Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Geophagus: [ 44 ] records

abalios, Geophagus López-Fernández [H.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2004:6, Figs. 2b, 3-5 [Zootaxa No. 439; ref. 27573] Laguna Larga, 6.5339°N, 67.4150°W, Río Cinaruco, Apure, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 47600. Paratypes: AMNH 93052 (2), 233634 [ex MCNG 44865] (1); MCNG 30939 (3), 33723 (3), 35035 (1), 40878 (1), 41124 (2), 47601 (2), 47602 [ex MCNG 6278] (1). •Valid as Geophagus abalios López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004 -- (Staeck & Schindler 2006:74 [ref. 28755], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:98 [ref. 35633], Lasso et al. in Lasso & Morales-Betancourt 2022:272 [ref. 40783], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:457 [ref. 40760]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus abalios López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Venezuela and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

altifrons, Geophagus Heckel [J. J.] 1840:385, Pl. 29 (figs. 21-25) [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Manaus, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 17007-08 (2). •Synonym of Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch 1791) -- (Gosse 1976:25 [ref. 7029]). •Valid as Geophagus altifrons Heckel 1840 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:632 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004:3 [ref. 27573], Staeck & Schindler 2006:74 [ref. 28755], Lucinda et al. 2010:42 [ref. 30771], Kottelat 2013:374 [ref. 32989], Barriga Salazar 2014:118 [ref. 35745] as cf. altifrons, Deprá et al. 2014:745 [ref. 33631], Silvano et al. 2020:349 [ref. 38134], Ximenes et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38836], Koerber et al. 2022:71 [ref. 39235], Chuctaya et al. 2022:12 [ref. 39723]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus altifrons Heckel 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador); introduced in Singapore. Habitat: freshwater.

argyrostictus, Geophagus Kullander [S. O.] 1991:130, Fig. 1 [Cybium v. 15 (no. 2); ref. 20053] Rocky pool near cachoeira, Belo Monte, Rio Xingu drainage, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 32906. Paratypes: IRSNB 785 (44); MZUSP 36875 (4), 39087 (17); NRM 13981 (5), 13997 (5); NMW 24023 (1); ZSM 27494 [ex NRM] (3). •Valid as Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander 1991 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:632 [ref. 27061], Schindler & Staeck 2006:96 [ref. 29420], Deprá et al. 2014:745 [ref. 33631], Ximenes et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38836], Chuctaya et al. 2022:13 [ref. 39723]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander 1991. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Xingu River drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brachybranchus, Geophagus Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.] 1989:48, Figs. 26-28 [The cichlids of Surinam; ref. 14136] Above Blanche Marie Valen, Nickerie District, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 30974. Paratypes: NRM 37079 (1, c&s), 43060-61 (3, 1); RMNH 30975-76 (2, 2), 30972-73 (7, 10); USNM 225837-39 (19, 1, 2), 226046-47 (2, 22), 226211 (73), 289513 (2); ZMA 106193 (19). •Valid as Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:632 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004:23 [ref. 27573], Staeck & Schindler 2006:74 [ref. 28755], Hauser & López-Fernández 2013:279 [ref. 32965], Taphorn et al. 2022:33 [ref. 41297] as cf. brachybranchus). Current status: Valid as Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Corantijn and Nickerie River drainages, and probably in Essequibo River basin (Guyana and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

