synodus, Esox Linnaeus [C.] (ex Gronow) 1758:313 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] America (probably Bahamas). Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown (probably lost). Based on the 'Synodus' of Gronow 1756:4, pl. 7 (fig. 1) [ref. 20783]. •Valid as Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:411 [ref. 13675], Robins & Ray 1986:80 [ref. 23100], Edwards & Glass 1987:629 [ref. 9166], Scott & Scott 1988:190 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:99 [ref. 14674], Sulak 1990:369 [ref. 15106], Cervigón 1991:148 [ref. 24472], Boschung 1992:71 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:447 [ref. 23827], Arruda 1997:42 [ref. 24952], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:613 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:47 [ref. 24221], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:150 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:70 [ref. 25466], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:151 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Collette et al. 2003:99 [ref. 26784], Figueiredo & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27192], Russell 2003:929 [ref. 27004], Smith et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Wirtz et al. 2007:26 [ref. 30263], Carvalho-Filho et al. 2010:33 [ref. 30983], Frable et al. 2003:141 [ref. 32553], Page et al. 2013:89 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:119 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:28 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:8 [ref. 34324], Russell 2016:1828 [ref. 34572], Nión et al. 2016:37 [ref. 35565], Spier et al. 2018:8 [ref. 36103], Almeida & Alves 2019:273 [ref. 37509], Brown et al. 2019:159 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:108 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:100 [ref. 38139], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:24 [ref. 37828], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:182 [ref. 38945], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:74 [ref. 38844], Kovačić et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39014], Carvalho-Filho 2023:76 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:223 [ref. 41622], Deidun et al. 2025:219 [ref. 42368], Deidun et al. 2025:405 [ref. 42626], Estape et al. 2025:66 [ref. 42467], Athayde et al. 2026: 8 [ref. 42850], Borg et al. 2026:5 [ref. 43167], Di Franco et al. 2026:2 [ref. 42735], Farhat et al. 2026:2 [ref. 42835], Othman & Galiya in Zenetos et al. 2026:153 [ref. 42930]). Current status: Valid as Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Portugal south to northern Angola, including Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe; southern central Atlantic: Ascension and Saint Helena islands. Western Atlantic populations (Bahamas south to Uruguay) are genetically different from eastern Atlantic populations [ref. 34572]; if they represent a distinct species, either Synodus fasciatus Lacepède 1803 (if restricted to the syntype from Nice, France), or Synodus atlanticus Johnson 1863, would be available names. This complex is in need of revision. Habitat: marine.
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