Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Hypostomus: [ 185 ] records

affinis, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1877:685 [127] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Campos (21°50'S, 41°20'W), Rio Paraíba do Sul, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44041:1. Paralectotypes: (several) ?MCZ 7818 (3), 7835 (2), 7886 (2); MSNG 8860 (2); NMW 44040 (1), 44041:2-7 (7, now 6), 44043 (8), 44044 (3), 44326 (3), 55014 (2); USNM 120428 [ex MCZ 7893] (1), 120431 [ex MCZ 8179] (1); ZSM 4843 [ex NMW 44041] (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1963:311 [ref. 10351], Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:263 [ref. 31652]. On p. 127 of separate. Lectotype selected by Mazzoni et al. 1994:5 [ref. 21507]. •Valid as Hypostomus affinis (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:18 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Mazzoni et al. 1994:5 [ref. 21507], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] dated 1876, Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Catelani et al. 2014:931 [ref. 37496], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Penido et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40572]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus affinis (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraíba do Sul, Doce and Mucuri River basins, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

agna, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1907:188 [Boletim Sociedade Nacional Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro [Lavoura] v. 11 (no. 5); ref. 17767] Rio Ribeira, Iporanga, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Originally as ãgnã. Not listed in Miranda Ribeiro 1953 [ref. 12732]. •Valid as Hypostomus agna (Miranda Ribeiro 1907) -- (Isbrücker 1980:18 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Oyakawa et al. 2005:4 [ref. 28322], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus agna (Miranda Ribeiro 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

alatus, Hypostomus Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:41, Pl. 20 (fig. 1) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Sabara, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9441 (mounted). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:71 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus alatus Castelnau 1855 -- (Isbrücker 1980:18 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:15 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Britski 2001:19 [ref. 26046], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:49 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Azevedo et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus alatus Castelnau 1855. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River and upper São Francisco River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

albopunctatus, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:797, Pl. 49 (fig. 1); Fig. 206 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Lectotype: BMNH 1907.7.6.15. Paralectotype: BMNH 1907.7.6.16 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Weber 1987:279 [ref. 6241]. •Valid as Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908) -- (Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:18 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:49 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Garavello et al. 2012:265 [ref. 32033], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[2] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Azevedo et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

ancistroides, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1911:396 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Tatuhy and Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Syntypes: DZSASP [now MZUSP] (not found). Type catalog: Britski 1969:200 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Castro & Casatti 1997:342 [ref. 23333], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Oyakawa et al. 2005:10 [ref. 28322], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Rosa et al. 2014:59 [ref. 33228], Zawadzki et al. 2014:102 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Brandão et al. 2022:169 [ref. 40464]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin, Tietê River basin, and Ribeira de Iguapé River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

angipinnatus, Plecostomus Leege [C. O.] 1922:152, Pls. 9 (figs. 1-3), 10 (figs 2-3) [Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft v. 58; ref. 15350] Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): Lost. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Original not seen. •Valid as Hypostomus angipinnatus (Leege 1922) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus angipinnatus (Leege 1922). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: La Plata River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

annectens, Ancistrus Regan [C. T.] 1904:225, Pl. 11 (fig. 2) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] St. Javier and Río Durango, northwestern Ecuador. Syntypes: BMNH 1902.5.27.49 (1), 2005.9.20.1 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiancistrus annectens (Regan 1904) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:39 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:49 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:25, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:16 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:385 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:53 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:224 [ref. 34894]). •Valid as Hypostomus annectens (Regan 1940) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], Provenzano & Barriga Salazar 2017:228 [ref. 35332], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus annectens (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Pacific coastal rivers (Colombia and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

arecuta, Hypostomus Cardoso [Y. P.], Almirón [A. E.], Casciotta [J. R.], Aichino [D.], Lizarralde [M. S.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.] 2012:77, Fig. 3 [Zootaxa No. 3453; ref. 32154] Paraná River, 27°29'54.5'S, 56°42'47.0"W, Ituzaingó, Corrientes Province, Argentina. Holotype: MACN-Ict 9677. Paratypes: MACN-Ict 9678 (2), 9679 (9), 9680 (2). •Valid as Hypostomus arecuta Cardoso, Almirón, Casciotta, Aichino, Lizarralde & Montoya-Burgos 2012 -- (Koerber 2014:9 [ref. 33621], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus arecuta Cardoso, Almirón, Casciotta, Aichino, Lizarralde & Montoya-Burgos 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná River, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