brasiliensis, Chromis Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:286 [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9503. Type catalog: Blanc 1962:204 [ref. 20868], Bauchot et al. 1978:45 [ref. 20862]. •Valid as 'Geophagus' brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Argolo et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37561]). •Valid as Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Gosse 1976:34 [ref. 7029], Malabarba 1989:166 [ref. 14217], Casatti & Castro 1998:232 [ref. 23663], Torelli et al. 1997:70 [ref. 24612], Fuller et al. 1999:429 [ref. 25838], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], Di Dario et al. 2013:263 [ref. 37503], Catelani et al. 2014:932 [ref. 37496], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622], Mattos et al. 2015:219 [ref. 34048], Bertaco et al. 2016:426 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:50 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:9 [ref. 35632], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[27] [ref. 35679], Mattos & Costa 2018:336 [ref. 36009], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Koerber et al. 2019:11 [ref. 36736], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:6 [ref. 39606], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Silva et al. 2020:15 [ref. 37809], Chuctaya et al. 2022:15 [ref. 39723], Carvalho-Filho 2023:197 [ref. 40480], Ceríaco et al. 2023:34 [ref. 40710], Chan et al. 2023:144 [ref. 40365], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:53 [ref. 41258] as cf. brasiliensis). Current status: Valid as Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: coastal drainages (southeastern Brazil). Introduced in Hong Kong (China). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

brasiliensis, Geophagus Kner [R.] 1865:266, Pl. 10 (fig. 3) [Reise der öesterreichischen Fregatte "Novara" v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 18427] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 23044-45 (1, 1). •Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], Mattos et al. 2015:209 [ref. 34048]). Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

brokopondo, Geophagus Kullander [S. O.] & Nijssen [H.] 1989:41, Figs. 23-25 [The cichlids of Surinam; ref. 14136] Brokopondomeer, Suriname River system, Brokopondo District, Suriname. Holotype: ZMA 119530. Paratypes: NRM 43059 [A87/1967073.3941] (1); ZMA 105080-81 (4, 32). •Valid as Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen 1989 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004:3 [ref. 27573], Staeck & Schindler 2006:74 [ref. 28755], Hauser & López-Fernández 2013:279 [ref. 32965]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen 1989. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Suriname River basin, Suriname and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

camopiensis, Geophagus Pellegrin [J.] 1903:123 [4] [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 15037] Camopi River, Oyapock basin, French Guiana. Lectotype: MNHN 1901-456. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1912.3.2.19 (1) [ex MNHN]; MNHN 1901-0457 to 0459 (3). Type catalog: Blanc 1962:210 [ref. 20868]. On p. 4 of separate. Lectotype selected by Gosse 1976:72 [ref. 7029]. •Valid as Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin 1903 -- (Gosse 1976:71 [ref. 7029], Keith et al. 2000:184 [ref. 24547], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004:3 [ref. 27573], Staeck & Schindler 2006:74 [ref. 28755], Hauser & López-Fernández 2013:279 [ref. 32965], Deprá et al. 2014:745 [ref. 33631]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin 1903. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Oyapock and Approuague River basins: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

crassilabris, Geophagus (Satanoperca) Steindachner [F.] 1876:65 [17], Pl. 7 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Isthmus of Panama near Candelaria. Holotype (unique): NMW 58794. On p. 17 of separate. •Valid as Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner 1876 -- (Gosse 1976:66 [ref. 7029], Conkel 1993:182 [ref. 22949], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:98 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner 1876. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Pacific and Atlantic slopes of Panama and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

crocatus, Geophagus Hauser [F. E.] & López-Fernández [H.] 2013:280, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 3731 (no. 2); ref. 32965] East Berbice: Berbice River, about 14 air km upstream of Kwakwani at Mappa Lagoon camp (5.17456°N 58.16336°W), Guyana. Holotype: UG/CSBD 1656 [ex ROM 87106]. Paratypes: ROM. •Valid as Geophagus crocatus Haseur & López-Fernández 2013 -- (Taphorn et al. 2022:33 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus crocatus Hauser & López-Fernández 2013. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Berbice River (Guyana). Habitat: freshwater.

