Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Sphoeroides: [ 41 ] records

aerobaticus, Liosaccus Whitley [G. P.] 1928:237, Pl. 16 (fig. 2) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 4661] Off Montague Island, New South Wales, Australia, depth 70-100 fathoms. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.408. •Valid as Liosaccus aerobaticus Whitley 1928 -- (Hutchins 2001:48 [ref. 25847]). •Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848) -- (Hoese et al. 2006:1925 [ref. 29099]). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

ammocryptus, Tetraodon Gosse [P. H.] 1851:287 [A naturalist's sojourn in Jamaica; ref. 18149] Bluefields, Jamaica. Syntypes ?: BMNH 1846.7.10.9 (1, stuffed), 1846.10.28.26 (1). •Synonym of Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

andersonianus, Sphoeroides Morrow [J. E., Jr.] 1957:8, Fig. 2 [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 16 (art. 2); ref. 12093] Lobos de Afuera Island, Peru. Holotype: YPM 3734. Paratypes: (221) YPM 1418 (2), 1432 (72), 3735 (17), 3797 (99). Type catalog: Moore & Boardman 1991:26-27 [ref. 16741]. •Valid as Sphoeroides andersonianus Morrow 1957 -- (Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:146 [ref. 24555]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides andersonianus Morrow 1957. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific off Peru. Habitat: marine.

angusticeps, Tetrodon Jenyns [L.] 1842:154, Pl. 28 [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] San Cristóbal Island [Chatham Island], Galápagos Islands. Syntype or type: UMZC [Darwin no. 1265]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Valid as Sphoeroides angusticeps (Jenyns 1842) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:300 [ref. 22193], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:1634 [ref. 22830], Walker & Bussing 1996:677 [ref. 22229], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:650 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:147 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:517 [ref. 24550], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], Love et al. 2021:225 [ref. 39279]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides angusticeps (Jenyns 1842). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

annulatus, Tetrodon Jenyns [L.] 1842:153 [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] San Cristóbal Island [Chatham Island], Galápagos Islands. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1917.7.14.80. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Valid as Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:55 [ref. 39147] as Spheroides annulatus, Ovchynnyk 1967:44 [ref. 37559], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:298 [ref. 9277], Allen & Robertson 1994:300 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:156 [ref. 23101], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:1635 [ref. 22830], Walker & Bussing 1996:677 [ref. 22229], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:304 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:651 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:146 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:513 [ref. 24550], Lea & Rosenblatt 2000:126 [ref. 25206], Thomson et al. 2000:277 [ref. 25640], Ebert 2001:31 [ref. 25494], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:180 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], Angulo et al. 2013:1010 [ref. 33194], McMahan et al. 2013:454 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Barriga Salazar 2014:119 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:409 [ref. 34894], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:151 [ref. 34871], Kells et al. 2016:340 [ref. 35888], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:93 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:309 [ref. 36544], Love et al. 2021:225 [ref. 39279], Angulo et al. 2023:82 [ref. 40676], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:430 [ref. 40816], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:12 [ref. 40981]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern California (U.S.A.) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

asellus, Chelichthys Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.] 1849:641 [Reisen in Britisch-Guiana; ref. 3072] Barama River, northwestern Guyana. No types known. •Valid as Colomesus asellus (Müller & Troschel 1849) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:21 [ref. 9708], Cervigón 1992:448 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:117 [ref. 24489], Ebert 2001:19 [ref. 25494], Shipp 2003:1989 [ref. 27120], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:670 [ref. 27061], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27192] dated 1848, Amaral et al. 2013:1 [ref. 33364], Phillip et al. 2013:26 [ref. 32896], Barriga Salazar 2014:119 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:103 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:28 [ref. 39298], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:709 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:285 [ref. 40480]). •Valid as Sphoeroides asellus (Müller & Troschel 1849) -- (Araujo et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40392], Hunt et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40687]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides asellus (Müller & Troschel 1849). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Colombia south to Pará (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

camila, Sphoeroides Carvalho-Filho [A.], Rotundo [M. M.], Pitassy [D. E.] & Sazima [I.] in Araujo, Kurtz, Sazima, Carvalho, Floeter, Vilasboa et al. 2023:5, Figs. 3, 4B-D, 5A-C [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 199 (no. 4); ref. 40392] Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 22°52'S, 42°01'W. Holotype: MZUSP 126947. Paratypes: AZUSC, MCZ, MNRJ, MZUSP, NPM, UF, USNM, ZUEC. •Valid as Sphoeroides camila Carvalho-Filho, Rotundo, Pitassy & Sazima 2023. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides camila Carvalho-Filho, Rotundo, Pitassy & Sazima 2023. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: northern to southeastern Brazil; vagrants may occur in southern Caribbean. Habitat: marine.

