Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Cathorops: [ 35 ] records

agassizii, Tachisurus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:145 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Rio Grande do Sul [probably erroneous], Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 7670. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155]. Original genus should have been spelled Trachysurus. •Valid as Arius agassizii (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Burgess 1989:168 [ref. 12860] as agassizi). •Valid as Cathorops agassizii (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Camargo & Isaac 2001:145 [ref. 27639], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Marceniuk & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:42 [ref. 27192], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk 2005:97 [ref. 28718], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:40 [ref. 29031] as agassizi, Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155], Betancur-R. et al. 2007:349 [ref. 29268], Marceniuk 2007:368 [ref. 29509], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:42 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:247 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2012:91 [ref. 31865], Marceniuk et al. 2012:666 [ref. 32225], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Marceniuk et al. 2017:38 [ref. 35324], Marceniuk in Marceniuk et al. 2021:166 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:73 [ref. 40480] as agassizi, Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422], Lutz et al. 2024:8 [ref. 41548]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops agassizii (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: South America: French Guiana and north and northeastern Brazil (Brazil and French Guiana). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

aguadulce, Galeichthys Meek [S. E.] 1904:9, Pl. 4 [Field Columbian Museum, Zoölogical Series v. 5; ref. 2958] Río Tesechocán at Pérez, Veracruz, Río Papaloapam basin, Mexico. Holotype (unique): FMNH 4678. Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:36 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Arius aguadulce (Meek 1904) -- (Burgess 1989:168 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as "Cathorops" aguadulce (Meek 1904) -- (Miller 2006:170 [ref. 28615]). •Valid as Cathorops aguadulce (Meek 1904) -- (Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:28 [ref. 22290], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:148 [ref. 24550], Acero P. 2003:837 [ref. 26998], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:83 [ref. 27807], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2005:54 [ref. 28341], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:16 [ref. 28815], Scharpf 2006:19 [ref. 30386], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:42 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155], Betancur-R. et al. 2007:349 [ref. 29268], Betancur-R. & Willink 2007:826 [ref. 29439], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:26 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:246 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2012:93 [ref. 31865], Page et al. 2013:82 [ref. 32708], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:344 [ref. 36407], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2020:202 [ref. 38085], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422], Page et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40505], Quintana 2024:5 [ref. 41186]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops aguadulce (Meek 1904). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Southern North America: Atlantic Slope (Mexico and Guatemala). Habitat: freshwater.

albidus, Pimelodus Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.] 1829:19, Pl. 7 (fig. 1) [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] No locality stated. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. Name published in the synonymy of Pimelodus spixii but name apparently available from the plate caption according to Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. Preocccupied by Arius albidus Lesueur. •In the synonymy of Cathorops spixii (Spix & Agassiz 1829) -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk 2005:97 [ref. 28718], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:45 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops spixii (Agassiz 1829). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

arenatus, Arius Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:106 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Suriname. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3099 (stuffed). Type information: Boeseman 1972:299 [ref. 19698]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155]. For locality information see Boeseman 1972:299 [ref. 19698]. •Valid as Arius arenatus Valenciennes 1840 -- (Burgess 1989:168 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Cathorops arenatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Camargo & Isaac 2001:145 [ref. 27639], Acero P. 2003:837 [ref. 26998], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2005:54 [ref. 28341], Marceniuk 2005:97 [ref. 28718], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:43 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155], Betancur-R. et al. 2007:349 [ref. 29268], Marceniuk 2007:363 [ref. 29509], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:42 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:248 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2012:91 [ref. 31865], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Marceniuk et al. 2017:38 [ref. 35324], Costa et al. 2017:45 [ref. 35684], Marceniuk in Marceniuk et al. 2021:167 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:73 [ref. 40480], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops arenatus (Valenciennes 1840). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Atlantic coastal rivers from Guyana to northeastern Brazil: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: brackish, marine.