diamantinensis, Geophagus Mattos [J. L. O.], Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Santos [A. C. A.] 2015:213, Figs. 2-6 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 26 (no. 3); ref. 34048] Andaraí municipality, Paraguaçu River, Chapada Diamantina region, Bahia, Brazil, 12°50'23"S, 41°19'23"W. Holotype: UFRJ 8833. Paratypes: UFRJ. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as 'Geophagus' diamantinensis Mattos, Costa & Santos 2015 -- (Argolo et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37561]). •Valid as Geophagus diamantinensis Mattos, Costa & Santos 2015 -- (Mattos & Costa 2018:336 [ref. 36009], Silva et al. 2020:15 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:53 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus diamantinensis Mattos, Costa & Santos 2015. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguaçu River basin, Bahia State (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

dicrozoster, Geophagus López-Fernández [H.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2004:11, Figs. 1a, 6-8 [Zootaxa No. 439; ref. 27573] Laguna Larga, 6.5339°N, 67.4150°W, Río Cinaruco, Apure, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 40996. Paratypes: AMNH 233635 [ex MCNG 47603] (5), 233636 [ex MCNG 40853] (1); MCNG 30020 (7), 40311 (12), 47604 (4). •Valid as Geophagus dicrozoster López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004 -- (Staeck & Schindler 2006:74 [ref. 28755], Lucinda et al. 2010:42 [ref. 30771], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:98 [ref. 35633], Chuctaya et al. 2022:13 [ref. 39723]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus dicrozoster López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

gottwaldi, Geophagus Schindler [I.] & Staeck [W.] 2006:92, Figs. 1, 3-5 [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 56; ref. 29420] Lower río Sipapo at the Raudal Caldero, about 4°55'N, 67°45'W, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MTD F 30394. Paratypes: MTD F 30395 (1), F 30396 (1). •Valid as Geophagus gottwaldi Schindler & Staeck 2006 -- (Schindler & Artigas Azas 2015:14 [ref. 37681]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus gottwaldi Schindler & Staeck 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: upper Orinoco River and its tributaries (southwestern Venezuela); Rio Negro (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

grammepareius, Geophagus Kullander [S. O.] & Taphorn [D. C.] in Kullander, Royero & Taphorn 1992:366, Figs. 7-8 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 20002] Río Caroní drainage, middle Río Claro in Vuelta El Susto, 7°40'40"N, 63°08'05"W, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 25480. Paratypes: MCNG 17247 (3), 18096 (2), 18183 (39), 18243 (14), 18263 (4), 18296 (3), 18310 (7), 18318 (2), 18349 (7), 18407 (3), 18553 (3), 18571 (3), 18598 (25), 18755 (1), 18792 (1), 18921-22 (1, 2), 18943 (14), 18945 (2), 19476 (2); NHM 12032-33 (1, 2), 12772 (3), 12773 (3, now 2), 18096 (1, c&s), 40206 [ex NRM 12773] (1, c&s). •Valid as Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn 1992 -- (Lasso & Machado-Allison 2000:106 [ref. 27968] with authors as Kullander, Royero & Taphorn, Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004:23 [ref. 27573], Schindler & Staeck 2006:96 [ref. 29420]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

gymnopoma, Acara Günther [A.] 1862:278 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1842.8.18.8. Non-types: ZMB 9076 (1). •Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Gosse 1976:34 [ref. 7029], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622]). Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

harreri, Geophagus Gosse [J.-P.] 1976:88, Fig. 21 [Académie Royal des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, Cl. Sci. Nat. Méd. (N. S.) v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 7029] Ouaqui River, at Saut Bali, tributary of Tampok, Maroni basin, French Guiana. Holotype: IRSNB 525. Paratypes: IRSNB 526 (orig. 14, now 8), 527 (orig. 14, now 8); MZUSP [ex IRSNB 526] (6), [ex IRSNB 527] (6). Type catalog: Walschaerts 1987:31-32 [ref. 20755]. •Valid as Geophagus harreri Gosse 1976 -- (Kullander & Nijssen 1989:56 [ref. 14136], Keith et al. 2000:186 [ref. 24547], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], Schindler & Staeck 2006:96 [ref. 29420], Hauser & López-Fernández 2013:279 [ref. 32965], Borstein et al. 2022:18 [ref. 39507]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus harreri Gosse 1976. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Marowijne River basin (Guiana and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

