zygaena, Squalus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:234 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic [original: "Europa, America"]; localities include Spain; Marseille, France; Rome, Italy; Lesbos Island, Greece; Syria, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: NRM 88 (1). Type catalog: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:208 [ref. 20707]. Originally based on multiple species and at least 24 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:68 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:96 [ref. 30349] as Squalus capite latissimo transverso mallei instar; Rondelet 1554:389 [ref. 30354] as Zygæna, Salviani 1558:128 [ref. 30229] as Libella, Willughby 1686:55 [ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:20 [ref. 30231] as Zygæna. Spelled zygena by Bonnaterre 1788:9 [ref. 4940], and zigoena by Cabrera y Corro, Pérez & Hänseler 1817:11 [ref. 17319], see Graells 1887:185 [ref. 30438]. Spelled zygoena by Chevey 1932:6 [ref. 23060] as Cestracion. Name spelled Squalus zigaena by Sonnini 1803:74 [ref. 30464] and Berthelot 1840:115 [ref. 30346]. •Valid as Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Herrera 1896:10 [ref. 39336], Gilbert 1967:31 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:32 [ref. 7164], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:43 [ref. 9277], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:125 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:553 [ref. 6846], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:7 [ref. 6441], Bass 1986:97 [ref. 5635], Robins & Ray 1986:30 [ref. 23100], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Allen & Swainston 1988:24 [ref. 25477], Scott & Scott 1988:29 [ref. 25518], Gubanov & Timoxin 1989:224 [ref. 36138], Paulin et al. 1989:26 [ref. 24556], Paxton et al. 1989:87 [ref. 12442], Pequeño 1989:13 [ref. 14125], McAllister 1990:32 [ref. 14674], Springer 1990:110 [ref. 19320], Cervigón 1992:188 [ref. 23827], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Francis & Randall 1993:128 [ref. 20996], Kuiter 1993:11 [ref. 23929], Gomon et al. 1994:140 [ref. 22532], Last & Stevens 1994:275 [ref. 23873], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:722 [ref. 22829], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:69 [ref. 27969], Murdy et al. 1997:28 [ref. 23144], Santos et al. 1997:9 [ref. 23531], Allen 1997:44 [ref. 23977], Cheng & Zhou 1997:35 [ref. 26385], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:100 [ref. 24023], Arruda 1997:19 [ref. 24952], Compagno 1998:1366 [ref. 23785], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:39 [ref. 24555], Sokolovskaya et al. 1998:7 [ref. 24670], Fricke 1999:25 [ref. 24106], Morón et al. 1999:148 [ref. 24253], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:118 [ref. 25013], Capapé et al. 1999:50 [ref. 25276], Compagno 1999:484 [ref. 25589], Nakabo 2000:140 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:580 [ref. 25122], Lea & Rosenblatt 2000:119 [ref. 25206], Hutchins 2001:14 [ref. 25847], Wang et al. 2001:34 [ref. 26566], Soto 2001:65, 85 [ref. 26637], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:15 [ref. 26753], Branstetter in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:46 [ref. 26158], Nakabo 2002:140 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:56, 475 [ref. 26218], Falcón et al. 2003:144 [ref. 39343], López et al. 2002:62 [ref. 26808], Compagno 2003:505 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27192], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:73 [ref. 27705], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:68 [ref. 28072], Compagno et al. 2005:46 [ref. 29145], Golani 2005:10 [ref. 37112], Love et al. 2005:9 [ref. 37547], Mundy 2005:93 [ref. 28379], Hoese et al. 2006:111 [ref. 29001], Fricke et al. 2007:15 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:16 [ref. 30517], Randall 2007:39 [ref. 30952], White 2008:74 [ref. 30617], George 2009:55 [ref. 30539], Lim et al. 2010:575 [ref. 39445], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:9 [ref. 36649], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:187 [ref. 30957], Castro 2011:529 [ref. 31457], Henderson & Reeve 2011:174 [ref. 38995], Naylor et al. 2012:33 [ref. 32267], Yamashita et al. 2012:125 [ref. 32408], Ebert et al. 2013:340 [ref. 33045], Page et al. 2013:52 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972], Parin et al. 2014:24 [ref. 33547], Duffy 2015:108 [ref. 34217], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:107 [ref. 36167], Dyldin 2015:54 [ref. 34524], Pinheiro et al. 2015:4 [ref. 34324], Compagno 2016:1335 [ref. 34544], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:100 [ref. 34398], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:605 [ref. 34923], Fourriére et al. 2016:453 [ref. 34668], Kells et al. 2016:72 [ref. 35888], Nión et al. 2016:20 [ref. 35565], Weigmann 2016:45 [ref. 34211], Ebert et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35618], White et al. 2017:190 [ref. 35860], Ali et al. 2018:303 [ref. 36183], Biscoito et al. 2018:468 [ref. 37562], Dyldin & Orlov 2018:165 [ref. 35920], Ehemann et al. 2018:22 [ref. 36194], Fricke et al. 2018:18 [ref. 35805], Kumar et al. 2018:297 [ref. 36178], Spier et al. 2018:4 [ref. 36103], White & Ko'ou 2018:44 [ref. 35922], Carneiro et al. 2019:29 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:8 [ref. 37020], Ehemann et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 36861], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:88 [ref. 37302], Hoschke et al. 2019:153[ref. 36626], Iglésias et al. 2019:276 [ref. 37098], Reiner 2019:38 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:12 [ref. 37515], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:243 [ref. 37881], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 2 [ref. 38321], Kabasakal 2020:99 [ref. 37952], Kim et al. 2020:41 [ref. 39118], Kovačić et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37519], Psomadakis et al. 2020:183 [ref. 37272], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Sonoyama et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37637], Walker et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37499], Bessudo et al. 2021:[3] 1771 [ref. 39107], Dyldin et al. 2021:15 [ref. 38804], Dyldin & Orlov 2021:56 [ref. 38158], Ebert et al. 2021:69 [ref. 38234], Giovos et al. 2021:5 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:8 [ref. 38303], González-Acosta et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38361], Haroon & Kibria 2021:72 [ref. 39241], Kovačić et al. 2021:11 [ref. 39014], Love et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39279], Aschliman & Ebert 2022:542 [ref. 39668], Bañón & Mano 2022:11 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39527], Dyldin et al. 2022:[7] [ref. 39193], Fermon et al. 2022:97 [ref. 39448], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Balàka et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40410], Borg et al. 2023:10 [ref. 42080], Carvalho-Filho 2023:310 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40663], Page et al. 2023:41 [ref. 40505], Shakman et al. 2023:463 [ref. 40810], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:54 [ref. 40816], Fricke et al. 2024:78 [ref. 41622], Gadig et al. 2024:50 [ref. 40775], Leeney 2024:64 [ref. 40985], Victor et al. 2024:74 [ref. 42021], Campos-León et al. 2025:[7] [ref. 42591], Crochelet et al. 2025:7 [ref. 42390], Iftime & Oţel 2025:5 [ref. 42600], Kai & Gosho 2025:15 [ref. 42505]). Current status: Valid as Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in warm temperate seas, occasionally in tropical seas (including Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara, Black Sea, Persian Gulf, South China Sea, East China Sea, Sea of Japan, Gulf of California/Mexico). IUCN (2019): Vulnerable. Habitat: brackish, marine.