vulpinus, Squalus Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Pennant) 1788:9, Pl. 85 (fig. 349) [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Mediterranean Sea; Cornwall, England, northeastern Atlantic. No types known. Based on the 'Sea fox' of Pennant 1769:86, Pl. 4 [ref. 18527], which was based on multiple historical sources, and possibly on more than one species; neotype selection needed to stabilize the current usage of the name. •Valid as Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre 1788) -- (Springer 1973:17 [ref. 7162], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:27 [ref. 9277], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:92 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:232 [ref. 6474], Dor 1984:3 [ref. 29757], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:7 [ref. 6441], Bass 1986:102 [ref. 5635], Robins & Ray 1986:18 [ref. 23100], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Scott & Scott 1988:13 [ref. 25518], Gubanov & Timoxin 1989:220 [ref. 36138], Paxton et al. 1989:69 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:4 [ref. 13251], Pequeño 1989:12 [ref. 14125], Paulin et al. 1989:19 [ref. 24556], McAllister 1990:29 [ref. 14674], Springer 1990:85 [ref. 19319], Compagno et al. 1991:74 [ref. 21083], Cervigón 1992:168 [ref. 23827], Boschung 1992:19 [ref. 23239], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:74 [ref. 25472], Bussing & López S. 1994:18 [ref. 23101], Last & Stevens 1994:157 [ref. 23873], Goren & Dor 1994:1 [ref. 25356], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:661 [ref. 22829], Eitner 1995:562 [ref. 22404], Randall 1995:23 [ref. 22896], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:65 [ref. 24023], Santos et al. 1997:10 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:16 [ref. 24952], Cheng & Zhou 1997:22 [ref. 26385], Compagno 1998:1273 [ref. 23785], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:51 [ref. 23897], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:43 [ref. 24555], Kabasakal 1998:685 [ref. 25006], Fricke 1999:16 [ref. 24106], Johnson 1999:719 [ref. 25471], Compagno 1999:477 [ref. 25589], Nakabo 2000:126 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:578 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:87 [ref. 25191], Hutchins 2001:13 [ref. 25847], Compagno 2001:86 [ref. 26323], Soto 2001:65, 88 [ref. 26637], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:11 [ref. 26753], Branstetter in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:34 [ref. 26158], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:79 [ref. 25968], Nakabo 2002:126 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:57, 476 [ref. 26218], Compagno 2003:430 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:25 [ref. 27192], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S91 [ref. 27377], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:81 [ref. 27705], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:20 [ref. 27735], Nelson et al. 2004:51 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:72 [ref. 28072], Compagno et al. 2005:17 [ref. 29145], Golani 2005:9 [ref. 37112], Love et al. 2005:5 [ref. 37547], Mundy 2005:96 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Gates 2006:73 [ref. 28997], Fricke 2007:25 [ref. 30577], Fricke et al. 2007:12 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:17 [ref. 30517], White 2008:38 [ref. 30617], Fricke et al. 2009:8 [ref. 30213], George 2009:34 [ref. 30539], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:7 [ref. 36649], Castro 2011:241 [ref. 31457], Fricke et al. 2011:345 [ref. 31242], Yamashita et al. 2012:121 [ref. 32408], Naylor et al. 2012:51 [ref. 32267] see remarks, Page et al. 2013:50 [ref. 32708], Ebert et al. 2013:310 [ref. 33045], Shinohara et al. 2014:232 [ref. 33330], Parin et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33547], Duffy & Stewart 2015:67 [ref. 34216], Dyldin 2015:47 [ref. 34524], Pietsch & Orr 2015:13 [ref. 34694], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:75 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:13 [ref. 34211], Compagno 2016:1236 [ref. 34544], Fourriére et al. 2016:452 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:605 [ref. 34923], Nión et al. 2016:19 [ref. 35565], Kells et al. 2016:64 [ref. 35888], Ebert et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35618], Biscoito et al. 2018:463 [ref. 37562], Dyldin & Orlov 2018:164 [ref. 35920], Ehemann et al. 2018:20 [ref. 36194], Fricke et al. 2018:9 [ref. 35805], Kumar et al. 2018:295 [ref. 36178], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:57 [ref. 37302], Burton & Lea 2019:27 [ref. 37205], Carneiro et al. 2019:20 [ref. 37250], Ehemann et al. 2019:[3] [ref. 36861], Stone & Shimada 2019:633 [ref. 37195], Bariche & Fricke 2020:14 [ref. 37515], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:241 [ref. 37881], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 1 [ref. 38321], Kabasakal 2020:65 [ref. 37952], Kim et al. 2020:37 [ref. 39118], Kovačić et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:38 [ref. 38962], Bessudo et al. 2021:[3] 1771 [ref. 39107], Dyldin et al. 2021:14 [ref. 38804], Dyldin & Orlov 2021:55 [ref. 38158], Ebert et al. 2021:42 [ref. 38234], Giovos et al. 2021:5 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:7 [ref. 38303], González-Acosta et al. 2021:5 [ref. 38361], Kovačić et al. 2021:8 [ref. 39014], Love et al. 2021:15 [ref. 39279], Bañón & Mano 2022:8 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:11 [ref. 39527], Dyldin et al. 2022:[6] [ref. 39193], Fermon et al. 2022:92 [ref. 39448], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:12 [ref. 41223], Human 2022:470 [ref. 39664], Balàka et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40410], Carvalho-Filho 2023:297 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40663], Page et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40505], Shakman et al. 2023:463 [ref. 40810], Artüz & Fricke 2024:536 [ref. 41509], Fricke et al. 2024:63 [ref. 41622], Gadig et al. 2024:21 [ref. 40775], Leeney 2024:42 [ref. 40985]). Current status: Valid as Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre 1788). Alopiidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical through temperate seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara, Black Sea, western Baltic Sea, North Sea, South China Sea, East China Sea, southern Sea of Japan, Tasman sea, Gulf of California/Mexico). IUCN (2019) Vulnerable. Habitat: brackish, marine.