hondae, Geophagus Regan [C. T.] 1912:506 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 9 (no. 53); ref. 14863] Río Magdalena at Honda, Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 1909.7.23.51. Paralectotype: BMNH 1909.7.23.52 (1). Lectotype selected by Gosse 1976:82 [ref. 7029]. •Valid as Geophagus hondae Regan 1912 -- (Gosse 1976:81 [ref. 7029], Ortega & Vari 1986:20 [ref. 9708]). •Synonym of Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand 1910 -- (Gosse & Kullander 1981:15 [ref. 40995], Galvis et al. 1997:110 [ref. 23651], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:634 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand 1910. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

iporangensis, Geophagus brasiliensis var. Haseman [J. D.] 1911:364, Pl. 71 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Mountain streams of Rio Ribeira de Iguapé, Iporanga, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54202 [ex CM 2792a]. Paratypes: (4) FMNH 54203 [ex CM 2792] (3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:95 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:38 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Gosse 1976:35 [ref. 7029]). •Valid as 'Geophagus' iporangensis Haseman 1911 -- (Argolo et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37561], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364]). •Valid as Geophagus iporangensis Haseman 1911 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], Mattos & Costa 2018:336 [ref. 36009], Brandão et al. 2022:207 [ref. 40464], Chuctaya et al. 2022:15 [ref. 39723], Giora & Wingert 2023:116 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:146 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus iporangensis Haseman 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: coastal drainages (southeastern Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

itapicuruensis, Geophagus brasiliensis var. Haseman [J. D.] 1911:365, Pl. 72 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (18); ref. 12510] Rio Itapicurú at Queimadas, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54365 [ex CM 2793a]. Paratypes: FMNH 54204-05 (1, 1), 54366 (4), 54378 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:95 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:38 [ref. 12367]. Originally as itapicuruënsis. •Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Gosse 1976:35 [ref. 7029]). •Valid as 'Geophagus' itapicuruensis Haseman 1911 -- (Argolo et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37561]). •Valid as Geophagus itapicuruensis Haseman 1911 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], Mattos et al. 2015:219 [ref. 34048], Mattos & Costa 2018:336 [ref. 36009], Silva et al. 2020:15 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:53 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus itapicuruensis Haseman 1911. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Itapicuru River drainage, Bahia State (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

magdalena, Geophagus Brind [W. L.] 1943:42 [All-Pets Magazine v. 14 (no. 9); ref. 20761] Lake at El Banco, Colombia. Syntypes: USNM 120207 (1), 120299 (1). Also spelled magdalenae in same paper in a quote; not intended as the name of the species by Brind. •Synonym of Geophagus hondae Regan 1912 -- (Gosse 1976:82 [ref. 7029]). •Synonym of Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand 1910 -- (Gosse & Kullander 1981:15 [ref. 40995], Galvis et al. 1997:110 [ref. 23651], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:634 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand 1910. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

megasema, Geophagus Heckel [J. J.] 1840:388 [Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2; ref. 2064] Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 16246 (1, dry), 90309 (1, dry), 92453 (1, dry); SMF 3125 [ex NMW in 1844] (1, dry). •Synonym of Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch 1791) -- (Gosse 1976:26 [ref. 7029]). •Valid as Geophagus megasema Heckel 1840 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004:3 [ref. 27573], Staeck & Schindler 2006:74 [ref. 28755], Lucinda et al. 2010:42 [ref. 30771], Deprá et al. 2014:745 [ref. 33631], Sarmiento et al. 2014:189 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:98 [ref. 35633], Ximenes et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38836], Chuctaya et al. 2022:13 [ref. 39723]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus megasema Heckel 1840. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Colombia and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

minuta, Acara Hensel [R.] 1870:53 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (pt. 1); ref. 18277] Pool in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil. Syntypes: ZMB 7453 (2), 22298 (3). Type catalog: Paepke & Schindler 2013:260 [ref. 32895] •Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Gosse 1976:34 [ref. 7029], Malabarba 1989:166 [ref. 14217], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], Paepke & Schindler 2013:260 [ref. 32895], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622]). Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

