

tristis, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:62 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Niger River. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1847.4.4.31. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795 -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:141 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

troschelii, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:45 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 5); ref. 339] Boleling, northern Bali; Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3784 [not 7201]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:151 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:151 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

tuhua, Muraena Griffin [L. T.] 1933:171, Pl. 24 (bottom); Fig. [Transactions of the New Zealand Institute v. 63 (pt 2); ref. 1906] 15 miles southeast of Mayor Island [Tuhua], New Zealand, depth 80 fathoms. Holotype (unique): AIM (lost). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:151-152 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley 1932) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:91 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:151 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley 1932). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

umbra, Lycodontis Fowler [H. W.] 1944:317, Figs. 66-68 [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 6; ref. 1448] James Bay, James Island, Galápagos Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 70025 (poor condition). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:131 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:152 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax panamensis (Steindachner 1876) -- (Randall & McCosker 1975:15 [ref. 7466], Böhlke 2000:404 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & Smith 2002:152 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax panamensis (Steindachner 1876). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

umbrofasciata, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1852:33 [Fische und deren Skelette; ref. 3846] Red Sea. Syntypes: SMF 151 (1), 2870 (1, skeleton, lost), 7346 (1, missing), Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:152 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Lycodontis rueppelli (McClelland 1844) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:152 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:867 [ref. 21744], Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493], Smith et al. 2019:57 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

undulata, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson) 1803:629, 642, Pl. 19 (fig. 2) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] No locality stated. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:127 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:152 [ref. 26380] Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:55 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. Based on a drawing in manuscript by Commerson (Philibert Commerson, 1727-1773, French explorer and natguralist). •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379]). •Valid as Lycodontis undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:173 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:40 [ref. 15987], Allen & Robertson 1994:47 [ref. 22193], Chen et al. 1994:53 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1311 [ref. 22830], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:868 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:57 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:107 [ref. 23922], Kuiter 1997:28 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:40 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:50 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:54 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:209 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:34 [ref. 25480], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:209 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:152 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Hatooka 2003:7 [ref. 27558], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:48 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:124 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:257 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:93 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:73 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:272 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:351 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:95 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Allen & Erdmann 2012:95 [ref. 31980], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Larson et al. 2013:26 [ref. 32988], Ho et al. 2015:161 [ref. 34130], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Koeda et al. 2016:8 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:39 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:23 [ref. 36273], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Arndt & Fricke 2019:24 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:112 [ref. 40104], Eagderi et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:52 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:58 [ref. 37159], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 5 [ref. 38321], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Sithole et al. 2020:175 [ref. 37459], Dale et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38298], Wada et al. 2021:36 [ref. 38521], Eudeline 2022:144 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:65 [ref. 39681], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Allen & Erdmann 2024:105 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Socotra, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar, Seychelles, Maldives and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Gambier Islands, north to Amami Islands (southern Japan) and Ogasawara Islands, south to Western Australia at 28°54'S, New South Wales (Australia) and New Caledonia; eastern Pacific: Costa Rica south to Colombia, including Revillagigedo Islands (Mexico), Cocos Island (Costa Rica) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

unicolor, Muraenophis Delaroche [F. E.] 1809:359 [73], Pl. 25 (fig. 15) [Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 13; ref. 17380] [Iviça] Ibiza, Baleares Islands, Spain, western Mediterranean Sea. Holotype: MNHN B-2413. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:101 [ref. 20810]. On p. 73 and Pl. 6 of separate. •Valid as Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche 1809) -- (Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:541 [ref. 13676], Edwards & Glass 1987:625 [ref. 9166], Böhlke et al. 1989:149 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:143 [ref. 19379], Santos et al. 1997:19 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:55 [ref. 24952], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:16 [ref. 37112], Jiménez et al. 2007:103 [ref. 29038], Fricke et al. 2007:23 [ref. 29533], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:17 [ref. 36649], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155], Stern & Goren 2013:197 [ref. 32673], Wirtz et al. 2013:118 [ref. 32972], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Smith & Brito 2016:1631 [ref. 34557], Brown et al. 2019:156 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:61 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:92 [ref. 36864], Reiner 2019:61 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:33 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:48 [ref. 37519], Betti et al. in Tsagarakis et al. 2021:633 [ref. 38798] as Gymnothorax cf. unicolor, Iglésias et al. 2021:170 [ref. 38818], Golani 2021:13 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39014], Ergüden et al. 2023:37 [ref. 40489], Spinelli & Vitale in Grech et al. 2023:402 [ref. 40778]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche 1809). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Portugal to Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and São Tomé and Principe; southern-central Atlantic: Saint Helena. Habitat: marine.

vagrans, Muraena Seale [A.] 1917:88 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] Questionably South America. Holotype (unique): MCZ 2532B. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:152-153 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax vagrans (Seale 1917) -- (Böhlke 2000:404 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & Smith 2002:153 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax vagrans (Seale 1917). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Unknown locality. Habitat: marine.

