ciliaris, Chaetodon Linnaeus [C.] 1758:276 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] In Indiis' (should be western Atlantic). Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.65 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin), NRM 56 (1). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:224 [ref. 13434], Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:251-252 [ref. 20707]. Based on the 'Chaetodon griseus fasciis quatuor fuscis' of Linnaeus 1754:62, pl. 33, fig. 1 [ref. 31115]; the 'Chaetodon macrolepidotus, cauda subrotundata, aculeis utrinque duobus in operculis, ...' of Gronow 1756:26 [ref. 20783], which was based on the 'Acarauna majore pinnis cornutis' of Willughby 1686:Pl. O3, fig. 1 [ref. 30164]; and the 'Chaetodon saxatilis ?' of Osbeck 1757:273 [ref. 3311]. •Valid as Pomacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Herrera 1896:60 [ref. 39336]). •Valid as Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Feddern 1968 [ref. 21623], Allen 1980:250 [ref. 22764], Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:392 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:195 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:150 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:382 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1993:340 [ref. 24474], Aguilera 1998:51 [ref. 24221], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:277 [ref. 25013], Thomson et al. 2000:149 [ref. 25640], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:163 [ref. 27754], Rocha & Rosa 2001:991 [ref. 25909], Collette et al. 2003:112 [ref. 26784], Feitoza et al. 2003:69 [ref. 26943] with color morphs, Burgess 2003:1680 [ref. 27101], Moura & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:90 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:39 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:150 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:476 [ref. 28815], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Page et al. 2013:155 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:60 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:22 [ref. 34324], Bailly in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2676 [ref. 34618], Robertson et al. 2016:146 [ref. 34961], Kovačić et al. 2020:34 [ref. 37519], Robertson et al. 2020:160 [ref. 38098], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:552 [ref. 38945], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:77 [ref. 38844], Kovačić et al. 2021:61 [ref. 39014], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:69 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:190 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:162 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus 1758). Pomacanthidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Florida (U.S.A.) and Bermuda south to southern Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and Saint Paul's Rocks; introduced in Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.
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