caprodes, Sciaena Rafinesque [C. S.] 1818:354 [American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review v. 3 (no. 5) (art. 3) (Sept.); ref. 3586] Ohio River, U.S.A. No types known. Type information and figure of type from Rafinesque notebook: Collette & Knapp 1967:71, Fig. 5 on p. 72 [ref. 20211]. •Valid as Percina caprodes (Rafinesque 1818) -- (Herrera 1896:50 [ref. 39336], Lee et al. 1980:719 [ref. 22416], Page 1983:50 [ref. 22189], Smith 1986:339 [ref. 22186], Thompson 1985:13 [ref. 17281], Thompson 1997:2 [ref. 23154], Robison & Buchanan 1988:446 [ref. 23393], McAllister 1990:144 [ref. 14674], Page & Burr 1991:286 [ref. 18983], Boschung 1992:123 [ref. 23239], Etnier & Starnes 1993:569 [ref. 22809], Jenkins & Burkhead 1994:788 [ref. 21581], Warren et al. 1994:133 [ref. 25557], Knight & Hastings 1994:150 [ref. 25560], Stauffer et al. 1995:320 [ref. 23376], Cross & Collins 1995:236 [ref. 23394], Turner et al. 1996:2023 [ref. 25532], Chereshnev 1996:606 [ref. 24659] as caproides, Mettee et al. 1996:701 [ref. 25836], Sigler & Sigler 1996:283 [ref. 25943], Thompson 1997:10 [ref. 23154], Scott & Crossman 1998:797 [ref. 24570], Fuller et al. 1999:387 [ref. 25838], Lyons et al. 2000:45 [ref. 26594], Grant et al. 2001:685 [ref. 25323], Ross et al. 2001:500 [ref. 25978], Roe et al. 2002:903 [ref. 26504], Buchanan & Stevenson 2003:454 [ref. 27167], Perry & Joyce 2003:57 [ref. 27193], Nelson et al. 2004:136 [ref. 27807], Miller & Robison 2004:380 [ref. 27931], Boschung & Mayden 2004:581 [ref. 27995], Scharpf 2008:37 [ref. 30399] with subspecies, Page & Burr 2011:528 [ref. 31215] with 4 described subspecies, Page et al. 2013:141 [ref. 32708], Stephens et al. 2014:545 [ref. 33552], Near et al. 2017:303 [ref. 35622], Bagley et al. 2023:321 [ref. 41241], Page et al. 2023:203 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Percina caprodes (Rafinesque 1818). Percidae: Etheostomatinae. Distribution: Eastern North America: widespread in eastern Canada and U.S.A. Habitat: freshwater.