sephen, Raja Fabricius [J. C.] in Niebuhr (ex Forsskål) 1775:17, viii [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. No types known. Authorship according to Fricke 2008:12 [ref. 30182]. •Valid as Dasyatis sephen (Forsskål 1775) -- (Dor 1984:17 [ref. 29757], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:15 [ref. 6441], Allen & Swainston 1988:28 [ref. 25477], Nishida 1990:92 [ref. 19783], Nishida & Nakaya 1990:330 [ref. 20166], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:77 [ref. 27969], Larson & Williams 1997:346 [ref. 23967], Nakabo 2000:180 [ref. 25086]). •Valid as Hypolophus sephen (Forsskål 1775) -- (Compagno 1986:140 [ref. 5648], Paxton et al. 1989:43 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:5 [ref. 13251], Monkolprasit & Roberts 1990:203 [ref. 20065], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:48 [ref. 20764], Kottelat et al. 1993:2 [ref. 23448], Goren & Dor 1994:5 [ref. 25356], Vossoughi & Vosoughi 1999:302 [ref. 25467], Nakabo 2002:180 [ref. 26001], Sujatha 2002:157 [ref. 26899]). •Valid as Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål 1775) -- (Last & Stevens 1994:409 [ref. 23873], Randall 1995:46 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:48 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:24 [ref. 25488], Anderson et al. 1998:21 [ref. 23611], Myers 1999:39 [ref. 23965], Morón et al. 1999:150 [ref. 24253], Last & Compagno 1999:1494 [ref. 24639], Johnson 1999:718 [ref. 25471], Compagno 1999:496 [ref. 25589], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:583 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:101 [ref. 25191], Hutchins 2001:15 [ref. 25847], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:50 [ref. 27735], Randall et al. 2005:118 [ref. 28745], Compagno et al. 2005:74 [ref. 29145] as cf. stephen, Paxton et al. 2006:194 [ref. 28995], Roberts 2007:286 [ref. 29413], Schwartz 2008:38 [ref. 36773] as Pastinacus s., Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto 2010:115 [ref. 30854], Last et al. 2010:121 [ref. 30855], Fricke et al. 2011:347 [ref. 31242], Naylor et al. 2012:75 [ref. 32267] see remarks, Larson et al. 2013:21 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:27 [ref. 32989], Psomadakis et al. 2015:103 [ref. 34104], Weigmann 2016:140 [ref. 34211] see remarks, Last et al. 2016:364 [ref. 34581], Last et al. 2016:596 [ref. 35010], Ali et al. 2018:304 [ref. 36183], Golani & Fricke 2018:16 [ref. 36273], Kumar et al. 2018:298 [ref. 36178], Suresh et al. 2018:50 [ref. 36495], Eagderi et al. 2019:10 [ref. 37020], Zajonz et al. 2019:60 [ref. 36871], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 4 [ref. 38321], Haroon & Kibria 2021:116 [ref. 39241]). •Valid as Pastinachus sephen (Fabricius 1775) -- (Fricke 2008:12 [ref. 30182], Bogorodsky et al. 2021:523 [ref. 38242], Haque et al. 2021:216 [ref. 38677] as cf. sephen, Hsu et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39567], Manjaji-Matsumoto et al. 2022:609 [ref. 39674], Zajonz et al. 2022:28 [ref. 40522] with author as Gmelin 1789). Current status: Valid as Pastinachus sephen (Fabricius 1775). Dasyatidae: Hypolophinae. Distribution: Red Sea; northern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Aden, Socotra (Yemen), Gulf of Oman and Persian Gulf east to India and Bangladesh. Habitat: marine.
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