aspera, Rhinelepis Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.] 1829:4, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-2) [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Rio São Francisco, at Januária, 15°29’37”S, 44°21’25”W, Minas Gerais, Brazil Holotype (unique): destroyed in World War II. Type information: Isbrücker 1980:7 [ref. 2303]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:293 [ref. 29155]. Name first published in Cuvier 1829 [ref. 995]. Comments on type locality see Koerber 2021:88 [ref. 38172]. •Valid as Rhinelepis aspera Spix & Agassiz 1829 -- (Isbrücker 1980:7 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:429 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:43 [ref. 23548], Pérez & Viloria 1994:106 [ref. 22094], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1998:134 [ref. 24147], Sverlij et al. 1998:70 [ref. 27632], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Quevedo & Reis 2002:409 [ref. 26014], Isbrücker 2002:28 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:49 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:79 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:293 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:44 [ref. 35117], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Reis et al. 2020:469 [ref. 38364], Silva et al. 2020:12 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Rhinelepis aspera Spix & Agassiz 1829. Loricariidae: Rhinelepinae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco and upper Paraná river basins (Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.