cutaneus, Tetrodon Günther [A.] 1870:287 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] St. Helena; ? Cape of Good Hope. Syntypes: BMNH 1867.10.8.22-23 (2), BMNH 1859.5.7.25 (stuffed). Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Valid as Sphoeroides cutaneus (Günther 1870) -- (Tortonese 1973:646 [ref. 7192], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1345 [ref. 13677]). •Valid as Sphoeroides cutaneus (Günther 1870) -- (Jardas & Pallaoro 1996:83 [ref. 23507]). •Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848) -- (Edwards & Glass 1987:670 [ref. 9166], Shipp 1990:1072 [ref. 19531], Lindberg et al. 1997:169 [ref. 23547], Mendiola 2005:6 [ref. 28208], Mundy 2005:536 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:495 [ref. 30952]). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

dorsalis, Sphoeroides Longley [W. H.] 1934:259 [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 33; ref. 13896] Tortugas, Florida, U.S.A. Lectotype: USNM 109179. Paralectotypes: USNM 109180 (4). Lectotype from museum records, not designated here. •Valid as Sphoeroides dorsalis Longley 1934 -- (Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:475 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:306 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:183 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:449 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:122 [ref. 24489], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:514 [ref. 24550], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:171 [ref. 27754], Shipp 2003:1996 [ref. 27120], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:924 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:88 [ref. 33341], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:713 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:284 [ref. 40480], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides dorsalis Longley 1934. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

dubius, Spheroides von Bonde [C.] 1923:40, Pl. 2 (fig. 3) [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 3 (art. 1); ref. 521] KwaZulu-Natal coast, 29°25'22"S, 31°24'E, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pickle station 179, depth 27 fathoms. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 803. Type information: Winterbottom 1974:8 [ref. 19544]. Original genus should have been Sphoeroides. •Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848) -- (Smith & Heemstra 1986:902 [ref. 5714], Mendiola 2005:6 [ref. 28208]). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

fasciatus, Tetrodon Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:508 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] No locality. Based on Seba 1758:60, Pl. 24 (fig. 1). Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Synonym of Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Tyler 1964:144 [ref. 22575] with question, Ebert 2001:91 [ref. 25494]). •Species inquirenda in Tetraodontidae -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:670 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Sphoeroides psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Current status: Uncertain as Sphoeroides psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

fuerthii, Tetrodon Steindachner [F.] 1876:70 [22] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] (Pacific) Panama. Syntypes: (several) NMW 64233 (1), 64341 (2). On p. 22 of separate. Species originally spelled fürthii. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Synonym of Sphoeroides trichocephalus (Cope 1870) -- (Shipp 1971:569 [ref. 22196] but as furthii). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides trichocephalus (Cope 1870). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

geometricus, Anchisomus Richardson [J.] (ex Kaup) 1854:156, Pl. 30 [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Herald; ref. 3746] Galápagos Islands. Syntypes: (2) BMNH 1853.10.27.1 (1). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

geometricus, Tetrodon Günther [A.] 1868:489 [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 6 (pt 7, no. 14); ref. 1994] Panama. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1864.1.26.411. Apparently described independently of (and preoccupied by) Tetraodon geometricus Bloch & Schneider 1801; objectively invalid. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Replaced by Tetrodon heraldi Günther 1870. 1°Homonym. Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

georgemilleri, Sphoeroides Shipp [R. L.] 1972:132, Fig. 4 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 124 (no. 6); ref. 7591] Caribbean Sea, off Colombia, 8°59'N, 76°39-42.8'W, depth 12 fathoms. Holotype: ANSP 110218. Paratypes: ANSP 117319 (5, 1 c&s), UF 230327 [ex UMML 30327] (1). Non-types?: UF 222262 [ex UMML 22262] (2), 230327 [ex UMML 30327] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:161 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Sphoeroides georgemilleri Shipp 1972 -- (Shipp 2003:1997 [ref. 27120]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides georgemilleri Shipp 1972. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea: Colombia. Habitat: marine.