mirabilis, Geophagus Deprá [G. C.], Kullander [S. O.], Pavanelli [C. S.] & da Graça [W. J.] 2014:738, Figs. 1-5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 33631] State of Mato Grosso, município de Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin, rio Aripuanã, 2 km upstream from Dardanelos/Andorinhas falls, approximately 10°10’08"S, 59°28’00"W, elevation 120 meters. Holotype: MCP 48123. Paratypes: CPUFMT, INPA, MZUSP, NUP, UFRO-I. Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:33 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Geophagus mirabilis Deprá, Kullander, Pavanelli & da Graça 2014 -- (Ximenes et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38836], Chuctaya et al. 2022:14 [ref. 39723]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus mirabilis Deprá, Kullander, Pavanelli & da Graça 2014. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Aripuanã drainage, Madeira River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

multiocellus, Geophagus Mattos [J. L. O.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2018:331, Figs. 4, 5A [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 2); ref. 36009] Guaíra balneary, Rio Cambiriba, Rio Gongogi drainage, Rio de Contas basin, Iguaí municipality, Bahia State, Brazil, 14°36'17"S, 40°06'09"W, elevation about 345 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 11764. Paratypes: CICCAA, MNRJ, UFRJ. •Valid as 'Geophagus' multiocellus Mattos & Costa 2018 -- (Argolo et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37561]). •Valid as Geophagus multiocellus Mattos & Costa 2018 -- (Silva et al. 2020:15 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:53 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus multiocellus Mattos & Costa 2018. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Middle Rio de Contas basin, Bahia State (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

neambi, Geophagus Lucinda [P. H. F.], Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Assis [N. C.] 2010:35, Figs. 6-8 [Zootaxa No. 2429; ref. 30771] Lajeado Hydroelectric Reservoir, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Rio Tocantins, Brazil, 10°41'36"S, 48°24'52"W. Holotype: MCP 43670. Paratypes: MCP 43671 (19, 1 c&s); UNT 8250 (19, 1 c&s), 8278 (12), 8732 (3), 8733 (1). Plus many non-types at UNT. •Valid as Geophagus neambi Lucinda, Lucena & Assis 2010 -- (Deprá et al. 2014:745 [ref. 33631], Koerber et al. 2022:71 [ref. 39235], Chuctaya et al. 2022:14 [ref. 39723]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus neambi Lucinda, Lucena & Assis 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle portions of the Rio Tocantins basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

nochunda, Sparus Shaw [G.] 1803:455 [General zoology or systematic natural history v. 4; ref. 4014] Based on Sparus nhoquunda Lacepède 1802 and Perca brasliensis Bloch 1792. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

obscura, Chromys Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:14, Pl. 6 (fig. 3) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Paraguassu, Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN A-9511 (2). Type catalog: Blanc 1962:205 [ref. 20868], Bauchot et al. 1978:46 [ref. 20862]. Original genus should have been Chromis. •Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Gosse 1976:34 [ref. 7029]). •Valid as 'Geophagus' obscurus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Argolo et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37561]). •Valid as Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], Mattos et al. 2015:219 [ref. 34048], Mattos & Costa 2018:336 [ref. 36009], Silva et al. 2020:15 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:53 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguaçu River basin, Bahia State (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

olfersi, Geophagus Gosse [J.-P.] (ex Müller & Troschel) 1976:37 [Académie Royal des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, Cl. Sci. Nat. Méd. (N. S.) v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 7029] Museum name on specimens described by Gosse but not treated as valid and not available. •In the synonymy of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

