nigromaculatus, Plecostomus Schubart [O.] 1964:2, Figs. 2, 5 [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 251; ref. 3425] Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi Guassu basin, Brazil. Holotype: EEBP 304. Paratypes: EEBP 217 (6), 295 (2), 297-98 (8, 2) 304 (23, with holotype), 305 (16), 307 (10), 309-11 (22, 11, 13), 589 (7). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus nigromaculatus (Schubart 1964) -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nigromaculatus (Schubart 1964). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: middle and upper Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.