Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Melanorivulus: [ 65 ] records

aithogrammus, Melanorivulus Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Britzke [R.] 2019:36, Figs. 1-2 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 25 (no. 1); ref. 36525] Igarapé da Aldeia, Rio Tapajós basin, Itaituba, Pará, Brazil, 4°42'55"S, 56°26'25"W. Holotype: MZUSP 123088. Paratypes: LBP. •Valid as Melanorivulus aithogrammus Nielsen & Britzke 2019. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus aithogrammus Nielsen & Britzke 2019. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Tapajós basin, Parque Nacional da Amazônia, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

albae, Rivulus Valdesalici [S.], García Gil [J. R.] & Bressane Nielsen [D. T.] 2011:106, Figs. 1-2 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 31381] Lago Comprido floodplains, Pozo Bacabae, 1°44.270'N, 50°50.904'W, Estado de Amapa, Brazil, elevation 8 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 108783. Paratypes: MTD F 32342 (1), 32343 (1); MSNG 56259 a+b (2), 56259c-d (2, c&s); MZUSP 108784 (1). •Synonym of Melanorivulus schuncki (Costa & De Luca 2011) -- (Bragança et al. 2012:51 [ref. 32067]). Current status: Synonym of Melanorivulus schuncki (Costa & De Luca 2011). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Comprido Lake and Tartaruga Grande River, Brazil [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

amambaiensis, Melanorivulus Volcan [M. V.], Severo-Neto [F.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2018:272, Figs. 8-9 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 2); ref. 35895] First order stream of Rio Amambaí, margin of BR 487 highway, near of municipality of Naviraí, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, 22°57'11"S, 54°26'52"W, elevation 332 meters. Holotype: MCP 53150. Paratypes: MCP, ZUFMS. •Valid as Melanorivulus amambaiensis Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2018. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus amambaiensis Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2018. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Amambaí drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

apiamici, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:527, Figs. 3-3a [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 14319] Bataquaçu, close to the state border, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 39976. Paratypes: MZUSP 39977 (6), plus non-type material. •Doubtfully valid as Rivulus apiamici Costa 1989 -- (Huber 1992:99 [ref. 20639]). •Synonym of Rivulus pictus Costa 1989 -- (Costa 1995:212 [ref. 21883], Lazara 2001:283 [ref. 25711]). •Valid as Rivulus apiamici Costa 1989 -- (Costa in Reis et al. 2003:534 [ref. 27061], Costa 2005:71 [ref. 28192], Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus). •Valid as Melanorivulus apiamici (Costa 1989) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Nielsen et al. 2016:84 [ref. 34407], Deprá et al. 2017:113 [ref. 35503], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895], Ywamoto et al. 2020:128 [ref. 37763]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus apiamici (Costa 1989). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Paraná river basin, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

atlanticus, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Bragança [P. H. N.] & Ottoni [F. P.] 2015:32, Fig. 1 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 65 (no. 1); ref. 33784] Estado de Sergipe, Município de Pirambu, swamp in the coastal Restinga, between Lagoa Grande and Pau Seco, about 3.5 km from the sea coast, Brazil, 10°37’10"S, 36°43’50"W. Holotype: UFRJ 10243. Paratypes: UFRJ. •Valid as Melanorivulus atlanticus Costa, Bragança & Ottoni 2015 -- (Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Costa 2017:64 [ref. 35046]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus atlanticus Costa, Bragança & Ottoni 2015. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bororo, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:352, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 4) [for 2007]; ref. 29384] Swampy floodplans of córrego Buriti mouth, close to Santana River, upper Paraguay River basin, near the road MT-249 and the city of Arenápolis, 14°27'06"S, 56°49'00"W, Est. Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: UFRJ 6500. Paratypes: UFRJ 6501 (5), 6502 (3 c&s), 6503 (2). •Valid as Melanorivulus bororo (Costa 2008) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], with date as 2007, Deprá et al. 2017:121 [ref. 35503]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus bororo (Costa 2008). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

britzkei, Melanorivulus Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2017:60, Figs. 4-5 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 23 (no. 2); ref. 35340] Rio São Bento, headwaters of rio Braço Norte, Novo Progresso, Pará, Brazil, 9°12'35"S, 54°52'7"W. Holotype: MZUSP 121646. Paratypes: MZUSP. •Valid as Melanorivulus britzkei Nielsen 2017 -- (Nielsen & Britzke 2019:41 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus britzkei Nielsen 2017. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

canesi, Melanorivulus Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2017:57, Figs. 1-2 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 23 (no. 2); ref. 35340] "Vereda" at Km 84, road BR-163, near to CPBV-FAB, Rio Curuá basin, Novo Progresso, Pará, Brazil, 8°53'18"S, 54°59'00"W. Holotype: MZUSP 121647. Paratypes: MZUSP. •Valid as Melanorivulus canesi Nielsen 2017 -- (Nielsen & Britzke 2019:41 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus canesi Nielsen 2017. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Rio Curuá, middle Rio Xingu basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

