spinosus, Hypostomus Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:45, Pl. 22 (fig. 3) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Amazon River, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9577. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:72 [ref. 19575]. •Valid as Pseudacanthicus spinosus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Isbrücker 1980:77 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:438 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:27 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:394 [ref. 27061], Fisch-Muller et al. 2012:190 [ref. 31970], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Chamon 2015:317 [ref. 33851], Chamon & Sousa 2016:13 [ref. 34852], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[19] [ref. 35679], Chamon & Costa e Silva 2018:507 [ref. 35821]). Current status: Valid as Pseudacanthicus spinosus (Castelnau 1855). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.