greeleyi, Spheroides Gilbert [C. H.] 1900:176, Pl. 9 (fig. 4) [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 2; ref. 1630] Reef near Maceio, Brazil. Holotype: CAS-SU 6308. Paratypes: CAS-SU 68632 [ex CAS-SU 6308] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:145 [ref. 12291]. Original genus should have been Sphoeroides. •Valid as Sphoeroides greeleyi Gilbert 1900 -- (Cervigón 1992:449 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:123 [ref. 24489], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Camargo & Isaac 2001:146 [ref. 27639], Shipp 2003:1998 [ref. 27120], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:71 [ref. 27621], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:88 [ref. 33341], Costa et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35684], Spier et al. 2018:19 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:9 [ref. 36717], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:714 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:284 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides greeleyi Gilbert 1900. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Mexico south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including southern Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Habitat: brackish, marine.

heraldi, Tetrodon Günther [A.] 1870:283 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Eastern Pacific. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.10.27.1 (1), 1864.1.26.411 (1). Replacement name, based on Anchisomus geometricus of Richardson (ex Kaup) (not of Bloch & Schneider) and Tetrodon geometricus Günther 1868. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Replacement Name. Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

joani, Spheroides Serrano [A.] 1929:9, fig. 24 [El Tabano, Organo del los Estudiantes del Colegio Nacional, Paraná, Argentina v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 34188] Rio de la Plata, Argentina, southwestern Atlantic Ocean. No types known. •Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

kendalli, Sphoeroides Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1928:819, Pl. 79 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 15 (publ. 249); ref. 2964] Balboa, Canal Zone, (Pacific) Panama. Holotype: USNM 80952. Paratypes: FMNH 8492 (1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:80 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Sphoeroides kendalli Meek & Hildebrand 1928 -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:156 [ref. 23101], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:1635 [ref. 22830], Walker & Bussing 1996:677 [ref. 22229], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:147 [ref. 24555], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:432 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides kendalli Meek & Hildebrand 1928. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

laevissimus, Tetraodon Bowdich [S. L.] 1825:233, Fig. 48 misprinted 18 (see p. xii) [Fishes of Madeira; ref. 590] Off Madeira, eastern Atlantic. No types known. •Unused senior synonym of Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe 1838) -- (Parenti 2019:7 [ref. 36934]). •To be called a nomen oblitum, Paulo Parenti, pers. comm., 16 Oct. 2017. Nomen Oblitum. Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe 1838). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

lioderma, Thecapteryx Fowler [H. W.] 1948:1, Figs. 1-3 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 208; ref. 1459] Off Ventnor, New Jersey, U.S.A., depth 50 fathoms. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71739. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:161 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848) -- (Mendiola 2005:6 [ref. 28208]). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: marine.

lispus, Sphoeroides Walker [H. J., Jr.] in Walker & Bussing 1996:678, Fig. 1 [Copeia 1996 (no. 3); ref. 22229] Gulf of California, Bahia de Los Angeles, 28°54.2'N, 113°30.4'W, Mexico. Holotype: SIO 62-213. Paratypes: CAS 117769 (12); LACM 32089-1 (1), 38099-4 (1), 38216-28 (2); SIO 08-186 (1) (ex UCLA W50-67), 15-186 (33) (ex UCLA W51-15), 15-2230 (6) (ex UCLA W49-129), 61-180 (1), 61-185 to 186 (6, 49), 61-259 (1), 62-213 to 214 (17, 75), 62-217 (1), 62-222 (2), 62-229 (1), 64-831 (3), 65-177 (1), 65-286 (1), 65-297 (225) (ex UCLA W65-62), 65-336 (1), 68-147 (5), 68-165 (1); UCLA W50-51 (4), W50-57 (35), W55-97 (2), W53-89 (7), W56-117 (19); UCR 2439-1 (3), 2440-1 (4); USNM 337590 (4). Type catalog: Angulo et al. 2015:383 [ref. 35212]. •Valid as Sphoeroides lispus Walker 1996 -- (De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:304 [ref. 24545], De la Cruz-Agüero & Cota-Gómez 1998:357 [ref. 23520], Cota-Gómez et al. 1998:104 [ref. 24503], Thomson et al. 2000:278 [ref. 25640], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:180 [ref. 37547], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Love et al. 2021:225 [ref. 39279], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides lispus Walker 1996. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of central and southern Baja California (Mexico), and Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