crixas, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:61, Figs. 6-7 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29394] Stream tributary to Rio Crixás Mirim, ca. 5 kilometers south of Nova Crixás, Rio Crixás Aça drainage, Rio Araguaia basin, at road GO-164 crossing, Goiás State, Brazil, 14°08'11.8"S, 50°21'15.5"W, elevation 284 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6458. Paratypes: UFRJ 6459 (7), 6460 (5). •Valid as Rivulus crixas Costa 2007 -- (Costa 2010:369 [ref. 30690]). •Valid as Melanorivulus crixas (Costa 2007) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2016:144 [ref. 34900], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Nielsen 2017:67 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:42 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus crixas (Costa 2007). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Middle Araguaia River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cyanopterus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:73, Figs. 3-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Jaciara, swamp close to rio Tenente Amaral, tributary to upper rio São Lourenço, rio Paraguay basin, 15°58;48.9"S, 54°57'20.0"W, elevation 246 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 5911. Paratypes: MCP 36121 (8); UFRJ 5912 (3), 5913 (36), 5914 (5, c&s). •Valid as Rivulus cyanopterus Costa 2005 -- (Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus). •Valid as Melanorivulus cyanopterus (Costa 2005) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2017:68 [ref. 35046], Deprá et al. 2017:121 [ref. 35503]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus cyanopterus (Costa 2005). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Upper Sao Lourenço River drainage, Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

dapazi, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:71, Fig. 1 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Sonora, córrego Condusão, tributary to rio Correntes, rio Paraguy basin, 17°33'556.4"S, 54°44'23.8"W, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil, elevation 411 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 5915. Paratypes: MCP 36120 (9); UFRJ 5916 (3), 5917 (2, 1 c&s), 5918 (8), 5919 (2, c&s), 5920 (12), 5921 (3, 1c&s), 5922 (1), 5924 (3). •Valid as Rivulus dapazi Costa 2005 -- (Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus). •Valid as Melanorivulus dapazi (Costa 2005) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2013:280 [ref. 33107], Nielsen & Pinto 2015:136 [ref. 33903], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Costa 2017:64 [ref. 35046], Deprá et al. 2017:121 [ref. 35503]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus dapazi (Costa 2005). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Upper Correntes River drainage, Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

decoratus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:530, Figs. 6-6a [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 14319] Near Rio Icatu falls, Ibiraba, Bahia State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 39982. Paratypes: MZUSP 39983 (4). Type catalog: Huber 1992 [ref. 20639]. •Valid as Rivulus decoratus Costa 1989 -- (Huber 1992:173 [ref. 20639], Costa 1995:221 [ref. 21883], Lazara 2001:273 [ref. 25711], Costa 2003:41 [ref. 26966], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:535 [ref. 27061], Costa 2003:2 [ref. 27635], Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus, Costa 2010:194.3 [ref. 31043], Valdesalici et al. 2011:106 [ref. 31381]). •Valid as Melanorivulus decoratus (Costa 1989) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2012:58 [ref. 32069], Costa et al. 2015:32 [ref. 33784], Costa 2017:64 [ref. 35046], Deprá et al. 2017:113 [ref. 35503], Silva et al. 2020:14 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus decoratus (Costa 1989). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

egens, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:80, Fig. 11 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Município de Camapuã, road BR-060, rio São Domingos, upper rio Verde drainage, rio Paraná basin, 19°19'26.0"S, 53°21'6.8"W, Estsdo de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, elevation 532 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 5973. Paratypes: MCP 36126 (3); UFRJ 5974 (114), 5975 (3, c&s). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Rivulus egens Costa 2005 -- (Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus). •Valid as Melanorivulus egens (Costa 2005) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895], Volcan et al. 2024:1499 [ref. 41484]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus egens (Costa 2005). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Verde drainage, Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

faucireticulatus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:314, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 4) [for 2007]; ref. 29388] Bonfim River floodplains, upper Claro River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, road GO-516, 10 kilometers west of the city of Perolândia, 17°31'31"S, 52°07'52"W, Munic. de Perolândia, Est. de Goiás, Brazil, elevation 787 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6547. Paratypes: UFRJ 6548 (7), 6549 (3, c&s). •Valid as Rivulus faucireticulatus Costa 2008 -- (Costa 2008:86 [ref. 29717], Costa 2010:197 [ref. 31043]). •Valid as Melanorivulus faucireticulatus (Costa 2008) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655] with date as 2007, Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Costa 2018:25 [ref. 35717], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus faucireticulatus (Costa 2008). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Bonfim River floodplains, Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

flavipinnis, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2017:57, Figs. 4-5 [ZooKeys No. 645; ref. 35046] Stream tributary of Rio Anhumas, Rio São Lourenço drainage, Rio Paraguai basin, Rondonópolis municipality, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 16°48'16"S, 54°40'52"W, elevation approximately 420 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6881. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as Melanorivulus flavipinnis Costa 2017 -- (Deprá et al. 2017:121 [ref. 35503]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus flavipinnis Costa 2017. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Rio São Lourenço drainage, Rio Paraguai basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

formosensis, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:86, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 29717] Formoso River floodplains near Santa Amélia farm, upper Corrente River drainage, a part of the Paranaíba River drainage, Município de Chapadão do Céu, Estado de Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: UFRJ 6543. Paratypes: UFRJ 6544 (9), 6545 (4, 2 c&s), 5387 (2). •Valid as Melanorivulus formosensis (Costa 2008) -- (Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Costa 2018:25 [ref. 35717], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus formosensis (Costa 2008). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Formoso River floodplains, upper Corrente River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

giarettai, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:92, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 29718] Stream ributary to Araguari River crossing road between Uberaba and Nova Ponte, Municápio de Nova Ponte, Paranaíba River drainage, upper Paraná River, 19°19'51"S, 47°44'07"W, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil, elevation 946 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6488. Paratypes: UFRJ 6489 (2), 6490 (18), 6491 (4), 6492 (8), 6493 (4), 5402 (24). •Valid as Melanorivulus giarettai (Costa 2008) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus giarettai (Costa 2008). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Middle Araguari River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ignescens, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2017:53, Figs. 1-2 [ZooKeys No. 645; ref. 35046] Stream tributary to Rio Bandeira, Rio das Garças drainage, Rio Araguaia drainage, Guiratinga municipality, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 16°21'54"S, 53°47'58"W, elevation approximately 520 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6875. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as Melanorivulus ignescens Costa 2017. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus ignescens Costa 2017. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Araguaia basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

