aurata, Sparus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:277 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea; Venezuela. No types known. Based on multiple sources, including Mediterranean records by Artedi, Gronow and Hasselquist, but also "Cochicato" of Loefling 1758:104 [ref. 35527], which is a species of Calamus from Venezuela; see remarks under Sparus aurata cochicato Bloch & Schneider 1801. We now treat the species epithet as an indeclinable noun. •Valid as Sparus aurata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Tortonese 1973:405 [ref. 7192], Bauchot & Hureau in Whitehead et al. 1986:906 [ref. 13676], Bauchot & Hureau 1990:810 [ref. 18793], Coad 1996:86 [ref. 25304], Arruda 1997:91 [ref. 24952], Alves & Alves 2002:108 [ref. 41115], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:97 [ref. 26753], Parin 2003:S12 [ref. 28536], Golani 2005:45 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:89 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:103 [ref. 30517], Fricke 2008:42 [ref. 30182], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:171 [ref. 31251], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:49 [ref. 36649], Parin et al. 2014:370 [ref. 33547], Carpenter & Iwatsuki in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2614 [ref. 34618], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[22] 260 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:101 [ref. 36273], Martins & Carneiro 2018:135 [ref. 36550], Artüz & Fricke 2019:557 [ref. 36612], Ćaleta et al. 2019:190 [ref. 37026], Carneiro et al. 2019:273 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:115 [ref. 37020], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:98 [ref. 36864], Parenti 2019:88 [ref. 36892], Bariche & Fricke 2020:94 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:43 [ref. 37519], Bañón & Maño 2021:86 [ref. 38887], Golani 2021:57 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:81 [ref. 39014], Gus'kov et al. 2022:72 [ref. 39564], Page et al. 2023:208 [ref. 40505]). •Valid as Sparus auratus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Falcón et al. 2003:145 [ref. 39343]). Current status: Valid as Sparus aurata Linnaeus 1758. Sparidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: British Isles south to Senegal, including Cape Verde Islands. Introduced in Madeira and Persian Gulf; Red Sea (Mediterranean immigrant). Habitat: brackish, marine.
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