lobatus, Canthogaster Steindachner [F.] 1870:640 [18], Pl. 5 (fig. 3) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 61 (1. Abth.); ref. 4218] Altata, west coast of Mexico, eastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): NMW. On p. 18 of separate. •Valid as Sphoeroides lobatus (Steindachner 1870) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:55 [ref. 39147] as Spheroides lobatus, Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:299 [ref. 9277], Pequeño 1989:77 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:301 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:156 [ref. 23101], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:1635 [ref. 22830], Walker & Bussing 1996:677 [ref. 22229], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:304 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:653 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:145 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:516 [ref. 24550], Lea & Rosenblatt 2000:126 [ref. 25206], Thomson et al. 2000:278 [ref. 25640], Ebert 2001:77 [ref. 25494], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:180 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], McMahan et al. 2013:454 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Barriga Salazar 2014:119 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:409 [ref. 34894], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:612 [ref. 34923], Fourriére et al. 2016:451 [ref. 34668], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:151 [ref. 34871], Kells et al. 2016:340 [ref. 35888], González-Murcia et al. 2019:309 [ref. 36544], Walker et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37499], Love et al. 2021:226 [ref. 39279], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:433 [ref. 40816], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:12 [ref. 40981]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides lobatus (Steindachner 1870). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern California (U.S.A.) south to Chile, including southern and central Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: brackish, marine.

maculatus, Tetrodon hispidus var. Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] (ex Schöpf) 1801:504 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] 3.2 miles north of Northport, New York, U.S.A. Neotype: UF 12303. Type catalog: Gilbert 1974:113 [ref. 21035]. Based on a spotted variety of Tetrodon hispidus described from New York and Rhode Island (U.S.A.) by Schöpf 1788:190 [ref. 18700]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Neotype selected by Gilbert 1974:113 [ref. 21035]. •Valid as Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Smith 1986:460 [ref. 22186], Robins & Ray 1986:307 [ref. 23100], Scott & Scott 1988:568 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:227 [ref. 14674], Cervigón 1992:450 [ref. 23827], Murdy et al. 1997:268 [ref. 23144], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:171 [ref. 27754], Ebert 2001:77 [ref. 25494], Klein-MacPhee in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:598 [ref. 26158], Shipp 2003:1999 [ref. 27120], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], García-Hernández et al. 2009:94 [ref. 37265], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: including Gulf of Mexico. Habitat: brackish, marine.

marmoratus, Tetrodon Lowe [R. T.] 1838:193 [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 2 (pt 3, art. 14); ref. 2831] Off Madeira. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1855.11.29.28. Le Danois 1962:470 [ref. 21440] wrongly treated Tetrodon marmoratus Valenciennes 1843 as an original description with a holotype and paratype, but it is just a subsequent use of Tetrodon marmoratus Lowe 1838. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. Precoccupied by the unused name Tetraodon laevissimus Bowdich 1825, but to be called a nomen protectum, Paulo Parenti, pers. comm., 16 Oct. 2017. •Valid as Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe 1838) -- (Shipp 1990:1071 [ref. 19531], Galeote & Otero 1996:3 [ref. 22883], Santos et al. 1997:115 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:123 [ref. 24952], Afonso et al. 1999:81 [ref. 25466], Galeote 2001:314 [ref. 26422], Ebert 2001:92 [ref. 25494], Mendiola 2005:5 [ref. 28208], Vacchi et al. 2007:1216 [ref. 37493], Wirtz et al. 2007:43 [ref. 30263], Bañón & Santás 2011:1574 [ref. 31248], Wirtz et al. 2013:137 [ref. 32972], Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3072 [ref. 34618], Carneiro et al. 2019:225 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:309 [ref. 38139], Kovačić et al. 2021:63 [ref. 39014], Tiralongo & Azzurro in Tsagarakis et al. 2021:631 [ref. 38798], Fermon et al. 2022:307 [ref. 39448], Araujo et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40392], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687]). Nomen Protectum. Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe 1838). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Portugal south to Angola, including Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

melanostictus, Liosaccus Fowler [H. W.] 1944:340, 352, Fig. 267 [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 6; ref. 1448] James Bay, James Island, Galápagos Islands. Holotype: ANSP 70136. Paratypes: ANSP 70137 (1), 70260 (1, missing). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:161 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842) -- (Ebert 2001:92 [ref. 25494]). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

nephelus, Tetrodon Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.] 1882:412 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 297); ref. 1840] Indian River, Florida, U.S.A. Lectotype: USNM 31428. Paralectotypes: USNM 26570 (1), 31427 (1). Lectotype established (as figured specimen) in caption to Pl. 264, p. 3286 in Jordan & Evermann 1900 [ref. 2446]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Valid as Sphoeroides nephelus (Goode & Bean 1882) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:307 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:183 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:450 [ref. 23827], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:514 [ref. 24550], Ebert 2001:77 [ref. 25494], Shipp 2003:2000 [ref. 27120], Smith et al. 2003:71 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:925 [ref. 28815], García-Hernández et al. 2009:94 [ref. 37265], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36407], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:715 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:284 [ref. 40480], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides nephelus (Goode & Bean 1882). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Bahia (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Habitat: brackish, marine.

