spinax, Squalus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:233 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Genoa, Italy, Mediterranean Sea [original: "In Europa"]. No types known. Originally based on 4 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:67 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:95 [ref. 30349] as Squalus pinna ani carens, naribus in extremo rostro; Willughby 1686:57 [ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:21 [ref. 30231] as Galeus acanthias s. spinax fuscus. •Valid as Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Krefft & Tortonese 1973:42 [ref. 7165], McEachran & Branstetter in Whitehead et al. 1984:141 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:85 [ref. 6474], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Gubanov & Timoxin 1989:225 [ref. 36138], Fricke & Koch 1990:7 [ref. 15494], Santos et al. 1997:13 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:21 [ref. 24952], Compagno 1999:473 [ref. 25589], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:15 [ref. 26753], Last et al. 2002:203 [ref. 26556], Golani 2005:11 [ref. 37112], Fricke 2007:26 [ref. 30577], Fricke et al. 2007:16 [ref. 29533], Fricke 2008:10 [ref. 30182], George 2009:55 [ref. 30539], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:10 [ref. 36649], Straube et al. 2011:138 [ref. 31563], Straube et al. 2011:62 [ref. 31679], Parin et al. 2014:27 [ref. 33547], Goren & Galil 2015:511 [ref. 33910], Vásquez et al. 2015:53 [ref. 34111], Dyldin 2015:55 [ref. 34524], Weigmann 2016:62 [ref. 34211], Bañón et al. 2016:298 [ref. 34397], Compagno 2016:1184 [ref. 34544], Biscoito et al. 2018:473 [ref. 37562], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:102 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:31 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:21 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:19 [ref. 37515], Kabasakal 2020:50 [ref. 37952], Kovačić et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Zidowitz & George 2020:4 [ref. 38227], Arroyo Martínez 2021:32 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:8 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:12 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:6 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:34 [ref. 39527], Fermon et al. 2022:98 [ref. 39448], Balàka et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40410], Shakman et al. 2023:463 [ref. 40810]). Current status: Valid as Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus 1758). Etmopteridae. Distribution: Western Baltic Sea; northern North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Iceland and Norway south to Gabon; including Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.
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