argus, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1943:249, Figs. 28-31 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Villavicencio, Río Meta basin, Colombia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 70510. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus argus (Fowler 1943) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:76 [ref. 35773] see remarks). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus argus (Fowler 1943). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Meta River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

asperatus, Hypostomus Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:41, Pl. 20 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio Araguay, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-4601 (1), A-9442 (1, mounted). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:71 [ref. 19575] with A.9442 as holotype, Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155] with a holotype. •Valid as Hypostomus asperatus Castelnau 1855 -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061] with a holotype, Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:73 [ref. 32701], Penido et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38145]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus asperatus Castelnau 1855. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aspidolepis, Chaetostomus Günther [A.] 1867:603 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (pt 3); ref. 1984] Veragua, Panama. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1866.11.5.1 (skin). Type information and comments: Isbrücker 1980:49 [ref. 2303]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155]. Described in more detail in Günther 1868:477 [ref. 1994]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. •Valid as Hemiancistrus aspidolepis (Günther 1867) -- (Isbrücker 1980:49 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:385 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155], Angulo et al. 2013:994 [ref. 33194]). •Valid as Hypostomus aspidolepis (Günther 1867) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], Lujan et al. 2015:664 [ref. 33975], Angulo et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37425]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus aspidolepis (Günther 1867). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Central America: Pacific slope of Costa Rica; Caribbean slope of Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

aspilogaster, Plecostomus Cope [E. D.] 1894:100, Pl. 7 [8] (figs. 14, 14a) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Jacuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: ANSP 21781. Paralectotypes: ANSP 21782-84 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Intended Pl. 7 was reversed with Pl. 8. Lectotype selected by Reis et al. 1990:733 [ref. 16139]. •Valid as Hypostomus aspilogaster (Cope 1894) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Malabarba 1989:151 [ref. 14217], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Reis et al. 1990:733 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Giora & Wingert 2023:49 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:108 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus aspilogaster (Cope 1894). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin and Laguna dos Patos drainage (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

atropinnis, Plecostomus lima Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1890:410 [Occasional Papers California Academy of Sciences No. 1; ref. 12251] Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 27265 [ex MCZ 7871a]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Description is in key on p. 399. •Valid as Hypostomus atropinnis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1890) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:73 [ref. 32701]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus atropinnis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1890). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

auroguttatus, Hypostomus Kner [R.] (ex Natterer & Heckel) 1854:269 [19], Pl. 2 (fig. 3) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Locality unknown. Syntypes: (3). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. On p. 19 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner 1854 -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] with Natterer & Heckel as authors, Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Koerber 2014:10 [ref. 33621] not in Argentina, Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Penido et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38145]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraíba do Sul River basin, Paraná River drainage: Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

basilisko, Hypostomus Tencatt [L. F. C.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Froehlich [O.] 2014:590, Figs. 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b,10-12 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 33520] Mato Grosso do Sul State, Bodoquena, córrego Salobrinha, rio Paraguay basin, 20°40’33"S, 56°46’34"W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 111110. Paratypes: Many at CPUFMP, FMNH, INPA, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP 5076, ZUFMS-PIS. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:19 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus basilisko Tencatt, Zawadzki & Froehlich 2014 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Oliveira et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37668], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus basilisko Tencatt, Zawadzki & Froehlich 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Salobra drainage, Paraguay River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bicirrosus, Plecostomus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:158 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Tropical America [Suriname River]. Holotype or syntype illustrated. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30-31 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of p., Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

