Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Crenicichla: [ 63 ] records

ama, Crenicichla Říčan [O.], Piálek [L.], Almirón [A. E.] & Casciotta [J.] 2023:42, Figs. 1A, 2, 4A [European Journal of Taxonomy v. 879; ref. 40289] Upper arroyo Piray Guazú on RP20, Arroyo Piray Guazú basin, Paraná River basin, Misiones Province, Argentina, 26°26'34.1"S, 54°08'29.4"W. Holotype: MLP 11446. Paratypes: MLP. •Valid as Crenicichla ama Říčan, Piálek, Almirón & Casciotta 2023 -- (Koerber et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40368]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla ama Říčan, Piálek, Almirón & Casciotta 2023. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Piray Guazú River drainage, Paraná River basin (Misiones, Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

amarus, Labrus Larrañaga [D. A.] 1923:379, 383 [Escritos de Don Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga v. 2; ref. 22561] Uruguay. No types known. Also appeared in Devincenzi 1925:303, 321; Devincenzi regarded as a synonym of Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus 1758). •Synonym of Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Lucena & Kullander 1992:131 [ref. 20004], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:631 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

aravera, Crenicichla Říčan [O.], Piálek [L.], Almirón [A. E.] & Casciotta [J.] 2023:47, Figs. 1B, 3, 4B [European Journal of Taxonomy v. 879; ref. 40289] Upper arroyo Piray Guazú on RP20, Arroyo Piray Guazú basin, Paraná River basin, Misiones Province, Argentina, 26°26'34.1"S, 54°08'29.4"W. Holotype: MLP 11450. Paratypes: MLP. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Crenicichla aravera Říčan, Piálek, Almirón & Casciotta 2023 -- (Koerber et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40368]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla aravera Říčan, Piálek, Almirón & Casciotta 2023. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Piray Guazú River drainage, Paraná River basin (Misiones, Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

astroblepa, Crenicichla Ploeg [A.] 1986:58, Pl. 3 (upper & middle) [Beaufortia v. 36 (no. 5); ref. 8054] Tucurui, below dam, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 856. Paratypes: INPA 876-74 (20, 13), 978-79 (1, 3); ZMA 119468 (2), 119761 (18). •Synonym of Crenicichla cametana Steindachner 1911 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:627 [ref. 27061], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla cametana Steindachner 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

biocellata, Crenicichla Ihering [R. von] 1914:333 [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 9; ref. 14157] Rio Doce, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Holotype: DZSASP [now MZUSP] (not found). Paratypes: MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 1781 (1). Type catalog: Britski 1969:210 [ref. 12401]. •Synonym of Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau 1855) -- (Ploeg 1991:115 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:628 [ref. 27061], Kullander & Lucena 2006:131 [ref. 28747], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

cametana, Crenicichla Steindachner [F.] 1911:369 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 48 (no. 17) (for 6 July 1911); ref. 14817] Rio Tocantins at Cameta, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 32816. Paralectotypes: (2) NMW 32815 (1). Lectotype selected by Ploeg 1986:63 [ref. 8054]. •Valid as Crenicichla cametana Steindachner 1911 -- (Ploeg 1991:98 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:627 [ref. 27061], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla cametana Steindachner 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin in Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

celidochilus, Crenicichla Casciotta [J. R.] 1987:883, Figs. 1-4 [Copeia 1987 (no. 4); ref. 6772] Arroyo de la Invernada, Picada de la Negra Muerta, Dpto. Artigas, Uruguay. Holotype: ZVC-P 94. Paratypes: MLP 9003 [ex ZVC-P 95-115-114] (3); DVCP 118 (2), 126 (3), 1109 (1), 1879 (1). Type catalog: Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:20 [ref. 33466], Loureiro et al. 2016:414 [ref. 35150]. •Valid as Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta 1987 -- (Lucena & Azevedo 1989:93 [ref. 16140], Ploeg 1991:111 [ref. 20196], Lucena & Kullander 1992:107 [ref. 20004], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:627 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:76 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:87 [ref. 28131], Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Serra et al. 2011:357 [ref. 31355], Litz & Koerber 2014:33 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:425 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:50 [ref. 35565] with author as Casciota, Loureiro et al. 2023:148 [ref. 40506], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta 1987. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

chacoensis, Acharnes Holmberg [E. L.] 1891:182 [Revista Argentina de Historia Natural (Buenos Aires) v. 1; ref. 2192] Formosa, Chaco, Argentina. No types known. Original as Chacoënsis. •Synonym of Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel 1840) -- (Ploeg 1991:107 [ref. 20196] with question, Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:631 [ref. 27061] with question, Kullander & Lucena 2013:150 [ref. 32675] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:58 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35267], Hablützel & Huanto 2020:54 [ref. 37939], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

conibos, Cycla Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:18, Pl. 10 (fig. 3) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Peru. •Nomen dubium, genus Crenicichla -- (Kullander 1986:45 [ref. 12439], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:632 [ref. 27061], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273]). Nomen Dubium. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

cyanonotus, Crenicichla Cope [E. D.] 1870:569 [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Upper Marañon River near Pebas, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 9078. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:57 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Batrachops cyanonotus (Cope 1870) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:20 [ref. 9708] as cyanotus). •Valid as Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope 1870 -- (Kullander 1986:89 [ref. 12439], Ploeg 1991:92 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:627 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:189 [ref. 35004], Careaga et al. 2020:77 [ref. 37774], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:28 [ref. 39298], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope 1870. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Bolivia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