arioides, Bagrus Kner [R.] 1863:227, "Fig. 15" (unpublished) [Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 1863, v. 2; ref. 5002] Bayano River, Panama. Holotype (unique): ZSM 273 [old collection] lost in WWII. Type catalog: Neumann 2006:266 [ref. 28925], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. Also appeared as new in Kner & Steindachner 1864:47 [ref. 2649]. Apparently independent of, and preoccupied by Bagrus arioides Valenciennes 1840; objectively invalid. •In the synonymy of Cathorops multiradiatus (Günther 1864) -- (Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:881 [ref. 22829], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:40 [ref. 29324], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Cathorops multiradiatus (Günther 1864). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

belizensis, Cathorops (Cathorops) Marceniuk [A. P.] & Betancur-R. [R.] 2008:29, Figs. 7-8 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 29576] Mangrove swamps at St. John's College, Belize City, Belize. Holotype: USNM 286399. Paratypes: FMNH 77783 (27), 95978 (52); USNM 385181 (9). •Valid as Cathorops belizensis Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008 -- (Marceniuk et al. 2012:93 [ref. 31865], Page et al. 2013:82 [ref. 32708], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422], Page et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops belizensis Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008. Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: western Caribbean Sea (Belize). Habitat: brackish, marine.

dasycephalus, Arius Günther [A.] 1864:157, Fig. [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands [in error]. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1855.9.19.1100. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155]. See Mundy 2005:154 [ref. 28379] for comments on type locality. The original locality of Sandwich Islands is in error. •Valid as Arius dasycephalus Günther 1864 -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:67 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:60 [ref. 23101], Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:867 [ref. 22829]). •Valid as Ariopsis dasycephalus (Günther 1864) -- (Nelson et al. 2004:82 [ref. 27807]). •Valid as Cathorops dasycephalus (Günther 1864) -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:43 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:46 [ref. 29324], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:400 [ref. 34894]). •Valid as Cathorops (Precathorops) dasycephalus (Günther 1864) -- (Betancur-R. et al. 2007:349 [ref. 29268], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:42 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2012:641 [ref. 32225], Page et al. 2013:82 [ref. 32708], Barriga Salazar 2014:115 [ref. 35745], González-Murcia et al. 2019:291 [ref. 36544], Marceniuk et al. 2023:14 [ref. 40422] in subgenus Precathorops, Page et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops dasycephalus (Günther 1864). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: South and Central America in eastern Pacific drainages: Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Ecuador and Panama. Habitat: brackish, marine.

emmelane, Tachysurus Gilbert [C. H.] in Jordan & Evermann 1898:2785 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 47; ref. 2445] (Pacific) Panama. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 5818. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:41 [ref. 12291], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. Author is C. H. Gilbert. Holotype figured in Gilbert & Starks 1904, Pl. 6 [ref. 1639]. •Synonym of Cathorops multiradiatus (Günther 1864) -- (Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:881 [ref. 22829], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:45 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:41 [ref. 29324], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops multiradiatus (Günther 1864). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

equatorialis, Tachysurus Starks [E. C.] 1906:766, Figs. 3-4 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 30 (no. 1468); ref. 10101] Guayaquil, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): USNM 53470. Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:9 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Cathorops multiradiatus (Günther 1864) -- (Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:881 [ref. 22829], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:45 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:41 [ref. 29324], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2016:146 [ref. 34763]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops multiradiatus (Günther 1864). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

evermanni, Tachysurus Gilbert [C. H.] & Starks [E. C.] 1904:32, Pl. 5 (fig. 10) [Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences v. 4; ref. 1639] Panama Bay, eastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 6706. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:41 [ref. 12291], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Cathorops fuerthii (Steindachner 1876) -- (Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:880 [ref. 22829], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:44 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk et al. 2009:250 [ref. 30406]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops fuerthii (Steindachner 1876). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