parnaibae, Geophagus Staeck [W.] & Schindler [I.] 2006:70, Figs. 1-3 [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 55; ref. 28755] Richao Ponti near Timon, drainage of the rio Parnaíba, Estado Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. Holotype: MTD F 28759. Paratypes: MTD F 28664-71 (8). •Valid as Geophagus parnaibae Staeck & Schindler 2006 -- (Lucinda et al. 2010:42 [ref. 30771], Deprá et al. 2014:745 [ref. 33631], Ramos et al. 2014:5 [ref. 35321], Melo et al. 2016:377 [ref. 35317], Koerber et al. 2022:71 [ref. 39235], Chuctaya et al. 2022:14 [ref. 39723], Vieira et al. 2023:18 [ref. 40759], Limeira-Filho et al. 2024:6 [ref. 41573]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus parnaibae Staeck & Schindler 2006. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Parnaíba River basin (northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

pellegrini, Geophagus Regan [C. T.] 1912:505 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 9 (no. 53); ref. 14863] Río San Juan at Tado, Chocó, Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 1910.4.11.89. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1910.7 [or 4].11.90 (1), MNHN 1912-0061 [ex BMNH] (1). Type catalog: Blanc 1962:210 [ref. 20868]. Lectotype selected by Gosse 1976:77 [ref. 7029]. •Valid as Geophagus pellegrini Regan 1912 -- (Gosse 1976:76 [ref. 7029], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:98 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus pellegrini Regan 1912. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Atrato, San Juan, and Baudó River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

proxima, Chromys Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:14, Pl. 7 (fig. 1) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Ucayali, Mission Saraycu, Peru. Syntypes: MNHN A-9510 (1), B-3001 [ex MNHN A-9510] (1). Type catalog: Blanc 1962:205 [ref. 20868], Bauchot et al. 1978:46 [ref. 20862]. Original genus should have been Chromis. •Synonym of Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch 1791) -- (Gosse 1976:26 [ref. 7029]). •Valid as Geophagus proximus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:20 [ref. 9708], Kullander 1986:122 [ref. 12439], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004:3 [ref. 27573], Staeck & Schindler 2006:74 [ref. 28755], Lucinda et al. 2010:42 [ref. 30771], Deprá et al. 2014:745 [ref. 33631], Sarmiento et al. 2014:189 [ref. 35004], Ximenes et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38836], Chuctaya et al. 2022:14 [ref. 39723]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus proximus (Castelnau 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Bolivia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

pyrineusi, Geophagus Deprá [G. C.], Ohara [W. M.] & Silva [H. P.] 2022:42, Figs. 4-8 [Zootaxa 5162 (no. 1); ref. 39373] Rio Cristalino, tributary of rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós basin, Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 9°35ʹ56ʺS, 55°55ʹ48ʺW, elevation 243 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 119715. Paratypes: ABAM-I, INPA, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP. •Valid as Geophagus pyrineusi Deprá, Ohara & Silva 2022. Current status: Valid as Geophagus pyrineusi Deprá, Ohara & Silva 2022. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: lower Teles Pires River drainage, Tapajós River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

pyrocephalus, Geophagus Chuctaya [J.], Nitschke [P.], Andrade [M. C.], Wingert [J.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2022:5, Figs. 1, 3-5, 8 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 101 (no. 6); ref. 39723] Tapajós River near Jauarituba community, Brazil, 2.99725°S, 55.233826°W. Holotype: UFRGS 27400. Paratypes: (24) MCP, UFRGS. •Valid as Geophagus pyrocephalus Chuctaya, Nitschke, Andrade, Wingert & Malabarba 2022. Current status: Valid as Geophagus pyrocephalus Chuctaya, Nitschke, Andrade, Wingert & Malabarba 2022. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: lower Tapajós River drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

rufomarginatus, Geophagus Mattos [J. L. O.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2018:328, Fig. 2 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 2); ref. 36009] Small stream crossing the road BA-001, Rio Buranhém basin, Porto Seguro municipality, Bahia State, Brazil, 16°26'17"S, 39°10'47"W, elevation about 10 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 9994. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as 'Geophagus' rufomarginatus Mattos & Costa 2018 -- (Argolo et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37561], Silva et al. 2020:15 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:53 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus rufomarginatus Mattos & Costa 2018. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: middle and lower Rio Buranhém basin and coastal drainages (eastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

