Hippocampus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:18 Masc. Hippocampus heptagonus Rafinesque 1810 (= Syngnathus hippocampus Linnaeus 1758). Type by monotypy. •Valid as Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 -- (Ginsburg 1937:525 [ref. 1801], Wheeler 1973:278 [ref. 7190], Fritzsche 1980:185 [ref. 1511], Vari 1982:175 [ref. 6765], Fritzsche 1984 [ref. 13658], Araga in Masuda et al. 1984:89 [ref. 6441], Dawson in Whitehead et al. 1986:630 [ref. 13676], Dawson 1986:452 [ref. 5650], Paxton et al. 1989:420 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:447 [ref. 22532], Gomon 1997:245 [ref. 22842], Lourie et al. 1999:3 [ref. 23993], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:234 [ref. 24550], Paulus 1999:2265 [ref. 24794], Kuiter 2001:297 [ref. 25900], Fritzsche & Vincent 2003:1222 [ref. 27044], Piacentino & Luzzatto 2004:339 [ref. 28610], Teske et al. 2004:273 [ref. 31602], Paxton et al. 2006:824 [ref. 29073], Lourie & Kuiter 2008:54 [ref. 29944], Kuiter 2008:453 [ref. 30642], Gomon & Kuiter 2009:37 [ref. 30036], Kuiter 2009:17 [ref. 30404], Randall & Lourie 2009:19 [ref. 30536], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:36 [ref. 36649], Oliveira et al. 2010:373 [ref. 30935], Jawad et al. 2011:147 [ref. 31521], Reijnen et al. 2011:1 [ref. 33436], Foster et al. 2012:55 [ref. 31765], Kottelat 2013:304 [ref. 32989], Silveira et al. 2014:317 [ref. 33493], Parin et al. 2014:207 [ref. 33547], Stewart 2015:1055 [ref. 34254], Lourie 2016:74 [ref. 34505], Lourie et al. 2016:13 [ref. 34632], Zhang et al. 2016:384 [ref. 34762], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 1 [ref. 35615], Han et al. 2017:113 [ref. 35660], Fricke et al. 2018:124 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:50 [ref. 36273], Short et al. 2018:27 [ref. 36055], Brown et al. 2019:171 [ref. 36444], Short et al. 2019:109 [ref. 36532], Fricke et al. 2019:94 [ref. 36673], Short et al. 2020:141 [ref. 37526]). Current status: Valid as Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae.