clavata, Raja Linnaeus [C.] 1758:232 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea and northeastern Atlantic [original: "in Oceano Europæo"]; localities include Germany, North Sea; Marseille, France; Italy; Greece, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: NRM 9072 (1). Lectotype or neotype fixation needed. Neotype designated by Fricke 1999:17 [ref. 24101], but withdrawn in Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. Originally based on multiple species and at least 29 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:71 [ref. 30578], Artedi 1738:103 [ref. 30529] and Artedi 1738:99 [ref. 30349] as Raja aculeata, dentibus tuberculosis; Rondeletius 1554:353, 354 [ref. 30354] as Raia clauata and Raia clauata altera, Willughby 1686:74[ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:26 [ref. 30231] as Raia clavata. •See also Compagno et al. 1991:98 [ref. 21083]. •Valid as Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dyldin 2015:71 [ref. 34524]). •Valid as Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Herrera 1896:14 [ref. 39336] with genus as Raia and author as Rondelet, Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168], Capapé & Desoutter 1981:23 [ref. 20635], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:184 [ref. 13675], Hulley 1986:120 [ref. 5672], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Stehmann 1990:38 [ref. 19316], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:92 [ref. 25472], Santos et al. 1997:15 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:22 [ref. 24952], Fricke 1999:30 [ref. 24106], Capapé et al. 1999:52 [ref. 25276], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Fricke 1999:17 [ref. 24101], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:23 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:13 [ref. 37112], Fricke 2007:25 [ref. 30577], Fricke et al. 2007:18 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:20 [ref. 30517], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:163 [ref. 31251], George 2009:57 [ref. 30539], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:14 [ref. 36649], Parin et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33547], Ball et al. 2016:567 [ref. 36106], Gordon et al. 2016:267 [ref. 34661], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:320 [ref. 35000], McEachran & Séret 2016:1399 [ref. 34551], Weigmann 2016:118 [ref. 34211], Biscoito et al. 2018:478 [ref. 37562], Fricke et al. 2018:24 [ref. 35805], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:150 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:45 [ref. 37250], Bariche & Fricke 2020:26 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Abliazov et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38576], Arroyo Martínez 2021:78 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:11 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:16 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:14 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:50 [ref. 39527], Dyldin et al. 2022:[8] [ref. 39193], Fermon et al. 2022:104 [ref. 39448], Niță et al. 2022:127 [ref. 40471], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810]). Current status: Valid as Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Distribution: Baltic Sea; North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: Iceland and central Norway south to South Africa, including Madeira; southwestern Indian Ocean: South Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes). Habitat: brackish, marine.
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