bimbai, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.] & Penido [I. de S.] 2021:365, Figs. 1-2, 3b, 8a [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 30 (no. 4) IEF-1159; ref. 38404] Channel of Rio São Francisco, Paulo Alfonso, Bahia State, Brazil, 9°25'29"S, 38°10'56"W. Holotype: NUP 22652. Paratypes: MCNIP 4835 (1); NUP 13968 (1), 22690 (4). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:19 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus bimbai Zawadzki & Penido 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus bimbai Zawadzki & Penido 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Francisco basin (Bahia, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bolivianus, Plecostomus Pearson [N. E.] 1924:21, Pl. 4 (figs. 1-3) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Río Popoi, Upper Río Beni, upper Amazon system, Bolivia. Holotype: CAS 77347 [ex IU 17011]. Paratypes: CAS 213883 [ex CAS 77347, ex IU 17011] (orig. 16, now 9), UMMZ 66475 [ex IU 17011] (6). Additional material or paratypes: IU 17012 (orig. 15), UMMZ 66310 [ex IU 17012] (6), USNM 117586 [ex UMMZ 66310, ex IU 17012] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus bolivianus (Pearson 1924) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus bolivianus (Pearson 1924). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Beni River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

borellii, Plecostomus Boulenger [G. A.] 1897:2 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 12 (no. 279); ref. 14624] Misión de San Francisco, Río Pilcomayo, Bolivia. Syntypes: BMNH 1897.1.27.19 (1); MZUT 1393 (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:137 [ref. 21559], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. Information on type locality see Koerber & Terán 2021:138 [ref. 38314]. •Valid as Hypostomus borellii (Boulenger 1897) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:19 [ref. 23548], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2014:102 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Koerber & Terán 2021:138 [ref. 38314]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus borellii (Boulenger 1897). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Pilcomayo River basin (Argentina, Bolivia and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

boulengeri, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1903:502 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Mato Grosso, Brazil or Asunción, Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 58554 [ex IU 9868]. Paratypes: CAS 58555 [ex IU 9869] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. See Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147]. •Valid as Hypostomus boulengeri (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Koerber 2011:5 [ref. 31122], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:102 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Koerber 2014:9 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:16 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus boulengeri (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

brasiliensis, Plecostomus Bleeker [P.] (ex Valenciennes) 1863:2 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1; ref. 401] No locality [Maracaibo Lagoon, Maracaibo Lake in western Venezuela]. Lectotype: not RMNH 3102. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Pre-Linnaean name adopted by Bleeker; other species listed in synonymy. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1968:37 et seq. [ref. 7872] is incorrect; see also Boeseman 1972:311 [ref. 19698]. See Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. See Weber et al. 2012:219 for status of types and dating of the species. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:31 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of p., Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]). •Status needs to be revised -- (Weber et al. 2012:219 [ref. 31999]). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

brevicauda, Plecostomus Günther [A.] 1864:235 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.19.16-17 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus brevicauda (Günther 1864) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20-21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus brevicauda (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: eastern coastal drainages (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

brevis, Plecostomus Nichols [J. T.] 1919:413 [5], 423 [5] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 11; ref. 15221] Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): AMNH 7150. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. On p. 5 of both Portuguese and English sections of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus brevis (Nichols 1919) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus brevis (Nichols 1919). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná River basin [or eastern Brazilian coastal drainage?], Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

butantanis, Plecostomus margaritifer Ihering [R. von] 1911:394 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Pinheiros, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): DZSASP [now MZUSP] (not found). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus margaritifer (Regan 1908) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hypostomus butantanis (Ihering 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911) -- (Azevedo et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Brazil [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

cafuringa, Hypostomus Soares [Y. F. F.], Aquino [P. P. U.], Bagley [J. C.], Langeani [F.] & Colli [G. R.] 2021:5, Figs. 3-4 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 99 (no. 3); ref. 38335] Ribeirão Contagem near the bridge, tributary of rio Maranhão, upper Tocantins River basin, Fercal, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil, 15.5916666667S, 47.8858333333W, elevation 850 meters. Holotype: CIUNB 1489. Paratypes: CIUNB, DZSJRP, MNRJ, MZUSP. •Valid as Hypostomus cafuringa Soares, Aquino, Bagley, Langeani & Colli 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus cafuringa Soares, Aquino, Bagley, Langeani & Colli 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Maranhão River drainage, upper Tocantins River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

