duodecimalis, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:498, Pl. 454 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9446 (dry). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:69 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Pterygoplichthys duodecimalis (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker 1980:40 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860]). •Synonym of Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) -- (Weber 1992:25 [ref. 19714], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:366 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:291 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Pterygoplichthys etentaculatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.