violacea, Trygon Bonaparte [C. L.] 1832:fasc. 1, punt. 6, Pl. 155 [Iconografia della fauna italica; ref. 515] Italy, western Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: ANSP 385-386 (2), ?NMW 91239 (1, dry). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:98 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Dasyatis violacea (Bonaparte 1832) -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:71 [ref. 7167], Capapé 1977:91 [ref. 20631], Nakaya in Okamura et al. 1982:55, 315 [ref. 8256], Branstetter & McEachran 1983:60 [ref. 39760], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:55 [ref. 9277], Compagno & Roberts 1984:285 [ref. 8237], McEachran & Capapé in Whitehead et al. 1984:200 [ref. 13675], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:15 [ref. 6441], Compagno 1986:137 [ref. 5648], Robins & Ray 1986:41 [ref. 23100], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Peden & Jamieson 1988:491 [ref. 12864], Scott & Scott 1988:58 [ref. 25518], Pequeño 1989:17 [ref. 14125], McAllister 1990:38 [ref. 14674], Nishida 1990:92 [ref. 19783], Nishida & Nakaya 1990:332 [ref. 20166], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:96 [ref. 25472], Biscoito & Wirtz 1994:2 [ref. 41460], Last & Stevens 1994:396 [ref. 23873], McEachran in Fischer et al. 1995:755 [ref. 22829], Castro-Aguirre & Espinosa Pérez 1996:43 [ref. 22793], Santos et al. 1997:16 [ref. 23531], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:35 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:121 [ref. 24023], Arruda 1997:24 [ref. 24952], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:65 [ref. 24555], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:186 [ref. 24490], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:123 [ref. 25013], Compagno 1999:496 [ref. 25589], Nakabo 2000:179 [ref. 25086], Rosenberger 2001:615 [ref. 25447], Hutchins 2001:15 [ref. 25847], McEachran in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:77 [ref. 26158], Mollet 2002:525 [ref. 25994], Nakabo 2002:179 [ref. 26001], Golani 2005:14 [ref. 37112], Paxton et al. 2006:192 [ref. 28995], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:15 [ref. 36649]). •Valid as Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte 1832) -- (McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:181 [ref. 23897], Last & Compagno 1999:1505 [ref. 24639], Menni & Stehmann 2000:91 [ref. 24909], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:583 [ref. 25122], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:26 [ref. 26753], Gomes & Gadig in Menezes et al. 2003:30 [ref. 27192], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:571 [ref. 26985], Santos et al. 2004:2 [ref. 27848], Love et al. 2005:13 [ref. 37547], Mundy 2005:106 [ref. 28379], Vaske et al. 2005:77 [ref. 36155], Fricke et al. 2007:20 [ref. 29533], Gomon 2008:141 [ref. 30616], Schwartz 2008:38 [ref. 36773], Fricke et al. 2009:12 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Bañon et al. 2010:6 [ref. 31029], Last el al. 2010:230 [ref. 32461], Yamashita et al. 2012:136 [ref. 32408], Page et al. 2013:57 [ref. 32708], Hsu et al. 2013:254 [ref. 33043], Parin et al. 2014:39 [ref. 33547], Antonenko et al. 2015:725 [912] [ref. 39020], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:107 [ref. 36167], Dyldin 2015:75 [ref. 34524], Last & Stewart 2015:200 [ref. 34224], Pinheiro et al. 2015:4 [ref. 34324], Psomadakis et al. 2015:104 [ref. 34104], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:130 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:140 [ref. 34211], Bañón et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34397], Séret 2016:1416 [ref. 34545], Last et al. 2016:356 [ref. 34581], Fourriére et al. 2016:453 [ref. 34668], Last et al. 2016:604 [ref. 35010], Nión et al. 2016:23 [ref. 35565], Kells et al. 2016:84 [ref. 35888], Ebert et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35618], White et al. 2017:256 [ref. 35860], Biscoito et al. 2018:481 [ref. 37562], Ehemann et al. 2018:26 [ref. 36194], Kumar et al. 2018:298 [ref. 36178], White & Ko'ou 2018:61 [ref. 35922], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:167 [ref. 37302], Burton & Lea 2019:33 [ref. 37205], Carneiro et al. 2019:50 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:11 [ref. 37020], Ehemann et al. 2019:[6] [ref. 36861], Bariche & Fricke 2020:21 [ref. 37515], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:246 [ref. 37881], Kim et al. 2020:47 [ref. 39118], Jones et al. 2020:299 [ref. 37610], Kovačić et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37519], Psomadakis et al. 2020:209 [ref. 37272], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Sonoyama et al. 2020:14 [ref. 37637], Arroyo Martínez 2021:66 [ref. 38962], Ebert et al. 2021:95 [ref. 38234], Giovos et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:12 [ref. 38303], González-Acosta et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38361], Haroon & Kibria 2021:117 [ref. 39241], Kovačić et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39014], Love et al. 2021:28 [ref. 39279], Ragheb & Hasan 2021:389 [ref. 39985], Bañón & Mano 2022:16 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:59 [ref. 39527], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 5 [ref. 38986], Fermon et al. 2022:107 [ref. 39448], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:40 [ref. 41223], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Manjaji-Matsumoto et al. 2022:612 [ref. 39674], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Page et al. 2023:46 [ref. 40505], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:72 [ref. 40816], Fricke et al. 2024:96 [ref. 41622], Gadig et al. 2024:79 [ref. 40775], Glaus et al. 2024:7 [ref. 40788], Leeney 2024:88 [ref. 40985]). Current status: Valid as Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte 1832). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, Sea of Japan, southern Sea of Okhotsk). Habitat: marine.