illuminatus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:194, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 3); ref. 29337] Near road GO-174, 23 kilometers north of Montividiu, 17°13'35.0"S, 51°09'19.9"W, rio dos Bois drainage, swampy floodplains of Córrego da Queixada, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, elevation 805 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6463. Paratypes: UFRJ 6464 (2), 6465 (5), 6466 (4, c&s), 6472 (2). •Valid as Rivulus illuminatus Costa 2007 -- (Costa 2008:85 [ref. 29717]). •Valid as Melanorivulus illuminatus (Costa 2007) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2012:217 [ref. 32292], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus illuminatus (Costa 2007). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Dos Bois River drainage, Paraná River basin, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

imperatrizensis, Melanorivulus Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Pinto [C. S.] 2015:137, Figs. 1-2 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 3); ref. 33903] Maranhão, Imperatriz, village of Bananal, rio Tocantins basin, Brazil, 5°39’00.2"S, 47°24’08.4"W, altitude 150 meters. Holotype: ZUEC 10506. Paratypes: ZUEC. •Valid as Melanorivulus imperatrizensis Nielsen & Pinto 2015 -- (Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:41 [ref. 36525], Koerber et al. 2022:75 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus imperatrizensis Nielsen & Pinto 2015. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: middle Rio Tocantins basin (northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

interruptus, Melanorivulus Volcan [M. V.], Severo-Neto [F.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2018:264, Figs. 1-2 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 2); ref. 35895] First order stream, in the headwaters of Rio Pardo, municipality of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, 20°28'11"S, 54°29'25"W, elevation 589 meters. Holotype: MCP 53145. Paratypes: MCP, ZUFMS. •Valid as Melanorivulus interruptus Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2018 -- (Volcan et al. 2024:1499 [ref. 41484]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus interruptus Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2018. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Pardo drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ivinhemensis, Melanorivulus Volcan [M. V.], Severo-Neto [F.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2018:268, Figs. 5-6 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 2); ref. 35895] First order stream of Rio Ivinhema, municipality of Nova Andradina, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, 22°11'53"S, 53°20'12"W, elevation 300 meters. Holotype: MCP 53147. Paratypes: MCP, ZUFMS. •Valid as Melanorivulus ivinhemensis Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2018. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus ivinhemensis Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2018. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Ivinhema drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

jalapensis, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2010:194, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 21 (no. 3); ref. 31043] Stream tributary to Novo River, itself a tributary of the Sono River, Tocantins River drainage, Amazon River basin, 10°18'26"S, 46°57'07"W, Parque Estadual do Jalapão, Estado do Tocantins, Brazil, elevation 382 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6713. Paratypes: UFRJ 6714 (9), 6715 (2 males, 2 females c&s) •Valid as Melanorivulus jalapensis (Costa 2010) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2012:58 [ref. 32069], Costa et al. 2015:32 [ref. 33784], Nielsen & Pinto 2015:137 [ref. 33903], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Costa 2017:64 [ref. 35046]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus jalapensis (Costa 2010). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Sono River drainage, Tocantins River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

javahe, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:63, Figs. 8-9 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29394] Stream tributary to Rio Verde, Rio Araguaia Basin, at road GO-16 crossing, ca. 30 kilometers north of São Miguel do Araguaia, Goiás States, Brazil, 13°04'05.3"S, 49°57'20,0"W, altitude 323 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 8386. Paratypes:( 27) UFRJ 1482 (18), 2108 (4), 6387 (3), 6388 (2). Plus non-types. •Valid as Rivulus javahe Costa 2007 -- (Costa 2010:369 [ref. 30690]). •Valid as Melanorivulus javahe (Costa 2007) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2016:141 [ref. 34900] as javaeh, Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:42 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus javahe (Costa 2007). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Middle Araguaia River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

karaja, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:65, Figs. 10-11 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29394] Strean tributary to Rio Dueré, Rio Formosa drainage, Rio Araguaia Basin, near road BR-153, 10 kilometers south of Rio Dueré Municipality, Tocantins State, Brazil, 11°12'36.9"S, 48°55'52.6"W, elevation 270 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6485. Paratypes: (2) UFRJ 6486 (1), 6487 (1 c&s). •Valid as Rivulus karaja Costa 2007 -- (Costa 2010:369 [ref. 30690]). •Valid as Melanorivulus karaja (Costa 2007) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2016:136 [ref. 34900], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:42 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus karaja (Costa 2007). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Middle Rio Tocantins drainage, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

kayabi, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:346, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 4) [for 2007]; ref. 29385] Stream crossing road between Alta Floresta and Porto de Areia, 12 kilometers from the later, Teles Pires River drainage, Tapajós River basin, 9°44'09"S, 56°01'24"W, Munic. de Alta Floresta, Est. de Mato Grosso, Brazil, elevation 261m. Holotype: UFRJ 6523. Paratypes: Many lots at UFRJ. Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Melanorivulus kayabi (Costa 2008) -- (Costa 2016:124 [ref. 34900], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Nielsen 2017:65 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:41 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus kayabi (Costa 2008). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Tapajós River and Xingu River basins, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

