mormyrus, Sparus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:281 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea. Possible holotype: NRM 13. Type catalog: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:247 [ref. 20707] who suggest a neotype designation. •Valid as Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese 1973:410 [ref. 7192], Bauchot & Hureau in Whitehead et al. 1986:896 [ref. 13676], Smith & Smith 1986:587 [ref. 5710], Bauchot & Hureau 1990:802 [ref. 18793], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:162 [ref. 25472], Goren & Dor 1994:44 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:226 [ref. 22896], Alves & Alves 2002:108 [ref. 41115], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:93 [ref. 26753], Falcón et al. 2003:145 [ref. 39343], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S109 [ref. 27377], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:227 [ref. 28072], Golani 2005:43 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:87 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:100 [ref. 30517], Fricke 2008:41 [ref. 30182], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:48 [ref. 36649], Wirtz et al. 2013:126 [ref. 32972], Parin et al. 2014:369 [ref. 33547], Carpenter & Iwatsuki in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2601 [ref. 34618], Martins & Carneiro 2018:147 [ref. 36550], Artüz & Fricke 2019:557 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:269 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:98 [ref. 36864], Parenti 2019:64 [ref. 36892], Bariche & Fricke 2020:92 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:42 [ref. 37519], Bañón & Maño 2021:87 [ref. 38887], Golani 2021:55 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:80 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:281 [ref. 39448], Gus'kov et al. 2022:72 [ref. 39564], Iwatsuki & Heemstra 2022:302 [ref. 39785]). Current status: Valid as Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus 1758). Sparidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay south to Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), including Madeira (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain) and Cape Verde Islands; Western Indian Ocean: Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) north to southern Mozambique. Habitat: brackish, marine.