acanthias, Squalus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:233 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea and northeastern Atlantic [original: "In Oceano Europæo"]; localities include Sweden, Baltic Sea; North Sea; Irish Sea; Marseille, France; Rome and Venice, Italy; Lesbos Island, Greece; Syria, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: NRM 85 (1 or 2). Possible syntypes: ZMUU Linn. coll. 159 (1), ZMUU Linn. coll. 160 (1, dry). Type catalog: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:208-209 [ref. 20707]. Originally based at least 31 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:66 [ref. 30578], Artedi 1738:102 [ref. 30529] and Artedi 1738:94 [ref. 30349] as Squalus pinna ani nulla; Rondelet 1554:373 [ref. 30354] as Galeus acanthias, Salviani 1558:136, Pl. [ref. 30229] as Mustellus spinax, Charleton 1668:128 [ref. 30580] as Galeus acanthias, Willughby 1686:56 [ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:21 [ref. 30231] as Galeus acanthias sive spinax. Misspelled achantias by Latreille 1804:72 [ref. 17490]. •Valid as Squalus acanthias Linnaeus 1758 -- (Krefft & Tortonese 1973:37 [ref. 7165], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:23 [ref. 9277], McEachran & Branstetter in Whitehead et al. 1984:146 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:111 [ref. 6474], Nakaya & Shirai in Masuda et al. 1984:9 [ref. 6441], Menni 1986:425 [ref. 11487], Bass et al. 1986:61 [ref. 5636], Robins & Ray 1986:33 [ref. 23100], Castro-Aguirre & Garcia-Dominguez 1988:103 [ref. 19199], Scott & Scott 1988:35 [ref. 25518], Paxton et al. 1989:37 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:13 [ref. 24556], Pequeño 1989:12 [ref. 14125], Muñoz-Chápuli & Ramos 1989:6 [ref. 12577], McAllister 1990:33 [ref. 14674], Springer 1990:12 [ref. 19315], Yano in Amaoka et al. 1990:76 [ref. 16024], Compagno et al. 1991:66 [ref. 21083], Lloris & Rucabado 1991:27 [ref. 22530], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:83 [ref. 25472] with authors as Smith & Radcliffe 1912, Gomon et al. 1994:105 [ref. 22532], Last & Stevens 1994:98 [ref. 23873], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:728 [ref. 22829], Yano in Okamura et al. 1995:51 [ref. 22531], López et al. 1996:7 [ref. 23681], Cheng & Zhou 1997:37 [ref. 26385], Murdy et al. 1997:34 [ref. 23144], Santos et al. 1997:118 [ref. 23531], Pshenichnov 1997:713 [ref. 24700], Arruda 1997:21 [ref. 24952], Sokolovskaya et al. 1998:7 [ref. 24670], Compagno 1999:472 [ref. 25589], Nakabo 2000:155 [ref. 25086], Sheiko & Fedorov 2000:15 [ref. 25650], Cousseau & Perrotta 2000:36 [ref. 25942], Hutchins 2001:15 [ref. 25847], Soto 2001:66, 94 [ref. 26637], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:17 [ref. 26753], Burgess in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:54 [ref. 26158], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:88 [ref. 25968], Nakabo 2002:155 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:60, 478 [ref. 26218], López et al. 2002:62 [ref. 26808], Compagno 2003:383 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:27 [ref. 27192], Moore et al. 2003:170 [ref. 27076], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S93 [ref. 27377], Fedorov et al. 2003:13 [ref. 27579], Baranes 2003:42 [ref. 27888], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:102 [ref. 27705], Nelson et al. 2004:49 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:54 [ref. 28072], Duhamel et al. 2005:74 [ref. 32059], Golani 2005:11 [ref. 37112], Love et al. 2005:3 [ref. 37547], Hoese 2006:155 [ref. 28998], Duffy & Last 2007:31 [ref. 29127], Duffy & Last 2007:91 [ref. 29132], Fricke 2007:25 [ref. 30577], Fricke et al. 2007:15 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:18 [ref. 30517], White et al. 2007:106 [ref. 29133], White et al. 2007:110 [ref. 29134], White 2008:82 [ref. 30617], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:163 [ref. 31251], George 2009:56 [ref. 30539], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:11 [ref. 36649], Ebert et al. 2010:30 [ref. 30955] with more restricted range, Møller et al. 2010:14 [ref. 31169], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:115 [ref. 31212], Castro 2011:55 [ref. 31457], Mabragaña et al. 2011:table S2 [ref. 31800], Page et al. 2013:53 [ref. 32708], Shinohara et al. 2014:233 [ref. 33330], Parin et al. 2014:25 [ref. 33547], Goren & Galil 2015:519 [ref. 33910], Duffy & Last 2015:128 [ref. 34221], Dyldin 2015:56 [ref. 34524], Weigmann 2016:66 [ref. 34211], Viana et al. 2016:4, 8, 29 [ref. 34525], Compagno 2016:1159 [ref. 34544], Lee et al. 2016:493 [ref. 34692], Nión et al. 2016:21 [ref. 35565], Viana et al. 2017:[3] [ref. 35249], Viana et al. 2017:25 [ref. 35600], Biscoito et al. 2018:488 [ref. 37562], Ehemann et al. 2018:24 [ref. 36194], Spier et al. 2018:4 [ref. 36103], Viana & Carvalho 2018:626 [ref. 36320], Mecklenburg et al. 2018:34 [ref. 36470], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:94 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:38 [ref. 37250], Ehemann et al. 2019:[5] [ref. 36861], Bariche & Fricke 2020:20 [ref. 37515], Kabasakal 2020:42 [ref. 37952], Kovačić et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Sonoyama et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37637], Abliazov et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38576], Arroyo Martínez 2021:34 [ref. 38962], Ebert et al. 2021:21 [ref. 38234], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:9 [ref. 38303], Kim et al. 2021:38 [ref. 39117], Kovačić et al. 2021:13 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:4 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:37 [ref. 39527], Dyldin et al. 2022:[7] [ref. 39193], Ebert 2022:420 [ref. 39657], Fermon et al. 2022:100 [ref. 39448], Niță et al. 2022:137 [ref. 40471], Simian et al. 2022:374 [ref. 40776], Balàka et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40410], Carvalho-Filho 2023:292 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40663], Chiaramonte et al. 2023:208 [ref. 40423], Fricke et al. 2023:16 [ref. 40338], Page et al. 2023:42 [ref. 40505], Shakman et al. 2023:463 [ref. 40810], Leeney 2024:15 [ref. 40985]). Current status: Valid as Squalus acanthias Linnaeus 1758. Squalidae. Distribution: Circumglobal, but not in eastern Pacific (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Sea of Japan). Habitat: marine.