festae, Arius Boulenger [G. A.] 1898:5 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 13 (no. 329); ref. 14677] Narrangal [Naranjal], western Ecuador. Holotype (unique): MZUT 1479. Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:136 [ref. 21559], Ferraris 2007:56 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Arius festae Boulenger 1898 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:33 [ref. 37559]). •Status uncertain -- (Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:866 [ref. 22829]). •Species inquirenda in Ariridae -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:453 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:56 [ref. 29155]). •In genus of Cathorops -- (Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2004:13 [ref. 28008]). •Species inquirenda in Cathorops -- (Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:46 [ref. 29031], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406]). •Valid as Cathorops festae (Boulenger 1898) -- (Marceniuk et al. 2016:139 [ref. 34763], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops festae (Boulenger 1898). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: South America: Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fissus, Arius Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:107 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Suriname. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3036. Type information: Boeseman 1972:295 [ref. 19698]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155]. For locality information see Boeseman 1972:295 [ref. 19698]. Marceniuk & Ferraris 2003:449 [ref. 27061] act as first reviser in giving precedence to Arius arenatus over A. fissus. •Status uncertain -- (Burgess 1989:168 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Cathorops fissus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Le Bail et al. 2000:34 [ref. 24549], Marceniuk & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:42 [ref. 27192]). •Synonym of Cathorops spixii (Agassiz 1829) -- (Acero P. 2003:849 [ref. 26998]). •Synonym of Cathorops arenatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Marceniuk 2005:97 [ref. 28718], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:43 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:363 [ref. 29509], Marceniuk et al. 2012:91 [ref. 31865]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops arenatus (Valenciennes 1840). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fuerthii, Arius Steindachner [F.] 1876:579 [29] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 72 (1. Abth.); ref. 18772] (Pacific) Panama. Syntypes: (4) MCZ 4943 (2), 4973 (3), 7691 (1); NMW 50568 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155]. On p. 29 of separate. Species originally spelled fürthii; corrected to fuerthii as based on German name. •Valid as Arius fuerthii Steindachner 1876 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:33 [ref. 37559] as furthii, Burgess 1989:168 [ref. 12860] as furthi). •Valid as "Cathorops" fuerthii (Steindachner 1876) -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:58 [ref. 23101], Miller 2006:171 [ref. 28615]). •Valid as Cathorops fuerthii (Steindachner 1876) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:68 [ref. 22193] as furthii, Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:880 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:59 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:161 [ref. 24555], Castro-Arguirre et al. 1999:146 [ref. 24550] as fuerthi, Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:83 [ref. 27807], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2005:54 [ref. 28341], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:44 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:46 [ref. 29324], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:42 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:249 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2012:666 [ref. 32225], Barriga Salazar 2014:115 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:399 [ref. 34894], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], González-Murcia et al. 2019:291 [ref. 36544], Angulo 2021:7 [ref. 38913], Angulo et al. 2023:29 [ref. 40676], Barrientos et al. 2023:272 [ref. 41235], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:136 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops fuerthii (Steindachner 1876). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Mexico south to Peru (Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru) [but no recent records from Colombia and south; Mexico to El Salvador also questioned]. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

gulosus, Tachisurus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:146 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Panama (Pacific). Syntypes: MCZ 4974 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Cathorops hypophthalmus (Steindachner 1876) -- (Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:879 [ref. 22829], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:44 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops hypophthalmus (Steindachner 1876). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

higuchii, Cathorops (Cathorops) Marceniuk [A. P.] & Betancur-R. [R.] 2008:32, Figs. 12-13, 15 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 29576] Colón reef, (Atlantic) Panama. Holotype: USNM 79363. Paratypes: many at USNM and UF (1 lot). •Valid as Cathorops higuchii Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008 -- (Matamoros et al. 2009:9 [ref. 31241], Marceniuk et al. 2012:93 [ref. 31865], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763] as cf. higuchii, Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops higuchii Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008. Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Caribbean coast of Central America: Honduras to Panama. Habitat: brackish, marine.

hypophthalmus, Arius Steindachner [F.] 1876:581 [31], Pl. 10 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 72 (1. Abth.); ref. 18772] Panama. Holotype (unique): not yet found at NMW or MCZ. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. On p. 31 of separate. See van Oijen et al. 2009:236 [ref. 30423] as hypophthalums in main heaading.. •Valid as Cathorops hypophthalmus (Steindachner 1876) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:69 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:56, 58 [ref. 23101], Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:879 [ref. 22829], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:44 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:46 [ref. 29324], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:42 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2012:666 [ref. 32225], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops hypophthalmus (Steindachner 1876). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Central America: Pacific River drainages, Panama. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