kayapo, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:50, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 1368; ref. 28876] Stream near kilometer 52 of road GO-221, Rio Bonito drainage, upper Rio Caiapó basin (itself part of araguaia basin), Estado de Goiás, Brazil, 16°41'52.4"S, 51°25'13.6"W, elevation 685 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6380. Paratypes: MCP 40140 (3); UFRJ 6381 (12), 6382 (5, c&s). •Valid as Rivulus kayapo Costa 2006 -- (Costa 2008:85 [ref. 29717]). •Valid as Melanorivulus kayapo (Costa 2006) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2012:217 [ref. 32292], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus kayapo (Costa 2006). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Upper Araguaia River basin, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

kunzei, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2012:214, Figs. 3-4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 23 (no. 3); ref. 32292] Road BR-158, about 64 km north of Jataí town, in a small stream tributary to upper Caiapó River, an upper tributary to Araguaia River, Município de Jataí, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, 17°01'55"S, 51°51'03"W, altitude 729 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 8423. Paratypes: UFRJ 8421 (8), 8422 (11). •Valid as Melanorivulus kunzei Costa 2012. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus kunzei Costa 2012. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Araguaia river basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

larissae, Melanorivulus Ywamoto [E. V.], Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Oliveira [C.] 2020:126, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4852 (no. 1); ref. 37763] Ribeirão Santa Rita, tributary of Rio Grande, Rio Paraná basin, Ouroeste, São Paulo state, Brazil, 19°59'56"S, 50°22'55"W, elevation 494 meters. Holotype: ZUEC 17154. Paratypes: LBP 29539 (2), MZUSP 123086 (2), ZUEC 17155 (10). •Valid as Melanorivulus larissae Ywamoto, Nielsen & Oliveira 2020. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus larissae Ywamoto, Nielsen & Oliveira 2020. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Rio Grande drainage, Rio Paraná basin, northwestern São Paulo state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

leali, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2013:278, Figs. 1-2 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 3); ref. 33107] Estado de São Paulo: Município de Serra Azul: stream tributary of Tamanduazinho river, Pardo river drainage, itself part of Grande river drainage, upper Paraná river basin, 21°20‘00"S, 47°34‘20"E, Brazil, altitude about 700 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6866. Paratypes: UFRJ 6359 (19), 6540 (4). •Valid as Melanorivulus leali Costa 2013 -- (Nielsen et al. 2016:88 [ref. 34407], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895], Ywamoto et al. 2020:128 [ref. 37763]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus leali Costa 2013. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Rio Pardo drainage, Paraná river basin, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

linearis, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2018:23, Figs. 6-7 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 1); ref. 35717] Córrego Água Limpa, upper Rio Pardo drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Bandeirantes municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 19°40'01"S, 54°18'13"W, elevation about 620 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 11678. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as Melanorivulus linearis Costa 2018 -- (Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus linearis Costa 2018. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: middle Rio Paraná basin, central Brazilian Cerrado, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

litteratus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:75, Figs. 6-7 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Município de Alto córrego do Sapo, upper rio Araguaia basin, road MT-100, 31 kilometers south of Alto Araguaia, 17°33'38.5"S, 53°18'33"W, Estado de Mato grosso, Brazil, elevation 750 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 5956. Paratypes: MCP 36123 (10); MZUSP 73303 (15); UFRJ 5837 (41), 5957 (7), 5958 (6, c&s). •Valid as Rivulus litteratus Costa 2005 -- (Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus, Costa 2006:55 [ref. 28876], Costa 2008:85 [ref. 29717]). •Valid as Melanorivulus litteratus (Costa 2005) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2012:217 [ref. 32292], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus litteratus (Costa 2005). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Upper Araguaia River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

megaroni, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2010:366, Fig. 1 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 20 (no. 4) [Dec. 2009]; ref. 30690] Stream crossing road BR-080, 7 kilometers east of the right bank of the Xingu River,about 10°43'S, 53°00'W, Parque Indígena do Xingu, Municipío de São José, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: UFRJ 6693. Paratypes: many at UFRJ. Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Melanorivulus megaroni (Costa 2010) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa et al. 2014:196 [ref. 33400], Costa 2016:135 [ref. 34900] dated 2009, Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:42 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus megaroni (Costa 2010). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Upper and middle Xingu River drainage, southern Amazon River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

melanopterus, Melanorivulus Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Ohara [W. M.] 2024:333, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 5496 (no. 3); ref. 41421] Conquista do Oeste, headwaters of rio Galera, tributary of the right bank of the upper rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 14°30'4.98"S, 59°25'26.03"W, elevation 643 meters. Holotype: INPA 60664. Paratypes: CPUFMT 8596 (6), INPA 60665 (4), ZUEC 18282 (21). •Valid as Melanorivulus melanopterus Nielsen & Ohara 2024. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus melanopterus Nielsen & Ohara 2024. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: upper rio Galera drainage, rio Guaporé basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

modestus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1991:329, Figs. 1 A-B [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 51 (no. 2); ref. 20644] Rio Mutum, lower Rio Tapajós basin, Municipio Comodoro, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 11670. Paratypes: MNRJ 11671 (5). •Valid as Melanorivulus modestus (Costa 1991) -- (Costa 2016:128 [ref. 34900], Nielsen 2017:65 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:41 [ref. 36525], Nielsen & Ohara 2024:339 [ref. 41421]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus modestus (Costa 1991). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: upper Juruena River drainage, Tapajós River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

