orbignyi, Trygon (Taenura) Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:102, Pl. 49 (fig. 1) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Tocantins, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-2333 (poor condition). Type catalog: Bertin 1939:89 [ref. 20739], Séret & McEachran 1987:22 [ref. 9312]. Originally as d'orbignyi but listed as Toenura orbignyi on figure caption. Use as dorbignyi or orbignyi still unresolved. Current usage may result in using orbignyi. First reviser not researched if earlier than Carvalho et al. in Reis et al. 2003:25 [ref. 27061]. •Synonym of Potamotrygon hystrix (Müller & Henle 1841) -- (Castex 1964:19 [ref. 20924]). •Valid as Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau 1855) -- (Séret & McEachran 1987:22 [ref. 9312], Chang & Ortega 1995:2 [ref. 24302], Lasso et al. 1997:43 [ref. 23139], Carvalho et al. in Reis et al. 2003:25 [ref. 27061], Deynat 2006:492 [ref. 28948], Almeida et al. 2008:85 [ref. 40894], Rosa et al. 2008:7 [ref. 29564], Carvalho & Lovejoy 2011:46 [ref. 31182], Carvalho et al. 2011:26 [ref. 31264], Silva & Carvalho 2011:151 [ref. 31310], Fontenelle et al. 2014:150 [ref. 33180], Sarmiento et al. 2014:117, 188 [ref. 35004], Ramos et al. 2014:3 [ref. 35321], Silva & Carvalho 2015:5 [ref. 33871], Weigmann 2016:157 [ref. 34211], Carvalho et al. 2016:581 [ref. 34422], Carvalho 2016:562 [ref. 34666], Carvalho 2016:59 [ref. 34730], Carvalho 2016:643 [ref. 34997], Melo et al. 2016:374 [ref. 35317], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:33 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:71 [ref. 35773], Ehemann et al. 2019:[7] [ref. 36861], Silvano et al. 2020:409 [ref. 38134], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:14 [ref. 39298], Roberts 2021:95 [ref. 38077], Silva et al. 2021:598 [ref. 39258], Koerber et al. 2022:10 [ref. 39235], Taphorn et al. 2022:9 [ref. 41297], Carvalho-Filho 2023:321 [ref. 40480], Limeira-Filho et al. 2024:5 [ref. 41573]). Current status: Valid as Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau 1855). Potamotrygonidae: Potamotrygoninae. Distribution: Widespread in South America. Habitat: freshwater.