cyclostoma, Crenicichla Ploeg [A.] 1986:65, Pl. 4 (middle & lower) [Beaufortia v. 36 (no. 5); ref. 8054] Tucurui, below dam, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 854. Paratypes: INPA 860 (11), 866 (2), 871 (4), 880 (22), 976 (1); ZMA 119.764 (15), 119.766-67 (2, 9). •Valid as Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg 1986 -- (Ploeg 1991:101 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:627 [ref. 27061], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: lower Tocantins River drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

dorsocellata, Crenicichla Haseman [J. D.] 1911:355, Pl. 63 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Parahyba at Campos, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54155 [ex CM 2721]. Paratypes: FMNH 54156 [ex CM 2722] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:95 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:28 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau 1855) -- (Ploeg 1991:115 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:628 [ref. 27061], Kullander & Lucena 2006:131 [ref. 28747], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

elegans, Crenicichla Steindachner [F.] 1881:15 [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 44 (in 1882); ref. 14299] Peru. Syntypes: NMW 32835 (2). Type catalog: Kullander 1986:355 [ref. 12439]. Species not listed in earlier abstract [ref. 20484]. •Synonym of Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel 1840) -- (Kullander 1986:92 [ref. 12439], Ploeg 1991:103 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:630 [ref. 27061], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

empheres, Crenicichla Lucena [C. A. S. de] 2007:453, Figs. 6-8 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 29467] Rio Chapecó, on the road Abelardo Luz-Coronel Firmino Martins, Abelardo Luz, 26°33'35"S, 52°19'41"W, Estado Santa Catarina, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 40960. Paratypes: MCP 40176 (29, 1c&s). •Valid as Crenicichla empheres Lucena 2007 -- (Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Bertaco et al. 2016:425 [ref. 34561], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla empheres Lucena 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: upper Uruguay River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gaucho, Crenicichla Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.] 1992:137, Figs. 29-30 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Arroio Passo do Alto, near Mineral, município of São Nicolau, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 14328. Paratypes: MCP 12544 (1), 12720-21 (104, 4), 13042 (1), 13053 (1), 13158 (2), 13162 (1), 13181 (1), 13261 (1), 13551 (1); NRM 14720-21 (6, 4). •Valid as Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander 1992 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:627 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:76 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:87 [ref. 28131], Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:425 [ref. 34561], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: middle Uruguay River drainage, Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

geayi, Crenicichla Pellegrin [J.] 1903:123 [4] [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 15037] Venezuela. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1898-0047. Type catalog: Blanc 1962:207 [ref. 20868]. On p. 4 of separate. •Valid as Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin 1903 -- (Ploeg 1991:101 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:627 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:97 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:91 [ref. 35773], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin 1903. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

gillmorlisi, Crenicichla Kullander [S. O.] & Lucena [C. A. S. de] 2013:151, Figs. 1-7 [Zootaxa 3641 (no. 2); ref. 32675] Río Acaray, dry arm below the reservoir, Alto Paraná, Paraguay. Holotype: MNHNP 126. Paratypes: MHNG 2237.036 (1), 2237.037 (1), 2237-066 (1), 2395.011 (6), 2730.057 (2), 2730.058 (1), 2730.059 (11), 2730.060 (1), 2730-061 (1), 2730.062 (2); MHNIB 0234 (2), 3686 (29); NRM 42452 (1), 42461 (2), 41828 (1). •Valid as Crenicichla gillmorlisi Kullander & Lucena 2013 -- (Koerber et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35267], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:54 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla gillmorlisi Kullander & Lucena 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Río Acaray drainage, río Paraná basin, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

guentheri, Crenicichla Ploeg [A.] 1991:33, Figs. 30-31 [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Rio Aripuana, Rio Madeira system, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 2884. Paratypes: INPA 975 (9), 1435 (5), 1489 (14), 1493-95 (4, 14, 3), 2823 (1), 2882 (2); ZMA 120.398 (5). •Synonym of Crenicichla hemera Kullander 1990 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:627 [ref. 27061], Kullander & Lucena 2013:150 [ref. 32675], Varella et al. 2018:378 [ref. 35777], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla hemera Kullander 1990. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

hadrostigma, Crenicichla Lucena [C. A. S. de] 2007:450, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 29467] Rio Chapecó, on the road Coronel de Freitas-Quilombo, Vila São Miguel, Coronel de Freitas, 26°51'26"S, 52°44'29"W, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 40959. Paratypes: [not 31] MCP 19037 (2), 22035 (5), 22036 (1), 33936 (4), 40051 (2?), 40067 (7), 40079 (3), 40082 (16), 40110 (2), 40134 (1). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Crenicichla hadrostigma Lucena 2007 -- (Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Koerber 2011:8 [ref. 31122], Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33621], Piálek et al. 2015:24 [ref. 33984], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:425 [ref. 34561], Říčan et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35070], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla hadrostigma Lucena 2007. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

haroldoi, Crenicichla Luengo [J. A.] & Britski [H. A.] 1974:554, Fig. 1 [Acta Biologica Venezuelica v. 8 (nos 3-4); ref. 7440] Jupia, Rio Paraná, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 40226 [ex Depto. Zool. Sao Paulo 4022b]. Paratypes: DZAP 4022a (1), 4022c (1); MBUCV-V-9883 [ex DZSP 4378] (1), V-9884 [ex DZSP 4376-77] (2); DZAP 4022a (1), 4022c (1). Type catalog: Provenzano et al. 1998:7 [ref. 24196]. •Valid as Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski 1974 -- (Ploeg 1991:111 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:627 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29372], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:658 [ref. 30041], Kullander 2009:49 [ref. 30051], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Varella 2011:23 [ref. 37216], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski 1974. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