pachygaster, Tetrodon (Cheilichthys) Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.] in Schomburgk 1848:677 [20] [The history of Barbados; comprising a geographical description of the island and an account of its geology and natural productions.; ref. 17812] Barbados, West Indies. Holotype (unique): ZMB 4290. Appeared first as above; reprinted in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1848:20. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Valid as Liosaccus pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848) -- (Amaoka in Okamura et al. 1982:305, 410 [ref. 8256]). •Valid as Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848) -- (Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:476 [ref. 14275], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:364 [ref. 6441], Matsuura in Okamura et al. 1985:641, 750 [ref. 8056], Robins & Ray 1986:308 [ref. 23100], Smith & Heemstra 1986:902 [ref. 5714], Edwards & Glass 1987:670 [ref. 9166], Scott & Scott 1988:568 [ref. 25518], Pequeño 1989:77 [ref. 14125], Paulin et al. 1989:245 [ref. 24556], McAllister 1990:227 [ref. 14674], Matsuura in Amaoka et al. 1990:334 [ref. 16024], Shipp 1990:1072 [ref. 19531], Boschung 1992:183 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:450 [ref. 23827], Arculeo et al. 1994:209 [ref. 22333], Golani 1996:30 [ref. 22271], Cervigón 1996:125 [ref. 24489], Matsuura & Tyler 1997:202 [ref. 23219], Shinohara et al. 1996:184 [ref. 26605], Santos et al. 1997:115 [ref. 23531], Lindberg et al. 1997:169 [ref. 23547], Arruda 1997:123 [ref. 24952], Bedini 1998:94 [ref. 24057], Savinykh & Balanov 1999:424 [ref. 24871], Díaz de Astarloa et al. 2000:401 [ref. 24427], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:649 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1421 [ref. 25182], Hutchins 2001:48 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3957 [ref. 26317], Shinohara et al. 2001:337 [ref. 25995], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:158 [ref. 26753], Dulĉić 2002:133 [ref. 26085], Nakabo 2002:1421 [ref. 26193], Shipp 2003:2000 [ref. 27120], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S124 [ref. 27377], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27192], Parin 2003:S34 [ref. 28536], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], Golani 2005:65 [ref. 37112], Mendiola 2005:6 [ref. 28208], Shinohara et al. 2005:444 [ref. 28370], Mundy 2005:536 [ref. 28379], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:926 [ref. 28815], Hoese et al. 2006:1925 [ref. 29099], Fricke et al. 2007:118 [ref. 29533], Randall 2007:495 [ref. 30952], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:76 [ref. 36649], Motomura et al. 2010:238 [ref. 31256], Bañón & Santás 2011:1574 [ref. 31248], Shinohara et al. 2011:58 [ref. 31715], Mabragaña et al. 2011:table S2 [ref. 31800], Di Dario et al. 2013:264 [ref. 37503], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:137 [ref. 32972], Catelani et al. 2014:933 [ref. 37496], Shinohara et al. 2014:279 [ref. 33330], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:88 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:12 [ref. 33516], Parin et al. 2014:552 [ref. 33547], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:119 [ref. 36167], Lins Oliveira et al. 2015:191 [ref. 37485], Stewart & Roberts 2015:1739 [ref. 34322], Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3073 [ref. 34618], Koeda et al. 2016:115 [ref. 35333], Nión et al. 2016:56 [ref. 35565], Fricke et al. 2018:389 [ref. 35805], Brown et al. 2019:184 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:225 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:102 [ref. 36864], Iglésias et al. 2019:282 [ref. 37098], Ribeiro et al. 2019:9 [ref. 36717], Bariche & Fricke 2020:151 [ref. 37515], Kara et al. 2020:56 [ref. 37896], Kim et al. 2020:203 [ref. 39118], Kovačić et al. 2020:35 [ref. 37519], Psomadakis et al. 2020:624 [ref. 37272], Sonoyama et al. 2020:131 [ref. 37637], Ergüden et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38893], Golani 2021:89 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:63 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:307 [ref. 39448], Matsuura 2022:472 [ref. 40261], Ramachandran et al. 2022:567 [ref. 39560], Araujo et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40392], Carvalho-Filho 2023:285 [ref. 40480], Devi et al. 2023:448 [ref. 40401], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:117 [ref. 40726]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel 1848). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Japan). Habitat: marine.

