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Species in the genus Spicara: [ 39 ] records

alcedo, Sparus Risso [A.] 1810:258 [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot & Daget 1972:70 [ref. 20898], Bauchot 1974:990 [ref. 21548]. •Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:418 [ref. 7202], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:911 [ref. 13676], Heemstra 1990:771 [ref. 18769], Golani 2005:45 [ref. 37112], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:50 [ref. 36649], Parin et al. 2014:372 [ref. 33547], Parenti 2019:56 [ref. 36892], Golani 2021:58 [ref. 38303]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

algoae, Caesio Smith [J. L. B.] 1935:195 [Records of the Albany Museum Grahamstown v. 4; ref. 4066] Off Algoa Bay, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 60 fathoms. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] [ex AMG] 38. •Synonym of Spicara axillaris (Boulenger 1900) -- (Heemstra 1986:595 [ref. 5660], Parenti 2019:54 [ref. 36892], Iwatsuki & Heemstra 2022:315 [ref. 39785]). •Synonym of Spicara axillare (Boulenger 1900). Current status: Synonym of Spicara axillare (Boulenger 1900). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

altus, Smaris Osório [B.] 1917:125, Pl. 7 [= Pl. 35] [Arquivo da Universidade de Lisboa v. 4; ref. 3318] Coast of Morocco, eastern Atlantic. Holotype (unique): MB (destroyed by fire 1978). •Doubtful species -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:417 [ref. 7202]). •Valid as Spicara alta (Osório 1917) -- (Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Carpenter & Iwatsuki in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2615 [ref. 34618], Parenti 2019:54 [ref. 36892], Reiner 2019:218 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:282 [ref. 39448]). •Valid as Spicara altum (Osório 1917) -- (Chris Scharpf, pers. comm., Aug. 2020). Current status: Valid as Spicara altum (Osório 1917). Sparidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Angola, including São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

australis, Smaris Regan [C. T.] 1921:416 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 7 (no. 41); ref. 3672] 15-20 miles off Umvoti River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 120-130 fathoms. Syntypes: BMNH 1921.3.1.14-15 (2). •Valid as Spicara australis (Regan 1921) -- (Heemstra 1986:595 [ref. 5660], Parenti 2019:54 [ref. 36892], Iwatsuki & Heemstra 2022:314 [ref. 39785]). •Valid as Spicara australe (Regan 1921) -- (Chris Scharpf, pers. comm., Aug. 2020). Current status: Valid as Spicara australe (Regan 1921). Sparidae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) north to southern Mozambique. Habitat: marine.

axillaris, Caesio Boulenger [G. A.] 1900:10, Pl. 1 [Marine Investigations in South Africa No. 8; ref. 14723] Buffalo Bay, in False Bay, South Africa, depth 20 fathoms. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1889.12.17.21. •Valid as Spicara axillaris (Boulenger 1900) -- (Heemstra 1986:595 [ref. 5660], Parenti 2019:54 [ref. 36892], Iwatsuki & Heemstra 2022:315 [ref. 39785]). •Valid as Spicara axillare (Boulenger 1900) -- (Chris Scharpf, pers. comm., Aug. 2020). Current status: Valid as Spicara axillare (Boulenger 1900). Sparidae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic, southwestern Indian Ocean: Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). Habitat: marine.

cagarella, Smaris Cuvier [G.] 1829:187 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Mediterranean Sea. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:418 [ref. 7202], Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

chryselis, Smaris Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830:419, Pl. 165 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 6; ref. 996] Naples, Italy; Nice, Corsica, France; Sicily, Italy; Malaga, Spain, western Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9309 (1) Corsica, 0000-9319 (1) Sicily. Type catalog: Bauchot 1974:985 [ref. 21548]. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:418 [ref. 7202], Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:99 [ref. 26753], Carpenter & Iwatsuki in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2616 [ref. 34618]). •Synonym of Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque 1810 -- (Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:910 [ref. 13676], Parin 2003:S12 [ref. 28536], Parin et al. 2014:371 [ref. 33547], Parenti 2019:54 [ref. 36892]). •Synonym of Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque 1810. Current status: Synonym of Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque 1810. Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

ciavolus, Labrus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:40 [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:22 [ref. 3595]. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parenti & Randall 2000:61 [ref. 24943], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892], Parenti 2019:102 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