nelsoni, Melanorivulus Deprá [G. C.], Pains da Silva [H.] & da Graça [W. J.] 2017:113, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4300 (no. 1); ref. 35503] Unnamed creek tributary to the córrego Beleza, tributary to the rio São Lourenço (rio Paraguai basin), municipality of Juscimeira, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 16°10'57"S, 55°0'40"W. Holotype: MCP 50981. Paratypes: NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:34 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Melanorivulus nelsoni Deprá, Pains da Silva & da Graça 2017. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus nelsoni Deprá, Pains da Silva & da Graça 2017. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Lourenço drainage, upper Rio Paraguai basin (Mato Grosso, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

nigromarginatus, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2018:21, Figs. 4-5 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 1); ref. 35717] Córrego Lajeado, Rio Corrente drainage, upper Rio Paraná basin, road GO-178, Itarumã municipality, Goiás State, Brazil, 18°49'45"S, 51°22'55"W, elevation about 470 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 8434. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as Melanorivulus nigromarginatus Costa 2018 -- (Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus nigromarginatus Costa 2018. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Paraná basin, central Brazilian Cerrado, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

nigropunctatus, Melanorivulus Volcan [M. V.], Klotzel [B.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2017:83, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4236 (no. 1); ref. 35156] Municipality of Aqua Clara, stream tributary of left margin of Rio Verde, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 20°02'29"S, 53°9'42"W, altitude 361 meters. Holotype: MCP 50017. Paratypes: MCP. •Valid as Melanorivulus nigropunctatus Volcan, Klotzel & Lanés 2017 -- (Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus nigropunctatus Volcan, Klotzel & Lanés 2017. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Rio Verde drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ofaie, Melanorivulus Volcan [M. V.], Klotzel [B.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2017:87, Figs. 5-7 [Zootaxa 4236 (no. 1); ref. 35156] Municipality of Ribas do Rio Pardo, stream tributary of right margin of Rio Verde, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 20°25'27"S, 52°56'34"W, altitude 347 meters. Holotype: MCP 50019. Paratypes: MCP, ZUFMS-PIS. •Valid as Melanorivulus ofaie Volcan, Klotzel & Lanés 2017 -- (Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus ofaie Volcan, Klotzel & Lanés 2017. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Verde drainage, Paraná River basin, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

paracatuensis, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:41, Fig. 2 [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 26966] Stream in Rio Paracatú floodplains near Brasilândia de Minas, road MG 181, Rio São Francisco basin,, about 17°00'00"S, 46°00'00"W, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 29639. Paratypes: MCP 29640 (1), UFRJ 2290 (3), 2291 (2, 1 c&s). •Valid as Rivulus paracatuensis Costa 2003 -- (Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus). •Valid as Melanorivulus paracatuensis (Costa 2003) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2012:61 [ref. 32069]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus paracatuensis (Costa 2003). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

paresi, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:354, Figs. 3-4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 4) [for 2007]; ref. 29384] Swampy floodplains of stream tributary to Sepotuba River, upper Paraguay River basin, near road MT-338, 2 kilometers of Progresso, Tangará de Serra, 14°38'40"S, 57°20'41"W, Est. de Mato Grosso, Brazil, elevation 500 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6505. Paratypes: UFRJ 6506 (11), 6507 (4, c&s), 6508 (3). •Valid as Melanorivulus paresi (Costa 2008) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655] with date as 2007, Deprá et al. 2017:121 [ref. 35503]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus paresi (Costa 2008). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Rio Sepotuba, Upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

parnaibensis, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:2, Figs. 1-2 [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 511; ref. 27635] Lagoon close to the road BR-135, 18 kilometers northeast of São Dimas, about 9°40'S, 45°00'W, Parnaiba River basin, Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Holotype: MCP 29639. Paratypes: MCP 29640 (5); UFRJ 4962 (25), 5449 (4, 2 c&s). •Valid as Rivulus parnaibensis Costa 2003 -- (Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus). •Valid as Melanorivulus parnaibensis (Costa 2003) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Nelsen & Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Nelsen & Pinto 2015:136 [ref. 33903], Costa 2016:139 [ref. 34900], Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:42 [ref. 36525], Koerber et al. 2022:75 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus parnaibensis (Costa 2003). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: Parnaíba River basin (northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

petrisecundi, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2016:129, Fig. 19 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 2) for Oct.; ref. 34900] Swamp close to stream tributary of the Rio Araguaia, in small road close to Parque Estadual Serra das Andorinhas, Município de Sao Geraldo do Araguaia, Rio Tocantins drainage, Pará, Brazil, 6°19'26"S, 48°28'15"W, elevation about 150 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6867. Paratypes: UFRJ. Plus a non-type specimen. •Valid as Melanorivulus petrisecundi Costa 2016 -- (Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:41 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus petrisecundi Costa 2016. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Rio Araguaia drainage, Pará, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

pictus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:525, Figs. 2-2a [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 14319] Fumal Creek at road crossing, Formosa, District Federal, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 11550. Paratypes: MNRJ 11551 (2), MZUSP 39975 (2). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Huber 1992 [ref. 20639]. See Lazara 2001:283 [ref. 25711] for first reviser information. •Valid as Rivulus pictus Costa 1989 -- (Huber 1992:358 [ref. 20639], Costa 1995:212 [ref. 21883], Lazara 2001:282 [ref. 25711], Costa et al. 2003:144 [ref. 26946], Costa 2003:41 [ref. 26966], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:538 [ref. 27061], Costa 2003:2 [ref. 27635], Costa 2005:71 [ref. 28192], Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus, Costa 2008:88 [ref. 29717]). •Valid as Melanorivulus pictus (Costa 1989) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2012:57 [ref. 32069], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Deprá et al. 2017:117 [ref. 35503], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus pictus (Costa 1989). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Paraná River and Rio Corumbá basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