parvus, Sphoeroides Shipp [R. L.] & Yerger [R. W.] 1969:478, Figs. 1, 3b [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 82; ref. 7846] Center of Mobile Bay, Alabama, U.S.A. Holotype: USNM 203248 [ex FSU 15365]. Paratypes: AMNH 27399 [ex FSU 15365] (10); ANSP 97647 (51), 98275 (2), 98279 (2); BLBG uncat. (1); BLGT (1, 2, 1, 3); FMNH 74783 [ex FSU 15365] (10); IMS 614 (3), 619 (8), 622 (4), 624 (1); MCZ 46203 [es FSU 15365] (10); MNHN 1985-1123 (4); TU 9381 (1), 19038 (2), 22573 (14); UA 62 (5), 296 (15), 397 (5), 625 (22), 1290 (17); UF 2731 (2), 4437 (8), 65364 [ex FSU 15364] (35, now 5), 65365 [ex FSU 15365] (176), 202618 [ex UMML 2618] (1); plus non-types. Type catalog: Suttkus 1970:128 [ref. 20861], Gilbert 1974:113 [ref. 21035], Böhlke 1984:161 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:80 [ref. 12367], Bart & Taylor 1993:67 [ref. 20906]. •Valid as Sphoeroides parvus Shipp & Yerger 1969 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:307 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:183 [ref. 23239], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:516 [ref. 24550], Ebert 2001:77 [ref. 25494], Shipp 2003:2001 [ref. 27120], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:921 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36407], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides parvus Shipp & Yerger 1969. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

psittacinus, Orbis Billberg [G. J.] 1833:53 [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] India [erroneous, should be Western Atlantic] Syntypes: ZMUU Linn. Coll. 47 (1). Based on "Peroquet [sic] Lacep.", i.e. "Le Tétrodon perroquet" of Lacepède 1798:477 [ref. 2708], which is based on Tetraodon testudineus Linnaeus 1758; see Kullander 2016:114 [ref. 34147]. •Synonym of Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Kullander 2016:114 [ref. 34147]). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

psittacus, Tetrodon Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:505, Pl. 95 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean [in error]. Syntypes: ZMB 4297 (3). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:150 [ref. 24282]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Valid as Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Tyler 1964:141 [ref. 22575], Ovchynnyk 1967:44 [ref. 37559], Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:478 [ref. 14275], Cervigón 1992:448 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:117 [ref. 24489], Keith et al. 2000:262 [ref. 24547], Ebert 2001:20 [ref. 25494], Camargo & Isaac 2001:146 [ref. 27639], Shipp 2003:1993 [ref. 27120], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:670 [ref. 27061], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27192].Phillip et al. 2013:26 [ref. 32896], Amaral et al. 2013:1 [ref. 33364], Marceniuk et al. 2017:42 [ref. 35324], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:710 [ref. 38945], Koerber et al. 2022:80 [ref. 39235], Carvalho-Filho 2023:285 [ref. 40480]). •Valid as Sphoeroides psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Araujo et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40392], Koerber et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40665]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Cuba south to Bahia (Brazil), including northern and southeastern Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2020): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.

rosenblatti, Sphoeroides Bussing [W. A.] in Walker & Bussing 1996:680, Figs. 2B, 3B, 4B, 5A [Copeia 1996 (no. 3); ref. 22229] Golfo de Nicoya, Estero de Punta Morales, 10°04.1'N, 84°57.3'W, Costa Rica. Holotype: SIO 95-8 [ex UCR 1270]. Paratypes: LACM 46002-1 (3), 46067-1 (3), 46068-1 (2); SIO 95-10 (3); UCR 32-18 (2), 36-7 (1), 105-3 (1), 171-2 (1), 272-4 (1), 420-16 (18), 421-7 (1), 598-3 (2), 1147-3 (8), 1268-4 (14), 1270-13 (7), 1340-3 (1), 1359-15 (1), 1535-8 (4), 1536-2 (1), 1543-7 (1), 1544-3 (1), 1645-2 (2), 1793-6 (12), 1869-1 (2), 2183-9 (3); USNM 337536 (4). Type catalog: Angulo et al. 2015:384 [ref. 35212]. •Valid as Sphoeroides rosenblatti Bussing 1996 -- (Angulo et al. 2013:1011 [ref. 33194], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:93 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:309 [ref. 36544], Angulo 2021:16 [ref. 38913]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides rosenblatti Bussing 1996. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

