asperrima, Raja Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:367 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Mumbai, India. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7836 (dry skin, partial specimen). Type catalog: Paepke & Schmidt 1988:177 [ref. 21041], Paepke 1999:75 [ref. 24282]. Urogymnus africanus and U. asperrimus are considered synonyms; both appeared in the same work; first reviser not researched. •Synonym of Urogymnus africanus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Dor 1984:20 [ref. 29757], Séret in Lévêque et al. 1990:68 [ref. 21589], Randall 1995:47 [ref. 22896]). •Valid as Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Compagno 1986:141 [ref. 5648], Paxton et al. 1989:44 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:5 [ref. 13251], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:63 [ref. 19317], Last & Stevens 1994:414 [ref. 23873], Morón et al. 1999:151 [ref. 24253], Last & Compagno 1999:1497 [ref. 24639], Compagno 1999:497 [ref. 25589], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:583 [ref. 25122], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:52 [ref. 27735], Ishihara et al. 2004:2 [ref. 27852], Randall 2005:20 [ref. 28239], Compagno et al. 2005:76 [ref. 29145], Paxton et al. 2006:196 [ref. 28995], Kimura 2009:14 [ref. 30426], Last el al. 2010:236 [ref. 32461], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264], Fricke et al. 2011:348 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:66 [ref. 31980], Naylor et al. 2012:73 [ref. 32267] see remarks, Larson et al. 2013: 21 [ref. 32988], Ebert et al. 2013:364 [ref. 33045], Psomadakis et al. 2015:105 [ref. 34104], Weigmann 2016:141 [ref. 34211], Séret 2016:1418 [ref. 34545], Last et al. 2016:363 [ref. 34581], Last et al. 2016:173 [ref. 34634], Last et al. 2016:614 [ref. 35010], White et al. 2017:266 [ref. 35860], Fricke et al. 2018:27 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:16 [ref. 36273], Kumar et al. 2018:298 [ref. 36178], White & Ko'ou 2018:63 [ref. 35922], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:174 [ref. 37302], Eagderi et al. 2019:11 [ref. 37020], Bineesh et al. 2020:25 [ref. 37641], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 4 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:210 [ref. 37272], Sen et al. 2020:94 [ref. 37564], Ebert et al. 2021:96 [ref. 38234], Haroon & Kibria 2021:118 [ref. 39241], Fermon et al. 2022:108 [ref. 39448] with question, Manjaji-Matsumoto et al. 2022:614 [ref. 39674], Allen & Erdmann 2024:69 [ref. 40796], Glaus et al. 2024:7 [ref. 40788]). Current status: Valid as Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Dasyatidae: Urogymninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Liberia; Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Persian Gulf east to Mariana Islands and Fiji, south to Western Australia, Chesterfield Islands and New Caledonia; possibly eastern Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.