flexuosa, Spicara Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:51 [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:24 [ref. 3595]. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758), but a valid subspecies -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:418 [ref. 7202]). •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:99 [ref. 26753], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:50 [ref. 36649]). •Valid as Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque 1810 -- (Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:910 [ref. 13676], Parin 2003:S12 [ref. 28536], Golani 2005:45 [ref. 37112], Vasil'eva 2007:105 [ref. 30517], Parin et al. 2014:371 [ref. 33547], Artüz & Fricke 2019:557 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:274 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:98 [ref. 36864], Parenti 2019:54 [ref. 36892], Parenti 2019:101 [ref. 37117], Kovačić et al. 2020:43 [ref. 37519], Abliazov et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38576], Golani 2021:57 [ref. 38303], Şalcioğlu et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38339], Kovačić et al. 2021:81 [ref. 39014]). •Valid as Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque 1810 -- (Chris Scharpf, pers. comm., Aug. 2020). Current status: Valid as Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque 1810. Sparidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; northeastern Atlantic: Portugal. Habitat: brackish, marine.

gagarella, Smaris Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830:420 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 6; ref. 996] Marseille, France, western Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9109 (2) Martigues, 0000-9135 (2) Marseilles. Type catalog: Bauchot 1974:986 [ref. 21548]. •Valid as Smaris gagarella Valenciennes 1830 -- (Herrera 1896:54 [ref. 39336] as gargarella). •Synonym of Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque 1810 -- (Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:910 [ref. 13676]). •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:418 [ref. 7202], Heemstra 1990:770 [ref. 18769], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

gora, Smaris Risso [A.] 1827:347 [as 357 on page] [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot 1974:992 [ref. 21548]. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

gracilis, Smaris Bonaparte [C. L.] 1836:fasc. 15-17, punt.80, Pl. 90 (fig. 1) [Iconografia della fauna italica; ref. 4892] Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: ANSP 12586-99 (14). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:100 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:419 [ref. 7202], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:911 [ref. 13676], Heemstra 1990:771 [ref. 18769], Golani 2005:46 [ref. 37112], Parenti 2019:56 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

gymnodon, Sciaena Pallas [P. S.] 1814:252 [Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica v. 3; ref. 3351] Shores of the Crimea, Ukraine (Black Sea). •Synonym of Smaris smaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Berg 1949:1052 [ref. 20662]). •Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Popova 1998:122 [ref. 23588]). •Synonym of Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque 1810 -- (Parin 2003:S12 [ref. 28536], Parin et al. 2014:371 [ref. 33547], Parenti 2019:54 [ref. 36892]). •Synonym of Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque 1810. Current status: Synonym of Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque 1810. Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

italicus, Smaris Risso [A.] 1827:346, Pl. 12 (fig. 30) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot 1974:990 [ref. 21548]. •Questionably a synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Döderlein 1891:253 [ref. 17416], Parenti 2019:56 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

jusculum, Maena Cuvier [G.] 1829:186 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9105 (2) Messina, 0000-9151 (2) Martigues, 0000-9313 (2) Malaga. Type catalog: Bauchot 1974:983 [ref. 21548]. Appeared in more detail in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830:395 [ref. 996]. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:418 [ref. 7202], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:910 [ref. 13676], Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

lineatus, Sparus Osbeck [P.] 1770:100 [Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldina-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum v. 4; ref. 18497] Spain. No types known. Name also appeared in Walbaum 1792:300 [ref. 4572]. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Döderlein 1891:242 [ref. 17416], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

macrophthalmus, Smaris Cadenat [J.] 1937:471, Figs. 23-23bis [Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes v. 10 (fasc. 4, no. 40); ref. 17134] West Africa (eastern Atlantic). Syntypes: MHNLR P.398 (3). Type catalog: Aloncle 1968:687 [ref. 20713]. •Synonym of Spicara alta (Osório 1917) -- (Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Carpenter & Iwatsuki in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2615 [ref. 34618], Parenti 2019:54 [ref. 36892]). •Synonym of Spicara altum (Osório 1917). Current status: Synonym of Spicara altum (Osório 1917). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

maena, Sparus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:278 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Valid as Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:417 [ref. 7202], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:910 [ref. 13676], Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:99 [ref. 26753], Parin 2003:S13 [ref. 28536], Golani 2005:45 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:89 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:106 [ref. 30517], Fricke 2008:43 [ref. 30182], Bañon et al. 2010:18 [ref. 31029], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:50 [ref. 36649], Parin et al. 2014:372 [ref. 33547], Carpenter & Iwatsuki in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2616 [ref. 34618], Martins & Carneiro 2018:161 [ref. 36550], Artüz & Fricke 2019:557 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:274 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:98 [ref. 36864], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892], Bariche & Fricke 2020:64 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:43 [ref. 37519], Abliazov et al. 2021:10 [ref. 38576], Bañón & Maño 2021:87 [ref. 38887], Golani 2021:57 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:82 [ref. 39014], Şalcioğlu et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38339]). Current status: Valid as Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: Galicia (Spain) south to Mauritania, including Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands. Habitat: brackish, marine.

martinicus, Smaris Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830:424 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 6; ref. 996] Martinique Island, West Indies (may be erroneous). Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-9094. Type catalog: Bauchot 1974:986 [ref. 21548]. Spicara is neuter, so the ending should be martinicum when classified in that genus. No species of Spicara occurring in western Atlantic; possibly based on Mediterranean specimen. Uncertain in Sparidae. •Valid as Spicara martinicus (Valenciennes 1830) -- (Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Uncertain as Spicara martinicus (Valenciennes 1830). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

maruda, Sparus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:277 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). •Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758) -- (Parenti 2019:56 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

massiliensis, Sparus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:33, 108 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot & Daget 1972:89 [ref. 20898], Bauchot 1974:992 [ref. 21548]. Unneeded new name for and objective synonym of Sparus zebra Brünnich 1768. Objective synonym of Spicara zebra Brünnich 1768. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

maurii, Smaris Bonaparte [C. L.] 1836:fasc. 15-17, punt.80, Pl. 90 bis (fig. 3) [Iconografia della fauna italica; ref. 4892] Italy (Mediterranean Sea). Syntypes: ANSP 12582-83 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:100 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:419 [ref. 7202], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:911 [ref. 13676], Heemstra 1990:771 [ref. 18769], Parenti 2019:56 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

melanurus, Smaris Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830:422 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 6; ref. 996] Gorée, Senegal, eastern Atlantic. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-9314. Type catalog: Bauchot 1974:987 [ref. 21548]. •Valid as Pterosmaris melanurus (Valenciennes 1830) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:419 [ref. 7202], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:909 [ref. 13676]). •Valid as Spicara melanura (Valenciennes 1830) -- (Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). •Valid as Spicara melanurus (Valenciennes 1830) -- (Heemstra 1990:770 [ref. 18769], Wirtz et al. 2013:127 [ref. 32972], Carpenter & Iwatsuki in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2617 [ref. 34618], Carneiro et al. 2019:274 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:218 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:282 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Spicara melanurus (Valenciennes 1830). Sparidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Morocco south to Angola, including Madeira (Portugal), Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

mendola, Sparus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:27, 85 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot & Daget 1972:89 [ref. 20898], Bauchot 1974:992 [ref. 21548]. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

nigricauda, Coleosmaris Norman [J. R.] 1931:359, Fig. 4 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 7 (no. 40); ref. 3220] Accra, Ghana, eastern Atlantic. Syntypes: BMNH 1930.8.26.63-64 (2). •Synonym of Spicara melanurus (Valenciennes 1830) -- (Carpenter & Iwatsuki in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2617 [ref. 34618]). •Valid as Spicara nigricauda (Norman 1931) -- (Heemstra 1990:771 [ref. 18769], Afonso et al. 1999:75 [ref. 25466], Wirtz et al. 2007:35 [ref. 30263], Parenti 2019:56 [ref. 36892], Fermon et al. 2022:282 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Spicara nigricauda (Norman 1931). Sparidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Ghana south to Angola, and offshore islands. Habitat: marine.

osbeck, Sparus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:33, 108 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot & Daget 1972:90 [ref. 20898], Bauchot 1974:992 [ref. 21548]. New name for Sparus lineatus Bonnaterre 1788, which was a substitute for Sparus radiatus Osbeck 1771. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:417 [ref. 7202], Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

osbeckii, Maena Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830:397 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 6; ref. 996] Provence, Nice, Naples, Sicily; Corsica and France, western Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Döderlein 1891:241 [ref. 17416], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

polinymus, Sparus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:49, Pl. 12 (fig. 2) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Spelled polynymus on plate. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:26 [ref. 3595] as Sparus polynymus. •Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Döderlein 1891:247 [ref. 17416], Parenti 2019:56 [ref. 36892], Parenti 2019:103 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

ponticus, Spicara flexuosa Shcherbuka [A. Ya.] 1982:184 Black Sea. •Synonym of Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque 1810 -- (Parin et al. 2014:372 [ref. 33547]). •Synonym of Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque 1810. Current status: Synonym of Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque 1810. Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

saura, Moena Sarato [C.] 1889:2-3 [Moniteur des Étrangers à Nice 28 Apr. 1889 (art. 9); ref. 22353] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Questionably a synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Monod & Hureau 1974:66 [ref. 22352], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Uncertain as Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

