acus, Syngnathus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:337 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Europe. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.184 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:216-217 [ref. 13434]. •Valid as Syngnathus acus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Wheeler 1973:274 [ref. 7190], Dawson 1985:183 [ref. 6541], Dawson in Whitehead et al. 1986:635 [ref. 13676], Dawson 1986:457 [ref. 5650], Dawson 1986:287 [ref. 6201], Zheng 1989:298 [ref. 21202], Dawson 1990:663 [ref. 17542], Liang in Pan et al. 1991:341 [ref. 23876], Chen et al. 1997:35 [ref. 26476], Cheng & Zhou 1997:237 [ref. 26385], Kottelat 1997:168 [ref. 22952], Santos et al. 1997:74 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:65 [ref. 24952], Fricke 1999:146 [ref. 24106], Wang et al. 2001:197 [ref. 26566], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:66 [ref. 26753], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:141 [ref. 28072] with change in range, Golani 2005:32 [ref. 37112], Fricke 2007:25 [ref. 30577], Fricke et al. 2007:74 [ref. 29533], Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:500 [ref. 29996], Vasil'eva 2007:75 [ref. 30517], Kuiter 2009:244 [ref. 30404], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:37 [ref. 36649], Parin et al. 2014:209 [ref. 33547], Lourie 2016:147 [ref. 34505], Fritzsche 2016:2238 [ref. 34608], Hamilton et al. 2016:Supplement 3 [ref. 35615], Gurkan & Innal 2018:241 [ref. 36182], Artüz & Fricke 2019:555 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:177 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:95 [ref. 36864], Bariche & Fricke 2020:113 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:23 [ref. 37519], Bañón & Maño 2021:66 [ref. 38883], Golani 2021:35 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:38 [ref. 39014], Gus'kov et al. 2022:71 [ref. 39564], Ergüden & Ayas 2023:33 [ref. 40488]). Current status: Valid as Syngnathus acus Linnaeus 1758. Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae. Distribution: Baltic Sea; North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: including Azores and Madeira. Habitat: brackish, marine.