gymnocephalus, Lutjanus Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson) 1802:181, 216 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] "Le grand Océan équinoxal or dans les parties de ce grand Océan voisines des tropiques" [Indo-Pacific]. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1981:25, 36 [ref. 21549]. Based on drawing in manuscript by Commerson (Philibert Commerson, 1727-1773, French explorer and naturalist). Figured in Lacepède 1801: Pl. 23 (fig. 3) [ref. 2710] but caption regarded as in the vernacular. Neotype designated by Kottelat (2013:319 [ref. 32989]), but here considered as excluded according to ICZN Art. 75.2 as it was not selected in a revisionary study. •Valid as Chanda gymnocephalus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Dor 1984:94 [ref. 29757]). •Nomen dubium -- (Anderson & Heemstra 2003:200 [ref. 27368]). •Valid as Ambassis gymnocephalus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Maugé 1986:297 [ref. 6218], Heemstra & Martin 1986:507 [ref. 6298], Yu & Zhou in Kuang et al. 1986:216 [ref. 26639], Martin & Heemstra 1988:9 [ref. 21758], Paxton et al. 1989:485 [ref. 12442], Zheng 1989:304 [ref. 21202], Allen & Burgess 1990:163 [ref. 15712], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:796 [ref. 20764], Liang in Pan et al. 1991:361 [ref. 23876], Kottelat et al. 1993:105 [ref. 23448], Skelton 1993:347 [ref. 24071], Goren & Dor 1994:24 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:121 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:220 [ref. 27969], Rainboth 1996:181 [ref. 22772], Larson & Williams 1997:354 [ref. 23967], Fricke 1999:172 [ref. 24106], Keith et al. 1999:98 [ref. 24548], Mishra & Srinivasan 1999:242 [ref. 24754], Allen 1999:2435 [ref. 24812], Allen in Randall & Lim 2000:608 [ref. 25122], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:73 [ref. 25480], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:185 [ref. 25703], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S103 [ref. 27377], Seegers et al. 2003:42 [ref. 28087], Shibukawa 2009:78 [ref. 30449], Kottelat 2013:319 [ref. 32989], Miesen et al. 2016:88 [ref. 34492] as gymnocephala, Pusey et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35250], Shibukawa in Kimura et al. 2018:93 [ref. 36460], Suresh et al. 2018:179 [ref. 36495], Esmaeili et al. 2022:488 [ref. 39253], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:534 [ref. 39926], Esmaeili & Hamidan 2023:216 [ref. 40377], Jamandre 2023:172 [ref. 40455], Çiçek et al. 2024:326 [ref. 40789]). •Synonym of Ambassis ambassis (Lacepède 1802) -- (Ghazali et al. 2024:[11] 167 [ref. 40992]). Current status: Synonym of Ambassis ambassis (Lacepède 1802). Ambassidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa and South Africa east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to Taiwan, south to Cairns (Queensland, Australia) [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.