canadus, Gasterosteus Linnaeus [C.] (ex Garden) 1766:491 [Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2786] Carolina [South Carolina, U.S.A.]. Holotype (unique): LSL 85 (right half-skin). Type information: Goode & Bean 1885:203 [ref. 1841], Wheeler 1985:53 [ref. 20705]. Based on manuscript description and 1 specimen sent by A. Garden [South Carolina]. •Valid as Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Monod 1973:371 [ref. 7193], Kyushin et al. 1977:248 [ref. 19756], Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:325 [ref. 14275], Sheiko 1983:18 [ref. 37041], Dor 1984:121 [ref. 29757], Nakamura in Masuda et al. 1984:153 [ref. 6441], Smith 1986:422 [ref. 22186], Robins & Ray 1986:156 [ref. 23100], Smith 1986:662 [ref. 5712], Allen & Swainston 1988:76 [ref. 25477], Scott & Scott 1988:371 [ref. 25518], Shaffer & Nakamura 1989 [ref. 13517], Pequeño 1989:60 [ref. 14125], Winterbottom et al. 1989:33 [ref. 13251], McAllister 1990:145 [ref. 14674], Quéro 1990:723 [ref. 18537], Boschung 1992:128 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:390 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1993:45 [ref. 24474], Kuiter 1993:169 [ref. 23929], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:157 [ref. 25472], Goren & Dor 1994:32 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:170 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:460 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:118 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:70 [ref. 26476], Cheng & Zhou 1997:280 [ref. 26385] with genus as Rachycentrum, Murdy et al. 1997:176 [ref. 23144], Larson & Williams 1997:358 [ref. 23967], Carpenter et al. 1997:154 [ref. 23922], Sokolovskaya et al. 1998:11 [ref. 24670], Golani 1998:97 [ref. 27567], Fricke 1999:241 [ref. 24106], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:273 [ref. 24550], Collette 1999:2655 [ref. 24785], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:233 [ref. 25013], Johnson 1999:735 [ref. 25471] as canadus, Nakabo 2000:789 [ref. 25086], Collette in Randall & Lim 2000:615 [ref. 25122], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:99 [ref. 26368], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:159 [ref. 27754], Hutchins 2001:32 [ref. 25847], Rocha & Rosa 2001:990 [ref. 25909], Camargo & Isaac 2001:142 [ref. 27639], Nakabo 2002:789 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:325, 602 [ref. 26218], O'Toole 2002:617 [ref. 26411], Allen & Adrim 2003:37 [ref. 26830], Collette 2003:1420 [ref. 27087], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S106 [ref. 27377], Moura & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:79 [ref. 27192], Peristiwady et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:72 [ref. 27510], Parin 2003:S5 [ref. 28536], Nelson et al. 2004:139 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:317 [ref. 28072], Golani 2005:38 [ref. 37112], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:264 [ref. 28815], Hoese & Paxton 2006:1144 [ref. 29087], Gomon 2008:572 [ref. 30616], Springer & Smith-Vaniz 2008:29 [ref. 31826], Fricke et al. 2009:51 [ref. 30213], Motomura 2009:113 [ref. 30446], Motomura et al. 2010:114 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:424 [ref. 31980], Smith-Vaniz & Collette 2013:173 [ref. 32953], Larson et al. 2013:118 [ref. 32988] as canadus, Yoshida et al. 2013:112 [ref. 34464], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:49 [ref. 33341], Parin et al. 2014:358 [ref. 33547], Sajeevan & Kurup 2014:40 [ref. 35466], Psomadakis et al. 2015:213 [ref. 34104], Collette in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2448 [ref. 34618], Robertson et al. 2016:145 [ref. 34961], Koeda et al. 2016:36 [ref. 35333], Nión et al. 2016:47 [ref. 35565], Marceniuk et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35324], Motomura et al. 2017:102 [ref. 35490], Ali et al. 2018:321 [ref. 36183], Freitas et al. 2018:75 [ref. 36259], Fricke et al. 2018:178 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:81 [ref. 36273], Motomura in Kimura et al. 2018:123 [ref. 36460], Spier et al. 2018:10 [ref. 36103], Suresh et al. 2018:195 [ref. 36495], Carneiro et al. 2019:249 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:99 [ref. 37020], Hoschke et al. 2019:156 [ref. 36626], Reiner 2019:186 [ref. 38139], Zajonz et al. 2019:75 [ref. 36871], Bariche & Fricke 2020:136 [ref. 37515], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 15 [ref. 38321], Kim et al. 2020:123 [ref. 39118], Psomadakis et al. 2020:414 [ref. 37272], Sonoyama et al. 2020:61 [ref. 37637], Wirtz et al. 2020:2 [ref. 37704], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:330 [ref. 38945], Golani 2021:48 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:49 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:243 [ref. 39448], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:161 [ref. 41223], Heemstra 2022:69 [ref. 39885], Zajonz et al. 2022:103 [ref. 40522], Bagley et al. 2023:318 [ref. 41241], Carvalho-Filho 2023:134 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:128 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:196 [ref. 40816], Vilasri et al. 2023:80 [ref. 40764], Allen & Erdmann 2024:453 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus 1766). Rachycentridae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas, but not in eastern Pacific (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Sea of Japan). Now invasive in eastern Pacific from Panama south to Ecuador. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.