hu, Crenicichla Piálek [L.], Říčan [O.], Casciotta [J. R.] & Almirón [A. E.] 2010:38, Figs. 2-5 [Zootaxa No. 2537; ref. 30903] Río Paraná basin, arroyo Piray-Miní, 26°2'00"S. 53°52'30.0"W, Misiones, Argentina. Holotype: MACN-ict 9429. Paratypes: Al 262 (1, c&s), MACN-ict 9430 (17), MLP 10469 [ex AI 261] (4). Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:8 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Crenicichla hu Piálek, Říčan, Casciotta & Almirón 2010 -- (Koerber 2011:8 [ref. 31122], Varella 2011:31 [ref. 37216], Kullander & Lucena 2013:154 [ref. 32675], Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33621], Piálek et al. 2015:24 [ref. 33984], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Říčan et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35070], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Varella et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:55 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla hu Piálek, Říčan, Casciotta & Almirón 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Piray Miní drainage, Paraná River basin, Misiones, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

igara, Crenicichla Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.] 1992:125, Fig. 23 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Canoas at Passo do Canoas, on the road Tupitinga-Celso Ramos, município Campos Novos, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 12906. Paratypes: MCP 12257 (1), 12259 (1), 13308 (1), 13426 (1). •Valid as Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander 1992 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:628 [ref. 27061], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Kullander & Lucena 2013:154 [ref. 32675], Bertaco et al. 2016:425 [ref. 34561], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

iguapina, Crenicichla Kullander [S. O.] & Lucena [C. A. S. de] 2006:135, Fig. 5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 28747] Iporanga, rio Betari, rio Ribeira de Iguapé drainage, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 49062. Paratypes: MCP 18241 (2); MNRJ 6318 (2); MZUSP 2530 (2), 35308 (1), 36540 (1), 37908 (1), 40231 (1), 41204 (1), 41208 (1). •Valid as Crenicichla iguapina Kullander & Lucena 2006 -- (Kullander 2009:49 [ref. 30051], Kullander & Lucena 2013:154 [ref. 32675], Mattos et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33306], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla iguapina Kullander & Lucena 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguapé River drainage, southeastern Mata Atlantica (São Paulo State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

iguassuensis, Crenicichla Haseman [J. D.] 1911:352, Pl. 61 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Iguassú at Porto União da Victoria, Paraná, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54159 [ex CM 2725]. Paratypes: CAS 78963 [ex IU 13357] (1), FMNH 54160-61 (3, 1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:95 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:29 [ref. 12367]. Originally as iguassuënsis. •See Gómez & Chebez 1996:66 [ref. 23791]. •Valid as Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman 1911 -- (Casciotta 1987:883 [ref. 6772], Ploeg 1991:112 [ref. 20196], Miquelarena et al. 1997:71 [ref. 23469], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:628 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:76 [ref. 27366] as cf. iguassuensis, Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29372], Kullander 2009:49 [ref. 30051], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Varella 2011:35 [ref. 37216]. Kullander & Lucena 2013:154 [ref. 32675], Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Piálek et al. 2015:19 [ref. 33984], Říčan et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35070], Koerber et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:9 [ref. 35632], Koerber et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36736], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:54 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River basin, Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

jaguarensis, Crenicichla Haseman [J. D.] 1911:351, Pl. 60 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Grande of the Paraná at Jaguara, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54157 [ex CM 2723]. Paratypes: FMNH 54158 [ex CM 2724] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:95 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:29 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman 1911 -- (Ploeg 1991:113 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:628 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29372], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:658 [ref. 30041], Kullander 2009:48 [ref. 30051], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Varella 2011:46 [ref. 37216], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

jegui, Crenicichla Ploeg [A.] 1986:67, Pl. 5 (upper) [Beaufortia v. 36 (no. 5); ref. 8054] Rio Tocantins, Itupiranga, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 857. Paratypes: INPA 859 (1), 883 (1); ZMA 119765 (1), 119768 (1). •Valid as Crenicichla jegui Ploeg 1986 -- (Kullander 1997:284 [ref. 22746], Ploeg 1991:67 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:628 [ref. 27061], Varella & Ito 2018:11 [ref. 35884], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla jegui Ploeg 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: lower Tocantins drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

jupiaensis, Crenicichla Britski [H. A.] & Luengo [J. A.] 1968:171, Figs. 1-2 [Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, São Paulo v. 21 (art. 18); ref. 7875] Rio Paraná, Salto de Urubupungá, between states of Mato Grosso and São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 4363. Paratypes: MZUSP 4364-65 (2), 4366 (1), 4367-4371 (5), 4372-4375 (?4). Type catalog: Britski 1969:210 [ref. 12401]. •Valid as Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo 1968 -- (Ploeg 1991:114 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:628 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2007:2 [ref. 29372], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Kullander 2009:49 [ref. 30051], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Koerber 2011:8 [ref. 31122], Varella 2011:58 [ref. 37216], Kullander & Lucena 2013:150 [ref. 32675], Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33621], Piálek et al. 2015:24 [ref. 33984], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Říčan et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35070], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo 1968. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin (Argentina and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