sechurae, Sphoeroides Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946:486, Fig. 92 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Sechura Bay - Nonora Bay, Peru, 5°32'S, 81°07'W. Holotype: USNM 128122. Paratypes: USNM 88816 (3), 107149 (1), 119746 (2), 127048 (1), 128123 (25, 1 c&s), 128124 (3). •Valid as Sphoeroides sechurae Hildebrand 1946 -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:156 [ref. 23101], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:1636 [ref. 22830], Walker & Bussing 1996:677 [ref. 22229], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:304 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:146 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:516 [ref. 24550], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:181 [ref. 37547], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Love et al. 2021:226 [ref. 39279], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:434 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides sechurae Hildebrand 1946. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern tip of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including southern and central Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

semispinosus, Tetrodon Fréminville [C. P. P.] 1813:253, Pl. 4 (fig. 6) [Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique, Paris. v. 3 (no. 67); ref. 18094] Seas of Santo Domingo. Syntypes: MNHN A-5257 (2). Type catalog: Le Danois 1962:473 [ref. 21440]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Questionably a synonym of Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Tyler 1964:144 [ref. 22575]). •Species inquirenda in Tetraodontidae -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:670 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Sphoeroides psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Current status: Uncertain as Sphoeroides psittacus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

spengleri, Tetrodon Bloch [M. E.] 1785:135, Pl. 144 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 1; ref. 4866] Seas of East Indies (erroneous, should be West Indies). Syntypes: ZMB 4239 (2). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:150 [ref. 24282]. On p. 134 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 4 [ref. 21381]. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Valid as Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch 1785) -- (Tortonese 1973:646 [ref. 7192], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1345 [ref. 13677], Robins & Ray 1986:306 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:183 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:449 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:126 [ref. 24489], Aguilera 1998:54 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:515 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:356 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:171 [ref. 27754], Ebert 2001:78 [ref. 25494], Rocha & Rosa 2001:992 [ref. 25909], Camargo & Isaac 2001:146 [ref. 27639], Shipp 2003:2003 [ref. 27120], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:71 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:928 [ref. 28815], García-Hernández et al. 2009:94 [ref. 37265], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Catelani et al. 2014:933 [ref. 37496], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:88 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:35 [ref. 34324], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36407], Spier et al. 2018:19 [ref. 36103], Carneiro et al. 2019:226 [ref. 37250], Ribeiro et al. 2019:9 [ref. 36717], Robertson et al. 2020:164 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:78 [ref. 38844], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:716 [ref. 38945], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:73 [ref. 39585], Araujo et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40392], Carvalho-Filho 2023:284 [ref. 40480] as aff. spengleri, Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch 1785). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Massachusetts (U.S.A.) and Bermuda south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2014): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.

testudineus, Tetraodon Linnaeus [C.] 1758:332 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] India [erroneous, probably meaning West Indies]. Syntypes: ZMUU Linn. Coll. 47 (1). Type catalog: Lönnberg 1896:21 [ref. 23530], Wheeler 1991:190-191, Fig. 28 [ref. 20102]. Based on the 'Ostracion oblongus glaber' of Artedi 1738:60 [ref. 30578] and 1738:86 [ref. 30349], which was based on the 'Orbis oblongus testudinis capite' of Clusius 1605:141 [ref. 38022], Willughby 1686: 147 (not 149) [ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:42 [ref. 30231]; and the 'Ostracion oblongus glaber' of Linnaeus 1749:309, Pl. 2 (fig. 3) [ref. 38023]. •Valid as Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:474 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:307 [ref. 23100], Cervigón 1992:450 [ref. 23827], Andreata & Séret 1996:590 [ref. 16204], Cervigón 1996:128 [ref. 24489], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:258 [ref. 22947], Aguilera 1998:54 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:513 [ref. 24550], Keith et al. 2000:264 [ref. 24547], Marín 2000:80 [ref. 26252], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:171 [ref. 27754], Ebert 2001:31 [ref. 25494], Shipp 2003:2004 [ref. 27120], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:71 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:931 [ref. 28815], García-Hernández et al. 2009:94 [ref. 37265], Matamoros et al. 2009:27 [ref. 31241], Angulo et al. 2013:1011 [ref. 33194], Di Dario et al. 2013:264 [ref. 37503], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Catelani et al. 2014:933 [ref. 37496], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:88 [ref. 33341], Robertson et al. 2016:148 [ref. 34961], Marceniuk et al. 2017:42 [ref. 35324], Costa et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35684], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36407], Spier et al. 2018:19 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:9 [ref. 36717], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:78 [ref. 38844], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:717 [ref. 38945], Angulo et al. 2023:82 [ref. 40676], Carvalho-Filho 2023:285 [ref. 40480], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: New York (U.S.A.) south to Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