pindorama, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2012:58, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 23 (no. 1); ref. 32069] About 2 km east of Pindorama town, a small tributary to Gameleira River, a tributary to das Balsas River, itself a tributary to Sono River, Tocantins River drainage, Muniicipio de Pindorama do Tocantins, 11°08'34"S, 47°33'21"W, elevation 454 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 8271. Paratypes: UFRJ 8272 (5), 8273 (6). •Valid as Melanorivulus pindorama Costa 2012 -- (Nielsen & Pinto 2015:137 [ref. 33903], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus pindorama Costa 2012. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Tocantins River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

pinima, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:528, Figs. 4-4a [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 14319] 37 kilometers east of Jataí, upper rio Paraná basin, 17°50'78"S, 51°24'13"W, Município de Rio Verde, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, elevation 782 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 39978. Paratypes: MZUSP 39979 (2), 39984 (2); plus non-type material. Type catalog: Huber 1992 [ref. 20639]. •Status uncertain -- (Huber 1992:361 [ref. 20639]). •Synonym of Rivulus pictus Costa 1989 -- (Costa 1995:212 [ref. 21883], Lazara 2001:283 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:538 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Rivulus pinima Costa 1989 -- (Costa 2005:71 [ref. 28192], Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus, Costa 2006:55 [ref. 28876], Costa 2008:317 [ref. 29388], Costa 2008:85 [ref. 29717]). •Valid as Melanorivulus pinima (Costa 1989) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2012:217 [ref. 32292], Nielsen & Pinto 2015:136 [ref. 33903], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Deprá et al. 2017:113 [ref. 35503]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus pinima (Costa 1989). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Claro and Bois river drainages, Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

planaltinus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 2008:82, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2008 (no. 1); ref. 29541] Cocal River floodplains, road BR -010, about 4 kilometers south of São Gabriel de Goías, Maranhão River drainage, upper T ocantins River basin, 15╕16'11"S, 47°33'13"W, Município de Planaltine de Goías, Estado de Goías, Brazil, elevation 1100 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6496. Paratypes: MCP 41324 (4); UFRJ 6497 (20), 6499 (4, 2 c&s). •Valid as Rivulus planaltinus Costa & Brasil 2008 -- (Costa 2008:88 [ref. 29717], Costa 2010:193 [ref. 31043]). •Valid as Melanorivulus planaltinus (Costa & Brasil 2008) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2012:57 [ref. 32069], Nielsen & Pinto 2015:137 [ref. 33903], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Deprá et al. 2017:120 [ref. 35503], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus planaltinus (Costa & Brasil 2008). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Cocal River floodplains, Maranhão River drainage, upper Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

polychromus, Melanorivulus Nielsen [D. T. B.], Aguiar Neves [P. A. B.], Ywamoto [E. V.] & de Aguiar Passos [M.] 2016:81, Figs. 1-2 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 2); ref. 34407] São Paulo, Suzanápolis, Córrego Ranchiho, tributary of rio São José dos Dourados, rio Paraná basin, Brazil, 20°31'39.50"S, 51°03'06.64"W, altitude 337 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 119054. Paratypes: MZUSP. •Valid as Melanorivulus polychromus Nielsen, Aguiar Neves, Ywamoto & de Aguiar Passos 2016 -- (Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895], Ywamoto et al. 2020:128 [ref. 37763]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus polychromus Nielsen, Aguiar Neves, Ywamoto & de Aguiar Passos 2016. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Rio São José dos Dourados drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

proximus, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2018:18, Figs. 1-2 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 1); ref. 35717] Stream crossing the road MS-306, Rio Aporé drainage, Rio Paraná Basin, Cassilândia municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 19°03'54"S, 51°49'56"W, elevation about 515 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 11681. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Melanorivulus proximus Costa 2018 -- (Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus proximus Costa 2018. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Paraná basin, central Brazilian Cerrado, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

punctatus, Rivulus Boulenger [G. A.] 1895:3 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 10 (no. 196); ref. 536] Colonia Risso, Paraguay. Syntypes: (5) BMNH 1895.1.30.21 (1), BMNH 1895.1.30.22 (1); MZUT 1054 [? = 2061] (3). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:142 [ref. 21559], Huber 1992 [ref. 20639]. Costa in Reis et al. 2003:538 [ref. 27061] treats BMNH 1895.1.30 [sic] as the holotype. •Valid as Rivulus punctatus Boulenger 1895 -- (Costa 1989:525 [ref. 14319], Huber 1992:370 [ref. 20639], Costa 1995:210 [ref. 21883], Britski et al. 1999:138 [ref. 24147], Lazara 2001:283 [ref. 25711], Costa 2003:41 [ref. 26966], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:538 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:70 [ref. 27366], Costa 2003:2 [ref. 27635], Casciotta et al. 2003:148 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:86 [ref. 28131], Costa 2005:71 [ref. 28192], Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus, Schindler & Etzel 2008:35 [ref. 29621]). •Valid as Melanorivulus punctatus (Boulenger 1895) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Koerber 2014:12 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:187 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:52 [ref. 35117], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Calviño et al. 2016:11 [ref. 34699], Koerber et al. 2017:72 [ref. 35267], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Deprá et al. 2017:113 [ref. 35503], Volcan et al. 2018:280 [ref. 35895], Dickens 2019:168 [ref. 37135], Drawert 2023:23 [ref. 40730]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus punctatus (Boulenger 1895). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay, lower Paraná and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

