ruber, Epinephelus Bloch [M. E.] 1793:22, Pl. 331 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 7; ref. 4868] "Japan" (probably eastern Atlantic or Mediterranean Sea). Holotype (unique): ZMB 161. Type catalog: Paepke 1999:136 [ref. 24282]. On p. 19 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 10 [ref. 21381]. •Valid as Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch 1793) -- (Tortonese 1973:360 [ref. 7192], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:787 [ref. 13676], Robins & Ray 1986:136 [ref. 23100], Smith 1990:701 [ref. 18227], Cervigón 1991:349 [ref. 24472], Heemstra 1991:53 [ref. 19323], Cervigón 1992:432 [ref. 23827], Heemstra & Randall 1993:275 [ref. 21042], Aguilera 1998:48 [ref. 24221], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:213 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:84 [ref. 25466], Parenti & Bressi 2001:281 [ref. 25708], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:79 [ref. 26753], Glamuzina et al. 2002:156 [ref. 28416], Golani 2005:36 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:80 [ref. 29533], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:42 [ref. 36649], Craig et al. 2011:318 [ref. 31786], Heemstra & Anderson in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2400 [ref. 34618], Ma & Craig 2018:456 [ref. 36100], Carneiro et al. 2019:245 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:96 [ref. 36864], Reiner 2019:173 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:88 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:41 [ref. 37519], Parenti & Randall 2020:89 [ref. 37354], Golani 2021:41 [ref. 38303], Iglésias et al. 2021:175 [ref. 38818], Kovačić et al. 2021:77 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:288 [ref. 39448], Carvalho-Filho 2023:119 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40463], Azzola et al. 2024:4 [ref. 40957], He et al. 2024:3 [ref. 40897]). Current status: Valid as Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch 1793). Epinephelidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Portugal south to southern Angola, including São Tomé and Principe. Hybridizes with Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe 1834). Habitat: marine.