spiramen, Epinephelus Whitley [G. P.] 1945:25 [Australian Zoologist v. 11 (pt 1); ref. 4707] 30 miles north of Carnarvon, Western Australia. Holotype (unique): WAM P.2796-001 (head only). Type catalog: Hutchins & Smith 1991:19 [ref. 19335], Moore et al. 2008:20 [ref. 30117]. •Synonym of Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål 1775) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:494 [ref. 12442], Randall & Heemstra 1991:248 [ref. 19601], Hoese et al. 2006:1011 [ref. 28999]). •Synonym of Epinephelus rivulatus (Valenciennes 1830) -- (Heemstra & Randall 1993:225 [ref. 21042], Heemstra & Randall 1999:2521 [ref. 24815], Parenti & Randall 2020:79 [ref. 37354]). Current status: Synonym of Epinephelus rivulatus (Valenciennes 1830). Epinephelidae. Habitat: marine.