costae, Serranus Steindachner [F.] 1878:389 [11] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 77 (1. Abth.); ref. 18774] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): NMW 39250. •Synonym of Epinephelus alexandrinus (Valenciennes 1828) -- (Tortonese 1973:359 [ref. 7192]). •Valid as Mycteroperca costae (Steindachner 1878) -- (Ma & Craig 2018:456 [ref. 36100]). •Valid as Epinephelus costae (Steindachner 1878) -- (Heemstra 1991:26 [ref. 19323], Heemstra & Randall 1993:134 [ref. 21042], Parenti & Bressi 2001:281 [ref. 25708], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:78 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:36 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:79 [ref. 29533], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:42 [ref. 36649], Craig et al. 2011:118 [ref. 31786], Wirtz et al. 2013:123 [ref. 32972], Heemstra & Anderson in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2390 [ref. 34618], Bañón et al. 2018:400 [ref. 36404], Carneiro et al. 2019:243 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:96 [ref. 36864], Reiner 2019:169 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:87 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:41 [ref. 37519], Parenti & Randall 2020:65 [ref. 37354], Bañón & Maño 2021:81 [ref. 38887], Golani 2021:40 [ref. 38303], González-Lorenzo et al. 2021:146 [ref. 38374], Kovačić et al. 2021:77 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:287 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Epinephelus costae (Steindachner 1878). Epinephelidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Galicia (Spain) and Portugal south to Angola, including Canary Islands (Spain), Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.