regularis, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2017:61, Fig. 6 [ZooKeys No. 645; ref. 35046] Ribeirão da Sobra, upper Rio Itiquira drainage, Rio Paraguai basin, Alto Graças municipality, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 16°54'41"S, 53°37'55"W, elevation approximately 750 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6878. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as Melanorivulus regularis Costa 2017 -- (Deprá et al. 2017:121 [ref. 35503]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus regularis Costa 2017. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Itiquira drainage, Rio Paraguai basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

rossoi, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:74, Fig. 5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Stream at road BR-060, 21.5 kilometers southwest from Campo Grande, Inhanduí drainage, rio Paraná basin, about 20°40'S, 54°40'W, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, elevation about 500 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 5976. Paratypes: MCP 36122 (2); UFRJ 5923 (1), 5977 (7), 5978 (4, c&s). •Valid as Rivulus rossoi Costa 2005 -- (Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus). •Valid as Melanorivulus rossoi (Costa 2005) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Volcan et al. 2018:280 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus rossoi (Costa 2005). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Inhanduí River drainage, Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

rubromarginatus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:58, Figs. 4-5 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29394] Stream tributary to Rio Espingarda, Rio de Pexie drainage, Rio Araguaia basin at road GO-164 crossing, Goiás State, Brazil, 14°28'27.5"S, 50°28'21.7"W, elevation 275 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6474. Paratypes: (20) UFRJ 6475 (2), 6476 (14), 6477 (4). •Valid as Rivulus rubromarginatus Costa 2007 -- (Costa 2010:369 [ref. 30690], Costa 2010:197 [ref. 31043]). •Valid as Melanorivulus rubromarginatus (Costa 2007) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2016:145 [ref. 34900], Nielsen 2017:67 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:42 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus rubromarginatus (Costa 2007). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Middle Araguaia River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

rubroreticulatus, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Amorim [P. F.] & Bragança [P. H. N.] 2014:194, Figs. 1-2 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 2); ref. 33400] Estado do Pará: Município de Altamira: swamp close to the road to the Altamira airport, lower Xingu river drainage, southern Amazonas river basin, 3°14′02″S, 52°14′05″W, Brazil, altitude about 100 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 9950. Paratypes: UFRJ. •Valid as Melanorivulus rubroreticulatus Costa, Amorim & Bragança 2014 -- (Costa 2016:128 [ref. 34900], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:41 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus rubroreticulatus Costa, Amorim & Bragança 2014. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Lower Xingu River drainage, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

rutilicaudus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:77, Figs. 8-9 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Município de Serranópolis, rio Verde floodplains, rio Paraná basin, road BR-060, 18°22'31.5"S, 52°00'59.5"W, Estafo de Goiás, Brazil, elevation 531 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 5965. Paratypes: MCP 36124 (2); UFRJ 5966 (11), 5967 (3, c&s). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Rivulus rutilicaudus Costa 2005 -- (Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus, Costa 2008:86 [ref. 29717], Costa 2010:197 [ref. 31043]). •Valid as Melanorivulus rutilicaudus (Costa 2005) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Costa 2018:25 [ref. 35717], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus rutilicaudus (Costa 2005). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Verde River floodplains, Paraná River basin, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

salmonicaudus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:56, Figs. 1-2 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29394] Dom Bill creek, tributary to Rio Araguaia at road BR-070 crossing, ca. 44 kilometers west of Aparecida do Rio Claro, Montes Claros de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil, 15°53'10.8"S, 51°43.23.8"W, elevation 320 meters. Holotype: MNRJ 6481. Paratypes: (37) MNRJ 1567 (5), 1575 (3), 6419 (20), 6420 (3), 6482 (6). •Valid as Rivulus salmonicaudus Costa 2007 -- (Costa 2010:369 [ref. 30690]). •Valid as Melanorivulus salmonicaudus (Costa 2007) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2016:133 [ref. 34900], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:42 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus salmonicaudus (Costa 2007). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Middle Araguaia River drainage, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

scalaris, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:78, Fig. 10 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Município de Costa Rica, stream tributary to the upper rio Sucuruí drainage, rio Paraná basin, 18°53'54.7"S, 52°58'44.2"W, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, elevation 810 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 5968. Paratypes: MCP 36125 (5); UFRJ 2277 (5), 2278 (4, c&s), 5969 (19), 5970 (4). •Valid as Rivulus scalaris Costa 2005 -- (Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus, Costa 2008:86 [ref. 29717]). •Valid as Melanorivulus scalaris (Costa 2005) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Deprá et al. 2017:121 [ref. 35503], Costa 2018:25 [ref. 35717], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus scalaris (Costa 2005). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Paraná River and upper Paraguay river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

schuncki, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & De Luca [A. C.] 2011:290, Fig. 1 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 21 (no. 4) [Dec. 2010]; ref. 31185] Stream near Vila Nova, road AP 030, Anauerapucu River basin, Amazonas River basin, 0°08'23"N, 51°32'14"W, Estado do Amapá, Brazil. Holotype: UFRJ 6766. Paratypes: UFRJ 6767 (4), 6768 (6, c&s). •Valid as Melanorivulus schuncki (Costa & De Luca 2011) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Bragança et al. 2012:51 [ref. 32067], Melo et al. 2016:135 [ref. 34701], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus schuncki (Costa & De Luca 2011). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

