heteracantha, Rhamdia Regan [C. T.] 1907:134 [Biologia Centrali-Americana Part 215; ref. 3629] Juan Viñas, Costa Rica. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1907.6.28.32. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:201 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Rhamdia heteracantha Regan 1907 -- (Burgess 1989:278 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Silfvergrip 1996:96 [ref. 22347], Bockmann & Guazzelli in Reis et al. 2003:425 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:201 [ref. 29155]). •Probably a synonym of Rhamdia guatemalensis (Günther 1864) -- (Bussing 1998:150 [ref. 24179]). Current status: Synonym of Rhamdia guatemalensis (Günther 1864). Heptapteridae: Rhamdiinae. Habitat: freshwater.