altavela, Raja Linnaeus [C.] 1758:232 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea [original: "in Mari Mediterraneo"]. No types known. Originally based on at least 8 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:71 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:100 [ref. 30349] as Raja corpore glabro, aculeis sæpe duobus postice serratis in cauda apterygia; Colonna 1616:4, Pl. on p. ii (lower fig.) [ref. 30582] as Pastinaca marina altera, altavela dicta, Willughby 1686:65 [ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:24 [ref. 30231] as Pastinaca marina altera. •Valid as Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:72 [ref. 7167], McEachran & Capapé in Whitehead et al. 1984:204 [ref. 13675], Robins & Ray 1986:42 [ref. 23100], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], McEachran & Séret 1990:64 [ref. 19318], Nishida 1990:92 [ref. 19783], Cervigón 1992:200 [ref. 23827], Castro-Aguirre & Espinosa Pérez 1996:53 [ref. 22793], Murdy et al. 1997:42 [ref. 23144], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:186 [ref. 23897], Compagno 1999:497 [ref. 25589], Menni & Stehmann 2000:92 [ref. 24909], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:26 [ref. 26753], Gomes & Gadig in Menezes et al. 2003:30 [ref. 27192], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:577 [ref. 26985], Dulĉić et al. 2003:871 [ref. 27138], Nelson et al. 2004:57 [ref. 27807], Golani 2005:15 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:20 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:22 [ref. 30517], Fricke 2008:13 [ref. 30182], Jacobsen & Bennett 2009:21 [ref. 30470], Smith et al. 2009:766 [ref. 31278], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:15 [ref. 36649], Page et al. 2013:57 [ref. 32708], Parin et al. 2014:40 [ref. 33547], Dyldin 2015:75 [ref. 34524], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:141 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:142 [ref. 34211], Séret 2016:1422 [ref. 34545], Yokota et al. 2016:512 [ref. 35009], Nión et al. 2016:23 [ref. 35565], Biscoito et al. 2018:482 [ref. 37562], Spier et al. 2018:5 [ref. 36103], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:166 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:50 [ref. 37250], Ehemann et al. 2019:[7] [ref. 36861], Ribeiro et al. 2019:9 [ref. 36717], Reiner 2019:48 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:22 [ref. 37515], Iglésias et al. 2020:289 [ref. 37987], Kovačić et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Araujo & Gomes 2021:28 [ref. 39130], Arroyo Martínez 2021:72 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:12 [ref. 38303], Moreno Mendoza et al. 2021:[4] [ref. 38868], Kovačić et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:17 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:61 [ref. 39527], Fermon et al. 2022:108 [ref. 39448], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Carvalho-Filho 2023:322 [ref. 40480] as aff. altavela, Gales et al. 2023:[3] [ref. 40704], Grech & Masala in Grech et al. 2023:399 [ref. 40778], Page et al. 2023:47 [ref. 40505], Shakman et al. 2023:463 [ref. 40810], Ehemann et al. 2024:563 [ref. 41359], Gadig et al. 2024:73 [ref. 40775]). Current status: Valid as Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus 1758). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Massachusetts (U.S.A.) south to Argentina; Mediterranean Sea; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: Spain south to Angola, including Madeira, Canary Islands and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: brackish, marine.
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