careopinnatus, Hypostomus Martins [F. de O.], Marinho [M. M. F.], Langeani [F.] & Serra [J. P.] 2012:494, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2012 (no. 3); ref. 32197] Alto Araguaia, tributary of Rio Ariranha, Rio Taquari drainage, upper Rio Paraguay basin, 17°18'37"S, 53°32'22"W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: DZSJRP 12231. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, CPUFMT, DZSJRP, INPA, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP, UFRGS. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:444 [ref. 35588], Oliveira et al. 2022:20 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus careopinnatus Martins, Marinho, Langeani & Serra 2012 -- (Rosa et al. 2014:59 [ref. 33228], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus careopinnatus Martins, Marinho, Langeani & Serra 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Taquari drainage, upper Paraguay River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

carinatus, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1881:108 [8], Pl. 4 (fig. 2) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Amazon River at Jatuarana, Ueranduba and Lake Saraca, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44094. Paralectotypes: (1) NMW 44096 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. On p. 8 of separate. Lectotype designation by Zawadzki et al. 2020: 197 [ref. 37387]. •Valid as Watawata carinata (Steindachner 1881) -- (Isbrücker eal. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:30 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus carinatus (Steindachner 1881) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] dated 1882, Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:74 [ref. 32701], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Zawadzki et al. 2020:192 [ref. 37387], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus carinatus (Steindachner 1881). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and central Amazon River basin (Brazil and Peru), Habitat: freshwater.

carvalhoi, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1937:54 [O Campo Rio de Janeiro No. 1; ref. 5025] Rio Granjeiro, Crato, Ceará, Brazil. Lectotype: MNRJ 924A. Paralectotypes: MNRJ 924 (3). Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:401 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Miranda Ribeiro 1953:401 [ref. 12732] [but perhaps specimen not isolated]. Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355] and Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170] state MNRJ 28870 (2) as syntypes. •Valid as Hypostomus carvalhoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1937) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:241 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus carvalhoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1937). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cochliodon, Hypostomus Kner [R.] 1854:265 [15], Pl. 2 (fig. 1) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Rio Cuiabá, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44101. Syntypes: NMW 46277 (1), 59395 (1, dry); RMNH D1897 [ex NMW] (1). Type information: Van der Stigchel 1947:157 [ref. 13094]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype designated by Tencatt et al. 2014:590 [ref. 33520]. On p. 15 of separate. •Valid as Cochliodon cochliodon (Kner 1854) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:39 [ref. 37559], Isbrücker 1980:39 [ref. 2303], Lilyestrom 1984:41 [ref. 23620], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:10 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:26, 28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131]). •Valid as Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854 -- (Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:366 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2003:21 [ref. 27426], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Armbruster et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29252], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Carvalho et al. 2010:39 [ref. 30754], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:49 [ref. 33227], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Tencatt et al. 2014:587 [ref. 33520], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:50 [ref. 33866], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Careaga et al. 2020:78 [ref. 37774] as gr. cochliodon, Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay and middle Paraná River basins (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay); introduced in Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

commersoni, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] 1836:Pl. 7 (fig. 2) [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Río de La Plata, Montevideo, Uruguay. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9444 (dry). Valenciennes specimens and non-types: ?BMNH 1899.24.5.1 (1, dry), ?BMNH 1899.24.5.4-3 (2, dry); MNHN A-9443 (1), A-9445 (1), A-9563 (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:70 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. See Casatti & Castro 1998:232 [ref. 23663]. Name available from plate in 1837, description in Valenciennes 1847:8 [ref. 5010]. See also Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:495 [ref. 1008]. Lectotype selected by Weber 1986:994 [ref. 8023] as MNHN 99.24.5.7 [ex A.9444] but 99.24.5.7 is a BMNH number; but technically the unique holotype is the figured specimen in Pl. 7 (fig. 2) and that may be MNHN A.9444; A.9444 and A.9443 were collected by d'Orbigny and one or the other is the type. •Valid as Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes 1836 -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Weber 1986:994 [ref. 8023], Malabarba 1989:152 [ref. 14217], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Reis et al. 1990:736 [ref. 16139], López & Miquelarena 1991:20 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Sverlij et al. 1998:67 [ref. 27632] dated 1840, Butí & Cancino 1999:72 [ref. 25277], Zawadzki et al. 2001:914 [ref. 25469] as cf. commersonii, Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Miquelarena et al. 2002:79 [ref. 26517], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] as commersonii 1840, Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Garavello et al. 2012:267 [ref. 32033], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Cardoso et al. 2019:[8] [ref. 36685], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Loureiro et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40506], Penido et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40572]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes 1836. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: lower Paraná River basin (including the Iguazú. Paraguay, Plata and Dulce rivers) (Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