tocantinensis, Colomesus Amaral [C. R. J.], Brito [P. M.], Silva [D. A.] & Carvalho [E. F.] 2013:9, Figs. 6a, 7-9A-B, 10A, 11-12, 10A, 13A [PLoS ONE v. 8 (no. 9): e74397; ref. 33364] Tocantins River, near Porto Nacional, State of Tocantins, Brazil. Holotype: PNT.UERJ 405. Paratypes: PNT.UERJ 396-404. •Valid as Colomesus tocantinensis Amaral, Brito, Silva & Carvalho 2013 -- (Silvano et al. 2020:411 [ref. 38134]). •Valid as Sphoeroides tocantinensis (Amaral, Brito, Silva & Carvalho 2013) -- (Araujo et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40392]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides tocantinensis (Amaral, Brito, Silva & Carvalho 2013). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: South America: Tocantins River, Amazon basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

trichocephalus, Tetraodon Cope [E. D.] 1870:120 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 22; ref. 18030] (Pacific) Panama [not Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.A.]. Holotype (unique): ANSP 685. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:161 [ref. 13621]. Locality corrected to Gulf of Panama in Shipp 1971:569 [ref. 22196]. •Valid as Sphoeroides trichocephalus (Cope 1870) -- (Shipp 1971:569 [ref. 22196], Pequeño 1989:77 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:300 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:156 [ref. 23101], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:1637 [ref. 22830], Walker & Bussing 1996:677 [ref. 22229], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:145 [ref. 24555], Nelson et al. 2004:185 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:181 [ref. 37547], Page et al. 2013:191 [ref. 32708], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:408 [ref. 34894], González-Murcia et al. 2019:309 [ref. 36544], Hunt et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40687], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:435 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides trichocephalus (Cope 1870). Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of southern Baja California Sur (Mexico); southern Mexico south to Chile. Habitat: marine.

turgidus, Tetrodon Mitchill [S. L.] 1815:473, Pl. 6 (fig. 5) [Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York v. 1 (art. 5) (for 1814); ref. 13292] New York, U.S.A. No types known. Original genus should have been spelled Tetraodon. •Valid as Tetrodon turgidus Mitchill 1815 -- (Herrera 1896:75 [ref. 39336]). •Synonym of Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Smith 1986:460 [ref. 22186], Ebert 2001:92 [ref. 25494]). Current status: Synonym of Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Tetraodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

tyleri, Sphoeroides Shipp [R. L.] 1972:131, Fig. 3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 124 (no. 6); ref. 7591] Caribbean Sea, off Suriname, 6°50'N, 54°04'W, depth 28 fathoms. Holotype: ANSP 117311. Paratypes: ANSP 100131 (2), 101359 (1), 101361 (3), 101832 (1), 117317 (1); RMNH 26577 (1); UF 230321-26 [ex UMML 30321-26] (1, 3, 2, 5, 1, 5). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:161 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Sphoeroides tyleri Shipp 1972 -- (Cervigón 1996:130 [ref. 24489], Shipp 2003:2005 [ref. 27120], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27192], Ribeiro et al. 2019:9 [ref. 36717], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:718 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:285 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides tyleri Shipp 1972. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Colombia south to anta Catarina (Brazil), including southern Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

yergeri, Sphoeroides Shipp [R. L.] 1972:129, Fig. 2 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 124 (no. 6); ref. 7591] Off Honduras, Caribbean Sea, 15°49.5'N, 83°44'W, depth 17 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 206479. Paratypes: UF 73380 [ex FSU 23380] (3), 73393 [ex FSU 23393] (2), 73397 [ex FSU 23397] (7), 73400 [ex FSU 23400] (1), 75256 [ex FSU 25256] (orig. 8, now 7), 223787 [ex UMML 23787] (1), 230315-19 [ex UMML 30315-18] (41, 1, 1, 4), 230319 [ex UMML 30319] (3, now 0), 230320 [ex UMML 30320] (11, now 0). •Valid as Sphoeroides yergeri Shipp 1972 -- (Shipp 2003:2006 [ref. 27120]). Current status: Valid as Sphoeroides yergeri Shipp 1972. Tetraodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Central America. Habitat: marine.