jurubi, Crenicichla Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.] 1992:128, Figs. 25-26 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Marombas at bridge Irineu Bornhausen, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 14326. Paratypes: MCP 12865 (2), 12909 (2), 12987 (5, 1 c&s), 12992 (3), 13133 (1), 13580-81 (1, 1); NRM 13373 (1). •Valid as Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander 1992 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:628 [ref. 27061], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Kullander & Lucena 2013:154 [ref. 32675], Casciotta et al. 2013:384 [ref. 32938], Bertaco et al. 2016:425 [ref. 34561], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

lacustris, Cycla Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:19, Pl. 8 (fig. 3) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Bahia [probably in error for near Rio de Janeiro], Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN A-9501 (2). Type catalog: Blanc 1962:208 [ref. 20868]. See Kullander & de Lucena 2006:134 [ref. 28747] for remarks on the type locality. •Valid as Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau 1855) -- (Lucena & Azevedo 1989 [ref. 16140], Ploeg 1991:115 [ref. 20196], Gómez & Chebez 1996:66 [ref. 23791], López et al. 2003:76 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:87 [ref. 28131], Kullander & Lucena 2006:131 [ref. 28747], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Kullander 2009:49 [ref. 30051], Kullander & Lucena 2013:154 [ref. 32675], Catelani et al. 2014:932 [ref. 37496], Mattos et al. 2014:36 [ref. 33306], Nión et al. 2016:50 [ref. 35565], Silva et al. 2020:15 [ref. 37809], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Atlantic coastal drainages, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

lucenai, Crenicichla Mattos [J. L. O.], Schindler [I.], Ottoni [F. P.] & Cheffe [M. M.] 2014:37, Fig. 1 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 1); ref. 33306] Rio das Antas, Passo do Gabriel, Bom Jesus Municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Holotype: UFRJ 7930. Paratypes: CIMC, DZUFMG, UFRJ. •Valid as Crenicichla lucenai Mattos, Schindler, Ottoni & Cheffe 2014 -- (Bertaco et al. 2016:425 [ref. 34561], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla lucenai Mattos, Schindler, Ottoni & Cheffe 2014. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Atlantic coastal basins and upper Rio das Antas basin, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

macrophthalma, Crenicichla Heckel [J. J.] 1840:427, Pl. 30 (figs. 9-12) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Manaus, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 33082 (1), 77820 (1). •Valid as Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel 1840 -- (Ploeg 1991:119 [ref. 20196] with NMW 33082 as holotype, Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:629 [ref. 27061], Kullander & Lucena 2013:150 [ref. 32675], Mattos et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33306], Sarmiento et al. 2014:189 [ref. 35004], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, Brazil and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

maculata, Crenicichla Kullander [S. O.] & Lucena [C. A. S. de] 2006:139, Fig. 8 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 28747] Maquiné, rio Pinheiro, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 14661. Paratypes: (59) in many lots at MCP, NMW, NRM. •Valid as Crenicichla maculata Kullander & Lucena 2006 -- (Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Kullander 2009:49 [ref. 30051], Kullander & Lucena 2013:154 [ref. 32675], Mattos et al. 2014:36 [ref. 33306], Bertaco et al. 2016:425 [ref. 34561], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla maculata Kullander & Lucena 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Pinheiro River drainage, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

mandelburgeri, Crenicichla Kullander [S. O.] 2009:42, Figs. 1-6 [Zootaxa No. 2006; ref. 30051] Arroyo Tembey above falls, Itapúa, Paraguay. Holotype: MHNG 2691.043. Paratypes: many at MHNG, MNHNP and NRM. •Valid as Crenicichla mandelburgeri Kullander 2009 -- (Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Koerber 2011:8 [ref. 31122], Varella 2011:93 [ref. 37216], Kullander & Lucena 2013:149 [ref. 32675], Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Mattos et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33306], Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33621], Piálek et al. 2015:24 [ref. 33984] as cf. mandelburgeri, Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Říčan et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35070], Koerber et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35267], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:54 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla mandelburgeri Kullander 2009. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: middle Paraná River basin, Paraguay and Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

minuano, Crenicichla Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.] 1992:116, Figs. 12-15 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Comandaí on the road Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 14321. Paratypes: MCP 12254-55 (2, 1), 12258 (1), 12352 (2), 12439 (1), 12465 (1), 12500 (1), 12501-03 (2, 1, 3), 12852 (1), 12957 (4), 12984 (1), 12989 (3, 1 c&s), 12998 (2, 1 c&s), 13008 (1), 13046 (1), 13065 (1), 13189 (2), 13404 (2), 13582-84 (1, 2, 1), 13586 (2), 13839 (3, 1 c&s), 13840 (2), 14335 (2); NRM 13370-71 (1, 1), 13583 (1). •Valid as Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander 1992 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:629 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:76 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:87 [ref. 28131], Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Zarucki et al. 2010:193 [ref. 34811], Serra et al. 2011:357 [ref. 31355], Litz & Koerber 2014:33 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:425 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:50 [ref. 35565], Loureiro et al. 2023:148 [ref. 40506], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: middle and upper Uruguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

missioneira, Crenicichla Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.] 1992:113, Figs. 9-10 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Comandaí, on the road of Porto Xavier-Porto Lucena, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 14324. Paratypes: MCP 5888 (2), 10474 (1), 10879 (13), 10911 (1), 12633 (3), 12880 (1), 12946 (1), 13190 (1), 14333 (2); NRM 20879 (2). •Valid as Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander 1992 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:629 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:76 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:87 [ref. 28131] as misioneira, Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Zarucki et al. 2010:193 [ref. 34811], Serra et al. 2011:357 [ref. 31355], Kullander & Lucena 2013:150 [ref. 32675], Casciotta et al. 2013:384 [ref. 32938], Mattos et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33306], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:425 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:50 [ref. 35565] as misioneira and dated 1962, Loureiro et al. 2023:148 [ref. 40506], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Uruguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