santosi, Geophagus Mattos [J. L. O.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2018:333, Figs. 5B, 6 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 2); ref. 36009] Rio Mariana upstream of Cachoeira da Pancada, Área de Proteção Ambiental Michelin, Ituberá municipality, Bahia State Brazil, 13°46'32"S, 39°09'29"W, elevation about 15 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 11765. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as 'Geophagus' santosi Mattos & Costa 2018 -- (Argolo et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37561]). •Valid as Geophagus santosi Mattos & Costa 2018 -- (Silva et al. 2020:15 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:53 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus santosi Mattos & Costa 2018. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Mariana drainage, Bahia State (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

steindachneri, Geophagus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] in Eigenmann 1910:478 [Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America v. 3 (pt 4); ref. 1224] Río Cauca near Caceres, Colombia. Holotype (unique): NMW 23289-90 [largest species]. Steindachner's specimen: NMW 23289-90 (1, smallest). New name for Geophagus brasiliensis Steindachner 1880:56 [ref. 14403] non brasiliensis Quoy & Gaimard. First appeared as name only in Eigenmann 1909:317 [ref. 1223]. Later in more detail in Eigenmann 1922:195 and Pl. 32 (fig. 3) [ref. 1243]. Based on literature source. •Synonym of Geophagus hondae Regan 1912 -- (Gosse 1976:82 [ref. 7029] with date 1922). •Valid as Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand 1910 -- (Gosse & Kullander 1981:15 [ref. 40995], Galvis et al. 1997:110 [ref. 23651], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:98 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand 1910. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Magdalena, Cauca, and Sinú River basins and Limón River, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

surinamensis, Sparus Bloch [M. E.] 1791:112, Pl. 277 (fig. 2) [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 5; ref. 4867] Suriname. Holotype (unique): ZMB 2825. Type catalog: Kullander & Nijssen 1989:38 [ref. 14136], Paepke 1999:63 [ref. 24282], Paepke & Schindler 2013:270 [ref. 32895]. On p. 89 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 8 [ref. 21381]. •Valid as Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch 1791) -- (Gosse 1976:25 [ref. 7029], Kullander & Nijssen 1989:31 [ref. 14136], Page & Burr 1991:330 [ref. 18983], Fuller et al. 1999:430 [ref. 25838], Keith et al. 2000:188 [ref. 24547], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:634 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004:3 [ref. 27573], Staeck & Schindler 2006:74 [ref. 28755], Schindler & Staeck 2006:96 [ref. 29420], Scharpf 2009:6 [ref. 30400], Page & Burr 2011:608 [ref. 31215], Page et al. 2013:156 [ref. 32708], Hauser & López-Fernández 2013:284 [ref. 32965], Kottelat 2013:374 [ref. 32989], Melo et al. 2016:135 [ref. 34701], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:98 [ref. 35633], Robins et al. 2018:373 [ref. 35886], Koerber et al. 2022:72 [ref. 39235], Page et al. 2023:136 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch 1791). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: French Guiana, Brazil, Colombia and Suriname; established in southern Florida, U.S.A. and Singapore. Habitat: freshwater.

sveni, Geophagus Lucinda [P. H. F.], Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Assis [N. C.] 2010:30, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa No. 2429; ref. 30771] Lajeado Hydroelectric Reservoir, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Rio Tocantins, Brazil, 10°41'36"S, 48°24'52"W. Holotype: MCP 43666. Paratypes: MCP 43667 (2, 1 c&s); MCP 43669 (6); UNT 8247 (6, 1 c&s), 8726 (7). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis 2010 -- (Deprá et al. 2014:745 [ref. 33631], Benitez et al. 2018:1056 [ref. 36343], Koerber et al. 2019:11 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Reis et al. 2020:472 [ref. 38364], Ximenes et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38836], Chuctaya et al. 2022:14 [ref. 39723], Koerber et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40665]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis 2010. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: middle portions of Rio Tocantins drainage (Brazil) and Paraná River basin (Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

