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Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information. Species in the genus Mugil: [ 82 ] records albula, Mugil Linnaeus [C.] 1766:520 [Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2786] Carolina [South Carolina, U.S.A.], Jamaica and Bahamas. Syntypes: Linn. Soc. Lond. 139 (left half-skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1985:63 [ref. 20705]. Type information: Goode & Bean 1885:206 [ref. 1841]. Based on multiple sources, including the the 'Albula bahamensis' of Catesby 1743:6, Pl. 6 (v. 2) [ref. 774] [Bahamas], the Mugil argenteus minor ... of Browne 1756:450 [ref. 30188] [Jamaica], and a manuscript description and 1 specimen sent by A. Garden [South Carolina]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:628 [ref. 6363], Smith 1986:437 [ref. 22186], Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Mundy 2005:278 [ref. 28379], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). •Possibly a synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 -- (see Menezes et al. 2010:66 [ref. 30860]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. ashanteensis, Mugil Bleeker [P.] 1863:91, Pl. 19 (fig. 2) [Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem (Ser. 2) v. 18 (1862); ref. 395] Ashantee, Guinea [now Ghana]. Holotype (unique): RMNH 1631. Original as ashanteënsis. Holotype figured by Boeseman 1963:Pl. 2 (fig. 4) [ref. 21734]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758, but a valid subspecies -- (Trewavas 1973:568 [ref. 7201], Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1203 [ref. 13677]). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1986:348 [ref. 6215], Thomson 1990:859 [ref. 19180], Kottelat 1997:158 [ref. 22952], Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989], Harrison 2016:2105 [ref. 34599]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. bananensis, Myxus Pellegrin [J.] 1927:56 [Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 3408] Banana, Democratic Republic of Congo. Holotype (unique): MRAC 19695. •Valid as Myxus bananensis Pellegrin 1927 -- (Thomson 1986:349 [ref. 6215], Poll & Gosse 1995:107 [ref. 24781]). •Valid as Mugil bananensis (Pellegrin 1927) -- (Thomson 1990:858 [ref. 19180], Albaret in Lévêque et al. 1992:784 [ref. 21590], Thomson 1997:481 [ref. 23428], Harrison 2007:461 [ref. 30081], Trape et al. 2012:126 [ref. 31792], Durand et al. 2012:692 [ref. 32366], Wirtz et al. 2013:120 [ref. 32972], Harrison 2016:2103 [ref. 34599], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Durand & Whitfield 2016:103 [ref. 35590] as Pellegrin 1927, Skelton 2019:228 [ref. 36564], Reiner 2019:128 [ref. 38139], Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Fermon et al. 2022:272 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Mugil bananensis (Pellegrin 1927). Mugilidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Angola, including Cape Verde Islands, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: brackish, marine. barnardi, Myxus Gilchrist [J. D. F.] & Thompson [W. W.] 1914:83 [Annals of the South African Museum v. 13 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 14155] Durban Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAM 12428. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Smith & Smith 1986:718 [ref. 5717], Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. berlandieri, Mugil Girard [C. F.] 1858:167 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 10; ref. 1813] St. Joseph Island, Indianola, Brazos Santiago, Brazos, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A. Syntypes: USNM 763 to 767 (4, 12, 5, 8, 12). See also Girard 1859:20, Pl. 10 (figs 1-4) [ref. 13405]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:628 [ref. 6363], Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:182 [ref. 24550], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). •Possibly a synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 -- (see Menezes et al. 2010:66 [ref. 30860]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. borbonicus, Mugil Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:113 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-3660. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:681 [ref. 21541]. •Synonym of Valamugil seheli with author as Cantor 1850 [= Cantor 1849]; perhaps a misidentification -- (Harrison & Senou 1999:2107 [ref. 24780]). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Fricke 1999:360 [ref. 24106], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. brasiliensis, Mugil Agassiz [L.] 1831:134 [misprinted 234], Pl. 72 [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Atlantic off Brazil. Syntypes: ?MHNN 507 (4). Type catalog: Kottelat 1984:150 [ref. 21784], see also Trewavas 1950:149. See Trewavas 1950:149 [ref. 22237]. Name suppressed and placed on Official Index in Opinion 1787. See also Thomson 1997:544 [ref. 23428] and Harrison 2003:1079, 1085 [ref. 27016]. •Valid as Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz 1831 -- (Herrera 1896:40 [ref. 39336] with author as Linnaeus). •In the synonymy of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 -- (Menezes et al. 2010:61 [ref. 30860]). Suppressed. Current status: Synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. brevirostris, Querimana Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1915:Trematolepides p. 7 [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 17; ref. 3711] Cananéia, São Paulo, 25°00’45"S, 47°56’07'W. Brazil. Neotype: MZUSP 115087. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown. On p. 39 when continuously paginated. •Questionably a synonym of Mugil trichodon Poey 1875 -- (Thomson 1997:494 [ref. 23428]). •Valid as Mugil brevirostris Miranda Ribeiro 1915 -- (Menezes et al. 2015:3 [ref. 33678] with author as Ribeiro, Marceniuk et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35324] with author as Ribeiro, Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Neves et al. 2020:[6] 168 [ref. 38248], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:269 [ref. 38945], Koerber et al. 2022:79 [ref. 39235], Carvalho-Filho 2023:200 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Mugil brevirostris Miranda Ribeiro 1915. Mugilidae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Amapá south to Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) endemic. IUCN (2023): Not assessed. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. broussonnetii, Mugil Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:117 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] South Seas [= Cook Islands, Polynesia]. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-3656. Type catalog: Bauchot 1969:130 [ref. 20807], Blanc & Hureau 1972:681 [ref. 21541]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Cadwallader & Backhouse 1983:215 [ref. 25473]). •Valid as Mugil broussonnetii Valenciennes 1836 -- (Thomson 1997:482 [ref. 23428], Harrison & Senou 1999:2095 [ref. 24780], Randall et al. 2004:8 [ref. 27624], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589]). Current status: Valid as Mugil broussonnetii Valenciennes 1836. Mugilidae. Distribution: Pacific. Habitat: marine. caecutiens, Myxus Günther [A.] 1876:397 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 17 (no. 101) (art. 43); ref. 2007] Rodrigues Island, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Syntypes: BMNH 1876.3.11.31-32 (2). Clearly as caecutiens on p. 389, unclear if caecutiens or coecutiens on p. 397. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1986:348 [ref. 6215], Kottelat 1997:158 [ref. 22952], Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Fricke 1999:361 [ref. 24106], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. calancalae, Myxus de Beaufort [L. F.] 1940:112 [6], Pl. 10a [Freshwater fishes from the Leeward Group, Venezuela and eastern Colombia v. 2; ref. 13161] Lower Río Calancala, near San Antonio, Goajira [Guajira], Colombia. Syntypes: ZMA 112930 (6). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:91 [ref. 19236]. On p. 6 of separate. •Synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836 -- (Thomson 1997:487 [ref. 23428]). •Synonym of Mugil incilis Hancock 1830 -- (Harrison et al. 2007:92 [ref. 29185], Menezes et al. 2015:24 [ref. 33678]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil incilis Hancock 1830. Mugilidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. camptosiensis, Mugil Castelnau [F. L.] 1861:48 [Mémoire sur les poissons de l'Afrique australe; ref. 767] Gamptoos River, near Algoa Bay, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. •Status uncertain -- (Thomson 1997:544 [ref. 23428]). •Questionably a synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Uncertain as Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. capurrii, Myxus Perugia [A.] 1892:1007 [1] [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 12; ref. 14516] Senegal River. Syntypes: BMNH 1971.4.28.12-14 (3); MSNG 38908 (13, now 10). Type catalog: Tortonese 1963:334 [ref. 10350]. On p. 1 of separate. •Valid as Mugil capurrii (Perugia 1892) -- (Trewavas 1973:568 [ref. 7201], Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1202 [ref. 13677] as capurii, Thomson 1990:858 [ref. 19180] as cappurrii, Thomson 1997:482 [ref. 23428], Koutrakis & Economidis 2000:299 [ref. 25056], Falcón et al. 2003:145 [ref. 39343], Trape et al. 2012:126 [ref. 31792], Durand et al. 2012:692 [ref. 32366], Wirtz et al. 2013:120 [ref. 32972], Harrison 2016:2104 [ref. 34599], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Durand & Whitfield 2016:110 [ref. 35590] as capurii and author as Perugia 1892, Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Fermon et al. 2022:272 [ref. 39448] with question). Current status: Valid as Mugil capurrii (Perugia 1892). Mugilidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Morocco south to Senegal, ?Togo. Habitat: brackish, marine. catalarum, Mugil Whitley [G. P.] 1951:394 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 4715] La Foa, Bogny River, New Caledonia. Holotype (unique): AMS IB.2242. