capriscus, Balistes Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1471 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Western North Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820] indicates that Daudin in Cloquet 1816:476-477 (v. 3) selected capriscus Gmelin 1789 over carolinensis Gmelin 1789, so when they are treated as synonyms, the name capriscus has priority over carolinensis. Neotype designated by Fricke 1999:54 [ref. 24101], but withdrawn in Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Tortonese 1973:641 [ref. 7192], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:156 [ref. 26753], Parin 2003:S32 [ref. 28536], Golani 2005:64 [ref. 37112], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:75 [ref. 36649]). •Valid as Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:465 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:302 [ref. 23100], Scott & Scott 1988:563 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:225 [ref. 14674], Boschung 1992:180 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:265 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:74 [ref. 24489], Murdy et al. 1997:262 [ref. 23144], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Díaz de Astarloa et al. 2000:401 [ref. 24427], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:503 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:344 [ref. 25013], Fricke 1999:54 [ref. 24101], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1646 [ref. 25634], Klein-MacPhee in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:590 [ref. 26158], López et al. 2002:66 [ref. 26808], Matsuura 2003:1966 [ref. 27119], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:69 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:895 [ref. 28815], Fricke et al. 2007:117 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:193 [ref. 30517], Wirtz et al. 2007:41 [ref. 30263], Fricke 2008:58 [ref. 30182], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:17 [ref. 31251], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:136 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:86 [ref. 33341], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Parin et al. 2014:550 [ref. 33547], Pinheiro et al. 2015:33 [ref. 34324], Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3051 [ref. 34618], Robertson et al. 2016:148 [ref. 34961], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565], Martins & Carneiro 2018:104 [ref. 36550], Spier et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36103], Artüz & Fricke 2019:561 [ref. 36612], Brown et al. 2019:182 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:227 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36864], Reiner 2019:301 [ref. 38139], Ribeiro et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36717], Bariche & Fricke 2020:113 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:34 [ref. 37519], Pimentel et al. 2020:6 [ref. 38051], Robertson et al. 2020:151 [ref. 38098], Abliazov et al. 2021:12 [ref. 38576], Bañón & Maño 2021:98 [ref. 38887], Golani 2021:87 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:62 [ref. 39014], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:691 [ref. 38945], Fermon et al. 2022:309 [ref. 39448], Simian et al. 2022:377 [ref. 40776], Bagley et al. 2023:324 [ref. 41241], Carvalho-Filho 2023:276 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:170 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia (Canada) and Saint Pierre et Miquelon (France) south to Argentina, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: Morocco south to Angola, including Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), Cape Verde Islands, São Tomé and Principe. IUCN (2016); Vulnerable. Habitat: brackish, marine.
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