commersonoides, Plecostomus Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & LaMonte [F. R.] 1933:3 [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Dársena Norte, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Holotype: AMNH 12243. Paratypes: AMNH 12244 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Plecostomus commersonoides Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933 -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Hypostomus commersonoides (Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933) -- (Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907) -- (López & Miquelarena 1991:29 [ref. 23548], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2019:[17] [ref. 36685]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

coppenamensis, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1969:120, Fig. 3 [Beaufortia v. 16 (no. 215); ref. 7799] Left Coppename River, Suriname, 3°54'N, 56°46'W. Holotype: ZMA 105856. Paratypes: ZMA 106143 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:54-55 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus coppenamensis Boeseman 1969 -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus coppenamensis Boeseman 1969. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Coppename River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

corantijni, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:40, Pl. 4 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Sipaliwini River, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25471 (largest of 3). Paratypes: RMNH 25470 (1), 25471 (2 of 3, with holotype), 25472-75 (9, 1, 1, 1), 25519 (1), 25523 (1); ZMA 110171 [ex RMNH 25472] (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:55 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Corantijn River basin, upstream of first cataracts, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

cordovae, Plecostomus Günther [A.] 1880:11 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 6 (no. 31) (art. 2); ref. 14279] Cordova [Córdoba], Argentina. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1878.4.4.1. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus cordovae (Günther 1880) -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:24 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Haro et al. 1996:6 [ref. 25004], Butí & Cancino 1999:71 [ref. 25277], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], López et al. 2002:60 [ref. 26808], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Armbruster et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29252], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Cardoso et al. 2019:[14] [ref. 36685], Koerber et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). •Synonym of Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh 1877 -- (Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh 1877. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

crassicauda, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:42, Pl. 17 (figs. 1-2) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Sipaliwini River, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25489 (212 mm TL specimen of 5). Paratypes: RMNH 25489 (4, with holotype). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus crassicauda Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus crassicauda Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Sipaliwini River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

crulsi, Hypostomus Soares [Y. F. F.], Aquino [P. P. U.], Bagley [J. C.], Langeani [F.] & Colli [G. R.] 2021:10, Figs. 6-7 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 99 (no. 3); ref. 38335] Ribeirão Taquara, tributary of rio São Bartolomeu, Paranaíba River drainage, upper Parana River basin, Fazenda Agua Limpa da Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil, 15.9105555556S, 47.9088888889W, elevation 1,035 meters. Holotype: CIUNB 1497. Paratypes: CIUNB, DZSJRP, MNRJ, MZUSP. •Valid as Hypostomus crulsi Soares, Aquino, Bagley, Langeani & Colli 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus crulsi Soares, Aquino, Bagley, Langeani & Colli 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper São Bartolomeu River, Paranaíba River drainage, upper Parana River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

dardanelos, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.] & Carvalho [P. H.] 2014:44, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 33227] Mato Grosso State, município de Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin, rio Praia Grande (at its mouth to rio Aripuanã downstream cachoeira Dardanelos and Andorinhas), 10°02’51"S, 59°23’21"W, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 37342. Paratypes: Many, Rio Aripuanã basin: INPA, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP. Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:20 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus dardanelos Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014 -- (Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus dardanelos Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Aripuanã basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

delimai, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], de Oliveira [R. R.] & Debona [T.] 2013:74, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 32701] Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 5°07'29.6"S, 49°18'44.4"W, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 6191. Paratypes: Many at ANSP, INPA, MPEG, MZUSP, NUP, ZUEC. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:20 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus delimai Zawadzki, de Oliveira & Debona 2013 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Soares et al. 2021:14 [ref. 38335]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus delimai Zawadzki, de Oliveira & Debona 2013. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tocantins and Araguaia River drainages (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