mucuryna, Crenicichla Ihering [R. von] 1914:335 [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 9; ref. 14157] Rio Todos os Santos, tributary of Rio Mucury [Mucuri], Teófilo Otoni, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Lectotype: MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 2526. Type catalog: Britski 1969:210 [ref. 12401] as mucurina. Lectotype selected by Britski 1969:210 [ref. 12401]. •Valid as Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering 1914 -- (Ploeg 1991:120 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:629 [ref. 27061], Kullander & Lucena 2006:129 [ref. 28747], Kullander 2009:49 [ref. 30051], Kullander & Lucena 2013:150 [ref. 32675], Mattos et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33306], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering 1914. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Mucuri River basin, eastern coast of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

multidens, Crenicichla (Batrachops) Steindachner [F.] 1915:347 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 52 (no. 27); ref. 20500] Rio de La Plata, Argentina. Holotype (unique): NMW. Species illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1915:567, Pl. 1 (fig. 1) [ref. 15070]. •Synonym of Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Ploeg 1991:105 [ref. 20196], Lucena & Kullander 1992:131 [ref. 20004], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:631 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

multifasciata, Cycla Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:18, Pl. 10 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Peru. No types known. •Nomen dubium, in genus Crenicichla -- (Kullander 1986:45 [ref. 12439], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:632 [ref. 27061], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273]). Nomen Dubium. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

niederleinii, Acharnes Holmberg [E. L.] 1891:181 [Revista Argentina de Historia Natural (Buenos Aires) v. 1; ref. 2192] Río Pequiri, Missiones, Argentina [possibly Río Pepiri-Guazú]. No types known. •Valid as Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg 1891) -- (Casciotta 1987:883 [ref. 6772], Ploeg 1991:120 [ref. 20196], Gómez & Chebez 1996:66 [ref. 23791], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:629 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:76 [ref. 27366] as niederleini, Menni 2004:87 [ref. 28131] as niederleini, Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29372], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Kullander 2009:48 [ref. 30051], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Varella 2011:146 [ref. 37216], Kullander & Lucena 2013:149 [ref. 32675] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Steinhäuser 2019:229 [ref. 36998]). •Nomen dubium -- (Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273]). Nomen Dubium. Current status: Uncertain as Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg 1891). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin, Argentina and Brazil. Not in Paraguay [ref. 35267]. Habitat: freshwater.

ocellata, Boggiania Perugia [A.] 1897:148 [2] [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 18; ref. 3436] Puerto 14 de Mayo, Bahia Negra, Chaco boreale, Alto Paraguay. Holotype (unique): MSNG 33700. Type catalog: Tortonese 1963:340 [ref. 10350]. On p. 2 of separate. •Valid as Crenicichla ocellata (Perugia 1897) -- (Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Piálek et al. 2015:25 [ref. 33984], Říčan et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35070], Koerber et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35267], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110]). •Synonym of Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel 1840) -- (Ploeg 1991:107 [ref. 20196], Britski et al. 1998:147 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:631 [ref. 27061], Hablützel & Huanto 2020:54 [ref. 37939], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

polysticta, Crenicichla Hensel [R.] 1870:58 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (pt. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadea in rain forest at Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: ZMB 7461. Paralectotypes: (3) lost. Type catalog: Paepke & Schindler 2013:267 [ref. 32895]. •Valid as Crenicichla polysticta Hensel 1870 -- (Ploeg 1991:121 [ref. 20196]). •Synonym of Crenicichla punctata Hensel 1870 -- (Malabarba 1989:165 [ref. 14217], Lucena & Azevedo 1989:89 [ref. 16140], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:630 [ref. 27061], Kullander & Lucena 2006:142 [ref. 28747], Mattos et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33306], Litz & Koerber 2014:33 [ref. 33622], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla punctata Hensel 1870. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

prenda, Crenicichla Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.] 1992:140, Fig. 32 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Jacutinga, on the road BR 283 Seara-Concórdia, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 13016. Paratypes: MCP 10858 (11), 12985 (1), 13363 (1). •Valid as Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander 1992 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:630 [ref. 27061], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Bertaco et al. 2016:426 [ref. 34561], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: upper Uruguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

punctata, Crenicichla Hensel [R.] 1870:57 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (pt. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Guaíba, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: ZMB 7459. Paralectotypes: ZMB 7460 (1), 31561-62 (4, 3). Type catalog: Paepke & Schindler 2013:268 [ref. 32895]. Lectotype selected by Lucena & Azevedo 1989:90 [ref. 16140] as 7459 -- the 149-mm specimen. •Synonym of Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau 1855) -- (Ploeg 1991:115 [ref. 20196]). •Valid as Crenicichla punctata Hensel 1870 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:20 [ref. 9708], Malabarba 1989:165 [ref. 14217], Lucena & Azevedo 1989:89 [ref. 16140], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:630 [ref. 27061], Kullander & Lucena 2006:142 [ref. 28747], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Kullander 2009:49 [ref. 30051], Serra et al. 2011:357 [ref. 31355], Kullander & Lucena 2013:154 [ref. 32675], Mattos et al. 2014:36 [ref. 33306], Litz & Koerber 2014:33 [ref. 33622], Bertaco et al. 2016:426 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:50 [ref. 35565], Giora & Wingert 2023:114 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:149 [ref. 40506], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla punctata Hensel 1870. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim basins (southeastern Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