valenciennii, Muraena Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Souleyet [F. A.] 1850:207, Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 4501] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: MNHN-0487. Additional material: MNHN 0000-4086 (1). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:100 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:153 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:153 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:124 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:94 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

variegata, Muraena Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:246, Pl. 52 (fig. 1) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Guam, Mariana Islands, western Pacific. Holotype: MNHN B-3142. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:100 [ref. 20810]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Muraena variegata Rafinesque 1810 •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

variegata, Murenophis Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:83, Pl. 43 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2440. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:101 [ref. 20810]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:174 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

venosa, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:68 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Timor Island, southern Malay Archipelago. Syntypes: RMNH (2) whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:153 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:153 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

vermicularis, Muraena Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:459 [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Querimbo Island, Ibo, Mozambique, Africa. Holotype (unique): ZMB 4005. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:153 [ref. 26380]. Also described as new in Peters 1855:271 [ref. 13448]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:153 [ref. 26380] as Muraena richardsonii, Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

vermiculata, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:92 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] India. Holotype (unique): BMNH 2008.4.21.2. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

verrilli, Sidera Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1883:623 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 329); ref. 2474] Panama (Pacific). Holotype (unique): YPM 8042. Type catalog: Moore & Boardman 1991:19 [ref. 16741], Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax verrilli (Jordan & Gilbert 1883) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1311 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:227 [ref. 24545], Böhlke 1997:102 [ref. 23177], Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155], Mohapatra et al. 2016:596 [ref. 34667], Mohapatra et al. 2017:285 [ref. 35504], Love et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax verrilli (Jordan & Gilbert 1883). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Panama, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

versipunctatus, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1876:199 [157], Pl. 10 [7] [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5 (for 5 Apr. 1876); ref. 3510] Cuba. No types known. On p. 157 of separate. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:144 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

vicina, Murenophis Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:81, Pl. 42 (fig. 4) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Bahia, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2423. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810]. •Valid as Lycodontis vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Blache et al. 1973:226 [ref. 7185], Cervigón 1991:38 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:368 [ref. 23827], Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221]). •Valid as Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:542 [ref. 13676], Robins & Ray 1986:53 [ref. 23100], Edwards & Glass 1987:626 [ref. 9166], Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:912 [ref. 13285], Smith & Böhlke 1990:143 [ref. 19379], Boschung 1992:33 [ref. 23239], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:240 [ref. 23897], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:136 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:82 [ref. 25466], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Collette et al. 2003:99 [ref. 26784], Böhlke & Smith 2003:704 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:9 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Wirtz et al. 2007:25 [ref. 30263], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:118 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Lins Oliveira et al. 2015:42 [ref. 37485], Pinheiro et al. 2015:6 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1632 [ref. 34557], Spier et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36103], Brown et al. 2019:156 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:61 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:61 [ref. 38139], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:102 [ref. 38945], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:74 [ref. 38844], Fermon et al. 2022:115 [ref. 39448] with question, Hoff et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) and Bermuda south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; central Atlantic: Ascension Island and Saint Helena Island; eastern Atlantic: possibly Azores, São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

vietnamensis, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.], Hibino [Y.] & Ho [H.-C.] 2018:36, Figs. 2A, 3 [Zootaxa 4454 (no. 1); ref. 36035] Fish landing ground north of Nha Trang, Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam, South China Sea. Holotype: USNM 396159. Paratypes: ASIZP, USNM. •Valid as Gymnothorax vietnamensis Smith, Hibino & Ho 2018. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax vietnamensis Smith, Hibino & Ho 2018. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam, South China Sea. Habitat: marine.

virescens, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1876:198 [156], Pl. 9 [6] (fig. 1) [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5 (for 5 Apr. 1876); ref. 3510] Cuba. Holotype: not at MCZ. On p. 156 of separate. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

viridipinna, Muraena Seale [A.] 1917:88 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 6146. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380]. Description independent of Gymnothorax viridipinnis Bliss 1883 but based on the same specimen. •Objective synonym of, and secondarily preoccupied by Gymnothorax viridipinnis Bliss 1883. •Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Fricke 1999:47 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). 2°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

viridipinnis, Gymnothorax Bliss [R.] 1883:58 [Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13; ref. 16966] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 6146. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Fricke 1999:47 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 2000:235 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

visakhaensis, Gymnothorax Mohapatra [A.], Smith [D. G.], Mohanty [S. R.], Mishra [S. S.] & Tudu [P. C.] 2017:280, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 4300 (no. 2); ref. 35504] Visakhapatnam fish harbour (17°42.452'N, 83°18.823'E), Andhra Pradesh, along the south east coast of India. Holotype: ZSI F12075/2. Paratypes: MARC/ZSI F, ZSI F. •Valid as Gymnothorax visakhaensis Mohapatra, Smith, Mohanty, Mishra & Tudu 2017 -- (Smith et al. 2018:33 [ref. 36035]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax visakhaensis Mohapatra, Smith, Mohanty, Mishra & Tudu 2017. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Andhra Pradesh coast of India, Bay of Bengal. Habitat: marine.

waialuae, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1904:520, Pl. 6 (fig. 11) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 4149] Waialua Bay, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50870. Type catalog: Smith 1994:20 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493], Mundy 2005:123 [ref. 28379]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

wakanourae, Gymnothorax Tanaka [S.] 1908:24, Pl. 2 (fig. 4) [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 23 (art. 7); ref. 6032] Wakanoura, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT 956 (lost). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:154-155 [ref. 26380], Aizawa et al. 2022:142 [ref. 39647]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:154 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

walvisensis, Gymnothorax Prokofiev [A. M.] in Prokofiev & Kukuev 2009:220, Fig. 3 [Journal of Ichthyology v. 49 (no. 3); ref. 30172] Walvis Ridge, southeastern Atlantic. Holotype (unique): ZIN 54129. •Valid as Gymnothorax walvisensis Prokofiev 2009 -- (Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155], Smith & Brito 2016:1640 [ref. 34557]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax walvisensis Prokofiev 2009. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Walvis Ridge, southeastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

westphali, Taeniophis Kaup [J. J.] 1859:suppl. p. 1 [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] Caribbean Sea. Holotype (unique): ZMH 12490. •Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:176 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

wieneri, Gymnothorax Sauvage [H.-E.] 1883:161 [18] [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 7; ref. 3897] Chile or Peru. Syntypes: MNHN A-4868 (2). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:98 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:155 [ref. 26380]. On p. 18 of separate. •Valid as Gymnothorax wieneri Sauvage 1883 -- (Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:127 [ref. 24555]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:92 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:155 [ref. 26380], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

woodwardi, Gymnothorax McCulloch [A. R.] 1912:80 [3], Fig. 1 [Records of the Western Australian Museum and Art Gallery v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 2937] Pelsart Island, Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia. Holotype: WAM P.13263-001. Paratypes: (4) AMS I.7235 (1), I.12224-25 (1, 1). Type catalog: Hutchins & Smith 1991:7 [ref. 19335], Böhlke & Smith 2002:155 [ref. 26380], Moore et al. 2008:5 [ref. 30117]. On p. 3 of separate. •Valid as Gymnothorax woodwardi McCulloch 1912 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:132 [ref. 12442], Kuiter 1997:30 [ref. 25488], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:96 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:155 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:257 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155], Hoschke et al. 2019:153 [ref. 36626]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax woodwardi McCulloch 1912. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

wooliensis, Lycodontis Whitley [G. P.] 1968:33, Pl. 8; Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales v. for 1966-67; ref. 7658] 20 miles off Wooli, 29°52'S, 153°20'E, northern New South Wales, Australia. Holotype (unique): AMS IB.7941. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:155 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax wooliensis (Whitley 1968) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:132 [ref. 12442]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:94 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:155 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

xanthostomus, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1904:519, Pl. 5 (fig. 10) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 4149] Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50869. Paratypes: CAS-SU 12792 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:20 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:155-156 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:245 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:156 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:121 [ref. 28379], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:317 [ref. 28867], Randall 2007:90 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

ypsilon, Gymnothorax Hatooka [K.] & Randall [J. E.] 1992:183, Figs. 1-2 [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 39 (no. 3); ref. 20258] Near Uotsurijima Island, Senkaku Islands, Japan. Holotype: URM-P 1783. Paratypes: BPBM 9643 (4); FAKU 51430 (1, dissected), 51604 (1), 100530 (1); SMBL 73341 [not seen at FAKU] (1); ZUMT 55591 (1), 55594 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:156 [ref. 26380], Aizawa et al. 2022:143 [ref. 39647]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsoni (Bleeker 1852) -- (Zhang et al. 2010:275 [ref. 31511]). •Valid as Gymnothorax ypsilon Hatooka & Randall 1992 -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:260 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:204 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:204 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:156 [ref. 26380], Mundy & Parrish 2004:412 [ref. 27877], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Mundy 2005:125 [ref. 28379], McCosker & Stewart 2006:87 [ref. 28702], Randall 2007:94 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Ho et al. 2015:162 [ref. 34130], Stewart & McCosker 2015:237 [ref. 34233], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Koeda et al. 2021:5 [ref. 38857], Smith & Böhlke 2022:66 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax ypsilon Hatooka & Randall 1992. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Mascarene Ridge; Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands; Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand EEZ, Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

zonipectis, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1906:7, Fig. 1 [Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 3999] Tahiti, Society Islands, South Pacific. Holotype (unique): BPBM 1362. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:156 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale 1906 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:173 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:132 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:10 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:41 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:53 [ref. 22258], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:68 [ref. 22017], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:41 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:50 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:55 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268] as zonipectus, Nakabo 2000:208 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:208 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:156 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:12 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:48 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:125 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:257 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:75[ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:73 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:279 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:351 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:95 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:26 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:20 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:162 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:8 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:39 [ref. 35805], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Eudeline 2022:146 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:66 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:105 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale 1906. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Society Islands and Marquesas Islands, north to Taiwan and southern Japan, south to Western Australia, Great Barrier Reef (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.