kailolae, Cathorops (Cathorops) Marceniuk [A. P.] & Betancur-R. [R.] 2008:36, Figs. 16-18 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 29576] Embayment about 3 miles west of El Estor, lago Izabal, Guatemala. Holotype: USNM 134330. Paratypes: AMNH 35074 (7); AUM 19407 (6); UF 35320 (12); USNM 385739 (1). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Cathorops kailolae Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008 -- (Marceniuk et al. 2012:93 [ref. 31865], Page et al. 2013:82 [ref. 32708], López-Segovia et al. 2020:110 [ref. 38151] as cf. kailolae, Barrientos et al. 2023:272 [ref. 41235], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422], Page et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops kailolae Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008. Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Southern North America, Central America: Lake Izabal basin (Guatemala) and Usumacinta River basin (Mexico and Guatemala). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

laticeps, Arius Günther [A.] 1864:171, Figs. [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Trinidad Island, West Indies; Guyana. Syntypes: BMNH 1863.6.18.8 (1) Trinidad, 1976.2.25.1 (1) Guyana. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:41 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Arius laticeps Günther 1864 -- (Burgess 1989:169 [ref. 12860]). •Species inquirenda in Cathorops Jordan & Gilbert 1883 -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:450 [ref. 27061], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:46 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:41 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Cathorops nuchalis (Günther 1864) -- (Marceniuk et al. 2012:78 [ref. 31865]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops nuchalis (Günther 1864). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Venezuela (Lake Maracaiibo) to Guyana. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

liropus, Tachysurus Bristol [S. B.] in Gilbert 1897:438 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 19 (no. 1115); ref. 1629] San Juan Lagoon, near mouth of Río Ahome, Sonora, Mexico. Syntypes: (6) CAS-SU 324 (3) [not 234 as given by Böhlke 1953]; USNM 47584 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:41 [ref. 12291], Ferraris & Vari 1992:9 [ref. 19771] with USNM 47584 as syntypes (2), and 4 others unaccounted for, Ferraris 2007:41 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Arius liropus (Bristol 1897) -- (Branson et al. 1960:219 [ref. 41482], Burgess 1989:169 [ref. 12860]). •Species inquirenda in Cathorops Jordan & Gilbert 1883 -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:450 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:41 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Cathorops fuerthii (Steindachner 1877) -- (Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:880 [ref. 22829], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:147 [ref. 24550] as fuerthi, Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:44 [ref. 29031]). •Valid as Cathorops liropus (Bristol 1897) -- (Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:42 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:257 [ref. 30406], Page et al. 2013:82 [ref. 32708], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35859], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422], Page et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops liropus (Bristol 1897). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Southern North America: Pacific coast (Mexico). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

longicephalus, Tachisurus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:143 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Gulf of Panama, (Pacific) Panama. Holotype (unique): MCZ 4972. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155]. Original genus should have been Tachysurus. Misspelled longicehpalus on p. 143; longicephalus on p. 118. •Synonym of Arius dasycephalus Günther 1864 -- (Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:867 [ref. 22829]). •Synonym of Cathorops dasycephalus (Günther 1864) -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:43 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops dasycephalus (Günther 1864). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

manglarensis, Cathorops Marceniuk [A. P.] 2007:34, Figs. 1-2, 5 [Zootaxa No. 1529; ref. 29324] Off Cape Manglares, south of Tumaco, 1°35'05"N. 79°03'30"W, Pacific coast of Colombia. Holotype: USNM 286392. Paratypes: USNM 286388 (3), 286389 (2), 388316 (8). •Valid as Cathorops manglarensis Marceniuk 2007 -- (Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:42 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops manglarensis Marceniuk 2007. Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Pacific coast of Colombia and Peru. Habitat: brackish, marine.