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:321 [ref. 28867], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. cephalotus, Mugil Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:110 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] Malabar and Puducherry, India. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-8102 (1) Malabar, A-4645 (1, dry) Puducherry, A-4698 (1, dry) Puducherry. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:685 [ref. 21541]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:627 [ref. 6363], Trewavas 1973:567 [ref. 7201], Thomson 1986:348 [ref. 6215], Skelton 1993:351 [ref. 24071], Coad 1996:6 [ref. 23831], Kottelat 1997:158 [ref. 22952], Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Harrison & Senou 1999:2096 [ref. 24780], Mundy 2005:278 [ref. 28379], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. cephalus, Mugil Linnaeus [C.] 1758:316 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] European sea, Europe. Possible syntypes: NRM 43 (1), 44 (2), 143 (1). Type catalog: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:257-258 [ref. 20707]. May be replaced in the western Atlantic by Mugil liza', see ref. 30860 but this is not so [ref. 34431]. Probably an apparent species complex [ref. 32710]. •Valid as Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758, subspecies cephalus -- (Kawanabe & Mizuno 1989:458 [ref. 25598], Cheng & Zhou 1997:241 [ref. 26385], Nakabo 2000:538 [ref. 25086], Pietsch et al. 2001:143 [ref. 25688], Sakai et al. 2001:104 [ref. 25693], Shimizu 2001:33 [ref. 25799], Shimizu 2001:34 [ref. 25799], Keith et al. 2002:110 [ref. 31473], Nakabo 2002:538 [ref. 26001], Hagiwara 2003:37 [ref. 27188], Ataur Rahman 2003:301 [ref. 31338], Motomura et al. 2010:80 [ref. 31256], Koeda et al. 2016:13 [ref. 35333], Matsunuma in Kimura et al. 2018:225 [ref. 36460]). •Valid as Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Herrera 1896:40 [ref. 39336], Berg 1949:992 [ref. 20662], Okada 1961:627 [ref. 6363], Trewavas 1973:567 [ref. 7201], Lee et al. 1980:779 [ref. 22416], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:234 [ref. 9277], Cadwallader & Backhouse 1983:129 [ref. 25473], Dor 1984:192 [ref. 29757], Yoshino & Senou in Masuda et al. 1984:119 [ref. 6441], Smith 1986:437 [ref. 22186], Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1202 [ref. 13677], Robins & Ray 1986:212 [ref. 23100], Thomson 1986:348 [ref. 6215], Ortega & Vari 1986:19 [ref. 9708], Smith & Smith 1986:718 [ref. 5717], Wu & Lu in Kuang et al. 1986:203 [ref. 26639], Allen & Swainston 1988:110 [ref. 25477], Robison & Buchanan 1988:472 [ref. 23393], Scott & Scott 1988:400 [ref. 25518], Pequeño 1989:63 [ref. 14125], Paulin et al. 1989:205 [ref. 24556], Winterbottom et al. 1989:50 [ref. 13251], McAllister 1990:154 [ref. 14674], Thomson 1990:859 [ref. 19180], Allen 1991:147 [ref. 21090], Coad 1991:26 [ref. 15702], Liu & Shen 1991:275 [ref. 19215], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:896 [ref. 20764], Liang in Pan et al. 1991:345 [ref. 23876], Albaret in Lévêque et al. 1992:783 [ref. 21590], Boschung 1992:153 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:361 [ref. 23827], Gamboa Pérez 1992:327 [ref. 38704], Indra 1993:189 [ref. 24009], Krishnan & Mishra 1993:230 [ref. 24016], Etnier & Starnes 1993:379 [ref. 22809], Kuiter 1993:263 [ref. 23929], Kottelat et al. 1993:125 [ref. 23448], Swift et al. 1993:132 [ref. 22379], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:167 [ref. 25472], Francis 1993:164 [ref. 25479], Gomon et al. 1994:662 [ref. 22532], Poll & Gosse 1995:107 [ref. 24781], Allen & Robertson 1994:194 [ref. 22193], Goren & Dor 1994:51 [ref. 25356], Knight & Hastings 1994:150 [ref. 25560], Harrison in Fischer et al. 1995:1297 [ref. 22830], Coad 1995:29 [ref. 23608], Zhu 1995:166 [ref. 25213], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:202 [ref. 27969], Thomson in McDowall 1996:193 [ref. 22909], Coad 1996:86 [ref. 25304], Mettee et al. 1996:745 [ref. 25836], Chen et al. 1997:37 [ref. 26476], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:460 [ref. 24023], Kottelat 1997:158 [ref. 22952], Murdy et al. 1997:186 [ref. 23144], Allen 1997:176 [ref. 23977], Thomson 1997:483 [ref. 23428], Larson & Williams 1997:364 [ref. 23967], Carpenter et al. 1997:204 [ref. 23922], Kim 1997:372 [ref. 24032], Arruda 1997:114 [ref. 24952], Takahashi et al. 1997:46 [ref. 24971], Reshetnikov et al. 1997:748 [ref. 24702], Sokolov 1998:115 [ref. 23571], Coad 1998:103 [ref. 23869], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:875 [ref. 23897], Castro et al. 1998:79 [ref. 24271], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:198 [ref. 24555], Sokolovskaya et al. 1998:12 [ref. 24670], Sato et al. 1998:40 [ref. 24972], Marquet et al. 1999:43 [ref. 23934], Chang et al. 1999:39 [ref. 24091], Fricke 1999:360 [ref. 24106], Keith et al. 1999:82 [ref. 24548], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:181 [ref. 24550], Harrison & Senou 1999:2096 [ref. 24780], Mizuno et al. 1999:10 [ref. 25311], Mishra et al. 1999:87 [ref. 25315], Afonso et al. 1999:83 [ref. 25466], Johnson 1999:742 [ref. 25471], Fuller et al. 1999:277 [ref. 25838], Allen 2000:90 [ref. 37268], Dyer 2000:85 [ref. 26678], Keith et al. 2000:20 [ref. 24547], Ruiz-Campos et al. 2000:72 [ref. 24940], Koutrakis & Economidis 2000:299 [ref. 25056], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:625 [ref. 25122], Rafique 2000:327 [ref. 25220], Azeroual et al. 2000:20 [ref. 25366], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:48 [ref. 25480], Thomson et al. 2000:288 [ref. 25640], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:187 [ref. 25703], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:103 [ref. 26368], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:153 [ref. 27754], Chereshnev & Shestakov 2001:382 [ref. 25410], Hutchins 2001:38 [ref. 25847], Ross et al. 2001:345 [ref. 25978], Wang et al. 2001:204 [ref. 26566], Skelton 2001:351 [ref. 27406], Camargo & Isaac 2001:141 [ref. 27639], Kim & Park 2002:294 [ref. 25913], Allen et al. 2002:255 [ref. 25930], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:107 [ref. 26753], Moyle 2002:441 [ref. 26449], Thompson in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:277 [ref. 26158], Choi et al. 2003:362, 630 [ref. 26218], López et al. 2002:64 [ref. 26808], Falcón et al. 2003:145 [ref. 39343], Harrison 2003:1079 [ref. 27016], Mirza 2003:21 [ref. 27265], Harrison 2003:7 [ref. 27341], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S113 [ref. 27377], Fedorov et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27579], Jang et al. 2003:119 [ref. 27681], Parin 2003:S16 [ref. 28536], Ghasemzadeh et al. 2004:9 [ref. 28614], Randall et al. 2004:8 [ref. 27624], Khan 2003:10 [ref. 27710], Nelson et al. 2004:97 [ref. 27807], Heemstra et al. 2004:3327 [ref. 27945], Miller & Robison 2004:279 [ref. 27931], Boschung & Mayden 2004:368 [ref. 27995], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:367 [ref. 28072], Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:174 [ref. 28183], Golani 2005:49 [ref. 37112], Randall 2005:77 [ref. 28239], Vassilev & Pehlivanov 2005:176 [ref. 28369], Ibáñez & Gallardo-Cabello 2005:305 [ref. 28373], Love et al. 2005:62 [ref. 37547], Mundy 2005:278 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Bray 2006:680 [ref. 29000], Miller 2006:183 [ref. 28615], Scharpf 2006:37 [ref. 30386], Fricke et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29533], Harrison 2007:459 [ref. 30081], Harrison et al. 2007:91 [ref. 29185], Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:468 [ref. 29996], Randall 2007:135 [ref. 30952], Vasil'eva 2007:63 [ref. 30517], Wirtz et al. 2007:27 [ref. 30263], Bogutskaya et al. 2008:347 [ref. 30085], Fricke 2008:21 [ref. 30182], Gomon 2008:393 [ref. 30616], González Castro et al. 2008:319 [ref. 29811], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:169 [ref. 31251], Fricke et al. 2009:30 [ref. 30213], García-Hernández et al. 2009:92 [ref. 37265], Minckley & Marsh 2009:272 [ref. 31114], Esmaeili et al. 2010:374 [ref. 33391], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:52 [ref. 36649], Matsunuma et al. 2010:82 [ref. 31558], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:190 [ref. 30957], Menezes et al. 2010:59 [ref. 30860], Fricke et al. 2011:369 [ref. 31242], Page & Burr 2011:607 [ref. 31215], Durand et al. 2012:692 [ref. 32366], Trape et al. 2012:126 [ref. 31792], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Angulo et al. 2013:1003 [ref. 33194], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989], McMahan et al. 2013:446 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:99 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:120 [ref. 32972] needs confirmation, Barriga Salazar 2014:118 [ref. 35745], Fricke et al. 2014:36 [ref. 33932], Morgan et al. 2014:36 [ref. 36567], Parin et al. 2014:191 [ref. 33547], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:30 [ref. 33341], Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. 