Syngnathus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:336 Masc. Syngnathus acus Linnaeus 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Fowler 1906:93 [ref. 1371], predating Jordan 1912:103 as given by ICZN; on Official List (Opinion 77, Direction 56); Syngnathus Rafinesque 1810 placed on Official Index (Direction 56). Name spelled Sygnatus by Wulff 1765:52 [ref. 17844], and Singnatus by Anonymous (Cabrera, Pérez & Haenseler) 1817:10 [ref. 17319], see Graells 1887:184 [ref. 30438]. Also appeared as new in Billberg 1833:52, 53 [ref. 34146] with reference to Artedi 1738:2 [ref. 30349], 1738:1 [ref. 30578]; see Kullander 2016:111 [ref. 34147]. •Valid as Syngnathus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Wheeler 1973:274 [ref. 7190], Fritzsche 1980:198 [ref. 1511], Dawson 1982:55 [ref. 6764], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:87 [ref. 6441], Dawson 1985:181 [ref. 6541], Dawson 1986:287 [ref. 6201], Dawson 1986:457 [ref. 5650], Liang in Pan et al. 1991:340 [ref. 23876], Savvaitova 1998:113 [ref. 23594], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:228 [ref. 24550], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:335 [ref. 25968], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:592 [ref. 27061], Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:183 [ref. 28183], Teske et al. 2004:274 [ref. 31602], Scharpf 2007:36 [ref. 30398], Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:500 [ref. 29996], Kuiter 2009:244 [ref. 30404], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:37 [ref. 36649], Kottelat 2013:307 [ref. 32989], Parin et al. 2014:208 [ref. 33547], Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. 2015:895 [ref. 34062], Pietsch & Orr 2015:29 [ref. 34694], Lourie 2016:147 [ref. 34505], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 3 [ref. 35615], Dyldin & Orlov 2017:59 [ref. 35138], Matsunuma 2017:385 [ref. 35141], Esmaeili et al. 2017:94 [ref. 35254], Esmaeili et al. 2018:76 [ref. 36089], Golani & Fricke 2018:52 [ref. 36273], Oruç & Engin 2018:1 [ref. 35841]). Current status: Valid as Syngnathus Linnaeus 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.