mapale, Cathorops Betancur-R. [R.] & Acero P. [A.] 2005:47, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 1045; ref. 28341] Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia, 10°59'N, 74°17'W. Holotype: INVEMAR-PEC 5333. Paratypes: ICNMHN 8244 (1), 8245 (2), 8246 (2), 8247 (1) (all missing); INVEMAR-PEC 277 (1), 1584 (1), 3654 (1), 5197 (1), 5348 (1)5501 (2), 5730 (1), 5731 (2), 5732 (1), 5733 (26, c&s) Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:43 [ref. 36127]. •Valid as Cathorops mapale Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2005 -- (Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:44 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Betancur-R. et al. 2007:349 [ref. 29268], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:41 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:249 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2012:91 [ref. 31865], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops mapale Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2005. Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Caribbean coast of Colombia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

melanopus, Arius Günther [A.] 1864:172 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Río Motagua, Guatemala. Syntypes: (2?) BMNH 1865.4.29.51-53 (3). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Arius melanopus Günther 1864 -- (Villa 1982:115 [ref. 36708], Burgess 1989:169 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Cathorops melanopus (Günther 1864) -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:147 [ref. 24550], Acero P. 2003:837 [ref. 26998], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:83 [ref. 27807], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2005:54 [ref. 28341], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:16 [ref. 28815], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:45 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Betancur-R. et al. 2007:349 [ref. 29268], Betancur-R. & Willink 2007:826 [ref. 29439], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:39 [ref. 29576], Matamoros et al. 2009:9 [ref. 31241], Marceniuk et al. 2012:93 [ref. 31865], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:344 [ref. 36407], Angulo et al. 2023:29 [ref. 40676], Barrientos et al. 2023:272 [ref. 41235], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops melanopus (Günther 1864). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Central America: Montagua River basin (Guatemala and Nicaragua). Habitat: freshwater.

multiradiatus, Arius Günther [A.] 1864:173 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Río Bayano, Panama. No types known. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. Based on Bagrus (?) arioides of Kner 1863:227 [ref. 5002]. •Valid as Arius multiradiatus Günther 1864 -- (Burgess 1989:169 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as "Cathorops" multiradiatus (Günther 1864) -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:58 [ref. 23101]). •Valid as Cathorops multiradiatus (Günther 1864) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:69 [ref. 22193], Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:881 [ref. 22829], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:160 [ref. 24555], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:45 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:40 [ref. 29324], Marceniuk 2007:46 [ref. 29324], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:43 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2012:666 [ref. 32225], Barriga Salazar 2014:115 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:399 [ref. 34894], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Barrientos et al. 2023:272 [ref. 41235], Marceniuk et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40422], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:137 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops multiradiatus (Günther 1864). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: coast of Panama to Peru. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

nigricans, Arius Valenciennes [A.] 1834:Pl. 3 (fig. 3) [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Río de la Plata, Montevideo, Uruguay. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-0176 (poor condition). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:54 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:54 [ref. 29155] Name available from plate, also in Valenciennes 1847:6 [ref. 5010]. Pl. 3 was published in 1834. See also Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:83 [ref. 1008]. •Species inquirenda in Arridae -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:453 [ref. 27061]). •Species inquirenda in Genidens -- (Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:67 [ref. 29031]). •Species inquirenda in Ariidae -- (Ferraris 2007:54 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Cathorops spixii (Agassiz 1829) -- (Marceniuk et al. 2012:87 [ref. 31865]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops spixii (Agassiz 1829). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

nuchalis, Arius Günther [A.] 1864:171, Fig. [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Guyana. Syntypes: (at least 6) BMNH 1975.1.17.3-5 (3), BMNH 2005.5.17.1-2 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:41 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Arius nuchalis Günther 1864 -- (Burgess 1989:169 [ref. 12860]). •Species inquirenda in Cathorops Jordan & Gilbert 1883 -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:450 [ref. 27061], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:46 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:41 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Cathorops nuchalis (Günther 1864) -- (Marceniuk et al. 2012:78, 93 [ref. 31865], Marceniuk et al. 2023:14 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops nuchalis (Günther 1864). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: South America: Caribbean coast of Venezuela to Guyana. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

pleurops, Arius Boulenger [G. A.] 1897:296 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 20 (no. 117) (art. 28); ref. 14626] Magoarisinho, Cape Magoary [Maguarinho], Marajo Island, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1897.7.17.7 (plus eggs and embryos in mouth). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Arius pleurops Boulenger 1897 -- (Burgess 1989:169 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Cathorops pleurops (Boulenger 1897) -- (Acero P. 2003:837 [ref. 26998], Marceniuk & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:42 [ref. 27192]). •Synonym of Cathorops agassizii (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Marceniuk 2005:97 [ref. 28718], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:40 [ref. 29031] as agassizi, Ferraris 2007:39 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:369 [ref. 29509], Marceniuk et al. 2012:91 [ref. 31865]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops agassizii (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

puncticulatus, Arius Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:108 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Holotype (unique): MNHN. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:41 [ref. 29155]. •Species inquirenda in Cathorops Jordan & Gilbert 1883 -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:450 [ref. 27061], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:46 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:41 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk et al. 2012:91 [ref. 31865]). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Argentina. Habitat: marine.