taeniopareius, Geophagus Kullander [S. O.] & Royero [R.] in Kullander, Royero & Taphorn 1992:360, Figs. 1-6, 11-14 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 20002] Río Orinoco, Raudales d Ature, eastern shore, 5°36'N, 67°37'W, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MBUCV-V-21744. Paratypes: ANSP 135907 (4); MBUCV-V-12768 (2), V-12772 (16, not 6), V-13041 (2), V-17483 [not 17403] (1); MCNG 7631 (23), 12461 (3), 12541 (11), 16983 (4), 21512 (1), 21603 (1), 22168 (3), 22367 (5), 22428 (4), 22459 (10), 22506 (1), 22509 (8), 22578 (2), 22723 (1), 22875 (2), 23013 (5); MHNLS 4077 (3); NRM 12042 (2), 12775 (9, now 2), 12726 (now 2), 40192 (2, c&s), 40207 (2, c&s); USNM 269297 (4), 269346 (27). Type catalog: Lasso et al. 1998:49 [ref. 23639], Provenzano et al. 1998:9-10 [ref. 24196]. •Valid as Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero 1992 -- (Lasso & Machado-Allison 2000:108 [ref. 27968] with authors as Kullander, Royero & Taphorn, Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:634 [ref. 27061], López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004:23 [ref. 27573], Schindler & Staeck 2006:96 [ref. 29420], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:98 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero 1992. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

trimaculatus, Sparus Shaw [G.] in Shaw & Nodder 1809:no page number, Pl. 867 [The Naturalist's Miscellany; ref. 4013] American Seas. •Unneeded new name for, and objective synonym of Sparus surinamensis Bloch 1791. •Synonym of Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch 1791) -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:634 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch 1791). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

tuberosus, Geophagus Gosse [J.-P.] (ex Müller & Troschel) 1976:37 [Académie Royal des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, Cl. Sci. Nat. Méd. (N. S.) v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 7029] Museum name on specimens described by Gosse but not treated as valid and not available; in the synonymy of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). •In the synonymy of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae.

unimaculata, Chromys Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:13, Pl. 7 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9506. Type catalog: Blanc 1962:206 [ref. 20868], Bauchot et al. 1978:47 [ref. 20862]. Original genus should have been Chromis. •Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Gosse 1976:34 [ref. 7029], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:34 [ref. 33622]). Current status: Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

unipunctata, Chromys Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:13, Pl. 8 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Paraguassu, Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN A-9505 (3). Type catalog: Blanc 1962:206 [ref. 20868], Bauchot et al. 1978:47 [ref. 20862]. Original genus should have been Chromis. •Synonym of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Gosse 1976:34 [ref. 7029]). •Synonym of Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:633 [ref. 27061], Mattos et al. 2015:219 [ref. 34048]). Current status: Synonym of Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau 1855). Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Habitat: freshwater.

winemilleri, Geophagus López-Fernández [H.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2004:17, Figs. 2c, 10-12 [Zootaxa No. 439; ref. 27573] Laguna Yocuta, 2.1347°N, 66.3742°W, Río Siapa, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 35486. Paratypes: AMNH 233637 [ex MCNG 12301] (1), 233638 [ex MCNG 42016] (13); MCNG 12227 (9), 37858 (29), 42386 (2). •Valid as Geophagus winemilleri López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004 -- (Staeck & Schindler 2006:74 [ref. 28755], Deprá et al. 2014:745 [ref. 33631], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:98 [ref. 35633], Silvano et al. 2020:351 [ref. 38134], Ximenes et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38836]). Current status: Valid as Geophagus winemilleri López-Fernández & Taphorn 2004. Cichlidae: Cichlinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.