callichthys, Silurus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:307 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] American rivers. Syntypes (?): BMNH 1853.11.12.194 (1, left half skin); NRM 7015 (2), 7018 (1); ZMUU 55 (1). Type information: Wheeler 1989:210-211, Fig. 2B [ref. 21873]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:110 [ref. 29155]. Spelled callychthis in Bloch 1794, pl. 377. The neotype selection by Knaack 2008:21 [ref. 29619] is rejected until possible syntypes are investigated; these potential syntypes have been listed in the Catalog of Fishes database and in Ferraris 2007:110 [ref. 29155] - references not cited by Knaack. •Valid as Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:36 [ref. 37559], Ortega & Vari 1986:16 [ref. 9708], see Malabarba 1989:146 [ref. 14217], Burgess 1989:364 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:61 [ref. 23791], Torelli et al. 1997:70 [ref. 24612], Britski et al. 1999:124 [ref. 24147], Fuller et al. 1999:218 [ref. 25838], Le Bail et al. 2000:178 [ref. 24549], Marín 2000:69 [ref. 26252], Lasso et al. 2001:97 [ref. 25928], Camargo & Isaac 2001:145 [ref. 27639], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:293 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:42 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:130 [ref. 28130], Trajano et al. 2004:317 [ref. 27653], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131] as Callichtys, Ferraris 2007:110 [ref. 29155], Knaack 2008:21 [ref. 29619], Di Dario et al. 2013:262 [ref. 37503], Phillip et al. 2013:18 [ref. 32896], Barriga Salazar 2014:111 [ref. 35745], Litz & Koerber 2014:22 [ref. 33622], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Sarmiento et al. 2014:190 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:39 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:416 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:31 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35267], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:72 [ref. 35633], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Brosse et al. 2019:134 [ref. 38320], Dickens 2019:171 [ref. 37135], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:464 [ref. 38364], Silva et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37809], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:24 [ref. 39298], Brandão et al. 2022:151 [ref. 40464] as Callychthys callychthys, Koerber et al. 2022:45 [ref. 39235], Taphorn et al. 2022:44 [ref. 41297], Giora & Wingert 2023:60 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40506], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727], Vieira et al. 2023:20 [ref. 40759], Limeira-Filho et al. 2024:7 [ref. 41573], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:43 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus 1758). Callichthyidae: Callichthyinae. Distribution: Widespread in Atlantic drainages of South America. IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.