spinifer, Engraulis Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1848:39 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 21; ref. 1013] Cayenne, French Guiana. Lectotype: MNHN 0000-3754. Paralectotypes: MNHN B-3098 [ex MNHN 0000-3754] (5). Type catalog: Bertin 1940:298-299 [ref. 293], Whitehead & Bauchot 1986:33 [ref. 9739]. Lectotype selected by Whitehead 1967:129 [ref. 6464]. •Valid as Anchoa spinifera (Valenciennes 1848) -- (Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:39 [ref. 27192], Di Dario et al. 2013:262 [ref. 37503]). •Valid as Anchoa spinifer (Valenciennes 1848) -- (Shimizu in Uyeno et al. 1983:96 [ref. 14275], Whitehead et al. 1988:371 [ref. 5725], Cervigón 1991:100 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:312 [ref. 23827], Allen & Robertson 1994:62 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:50 [ref. 23101], Whitehead & Rodriguez-Sánchez in Fischer et al. 1995:1078 [ref. 22829], Planquette et al. 1996:64 [ref. 22818], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:183 [ref. 24555], Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221], Camargo & Isaac 2001:140 [ref. 27639], Kullander & Ferraris in Reis et al. 2003:39 [ref. 27061], Nizinski & Munroe 2003:780 [ref. 26995], McMahan et al. 2013:443 [ref. 32422], Barriga Salazar 2014:104 [ref. 35745], Petry et al. 2016:300 [ref. 34966], Marceniuk et al. 2017:38 [ref. 35324], Spier et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36103], González-Murcia et al. 2019:289 [ref. 36544], Ribeiro et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36717], Caires et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:140 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:67 [ref. 40480], Fricke et al. 2024:143 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Anchoa spinifer (Valenciennes 1848). Engraulidae: Engraulinae. Distribution: South and Central America: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Suriname and Venezuela and eastern Pacific from Chiapas (Mexico) and Guatemala south to Ecuador and possibly Peru. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.