modestus, Epinephelus Gilchrist [J. D. F.] & Thompson [W. W.] 1909:218 [Annals of the South African Museum v. 6 (pt 3, no. 5); ref. 1650] Durban market, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAM 10446. •Synonym of Epinephelus chabaudi (Castelnau 1861) -- (Heemstra & Randall 1986:523 [ref. 5667], Randall & Heemstra 1991:114 [ref. 19601], Heemstra & Randall 1993:124 [ref. 21042], Heemstra 2022:52 [ref. 39742]). •Synonym of Hyporthodus chabaudi (Castelnau 1861) -- (Parenti & Randall 2020:84 [ref. 37354]). Current status: Synonym of Hyporthodus chabaudi (Castelnau 1861). Epinephelidae. Habitat: marine.