raredonae, Cathorops (Cathorops) Marceniuk [A. P.], Betancur-R. [R.] & Acero P. [A.] 2009:260, Figs. 4C, 5C [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 85 (no. 3); ref. 30406] La Libertad, El Salvador. Holotype: USNM 286464. Paratypes: STRI 5726 (STRI 15949) (2), 5738 (1), 5765 (1); USNM 394093 (1). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Cathorops raredonae Marceniuk, Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2009 -- (McMahan et al. 2013:445 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:82 [ref. 32708], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Barraza et al. 2022:209 [ref. 40101], Marceniuk et al. 2023:14 [ref. 40422], Page et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops raredonae Marceniuk, Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2009. Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Mexico south to El Salvador. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

spixii, Pimelodus Agassiz [L.] in Spix & Agassiz 1829:19 [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Marajó Bay, Pará State, Brazil [Equatorial Brazil = lower Amazon basin]. Neotype: MZUSP 49345. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. Neotype selected by Marceniuk et al. 2012:86 [ref. 31865]. Original type locality see Koerber 2021:93 [ref. 38172]. •Valid as Arius spixii (Agassiz 1829) -- (Burgess 1989:169 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Cathorops spixii (Agassiz 1829) -- (Uyeno & Aizawa in Uyeno et al. 1983:160 [ref. 14275], Cervigón 1991:143 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:260 [ref. 23827], González Bencomo et al. 1997:158 [ref. 24960], Aguilera 1998:47 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:149 [ref. 24550] as spixi, Le Bail et al. 2000:32 [ref. 24549], Marín 2000:68 [ref. 26252], Acero P. 2003:849 [ref. 26998], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:449 [ref. 27061], Marceniuk & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:42 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:83 [ref. 27807], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2005:54 [ref. 28341], Marceniuk 2005:97 [ref. 28718], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:16 [ref. 28815], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:45 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Betancur-R. et al. 2007:349 [ref. 29268], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:43 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2012:78, 94 [ref. 31865], Marceniuk et al. 2012:666 [ref. 32225], Catelani et al. 2014:931 [ref. 37496], Marceniuk et al. 2017:39 [ref. 35324], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:344 [ref. 36407], Spier et al. 2018:7 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36717], Koerber 2021:90, 93 [ref. 38172], Marceniuk in Marceniuk et al. 2021:164 [ref. 38945], Koerber et al. 2022:63 [ref. 39235], Carvalho-Filho 2023:72 [ref. 40480], Marceniuk et al. 2023:14 [ref. 40422], Vieira et al. 2023:20 [ref. 40759], Lutz et al. 2024:8 [ref. 41548]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops spixii (Agassiz 1829). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Guyana south to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

steindachneri, Tachysurus Gilbert [C. H.] & Starks [E. C.] 1904:29, Pl. 5 (fig. 9) [Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences v. 4; ref. 1639] (Pacific) Panama. Holotype: CAS-SU 7026. Paratypes: CAS-SU 7027 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:41 [ref. 12291], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as "Cathorops" steindachneri (Gilbert & Starks 1904) -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:58 [ref. 23101]). •Valid as Cathorops steindachneri (Gilbert & Starks 1904) -- (Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:882 [ref. 22829], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:450 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:45 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:46 [ref. 29324], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:43 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:264 [ref. 30406], Matamoros et al. 2009:10[ref. 31241], Angulo et al. 2013:992 [ref. 33194], McMahan et al. 2013:445 [ref. 32422], Barriga Salazar 2014:115 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:399 [ref. 34894], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:291 [ref. 36544], Angulo et al. 2023:29 [ref. 40676], Barrientos et al. 2023:272 [ref. 41235], Marceniuk et al. 2023:14 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops steindachneri (Gilbert & Starks 1904). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Nicaragua south to Panama. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