punctulatus, Batrachops Regan [C. T.] 1905:156, Pl. 14 (fig. 1) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1905, v. 1 (pt 2) (art. 1) (for 7 Mar. 1905); ref. 12256] Essequibo River, Guyana. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1864.1.21.24. •Synonym of Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel 1840) -- (Ploeg 1991:103 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:630 [ref. 27061], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

reticulatus, Batrachops Heckel [J. J.] 1840:433, Pl. 30 (figs. 17-20) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Manaus, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 35783. Type catalog: Kullander 1986:94 [ref. 12439]. Kullander lists a holotype, but Ploeg 1991:104 [ref. 20196] claims that the original description indicated more than one specimen; he designated the only specimen found at NMW as lectotype. •Valid as Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel 1840) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:20 [ref. 9708], Kullander 1986:92 [ref. 12439], Ploeg 1991:103 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:630 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2013:384 [ref. 32938], Mattos et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33306], Sarmiento et al. 2014:189 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:97 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:28 [ref. 39298] as reticulatus, Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin and Essequibo River basin (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

santaremensis, Crenicichla Haseman [J. D.] 1911:354, Pl. 62 (fig. 1) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Lagoon along margin of Amazon, 3 miles above Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54153 [ex CM 2719]. Paratypes: FMNH 54154 [ex CM 2720] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:95 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:29 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel 1840 -- (Ploeg 1991:119 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:629 [ref. 27061], Varella et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

scottii, Batrachops Eigenmann [C. H.] 1907:455, Pl. 23 (fig. 8) [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 8 (for 1906); ref. 10024] Buenos Aires [Ensenada, Buenos Aires Province], Argentina. Holotype: Princeton Univ. (apparently lost). Paratypes: CAS 66891 [ex IU 11420] (1), PU. Type locality see Calviño & Waldbillig 2020:1 [ref. 37512]. •Valid as Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Casciotta 1987:883 [ref. 6772], Lucena & Azevedo 1989:93 [ref. 16140], Ploeg 1991:105 [ref. 20196], Lucena & Kullander 1992:131 [ref. 20004], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:631 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:77 [ref. 27366] as scotti, Menni 2004:87 [ref. 28131] as scotti, Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29372], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Serra et al. 2011:357 [ref. 31355], Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Mattos et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33306], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622], Piálek et al. 2015:24 [ref. 33984], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:426 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:50 [ref. 35565], Calviño & Waldbillig 2020:1 [ref. 37512], Loureiro et al. 2023:149 [ref. 40506], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

sedentaria, Crenicichla Kullander [S. O.] 1986:83, Pls. 6 (fig. 3), 7 (figs. 1-2) [Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru; ref. 12439] Río Yamushimas of River Palcazú, near San Pedro de Longin, Río Pachitea drainage, Depto. Pasco, Peru. Holotype: USNM 229057. Paratypes: ANSP (59 in 8 lots); BMNH 1969.7.15.55 (1), 1969.7.23.4 (1); CAS 57455 [ex IU 17772] (1); FMNH 84259 (2), 84268 (3), FMNH (1); MCZ 48326 (1); MHNG (3 in 2 lots); NRM 12293 (2), 13577 (2), 13778 (1); USNM 229053 (1); ZFMK 2141 (1), 2142-43 (2), 10765 (1), ZMH 6443 (2). Type catalog: Wilkens & Dohse 1993:418 [ref. 21161], Herder et al. 2010:130 [ref. 31087]. •Valid as Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander 1986 -- (Ploeg 1991:106 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:631 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:118 [ref. 35745], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:28 [ref. 39298], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander 1986. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

semifasciata, Crenicichla lacustris var. Devincenzi [G. J.] 1939:34, Fig. 11 (no. 3) [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo (Serie 2) v. 4 (no. 13); ref. 1121] Río Uruguay at Paysandú, Uruguay. No types known. Subjectively invalid; secondarily preoccupied in Crenicichla by Batrachops semifasciata Heckel 1840. •Synonym of Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Lucena & Kullander 1992:131 [ref. 20004], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:57 [ref. 35117], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). 2°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann 1907). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

semifasciatus, Batrachops Heckel [J. J.] 1840:436 [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Paraguay near Caiçara, Mato Grosso, Brazil. NMW (not found). •Valid as Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel 1840) -- (Ploeg 1991:107 [ref. 20196], Britski et al. 1999:147 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:631 [ref. 27061], Menni 2004:87 [ref. 28131], Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29372], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Koerber 2011:8 [ref. 31122], Varella 2011:99 [ref. 37216], Kullander & Lucena 2013:149 [ref. 32675], Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:189 [ref. 35004], Piálek et al. 2015:25 [ref. 33984], Mirande & Koerber 2015:58 [ref. 35117], Říčan et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35070], Koerber et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35267], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Hablützel & Huanto 2020:54 [ref. 37939], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

simoni, Crenicichla Haseman [J. D.] 1911:345, Pl. 59 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Paraguay, São Luiz de Cáceres, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54097 [ex CM 2646]. Paratypes: CAS 78964 [ex IU 13352] (1), FMNH 54098-54100 [ex CM 2647-2650] (1, 1, 2, 3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:95 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:29 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel 1840) -- (Ploeg 1991:107 [ref. 20196], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:631 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:58 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:79 [ref. 35267], Hablützel & Huanto 2020:54 [ref. 37939], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Synonym of Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel 1840). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