2015:892 [ref. 34062], Psomadakis et al. 2015:297 [ref. 34104], Trnski 2015:944 [ref. 34273], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:406 [ref. 34894], Barbieri et al. 2015:87 [ref. 35029], Esmaeili et al. 2015:122 [ref. 35030], Çiçek et al. 2015:151 [ref. 35151], Kramer et al. 2016:unnumbered p. [ref. 34331], Pacheco-Almanzar et al. 2016:385 [ref. 34431], Miesen et al. 2016:83 [ref. 34492], Harrison 2016:2105 [ref. 34599], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Shen & Durand 2016:80 [ref. 35591], Durand & Whitfield 2016:107 [ref. 35590], Kells et al. 2016:116 [ref. 35888], Dyldin & Orlov 2017:73 [ref. 35138], Esmaeili et al. 2017:87 [ref. 35254], Kwun et al. 2017:141 [ref. 37287], Labatos 2017:4 [ref. 36239], Pusey et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35250], Ali et al. 2018:341 [ref. 36183], Esmaeili et al. 2018:69 [ref. 36089], Freitas et al. 2018:77 [ref. 36259], Fricke et al. 2018:95 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:119 [ref. 36273], Kuiter 2018:67 [ref. 36369], Martins & Carneiro 2018:98 [ref. 36550], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407], Robins et al. 2018:181 [ref. 35886], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35859], Suresh et al. 2018:152 [ref. 36495], Arndt & Fricke 2019:22 [ref. 36883], Artüz & Fricke 2019:557 [ref. 36612], Burton & Lea 2019:53 [ref. 37205], Ćaleta et al. 2019:185 [ref. 37026], Carneiro et al. 2019:204 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:98 [ref. 36864], Eagderi et al. 2019:86 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:76 [ref. 36673], Hoschke et al. 2019:154 [ref. 36626], Lorenzoni et al. 2019:253 [ref. 37108], Reiner 2019:129 [ref. 38139], Zajonz et al. 2019:65 [ref. 36871], Bariche & Fricke 2020:51 [ref. 37515], Çiçek et al. 2020:257 [ref. 37644], Freyhof et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37614], Freyhof et al. 2020:188 [ref. 37658], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 10 [ref. 38321], Hasan et al. 2020:134 [ref. 37945], Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. 2020:275 [ref. 37983], Kovačić et al. 2020:30 [ref. 37519], Kuljanishvili et al. 2020:[6] [ref. 37535], Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Psomadakis et al. 2020:520 [ref. 37272], Sonoyama et al. 2020:37 [ref. 37637], Abliazov et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38576], Akaike et al. 2021:19 [ref. 38809], Baikeche et al. 2021:959 [ref. 39080], Bañón & Maño 2021:88 [ref. 38887], Dyldin et al. 2021:45 [ref. 38804], Golani 2021:65 [ref. 38303], Love et al. 2021:91 [ref. 39279], Kovačić et al. 2021:54 [ref. 39014], Taki et al. 2021:316 [ref. 39830], Fermon et al. 2022:272 [ref. 39448], Ghasamzadeh 2022:323 [ref. 39712], Meza-Vargas et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39566], Niță et al. 2022:55 [ref. 40471], Zajonz et al. 2022:48 [ref. 40522], Angulo et al. 2023:67 [ref. 40676], Çiçek et al. 2023:473 [ref. 40601], Çiçek et al. 2023:31 [ref. 40616], Çiçek et al. 2023:446 [ref. 40625], Esmaeili & Hamidan 2023:215 [ref. 40377], Jamandre 2023:171 [ref. 40455], Mousavi-Sabet et al. 2023:34 [ref. 40667], Saad et al. 2023:45 [ref. 40501], Shumka et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40747], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:171, Valenzuela et al. 2023:96 [ref. 40815]). Current status: Valid as Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Distribution: Nearly circumglobal in temperate and tropical seas and estuaries (including Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara, Black Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Sea of Japan); introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. cestreo, Mugil cephalus var. Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:33, 56 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989], Parenti 2019:103 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. cetaceus, Sparus Cabrera y Corro [A.], Pérez [L.] & Hänseler [F.] 1817:5 [Lista de los peces del mar de Andalucía; ref. 17319] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. Name only, not available. Possibly appeared in an unpublished work. See also Sparus cetaceus Cabrera y Corro, Pérez & Hänseler in Graells 1887. •In the synonymy of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. cetaceus, Sparus Cabrera y Corro [A.], Pérez [L.] & Hänseler [F.] in Graells 1887:179 [Revista de los Progresos de las Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Madrid v. 22 (no. 3); ref. 30438] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. Name only, not available. See also Sparus cetaceus Cabrera y Corro, Pérez & Hänseler 1817. •In the synonymy of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. chaptalii, Mugil Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Souleyet [F. A.] 1850:171, Pl. 4 (fig. 1) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 4501] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-8100. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:685-686 [ref. 21541]. •Synonym of Neomyxus leuciscus (Günther 1872) -- (Randall 2005:77 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:136 [ref. 30952]). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Harrison & Senou 1999:2096 [ref. 24780], Mundy 2005:278 [ref. 28379], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. charlottae, Mugil Steindachner [F.] 1902:129 [41], Pl. 4 (figs. 2-2a) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 72 (for 11 July 1901); ref. 10435] Guayaquil, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): ZSM [old collection] destroyed in WWII. Type catalog: Neumann 2006:277 [ref. 28925]. On p. 41 of separate. •Valid as Mugil charlottae Steindachner 1902 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:41 [ref. 37559]). •Synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836 -- (Thomson 1997:487 [ref. 23428], Mirande & Koerber 2015:55 [ref. 35117]). •Synonym of Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892. Current status: Synonym of Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. chelone, Mugil cephalus var. Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:33, 56 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Valid as Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989], Parenti 2019:103 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. ciliilabis, Mugil Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:151 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] Lima, Peru. Syntypes: MNHN A-3627 (7), A-3628 (6, poor condition). Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:687-688 [ref. 21541]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. communis, Mugil Solander [D. C.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:118 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] Not available, name mentioned in passing in synonymy of Mugil broussonnetii Valenciennes 1836. Nomen Nudum. Mugilidae. constantiae, Mugil Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:107 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] Freshwaters near Constance. Syntypes: MNHN A-3663 to 3664 (1, 1); ZMB 1832 [ex MNHN] (1). Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:688 [ref. 21541]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. costaricana, Myxus harengus var. Borodin [N. A.] 1928:16 [Bulletin Vanderbilt Oceanographic Museum v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 526] Costa Rica. Syntypes: VMM 402 (2, disintegrated, discarded) (label at AMNH). •Questionably a synonym of Mugil trichodon Poey 1875 -- (Thomson 1997:494 [ref. 23428]). Current status: Uncertain as Mugil trichodon Poey 1875. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. curema, Mugil Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:87 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] Bahia, Brazil. Lectotype: MNHN A-3638. Paralectotypes: MNHN A-3653 (1) Cuba, ?A-4641 (1, dry) Maracaibo, A-4655 (1, dry) Martinique, A-4671 (1, dry) Martinique. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:689-690 [ref. 21541]. Names in competition were suppressed in Opinion 1787. Lectotype selected by Harrison 1993:145 [ref. 21990]. •Valid as Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:41 [ref. 37559], Lee et al. 1980:780 [ref. 22416], Smith 1986:438 [ref. 22186], Ortega & Vari 1986:19 [ref. 9708], Robins & Ray 1986:213 [ref. 23100], Thomson 1986:349 [ref. 6215], Lea et al. 1988 [ref. 21796], Scott & Scott 1988:400 [ref. 25518], Pequeño 1989:63 [ref. 14125], McAllister 1990:155 [ref. 14674], Thomson 1990:859 [ref. 19180], Albaret in Lévêque et al. 1992:782 [ref. 21590], Boschung 1992:153 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:361 [ref. 23827], Gamboa Pérez 1992:327 [ref. 38704], Cervigón 1993:374 [ref. 24474], Allen & Robertson 1994:194 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:138 [ref. 23101], Poll & Gosse 1995:107 [ref. 24781], Harrison in Fischer et al. 1995:1297 [ref. 22830], Mettee et al. 1996:745 [ref. 25836], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:215 [ref. 22947], Murdy et al. 1997:187 [ref. 23144], Thomson 1997:487 [ref. 23428], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:461 [ref. 24023], González Bencomo et al. 1997:159 [ref. 24960], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:876 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:51 [ref. 24221], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:198 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:182 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:163 [ref. 25013], Keith et al. 2000:24 [ref. 24547], Marín 2000:76 [ref. 26252], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:153 [ref. 27754], Camargo & Isaac 2001:141 [ref. 27639], Lim et al. 2002:70 [ref. 28310], Collette et al. 2003:102 [ref. 26784], Nirchio et al. 2003:113 [ref. 26807], Harrison 2003:1080 [ref. 27016], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:65 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:14 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:97 [ref. 27807], Ibáñez & Gallardo-Cabello 2005:305 [ref. 28373], Love et al. 2005:62 [ref. 37547], Nirchia et al. 2005:107 [ref. 29206], Miller 2006:183 [ref. 28615], Scharpf 2006:37 [ref. 30386], Harrison 2007:457 [ref. 30081], Harrison et al. 2007:77 et seq. [ref. 29185], Wirtz et al. 2007:7, 27 [ref. 30263], García-Hernández et al. 2009:92 [ref. 37265], Matamoros et al. 2009:19 [ref. 31241], Minckley & Marsh 2009:274 [ref. 31114], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:190 [ref. 30957], Ibáñez et al. 2011:386 [ref. 31203], Koerber 2011:9 [ref. 31122], Durand et al. 2012:692 [ref. 32366], Trape et al. 2012:126 [ref. 31792], Angulo et al. 2013:1003 [ref. 33194], Di Dario et al. 2013:262 [ref. 37503], McMahan et al. 2013:446 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:99 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:120 [ref. 32972], Barriga Salazar 2014:118 [ref. 35745], Catelani et al. 2014:932 [ref. 37496], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:30 [ref. 33341], Alvarez-Lajonchere & Alvarez-Lajonchere Ponce de León 2015:48 [ref. 34139], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:406 [ref. 34894], Menezes et al. 2015:17 [ref. 33678], Mirande & Koerber 2015:55 [ref. 35117], Schmidt & McMullin 2015:4 [ref. 36603], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:607 [ref. 34923], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Durand & Whitfield 2016:103 [ref. 35590], Fourriére et al. 2016:442 [ref. 34668], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:148 [ref. 34871], Harrison 2016:2107 [ref. 34599], Costa et al. 2017:45 [ref. 35684], Marceniuk et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35324], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35859], Robins et al. 2018:182 [ref. 35886], Robins et al. 2018:182 [ref. 35886] dated 1835 with parentheses, Spier et al. 2018:15 [ref. 36103], Almeida & Alves 2019:271 [ref. 37509], Britzke et al. 2019:397 [ref. 36980], González-Murcia et al. 2019:294 [ref. 36544], Reiner 2019:129 [ref. 38139], Ribeiro et al. 2019:6 [ref. 36717], López-Segovia et al. 2020:111 [ref. 38151], Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Neves et al. 2020:[6] 168 [ref. 38248], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:270 [ref. 38945], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:70 [ref. 39585], Fermon et al. 2022:272 [ref. 39448], Ibañez et al. 2022: 3 [ref. 39302], Koerber et al. 2022:79 [ref. 39235], Angulo et al. 2023:67 [ref. 40676], Carvalho-Filho 2023:199 [ref. 40480], Ceríaco et al. 2023:33 [ref. 40710], Vieira et al. 2023:19 [ref. 40759]). Current status: Valid as Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836. Mugilidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Massachusetts (U.S.A.) south to southern Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Namibia, including São Tomé and Principe. Eastern Pacific records based on Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892 (see ref. 36980). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. curtus, Mugil Yarrell [W.] 1836:210, Fig. [A history of British fishes; ref. 4812] Between Brownsey Island and South Haven, at the mouth of Poole Harbor, England. No types known. Also appeared as "Mugil curtus Yarell [sic]" in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:70, Pl. 311 [ref. 1005]. •Tentatively a synonym of Chelon labrosus (Risso 1827) -- (Trewavas 1973:569 [ref. 7201], Kottelat 1997:157 [ref. 22952], Harrison 2003:17 [ref. 27341]). •Status uncertain -- (Thomson 1997:545 [ref. 23428]). • Questionably a synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Uncertain as Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. curvidens, Mugil Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:149, Pl. 314 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] Ascension Island, South Atlantic; Bahia, Brazil. Lectotype: MNHN 115097. Paralectotypes: MNHN A-3626 (now 4), Bahia, A-3646 (3) Ascension. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:690 [ref. 21541]. Lectotype selected by Menezes et al. 2015 [ref. 33678]. •Valid as Mugil curvidens Valenciennes 1836 -- (Cervigón 1992:362 [ref. 23827], Thomson 1997:489 [ref. 23428], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Harrison 2003:1081 [ref. 27016], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:65 [ref. 27192], Harrison et al. 2007:92 [ref. 29185], Smith-Vaniz & Collette 2013:169 [ref. 32953], Wirtz et al. 2013:120 [ref. 32972] as doubtful record, Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:30 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:4 [ref. 33516], Menezes et al. 2015:21 [ref. 33678], Pinheiro et al. 2015:9 [ref. 34324], Harrison 2016:2109 [ref. 34599], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Neves et al. 2020:[6] 168 [ref. 38248], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:271 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:200 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Mugil curvidens Valenciennes 1836. Mugilidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Pará south to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil); southern-central Atlantic: Ascension Island. IUCN (2023): Not assessed. Habitat: marine. dobula, Mugil Günther [A.] 1861:420, Fig. [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 3; ref. 1964] Australia and Aneiteum, Vanuatu. Syntypes: (at least 11) BMNH 1844.2.15.51-52 (2, dry half skin), 1847.6.17.23 (1, dry half skin), 1848.10.25.30 (1, dry half skin), 1848.10.25.32 (1, stuffed), 1851.2.20.7-8 (2) Australia, Macgillwray coll., 1860.7.18.3 (1). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:627 [ref. 6363], Liu & Shen 1991:275 [ref. 19215], Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Harrison & Senou 1999:2096 [ref. 24780], Mundy 2005:278 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Bray 2006:680 [ref. 29000], Whitfield et al. 2012:1 [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. elaphus, Mugil Kielsen [F. C.] 1835:vi, Pl. 46 (fig. 1) [Icones piscium. Indicem systematicum; ref. 30365] No locality stated. No types known. Name apparently not used as valid after 1899. Mugilidae. Habitat: marine. flavus, Myxus Mohr [E.] 1927:182, Figs. 4a-b [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 54; ref. 15800] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Lectotype: ZMH H58. Paralectotypes: (4) ZMH H395 (1). Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:162 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:405 [ref. 21161] as syntypes. Lectotype selected by Ladiges et al. 1958:162 [ref. 19181]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. gaimardianus, Mugil Desmarest [A. G.] in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1831:129 (v. 17), Pl. 109 [Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle; ref. 3853] Cuba. No types known. Original not seen [not in v. 11, 1827, MO-NSO]. Name suppressed for purposes of priority and placed on Official Index in Opinion 1787. See also Thomson 1997:544 [ref. 23428]. Possible types discussed by Harrison 1993:146 [ref. 21990]. Figured in v. 17, 1831:Pl. 109. •In the synonymy of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836 -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:182 [ref. 24550], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:19 [ref. 28815]). •Not available -- (Harrison et al. 2007:78 [ref. 29185]). •Valid as Mugil gaimardianus Desmarest 1831 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:213 [ref. 23100], Cervigón 1992:362 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1993:377 [ref. 24474], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:465 [ref. 24023], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:877 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:51 [ref. 24221], Marín 2000:76 [ref. 26252], Nirchio et al. 2003:113 [ref. 26807], Carvalho-Filho 2023:200 [ref. 40480]). Suppressed. Current status: Synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836. Mugilidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. galapagensis, Mugil Ebeling [A. W.] 1961:296, Fig. 1 [Copeia 1961 (no. 3); ref. 9311] Southeastern corner of Barrington Island, Galápagos Islands. Holotype: USNM 190589. Paratypes: SIO 55-256 (1), UCLA 55-314 (4), USNM 26683 (1). Plus additional material. •Valid as Mugil galapagensis Ebeling 1961 -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:194 [ref. 22193], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:462 [ref. 24023]). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:182 [ref. 24550], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Galápagos Islands. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. gelatinosus, Mugil Klunzinger [C. B.] 1872:35 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 38 (pt. 1); ref. 2623] Murray River [Hobson's Bay, Victoria, Australia]. Holotype (unique): SMNS 1563. Type catalog: Fricke 1992:13 [ref. 20296], Fricke 2005:49 [ref. 29864]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Liu & Shen 1991:275 [ref. 19215], Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Hoese & Bray 2006:680 [ref. 29000], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. goniocephalus, Myxus Mohr [E.] 1927:185, Fig. 7 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 54; ref. 15800] Likely east coast of Middle America. Lectotype: ZMH H71. Paralectotypes: ZMH H173 (6). Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:162 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:405 [ref. 21161] as syntypes. Lectotype selected by Ladiges et al. 1958:162 [ref. 19181]. •Synonym of Mugil incilis Hancock 1830 -- (Thomson 1997:491 [ref. 23428]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil incilis Hancock 1830. Mugilidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. grandis, Mugil Castelnau [F. L.] 1879:386 [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 3 (pt 4); ref. 764] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Liu & Shen 1991:275 [ref. 19215], Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Hoese & Bray 2006:680 [ref. 29000], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx1 [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. guentheri, Mugil Steindachner [F.] 1864:37 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe v. 1 (no. 5); ref. 21705] Guiana. Syntypes: (several) ?NMW Species first described in above abstract, later described in more detail in Steindachner 1864:211 [p. 12 of separate] [ref. 13937]. Species epithet originally spelled as güntheri. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Mugil guentherii Gill 1863. •Synonym of Mugil incilis Hancock 1830 -- (Thomson 1997:491 [ref. 23428], Menezes et al. 2015:24 [ref. 33678]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Mugil incilis Hancock 1830. Mugilidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. guentherii, Mugil Gill [T. N.] 1863:169 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 15; ref. 1681] West coast of Central America. Holotype (unique): USNM 2764 or 4951 (both lost). Type catalog: Smith 2018:81 [ref. 36061]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:628 [ref. 6363]). •Synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836 -- (Thomson 1997:487 [ref. 23428], Mirande & Koerber 2015:55 [ref. 35117]). •Synonym of Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892. Current status: Synonym of Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. gyrans, Querimana Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1884:26 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 7 (no. 402); ref. 12325] Key West, Florida, U.S.A. Syntypes: BMNH 1884.7.7.127-129 [from D. S. Jordan] (3), USNM 34966 (8) ("typical specimens"). See also Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:164 [ref. 25013]. •Valid as Mugil gyrans (Jordan & Gilbert 1884) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:213 [ref. 23100], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:216 [ref. 22947], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:878 [ref. 23897], Nelson et al. 2004:97 [ref. 27807]). •Synonym of Mugil trichodon Poey 1875 -- (Thomson 1997:494 [ref. 23428], Harrison 2003:1085 [ref. 27016] with question, Harrison et al. 2007:92 [ref. 29185], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:9 [ref. 35177]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil trichodon Poey 1875. Mugilidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. harengus, Myxus Günther [A.] 1861:467 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 3; ref. 1964] Pacific coast of Central America [Panama, eastern Pacific Ocean]. Syntypes: BMNH 1861.8.13.15-16 (2) Panama. On p. 7 of separate. Also appeared as new in Günther 1862:376 [7] [ref. 1968]. Being described from the Pacific, the name cannot be a synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836, see also Mugil curema. •Synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836 -- (Thomson 1997:487 [ref. 23428], Harrison 2003:1080 [ref. 27016], Mirande & Koerber 2015:55 [ref. 35117]). •Possibly a senior synonym of Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. hospes, Mugil Jordan [D. S.] & Culver [G. B.] in Jordan 1895:422, Pl. 31 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 5; ref. 2394] Harbor at Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Lectotype: CAS-SU 2890. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1895.5.27.178 [from Jordan] (1); CAS-SU 1695 + 2954 (now 2), 2890 (not found); USNM 47446 (1); ZMB 14060 [from Jordan] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:64 [ref. 12291]. Lectotype established (as figured specimen) in caption to Pl. 127, p. 3260 in Jordan & Evermann 1900 [ref. 2446] if figured specimen is identifiable. •Valid as Mugil hospes Jordan & Culver 1895 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:41 [ref. 37559], Cervigón 1992:362 [ref. 23827], Allen & Robertson 1994:194 [ref. 22193], Harrison in Fischer et al. 1995:1298 [ref. 22830], Thomson 1997:490 [ref. 23428], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:185 [ref. 24550], Harrison 2003:1082 [ref. 27016], Nelson et al. 2004:97 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:63 [ref. 37547], Harrison et al. 2007:92 [ref. 29185], Durand et al. 2012:692 [ref. 32366], McMahan et al. 2013:446 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:99 [ref. 32708], Barriga Salazar 2014:118 [ref. 35745], Alvarez-Lajonchere & Alvarez-Lajonchere Ponce de León 2015:48 [ref. 34139], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:406 [ref. 34894] as hospens, Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35859], Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Love et al. 2021:92 [ref. 39279]). Current status: Valid as Mugil hospes Jordan & Culver 1895. Mugilidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic; eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Ecuador, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: brackish, marine. hubensis, Mugil Rizvi [S. N.] & Iqbal [M. A.] 1986:83, Fig. 1 [Biologia (Lahore) v. 32 (Special Supplement); ref. 9136] Hub River, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Holotype: "F.Z.R. 1982.M.A.". Paratypes: (1). Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater. hypselosoma, Mugil Ogilby [J. D.] 1897:74 [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 22 (pt 1); ref. 3272] Port Jackson and Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Syntypes: (2) QM. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Whitfield et al. 2012:1 [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. incilis, Mugil Hancock [J.] 1830:127 [Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts, London 1830 (pt. 1) (for Jan.-June 1830); ref. 18243] Guiana. Neotype: BMNH 1933.8.2.69. Neotype designated by Thomson 1997:491 [ref. 23428]. •Valid as Mugil incilis Hancock 1830 -- (Cervigón 1992:362 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1993:380 [ref. 24474], Thomson 1997:491 [ref. 23428], González Bencomo et al. 1997:159 [ref. 24960], Aguilera 1998:51 [ref. 24221], Keith et al. 2000:26 [ref. 24547], Harrison 2003:1083 [ref. 27016], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:65 [ref. 27192], Harrison et al. 2007:92 [ref. 29185], Durand et al. 2012:692 [ref. 32366], Menezes et al. 2015:24 [ref. 33678], Alvarez-Lajonchere & Alvarez-Lajonchere Ponce de León 2015:48 [ref. 34139], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Marceniuk et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35324], Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Neves et al. 2020:[6] 168 [ref. 38248], Angulo 2021:9 [ref. 38913], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:272 [ref. 38945], Koerber et al. 2022:79 [ref. 39235], Carvalho-Filho 2023:200 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Mugil incilis Hancock 1830. Mugilidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Honduras south to Pernambuco (Brazil), including southern Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. japonicus, Mugil Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1845:134, Pl. 72 (fig. 1) [Fauna Japonica Parts 7-9; ref. 4373] Nagasaki, Japan. Lectotype: RMNH D1166 (stuffed). Paralectotypes: RMNH D1161-1165 (5, dry), ?ZMB 7193 (1). Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1947:116 [ref. 12876]. •Valid as Mugil japonicus Temminck & Schlegel 1845 -- (Kim et al. 2020:77 [ref. 39118]). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Berg 1949:992 [ref. 20662], Okada 1961:627 [ref. 6363], Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Harrison & Senou 1999:2096 [ref. 24780], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:181 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. lavaretoides, Mugil Solander [D. C.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:117 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] Solander manuscript name mentioned in passing under Mugil broussonnetii Valenciennes 1836. Nomen Nudum. Mugilidae. lebranchus, Mugil Poey [F.] 1860:260, Pl. 18 (fig. 3) [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Syntypes: MCZ 34160-61 (skeletons, 3 skulls, backbones). Type catalog: Howell Rivero 1938:184-185 [ref. 22926]. •Synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 -- (Thomson 1997:492 [ref. 23428], Harrison 2003:1084 [ref. 27016], Menezes et al. 2010:61 [ref. 30860], Mirande & Koerber 2015:55 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. lepidopterus, Myxus Mohr [E.] 1927:181, Fig. 3 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 54; ref. 15800] Peru. Holotype (unique): ZMH H127 [ex ZMH 2704]. Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:162 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:405 [ref. 21161]. Subjectively invalid; secondarily preoccupied in Mugil by Mugil lepidopterus Fowler 1918. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). 2°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. lineatus, Mugil Valenciennes [A.] (ex Mitchill) in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:96 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] New York, U.S.A. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-5485 (3). Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:694 [ref. 21541]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:628 [ref. 6363], Smith 1986:437 [ref. 22186], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:181 [ref. 32989]). •Possibly a synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 -- (see Menezes et al. 2010:66 [ref. 30860]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. liza, Mugil Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:83 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] Martinique Island, West Indies. Lectotype: MNHN A-4659. Paralectotypes: MNHN 0000-6307 (1) Buenos Aires, A-1050 (1, dry) Cayenne, A-3668 (1) Suriname, A-4642 (1, dry) Maracaibo, A-4656 (1, dry) Maracaibo, A-4657 (1, dry) Maracaibo, A-5763 (1) Puerto Rico [not Martinique]. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:694-695 [ref. 21541]. Lectotype selected by Harrison 1993:146 [ref. 21990]. A different lectotype (A.1051) was designated by Thomson 1997:472 [ref. 23428]. A senior synonym if suppressed in Opinion 1787. •Valid as Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:212 [ref. 23100], Cervigón 1992:363 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1993:382 [ref. 24474], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:217 [ref. 22947], Thomson 1997:492 [ref. 23428], González Bencomo et al. 1997:159 [ref. 24960], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:879 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:51 [ref. 24221], Keith et al. 2000:22 [ref. 24547], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:184 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:163 [ref. 25013], Marín 2000:76 [ref. 26252], Camargo & Isaac 2001:141 [ref. 27639], López et al. 2002:64 [ref. 26808], Harrison 2003:1084 [ref. 27016], López et al. 2003:78 [ref. 27366], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:65 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:14 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:97 [ref. 27807], Menni 2004:85 [ref. 28131], Harrison et al. 2007:91 [ref. 29185], Matamoros et al. 2009:19 [ref. 31241], Menezes et al. 2010:61 [ref. 30860], Durand et al. 2012:692 [ref. 32366], Di Dario et al. 2013:262 [ref. 37503], Page et al. 2013:99 [ref. 32708], Catelani et al. 2014:932 [ref. 37496], Fabiano et al. 2014:8 [ref. 33530], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:31 [ref. 33341], Menezes et al. 2015:35 [ref. 33678], Alvarez-Lajonchere & Alvarez-Lajonchere Ponce de León 2015:48 [ref. 34139], Mirande & Koerber 2015:55 [ref. 35117], Pacheco-Almanzar et al. 2016:385 [ref. 34431], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Nión et al. 2016:41 [ref. 35565], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407], Spier et al. 2018:15 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:6 [ref. 36717], Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Neves et al. 2020:[6] 168 [ref. 38248], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:273 [ref. 38945], Angulo et al. 2023:67 [ref. 40676], Carvalho-Filho 2023:200 [ref. 40480], Ceríaco et al. 2023:34 [ref. 40710], Chiaramonte et al. 2023:210 [ref. 40423], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:115 [ref. 40726]). Current status: Valid as Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836. Mugilidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Florida (U.S.A.) south to northern Patagonia (Argentina), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2018): Data Deficient. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. longicauda, Mugil Guitart Manday [D. J.] & Alvarez-Lajonchere [L.] 1976:3, Fig. 1 [Poeyana, Series A, Instituto de Biologia No. 149; ref. 17770] Carenerito, Nipe Bay, northern coast of Oriente Province, Cuba. Holotype: IOH 330. Paratypes: Cent. Invest. Mar. Univ. Habana 207 (1), 208 (1). Type catalog: Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:8 [ref. 35177]. •Status uncertain -- (Thomson 1997:545 [ref. 23428], Harrison et al. 2007:90 [ref. 29185]). •Valid as Mugil longicauda Guitart Manday & Alvarez-Lajonchere 1976 -- (Alvarez-Lajonchere & Alvarez-Lajonchere Ponce de León 2015:41 [ref. 34139], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:8 [ref. 35177] with authors as Guitart and Alvarez Lajonchère). Current status: Valid as Mugil longicauda Guitart Manday & Alvarez-Lajonchere 1976. Mugilidae. Distribution: Cuba. Habitat: brackish, marine. malayanus, Myxus Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1936:286 [Philippine Journal of Science v. 59 (no. 2); ref. 2125] North end of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype: CAS-SU 30975 (1 of 5). Paratypes: FMNH 46909 (2), CAS-SU 30975 (4, mixed with holotype). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:64 [ref. 12291], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:59 [ref. 12367]. •Status uncertain -- (Thomson 1997:545 [ref. 23428] but types not examined). •Questionable a synonym of Mugil broussonnetii Valenciennes 1836 -- (Harrison & Senou 1999:2095 [ref. 24780]). •Species inquirenda in Family Mugilidae -- (Kottelat 2013:275 [ref. 32989]). Mugilidae. Habitat: marine. margaritae, Mugil Menezes [N. A.], Nirchio [M.], Oliveira [C.] & Siccharamirez [R.] 2015:26, Fig. 10 [Zootaxa 3918 (no. 1); ref. 33678] Boca de Río/Nova Esparta, Isla Margarita, 10°58’14"N, 64°10’13"W, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV-V-35725. Paratypes: MBUCV, MZUSP, LBP. •Valid as Mugil margaritae Menezes, Nirchio, Oliveira & Siccharamirez 2015 -- (Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442]). Current status: Valid as Mugil margaritae Menezes, Nirchio, Oliveira & Siccharamirez 2015. Mugilidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Venezuela (Caribbean Sea). Habitat: marine. marginalis, Mugil De Vis [C. W.] 1885:870 [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 9 (pt 4); ref. 1091] Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Syntypes: ?QM I.121 (1), I.9774 (1). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Hoese & Bray 2006:681 [ref. 29000], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. metzelaari, Mugil Chabanaud [P.] 1926:12 [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 51 (no. 1); ref. 15581] Robertsport Grand Cape Mount, Liberia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 1647. Based on Mugil curema of Steindachner not of Valenciennes. Lectotype selected and figured in Boeseman 1963:48, Pl. 2 (fig. 3) [ref. 21734]. •Synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836 -- (Thomson 1990:859 [ref. 19180], Albaret in Lévêque et al. 1992:782 [ref. 21590], Thomson 1997:487 [ref. 23428], Mirande & Koerber 2015:55 [ref. 35117], Harrison 2016:2107 [ref. 34599]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. mexicanus, Mugil Steindachner [F.] 1875:86 [58], Pl. 8 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 72 (1. Abth.); ref. 4223] Acapulco, western Mexico. Holotype (unique): NMW 67346. On p. 58 of separate. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:628 [ref. 6363], Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:182 [ref. 24550], Minckley & Marsh 2009:273 [ref. 31114], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. monodi, Mugil Chabanaud [P.] 1926:8 [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 51 (no. 1); ref. 15581] Port Etienne (Lévrier Bay), Mauritania; Agadir, Morocco, western coast of Africa. Syntypes: BMNH 1927.6.8.2-3 (2); MNHN 1926-0001 to 0004 (4) Mauritania, 1926-0009 (1) Agadir. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:696 [ref. 21541]. •Synonym of Mugil capurrii (Perugia 1892) -- (Trewavas 1973:568 [ref. 7201], Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1202 [ref. 13677] as capurii, Thomson 1990:858 [ref. 19180] as cappurrii, Thomson 1997:482 [ref. 23428], Harrison 2016:2104 [ref. 34599]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil capurrii (Perugia 1892). Mugilidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. muelleri, Mugil Klunzinger [C. B.] 1879:259 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 16 (no. 22); ref. 18913] King George Sound, Western Australia. Holotype (unique): SMNS 2572 (not found, probably lost). Type catalog: Fricke 1992:13 [ref. 20296], Fricke 2005:49 [ref. 29864] dated 1880. Name appeared as Mülleri in original. Also appeared in Klunzinger 1880:395 [671 of separate] [ref. 2624]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Liu & Shen 1991:275 [ref. 19215] as mulleri, Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Hoese & Bray 2006:681 [ref. 29000], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. myxone, Mugil cephalus var. Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:33, 56 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989], Parenti 2019:103 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. niger, Myxus Mohr [E.] 1927:183, Fig. 5 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 54; ref. 15800] Lima, Peru. Lectotype: ZMH H174. Paralectotypes: (2). Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:162 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:405 [ref. 21161] as a syntype. Lectotype selected by Ladiges et al. 1958:162 [ref. 19181]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. our, Mugil crenilabis Fabricius [J. C.] in Niebuhr (ex Forsskål) 1775:74, xiv [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] [No locality stated] Red Sea. Holotype (unique): ZMUC P71372 (dry skin). Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:73 [ref. 9588]. Originally öur on p. 74, öûr on p. xiv; evidently not German so emendation to oeur is not made. Holotype figured in Klausewitz & Nielsen 1965:Pl. 36 [ref. 20847]. Mugil oecur Ogilby 1897 is a misspelling. Kottelat (2013) says Not available, vernacular name. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Berg 1949:992 [ref. 20662], Okada 1961:627 [ref. 6363], Dor 1984:192 [ref. 29757], Thomson 1986:348 [ref. 6215], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:896 [ref. 20764], Coad 1996:6 [ref. 23831] as oeur, Kottelat 1997:158 [ref. 22952], Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Harrison & Senou 1999:2096 [ref. 24780], as oeur and öur, Harrison 2003:1079 [ref. 27016], Ataur Rahman 2003:301 [ref. 31338] as oeur, Fricke 2008:21 [ref. 30182] with author as Fabricius, Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989], Harrison 2016:2105 [ref. 34599], Golani & Fricke 2018:119 [ref. 36273] as oeur). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. pacificus, Myxus Steindachner [F.] 1900:175 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 37 (no. 16) (for 21 June 1900); ref. 20498] Laysan Island, Leeward Islands, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): UMB (not found). Type catalog: Wahlert 1955:326 [ref. 21527]. Species later described in detail in Steindachner 1900:500 [ref. 14892] (p. 18 of separate). •Questionably a synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Mundy 2005:278 [ref. 28379]). •Possibly young of Chaenomugil leuciscus (Günther 1872) -- (Thomson 1997:545 [ref. 23428]). Current status: Uncertain as Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. peruanus, Mugil Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946:424, Fig. 82 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Independencia Bay, near La Lagunilla, Peru. Holotype: USNM 127877. Paratypes: (more than 100) BMNH 1949.5.18.5-8 [ex USNM] (4?), USNM 77563 (21), 775876 (5), 127877-84 (1, 51, 32, 9, 5, 1, 17, 9). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. petrosus, Mugil Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:89 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 11; ref. 1005] Cuba. Lectotype: MNHN A-3613. Paralectotypes: MNHN A-3611 (1) Suriname, A-3612 (1) Suriname, A-3614 (1) Vera Cruz, A-3615 (1) New York; ZMB 1825 [ex MNHN] (1) Rio de Janeiro. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:697-698 [ref. 21541]. As Mugil rupestris on p. ix. Lectotype selected by Harrison 1993:145 [ref. 21990]. •Synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836 -- (Thomson 1990:859 [ref. 19180], Harrison 1993:145 [ref. 21990], Thomson 1997:487 [ref. 23428] on MNHN A.3613, Mirande & Koerber 2015:55 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. platanus, Mugil Günther [A.] 1880:9 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 6 (no. 31) (art. 2); ref. 14279] Rio de la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Syntypes: (6) BMNH 1878.9.10.1-4 (4). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Harrison 2003:1079 [ref. 27016], Menni 2004:85 [ref. 28131]). •Valid as Mugil platanus Günther 1880 -- (López et al. 2003:78 [ref. 27366], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:65 [ref. 27192], González Castro et al. 2008:319 [ref. 29811], Mabragaña et al. 2011:table S2 [ref. 31800], Litz & Koerber 2014:33 [ref. 33622], Nión et al. 2016:41 [ref. 35565]). •Synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 -- (Menezes et al. 2010:61 [ref. 30860], Mirande & Koerber 2015:55 [ref. 35117], Pacheco-Almanzar et al. 2016:381 [ref. 34431], Carvalho-Filho 2023:200 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836. Mugilidae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay (if valid). Habitat: freshwater, brackish. plumieri, Mugil Bloch [M. E.] 1794:173, Pl. 396 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 8; ref. 463] St. Vincent Island, West Indies. No types known. On p. 136 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 11 [ref. 21381]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:628 [ref. 6363], Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Ross et al. 2001:347 [ref. 25978], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). •This was treated by de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302] as a sphyraenid and dating to Bloch & Schneider and placed in the synonymy of Sphyraena barracuda. •Possibly a synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 -- (see Menezes et al. 2010:66 [ref. 30860]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. provensalis, Mugil Risso [A.] 1810:346 [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Also listed as a synonym of Oedalechilus labeo (Cuvier 1829) -- (Trewavas 1973:573 [ref. 7201]). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Trewavas 1973:567 [ref. 7201], Kottelat 1997:158 [ref. 22952], Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Harrison 2003:7 [ref. 27341], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. rammelsbergii, Mugil Tschudi [J. J. von] 1846:20 [Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana; ref. 4469] San Lorenzo Island, Peru. Syntypes: ?MSNG 13911 [ex ZMB] (2); ZMB 1853-54 (1, 1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1963:334 [ref. 10350], Kottelat 1987:51 [ref. 25858]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:628 [ref. 6363], Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:463 [ref. 24023], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. robustus, Myxus Mohr [E.] 1927:189, Fig. 11 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 54; ref. 15800] Panama. Lectotype: ZMH H74. Paralectotypes: (14) ZMH H170 (1), ?ZMB 15886. Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:163 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:406 [ref. 21161] as syntypes. Lectotype selected by Ladiges et al. 1958:163 [ref. 19181]. Subjectively invalid; secondarily preoccupied in Mugil by Mugil robustus Günther 1861. •Synonym of Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892 -- (Thomson 1997:493 [ref. 23428], Britzke et al. 2019:397 [ref. 36980]). 2°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892. Mugilidae. Habitat: marine. rubrioculus, Mugil Harrison [I. J.], Nirchio [M.], Oliveira [C.], Ron [E.] & Gaviria [J.] 2007:80, Figs. 2 (a-c), 3 (a, b, d) [Journal of Fish Biology v. 71 (suppl. A); ref. 29185] Macanao peninsula at Boca del Rio, 10°57'48"N, 64°10'42"W, Margarita Island, Venezuela. Holotype: AMNH 238167. Paratypes: AMNH 238168 (2), 238169 (3). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Mugil rubrioculus Harrison, Nirchio, Oliveira, Ron & Gaviria 2007 -- (Durand et al. 2012:692 [ref. 32366], Page et al. 2013:99 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:31 [ref. 33341], Menezes et al. 2015:29 [ref. 33678], Alvarez-Lajonchere & Alvarez-Lajonchere Ponce de León 2015:41 [ref. 34139], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Marceniuk et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35324], Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Neves et al. 2020:[6] 168 [ref. 38248], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:274 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:200 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Mugil rubrioculus Harrison, Nirchio, Oliveira, Ron & Gaviria 2007. Mugilidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Florida (U.S.A.) south to Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), including eastern Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine. setosus, Mugil Gilbert [C. H.] 1892:549 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 14 (no. 880); ref. 1626] Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Islands, off western Mexico. Lectotype: USNM 46554. Paralectotypes: (many) CAS-SU 309 (5); USNM 48254 (1), 124990 (1), 445180 (3, ex USNM 46554). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:64 [ref. 12291], Britzke et al. 2019:397 [ref. 36980]. Lectotype designated by Britzke et al. 2019:397 [ref. 36980]. •Valid as Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892 -- (Harrison in Fischer et al. 1995:1298 [ref. 22830], Thomson 1997:493 [ref. 23428], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:180 [ref. 24550], Nelson et al. 2004:97 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:63 [ref. 37547], Page et al. 2013:99 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:442 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:607 [ref. 34923], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Britzke et al. 2019:397 [ref. 36980], Angulo et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37425], Angulo 2021:11 [ref. 38913], Love et al. 2021:92 [ref. 39279], Angulo et al. 2023:67 [ref. 40676], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:172, Valenzuela et al. 2023:96 [ref. 40815]). Current status: Valid as Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892. Mugilidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Tumbes (northern Peru), including Revillagigedo Islands (Mexico) and Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine. splendens, Myxus Mohr [E.] 1927:188, Fig. 10 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 54; ref. 15800] Sinaloa, northwestern Mexico. Lectotype: ZMH H73. Paralectotypes: (14) ZMH H171 (1), ?ZMB 14064. Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:163 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:406 [ref. 21161] as syntypes. Lectotype selected by Ladiges et al. 1958:163 [ref. 19181]. Secondarily preoccupied in Mugil by Mugil splendens De Vis 1885. •Synonym of Mugil curema Valenciennes 1836 -- (Thomson 1997:487 [ref. 23428], Mirande & Koerber 2015:55 [ref. 35117]). •Synonym of Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892. 2°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Mugil setosus Gilbert 1892. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. superficialis, Myxus Klunzinger [C. B.] 1870:831 [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 20; ref. 2621] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Syntypes: MCZ 3813 (2); SMF 1869 (2 or 3); SMNS 1743 or 1738 (3); ZIN 2640 (2, lost); ZMB 10511 (1), 7999 (3). Type catalog: Fricke 1992:13 [ref. 20296], Fricke 2005:49 [ref. 29864]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Dor 1984:192 [ref. 29757], Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989], Golani & Fricke 2018:119 [ref. 36273]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. tang, Mugil Bloch [M. E.] 1794:171, Pl. 395 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 8; ref. 463] Red Sea. Lectotype: ZMB 1785. Paralectotypes: ZMB (1, missing). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:102 [ref. 24282]. On p. 134 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 11 [ref. 21381]. Lectotype selected by Paepke 1999:102 [ref. 24282]. •Status uncertain -- (Trewavas 1973:567 [ref. 7201], Thomson 1997:545 [ref. 23428]). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:628 [ref. 6363], Kottelat 1997:158 [ref. 22952], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. thoburni, Mugil Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.] in Jordan & Evermann 1896:812 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 47; ref. 2443] Galápagos Islands. Lectotype: USNM 47576 [ex CAS-SU 1607]. Paralectotypes: CAS-SU 1607 (now 1), ZMB 15441 [ex SU] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:64 [ref. 12291]. Also described as new in Gilbert 1897:440 [ref. 1629] where lectotype was established by use of "type". •Valid as Xenomugil thoburni (Jordan & Starks 1896) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:194 [ref. 22193], Harrison in Fischer et al. 1995:1298 [ref. 22830], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:464 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:198 [ref. 24555], Nelson et al. 2004:97 [ref. 27807], Page et al. 2013:99 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:442 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:607 [ref. 34923], González-Murcia et al. 2019:294 [ref. 36544]). •Valid as Mugil thoburni Jordan & Starks 1896 -- (Thomson 1997:493 [ref. 23428], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:180 [ref. 24550], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:190 [ref. 30957], Durand et al. 2012:694 [ref. 32366], Durand & Borsa 2015:268 [ref. 34115], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442]). Current status: Valid as Mugil thoburni Jordan & Starks 1896. Mugilidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. tincoides, Myxus Mohr [E.] 1927:186, Fig. 8 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) v. 54; ref. 15800] Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, U.S.A. Lectotype: ZMH H72. Paralectotypes: ZMH H172 (1). Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:163 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:406 [ref. 21161] as syntypes. Lectotype selected by Ladiges et al. 1958:163 [ref. 19181]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). •Possibly a synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 -- (see Menezes et al. 2010:66 [ref. 30860]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. tongae, Mugil Günther [A.] 1880:58 [Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876 v. 1 (pt 6); ref. 2011] Tongatabu, Tonga Islands, Polynesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1879.4.14.497. Also published as new in Günther 1881:217 [ref. 14286]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Thomson 1997:485 [ref. 23428], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. trichilus, Mugil Vaillant [L. L.] & Sauvage [H.-E.] 1875:281 [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 3) v. 3; ref. 17853] Hawaiian Islands. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-8073 (3), 0000-8074 (3), A-0467 (2). Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1972:699-700 [ref. 21541]. •Synonym of Chaenomugil leuciscus (Günther 1872) -- (Thomson 1997:477 [ref. 23428], Kottelat 2013:282 [ref. 32989] with question). •Synonym of Neomyxus leuciscus (Günther 1872). •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758, but available as a Hawaiian subspecies if needed -- (Randall 2007:135 [ref. 30952]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. trichodon, Mugil Poey [F.] 1875:66, Pl. 8 (figs. 4-8) [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 11 (nos 3-4) (art. 6); ref. 18564] Cuba. No types known. Type catalog: Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:8 [ref. 35177]. •Valid as Mugil trichodon Poey 1875 -- (Cervigón 1992:363 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1993:384 [ref. 24474], Thomson 1997:494 [ref. 23428], González Bencomo et al. 1997:159 [ref. 24960], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:880 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:51 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:185 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:163 [ref. 25013], Camargo & Isaac 2001:141 [ref. 27639], Harrison 2003:1085 [ref. 27016], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:65 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:14 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:97 [ref. 27807], Harrison et al. 2007:92 [ref. 29185], Durand et al. 2012:692 [ref. 32366], Page et al. 2013:99 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:31 [ref. 33341], Menezes et al. 2015:31 [ref. 33678], Alvarez-Lajonchere & Alvarez-Lajonchere Ponce de León 2015:48 [ref. 34139], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:8 [ref. 35177], Durand 2016:32 [ref. 35589], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407], Neves et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37442], Angulo et al. 2023:68 [ref. 40676]). Current status: Valid as Mugil trichodon Poey 1875. Mugilidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. vulpinus, Mugil Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini) 1847:col. 127 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Not available, Chiereghini name mentioned in synonymy. •In the synonymy of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Kottelat 1997:158 [ref. 22952]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. xinguensis, Mugil Steindachner [F.] 1907:489 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 44 (no. 27) (for 19 Dec. 1907); ref. 18798] Providència, Rio Xingu, Brazil. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Mugil incilis Hancock 1830 -- (Thomson 1997:491 [ref. 23428], Menezes et al. 2015:24 [ref. 33678]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil incilis Hancock 1830. Mugilidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. |