taylori, Arius Hildebrand [S. F.] 1925:250, Fig. 10 [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 41 (no. 985); ref. 15590] Río Lempa, San Marcos, El Salvador. Holotype: USNM 87224. Paratypes: FMNH [ex USNM 87224] (1, missing), Gov't. of El Salvador [ex USNM 87224] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:7 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Arius taylori Hildebrand 1925 -- (Burgess 1989:169 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Cathorops taylori (Hildebrand 1925) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:69 [ref. 22193], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:43 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763]). •Synonym of Cathorops steindachneri (Gilbert & Starks 1904) -- (Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:882 [ref. 22829], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:450 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:45 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk et al. 2009:269 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2023:14 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops taylori (Hildebrand 1925). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Guatemala and El Salvador [possibly Mexico and Honduras, doubtfully Panama]. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

tuyra, Arius Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1923:128, Pl. 5 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 15 (publ. 215); ref. 2963] Río Tuyra, mouth of Río Yape, Darien, Panama (Pacific). Holotype: USNM 79413. Paratypes: FMNH 26711-12 (2), 26713-15 (3); USNM 79411-12 (1, 2), 79414 (2); plus 7 other specimens. Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:11 [ref. 12367], Ferraris & Vari 1992:7 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Arius tuyra Meek & Hildebrand 1923 -- (Burgess 1989:169 [ref. 12860]). •Possibly a synonym of Cathorops festae Boulenger 1898 -- (Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2004:13 [ref. 28008]). •Valid as Cathorops tuyra (Meek & Hildebrand 1923) -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:58 [ref. 23101], Allen & Robertson 1994:69 [ref. 22193], Kailola & Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:883 [ref. 22829], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:161 [ref. 24555], Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:450 [ref. 27061], Kailola 2004:132 [ref. 28108], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:46 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:40 [ref. 29155], Marceniuk 2007:46 [ref. 29324], Marceniuk & Betancur-R. 2008:43 [ref. 29576], Marceniuk et al. 2009:274 [ref. 30406], Marceniuk et al. 2012:666 [ref. 32225], Angulo et al. 2013:992 [ref. 33194], Barriga Salazar 2014:115 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:399 [ref. 34894], Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Marceniuk et al. 2023:14 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops tuyra (Meek & Hildebrand 1923). Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Panama south to Peru, including adjacent estuaries and freshwater habitats. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

variolosus, Arius Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:107 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Cayenne, French Guiana. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-4169. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:8 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:41 [ref. 29155] •Valid as Arius variolosus Valenciennes 1840 -- (Burgess 1989:170 [ref. 12860]). •Species inquirenda in Cathorops Jordan & Gilbert 1883 -- (Marceniuk & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:450 [ref. 27061], Marceniuk & Menezes 2007:46 [ref. 29031], Ferraris 2007:41 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Cathorops arenatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Marceniuk et al. 2012:77 [ref. 31865]). Current status: Synonym of Cathorops arenatus (Valenciennes 1840). Ariidae: Ariinae. Habitat: freshwater.

wayuu, Cathorops Betancur-R. [R.], Acero P. [P.] & Marceniuk [A. P.] in Marceniuk, Betancur-R., Acero P. & Muriel-Cunha 2012:87, Fig. 9 [Copeia 2012 (no. 1); ref. 31865] La Guajira, Camarones at lagoon, ca. 11°25'43"N, 73°04'15"W, (Caribbean) Colombia. Holotype: INVEMAR-PEC 8247. Paratypes: many at AUM and INVEMAR-PEC. •Valid as Cathorops wayuu Betancur-R., Acero P. & Marceniuk 2012 -- (Marceniuk et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34763], Marceniuk et al. 2023:14 [ref. 40422]). Current status: Valid as Cathorops wayuu Betancur-R., Acero P. & Marceniuk 2012. Ariidae: Ariinae. Distribution: South America: Colombia to Venezuela, southern Caribbean Sea. Habitat: brackish, marine.