stocki, Crenicichla Ploeg [A.] 1991:108, Fig. 141 [South American Crenicichla; ref. 20196] Capuaraná, Rio Tocantins system, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 2851. Paratypes: INPA 2857-60 (1, 1, 7, 2), 2880 (1), 2856 (1); MNRJ uncat. (1); MZUSP 3537 (1), 33155 (1), 41238-39 (3, 2), 41236 (1); ZMA 119754-55 (2, 1). •Valid as Crenicichla stocki Ploeg 1991 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:631 [ref. 27061], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla stocki Ploeg 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Tocantins River drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

taikyra, Crenicichla Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.], Aichino [D.], Gómez [S. E.], Piálek [L.] & Říčan [O.] 2013:380, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 3721 (no. 4); ref. 32938] Misiones Province, río Paraná at Candelaria, 27°21'43.0"S, 55°51'54.7"W, Argentina. Holotype: MACN-ict 9461. Paratypes: AI 264 (4 c&s), 306 (3); MLP 10398 (5); MACN-ict 9462 (3), 9463 (7), 9464 (4), 9465 (4), 9466 (13). Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:9 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Crenicichla taikyra Casciotta, Almirón, Aichino, Gómez, Piálek & Říčan 2013 -- (Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33621], Piálek et al. 2015:25 [ref. 33984], Mirande & Koerber 2015:58 [ref. 35117], Říčan et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35070], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Varella et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:55 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla taikyra Casciotta, Almirón, Aichino, Gómez, Piálek & Říčan 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: middle Paraná River basin, Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

tapii, Crenicichla Piálek [L.], Dragová [K.], Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.] & Říčan [O.] 2015:15, Figs. 2B, 3C, 4C-D, 6 [Historia Natural, Tercera Serie v. 5 (no. 2) (for 27 May); ref. 33984] Misiones Province, lower Iguazú River above Iguazú Falls, at the mouth of arroyo Ñandú, Parque Nacional Iguazú, Argentina, 25°42’11.7"S, 54°25’31.2"W. Holotype: MLP 10560. Paratypes: MACN-ict, MLP. Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:9 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Crenicichla tapii Piálek, Dragová, Casciotta, Almirón & Říčan 2015 -- (Koerber et al. 2015:3 [ref. 35179], Říčan et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35070], Koerber et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:9 [ref. 35632], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Koerber et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:55 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tapii Piálek, Dragová, Casciotta, Almirón & Říčan 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Iguazú River basin, Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

tendybaguassu, Crenicichla Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Kullander [S. O.] 1992:121, Figs. 19-20 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20004] Rio Piratinim, Fazenda dos Hinz, Coímbra, município Santo Angelo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 10876. Paratypes: MCP 12466 (1), 12475 (1), 12767 (1), 13007 (1), 13935 (1); NRM 13057 (1). •Valid as Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander 1992 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:631 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:77 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:87 [ref. 28131], Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Serra et al. 2011:357 [ref. 31355], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:58 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:426 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:50 [ref. 35565], Loureiro et al. 2023:148 [ref. 40506], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River drainage (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

tesay, Crenicichla Casciotta [J. R.] & Almirón [A. E.] 2009:652, Figs. 1-2 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 115 (no. 4 [not 3]); ref. 30041] Arroyo Verde, 25°40'15.0"S, 53°56'00.8"W, río Iguazú basin, Misiones, Argentina. Holotype: MACN-ict 9016. Paratypes: Al 214 (4), MACN-ict 9017 (1)9018 (5), MHNG 2708.062 (3), MLP 10468 [ex AI 213] (1). Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:10 [ref. 34112]. Published as 2008, apparently published in 2009. •Valid as Crenicichla tesay Casciotta & Almirón 2009 -- (Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Koerber 2011:8 [ref. 31122], Varella 2011:107 [ref. 37216], Kullander & Lucena 2013:154 [ref. 32675], Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33621], Piálek et al. 2015:20 [ref. 33984], Mirande & Koerber 2015:58 [ref. 35117], Říčan et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35070], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:55 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tesay Casciotta & Almirón 2009. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River basin, Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

tingui, Crenicichla Kullander [S. O.] & Lucena [C. A. S. de] 2006:137, Fig. 7 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 28747] Municipal border Paranaguá-Morretes, rio Jacarei below the bridge at kilometer 18 of road BR-277, 25°35'S, 48°43'W, Paraná State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 12606. Paratypes: FMNH 54137 (5); MCP 6909 (2), 16443 (1), 19892 (1); NMW 33286 (1). •Valid as Crenicichla tingui Kullander & Lucena 2006 -- (Kullander 2009:49 [ref. 30051], Mattos et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33306], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tingui Kullander & Lucena 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Atlantic coastal rivers (southeastern Brazil); Itapocu River to Nhundiaquara River drainage (Paraná State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

tuca, Crenicichla Piálek [L.], Dragová [K.], Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.] & Říčan [O.] 2015:9, Figs. 2A, 3B, 4A-B, 5 [Historia Natural, Tercera Serie v. 5 (no. 2) (for 27 May); ref. 33984] Misiones Province, lower Iguazú River above Iguazú Falls, arroyo Deseado, Argentina, 25°40’11.7"S, 53°55’59.5"W. Holotype: MLP 10818 (ex MACN-ict 9522). Paratypes: MLP. Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:10 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Crenicichla tuca Piálek, Dragová, Casciotta, Almirón & Říčan 2015 -- (Koerber et al. 2015:3 [ref. 35179], Říčan et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35070], Koerber et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:9 [ref. 35632], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Koerber et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:55 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla tuca Piálek, Dragová, Casciotta, Almirón & Říčan 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River basin, Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