smaris, Sparus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:278 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Southern Europe (Mediterranean Sea). No types known. •Valid as Smaris smaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Berg 1949:1052 [ref. 20662]). •Valid as Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:418 [ref. 7202], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:911 [ref. 13676], Heemstra 1990:771 [ref. 18769], Reshetnikov et al. 1997:751 [ref. 24702], Popova 1998:122 [ref. 23588], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:99 [ref. 26753], Parin 2003:S13 [ref. 28536], Golani 2005:45 [ref. 37112], Vassilev & Pehlivanov 2005:179 [ref. 28369], Vasil'eva 2007:107 [ref. 30517], Fricke 2008:43 [ref. 30182], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:169 [ref. 31251], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:50 [ref. 36649], Parin et al. 2014:372 [ref. 33547], Carpenter & Iwatsuki in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2618 [ref. 34618], Martins & Carneiro 2018:162 [ref. 36550], Artüz & Fricke 2019:557 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:274 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:98 [ref. 36864], Parenti 2019:56 [ref. 36892], Bariche & Fricke 2020:64 [ref. 37515], Dyldin et al. 2020:93 [ref. 37569], Kovačić et al. 2020:43 [ref. 37519], Golani 2021:58 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:82 [ref. 39014], Şalcioğlu et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38339]). Current status: Valid as Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: Portugal south to Morocco, including Madeira and Canary Islands. Habitat: brackish, marine.

spicaroides, Sparus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:68 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Family may be incorrect. •Incertae sedis in Sparidae (Parenti 2019:90 [ref. 36892]). •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parenti 2019:118 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

tricuspidatus, Sparus Spinola [M.] 1807:367, Pl. 28 (figs 1a-b) [Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 10; ref. 18741] Gulf of Genoa, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:417 [ref. 7202], Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

unimaculata, Sciaena Linnaeus [C.] 1758:289 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] No locality [Mediterranean Sea]. No types known. •Incertae sedis in genus Spicara -- (Parenti 2020:60 [ref. 37439]). Sparidae.

variegatus, Sparus Bonnaterre [J. P.] 1788:98 [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Marseille, France, western Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Based on Sparus sp. of Brünnich 1768:39, No. 58 [ref. 17290]. Not used as valid after 1899; therefore reversal of priority in favor of Smaris melanurus Valenciennes 1830 is followed (Art. 23.9). •Synonym of Spicara melanurus (Valenciennes 1830). Current status: Synonym of Spicara melanurus (Valenciennes 1830). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

vomerina, Maena Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830:400, Pl. 164 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 6; ref. 996] Marseille, France, western Mediterranean Sea.; Malta, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9016 (1) Martigues, 0000-9107 (1) Malta. Type catalog: Bauchot 1974:983 [ref. 21548]. Misspelled vomeriana by Griffith & Smith 1834:Pl. 49 (opp. p. 170) [ref. 1908]. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:418 [ref. 7202] with question, Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

vulgaris, Maena Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830:390 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 6; ref. 996] Toulon, France; Naples, Italy; [Iviça] Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9100 (1) Toulon, 0000-9101 (3) Toulon, 0000-9102 (1) Iviça, 0000-9152 (1) Corsica, 0000-9153 (1) Sicily, 0000-9154 (1) Naples, 0000-9179 (2) Iviça. Type catalog: Bauchot 1974:984-985 [ref. 21548]. •Valid as Maena vulgaris Valenciennes 1830 -- (Herrera 1896:54 [ref. 39336]). •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:418 [ref. 7202], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:910 [ref. 13676], Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.

vulgaris, Smaris Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830:407 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 6; ref. 996] Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9108 (2) Naples, 0000-9138 (3) Morée, 0000-9303 (1) Iviça, 0000-9304 (4) Toulon, 0000-9306 (1) Sicily, A-5499 (1) Mediterranean. Type catalog: Bauchot 1974:987-988 [ref. 21548]. •Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:419 [ref. 7202], Heemstra 1990:771 [ref. 18769], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:99 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:45 [ref. 37112], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:50 [ref. 36649], Parenti 2019:56 [ref. 36892], Golani 2021:58 [ref. 38303]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara smaris (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

zebra, Sparus Brünnich [M. T.] 1768:47 [Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptiones eorumque apud incolas nomina; ref. 17290] Marseille, France, western Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese et al. 1973:417 [ref. 7202], Heemstra 1990:769 [ref. 18769], Parenti 2019:55 [ref. 36892]). Current status: Synonym of Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Habitat: marine.