spixi, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2016:132, Fig. 20 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 2) for Oct.; ref. 34900] Swamp close to road MT-240, 7 km east of Água Boa, between Água Boa and road MT-100, Município de Água Boa, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 14°01'00"S, 52°05'48"W, elevation about 480 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6869. Paratypes: UFRJ. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Melanorivulus spixi Costa 2016 -- (Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:41 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus spixi Costa 2016. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Rio Araguaia drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

terena, Melanorivulus Volcan [M. V.], Severo-Neto [F.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2024:1495, Figs. 1-2, 6A, 7 [Journal of Natural History v. 58 (nos. 37-40); ref. 41484] Ribeirão Cachoeirinha, first order stream in the headwaters of Rio Coxim, road MS-422, municipality of Camapuã, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, -19.34333, -53.89277, elevation 518 meters. Holotype: ZUFMS PIS08450. Paratypes: MZUSP, ZUFMS. •Valid as Melanorivulus terena Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2024. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus terena Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2024. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: South America: Taquari River drainage, Paraguay River basin, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ubirajarai, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2012:212, Fig. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 23 (no. 3); ref. 32292] Small stream crossing road BR-384, a tributary to the Babilônia river, itself a tributary to upper section of Araguaia river, Município de Mineiros, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, 17°23'00"S, 52°57'08"W, altitude 787 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 8425. Paratypes: UFRJ 8426 (11), 8427 (6). •Valid as Melanorivulus ubirajarai Costa 2012. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus ubirajarai Costa 2012. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Araguaia river basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

violaceus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1991:331, Figs. 2 C-D [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 51 (no. 2); ref. 20644] Rio das Mortes, lower Rio Araguaia-Rio Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 11672. Paratypes: MNRJ 11672 (5). •Valid as Rivulus violaceus Costa 1991 -- (Costa 1995:219 [ref. 21883]). •Status uncertain -- (Huber 1992:443 [ref. 20639], Lazara 2001:286 [ref. 25711], Costa 2003:41 [ref. 26966], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:540 [ref. 27061], Costa 2003:2 [ref. 27635], Costa 2006:162, 163 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus). •Valid as Melanorivulus violaceus (Costa 1991) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus violaceus (Costa 1991). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Upper das Mortes River drainage, Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

vittatus, Rivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:530, Figs. 5-5a [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 14319] Estrada São Simão-Jataí, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 39980. Paratypes: MZUSP 39981 (6), plus non-type material. See Costa 2007:313 [ref. 29388] for remarks on type locality. •Doubtfully valid -- (Huber 1992:445 [ref. 20639]). •Synonym of Rivulus pictus Costa 1989 -- (Lazara 2001:283 [ref. 25711]). •Synonym of Rivulus apiamici Costa 1989 -- (Costa in Reis et al. 2003:534 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Rivulus vittatus Costa 1989 -- (Costa 2005:71 [ref. 28192], Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus, Costa 2008:320 [ref. 29388], Costa 2008:86 [ref. 29717]). •Valid as Melanorivulus vittatus (Costa 1989) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Volcan et al. 2017:92 [ref. 35156], Deprá et al. 2017:113 [ref. 35503], Costa 2018:25 [ref. 35717], Volcan et al. 2018:275 [ref. 35895]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus vittatus (Costa 1989). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Claro River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

wallacei, Melanorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2016:140, Fig. 26 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 2) for Oct.; ref. 34900] Stream tributary of the Rio Joao Aires, road TO-010, Rio Tocantins drainage, Município de Palmeirante, Tocantins, Brazil, 7°46'15"S, 48°03'31"W, elevation about 210 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 6871. Paratypes: UFRJ. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Melanorivulus wallacei Costa 2016 -- (Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:42 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus wallacei Costa 2016. Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Middle Tocantins river drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

zygonectes, Rivulus Myers [G. S.] 1927:127 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 19 (no. 109); ref. 3098] Vereda, Extrema into Cannabrava [Cana Braqva], Upper River Tocantins basin, Goiás, Brazil. Lectotype: CAS 76314 [ex IU]. Paralectotypes: CAS 76313 [ex IU] (9), 76512 [ex IU and IU 76314] (5). Lectotype selected by Huber 1992:464 [ref. 20639]. •Valid as Rivulus zygonectes Myers 1927 -- (Costa 1989:524 [ref. 14319], Huber 1992:464 [ref. 20639], Costa 1995:216 [ref. 21883], Lazara 2001:287 [ref. 25711], Costa et al. 2003:144 [ref. 26946], Costa 2003:41 [ref. 26966], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:540 [ref. 27061], Costa 2003:2 [ref. 27635], Costa 2006:162 [ref. 28875] in subgenus Melanorivulus, Costa 2006:55 [ref. 28876], Costa 2008:349 [ref. 29385], Costa 2010:369 [ref. 30690], Costa 2010:193 [ref. 31043]). •Valid as Melanorivulus zygonectes (Myers 1927) -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655], Costa 2013:280 [ref. 22107], Costa et al. 2014:196 [ref. 33400], Nielsen & Pinto 2015:137 [ref. 33903], Nielsen et al. 2016:87 [ref. 34407], Costa 2016:137 [ref. 34900], Costa et al. 2016:270 [ref. 35405], Nielsen 2017:66 [ref. 35340], Deprá et al. 2017:113 [ref. 35503], Nielsen & Britzke 2019:42 [ref. 36525]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus zygonectes (Myers 1927). Rivulidae: Rivulinae. Distribution: Middle Tocantins River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.