vittata, Crenicichla Heckel [J. J.] 1840:417 [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Río Cuiabá [Cuyabá], Río Paraguay system, Paraguay. Lectotype: NMW 77815. Lectotype selected by Ploeg 1991:81 [ref. 20196]. •Valid as Crenicichla vittata Heckel 1840 -- (Casciotta 1987:883 [ref. 6772], Lucena & Azevedo 1989:93 [ref. 16140], Ploeg 1991:80 [ref. 20196], Lucena & Kullander 1992:105 [ref. 20004], Gómez & Chebez 1996:66 [ref. 23791], Kullander 1997:284 [ref. 22746], Britski et al. 1999:147 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:632 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:77 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:160 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:87 [ref. 28131], Casciotta et al. 2006:107 [ref. 28986], Casciotta et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29372], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Serra et al. 2011:357 [ref. 31355], Varella 2011:116 [ref. 37216], Kullander & Lucena 2013:149 [ref. 32675], Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Mattos et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33306], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:189 [ref. 35004], Piálek et al. 2015:24 [ref. 33984], Mirande & Koerber 2015:58 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:426 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:50 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:80 [ref. 35267], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[25] [ref. 35679], Hablützel & Huanto 2020:55 [ref. 37939], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Loureiro et al. 2023:149 [ref. 40506], Říčan et al. 2023:54 [ref. 40289], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla vittata Heckel 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

yaha, Crenicichla Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.] & Gómez [S. E.] 2006:108, Figs. 1-2 [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 56; ref. 28986] Arroyo Urugua-í in isla Palacios, Misiones Province, Argentina. Holotype: MACN-ICT 8924. Paratypes: Al 202 (4, 1 c&s); MLP 10465 [ex Al 199] (1), 10909 [ex AI 200] (1), 10910 [ex Al 201] (2); MTD-F 30606 (1). Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:10 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Crenicichla yaha Casciotta, Almirón & Gómez 2006 -- (Casciotta et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29372], Casciotta & Almirón 2009:656 [ref. 30041], Kullander 2009:49 [ref. 30051], Piálek et al. 2010:34 [ref. 30903], Casciotta et al. 2010:643 [ref. 30975], Koerber 2011:8 [ref. 31122], Varella 2011:128 [ref. 37216], Kullander & Lucena 2013:154 [ref. 32675], Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33621], Piálek et al. 2015:21 [ref. 33904], Piálek et al. 2015:20 [ref. 33984], Mirande & Koerber 2015:58 [ref. 35117], Říčan et al. 2017:2 [ref. 35070], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:55 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla yaha Casciotta, Almirón & Gómez 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Urugua-í River basin, Misiones, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

yjhui, Crenicichla Piálek [L.], Casciotta [J.], Almirón [A. E.] & Říčan [O.] 2019:381, Figs. 1-4 [Hydrobiologia v. 832 (no. 1); ref. 36110] Embalse Urugua-ı´ at camping, río Paraná basin, Misiones, Argentina, 25°52'29.1"S, 54°33'02.2"W. Holotype: MLP 11187. Paratypes: MACN, MLP. •Valid as Crenicichla yjhui Piálek, Casciotta, Almirón & Říčan 2019 -- (Koerber et al. 2019:10 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:54 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla yjhui Piálek, Casciotta, Almirón & Říčan 2019. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguai River drainage, río Paraná basin, Misiones, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

ypo, Crenicichla Casciotta [J. R.], Almirón [A. E.], Piálek [L.], Gómez [S. E.] & Říčan [O.] 2010:644, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 30975] Paraná basin, arroyo Urugua-í, at Establecimiento "Alto Paraná", ca 25°57.9'S, 54°06.5'W, Misiones, Argentina. Holotype: MACN-ict 9431. Paratypes: AI, MACN-ict, MLP. Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:11 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Crenicichla ypo Casciotta, Almirón, Piálek, Gómez & Říčan 2010-- (Koerber 2011:8 [ref. 31122], Varella 2011:136 [ref. 37216], Casciotta et al. 2013:385 [ref. 32938], Koerber 2014:13 [ref. 33621], Piálek et al. 2015:25 [ref. 33984], Mirande & Koerber 2015:58 [ref. 35117], Říčan et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35070], Piálek et al. 2019:394 [ref. 36110], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273], Říčan et al. 2023:55 [ref. 40289]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla ypo Casciotta, Almirón, Piálek, Gómez & Říčan 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Urugua-í River drainage, middle Paraná River basin, Misiones, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

zebrina, Crenicichla Montaña [C. G.], López-Fernández [H.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2008:34, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 1856; ref. 29783] Lower Ventuari River in front of Cucurital fishing camp, 4°07'03"N, 66°40'47" W, Orinoco River drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: TCWC 16300.01 (ex MCNG 45975). Paratypes: ROM 82529 [ex MCNG 45803] (1). •Valid as Crenicichla zebrina Montaña, López-Fernández & Taphorn 2008 -- (DoNascimiento et al. 2017:97 [ref. 35633], Varella et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40273]). Current status: Valid as Crenicichla zebrina Montaña, López-Fernández & Taphorn 2008. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River drainage, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.