denticulatus, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Weber [C.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2008:404, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29846] Município de Caldas Novas, rio do Peixe, tributary to rio Corumbá, rio Paranaába drainage, 17°34'24"S, 48°29'50" W, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 98770. Paratypes: many at ASNP, MHNG, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:20 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus denticulatus Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli 2008 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus denticulatus Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Corumba River, upper Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

derbyi, Plecostomus Haseman [J. D.] 1911:384, Pls. 79-81 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (19); ref. 2048] Rio Iguaçu at Porto União da Victoria, Brazil. Holotype (unique): FMNH 54246 [ex CM 2865]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:84 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:67 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus derbyi (Haseman 1911) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus derbyi (Haseman 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River and Uruga-í Creek basins, Paraguayan tributaries of Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

dlouhyi, Hypostomus Weber [C.] 1985:956, Figs. 1-5 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 92 (no. 4); ref. 8128] Lake in arm of Río Yguazú, River Paraná system, 25°25'30"S, 55°20'W, Paraguay. Holotype: MHNG 2229.43. Paratypes: (14) CAS 60262 [ex MHNG 2229.44] (1); CFAP; MCZ 65044 [ex MHNG 2229.44] (1); MHNG; ZMA. Type catalog: Weber 1998:9 [ref. 32707], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus dlouhyi Weber 1995 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus dlouhyi Weber 1985. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Yguazú River drainage, middle Paraná River basin, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

eptingi, Chaetostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:158, Figs. 66-68 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil [probably mistaken, probably Rio Parnaíba basin]. Holotype: ANSP 69447. Paratypes: ANSP 69448-50 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. Original genus is correctly Chaetostoma. Type locality incorrect Zawadzki et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35355]. •Valid as Hypostomus eptingi (Fowler 1941) -- (Isbrücker 1980:60 [ref. 2302], Burgess 1898:435 [ref. 12860], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35355] as possible synonym of Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner 1877)). •Synonym of Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner 1877) -- (Ramos et al. 2017:3 [ref. 35396]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

ericae, Hypostomus Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.] 2005:958, Figs. 3-6 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Porto Alfredinho, 14°02'22.1"S, 48°31'28.6"W, Rio Tocantins, Tocantins River basin, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 27861. Paratypes: MHNG 2650.025 -.028 (1, 1, 3, 1), MNRJ 24251- 64 (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), 27862-63 (1, 4) Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus ericae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 -- (Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:36 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ericae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Tocantins River drainage (Goiás, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

ericius, Hypostomus Armbruster [J. W.] 2003:25, Fig. 9 [Zootaxa No. 249; ref. 27426] 1 kilometer upstream from Caterpiza, River Marañon, Amazonas, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 17441. Paratypes: AMNH 218035 (1); ANSP 176149 (1); INHS 36876 (1); LACM 39947-7 (1), 41893-6 (1), 42004-9 (1); SIUC 29195 (1); USNM 357392 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. The holotype is listed both as the holotype and as a paratype. •Valid as Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003 -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2004:955 [ref. 28067], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

faveolus, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Birindelli [J. L. O.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2008:396, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29845] Cocalinho, Corixo da Saudade (Corixinho), 25 kilometers north of Cocalinho on road MT 136, rio Araguaia drainage, rio Tocantins basin, 14°17'20.6"S, 51°09'12.1"W, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 90722. Paratypes: many at ANSP, MHNG, MZUSP and UNT. Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:21 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus faveolus Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima 2008 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2012:245 [ref. 32031], Zawadzki et al. 2013:74 [ref. 32701], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Azevedo et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38203], Soares et al. 2021:14 [ref. 38335], Koerber et al. 2022:51 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus faveolus Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tocantins and upper Xingu River basins, and upper Paraná drainage (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

flava, Loricaria Shaw [G.] 1804:38, Pl. 101 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Sea, in error [South America]. Lectotype: NRM 32 (57.8 mm SL). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Unneeded new name; based on several literature sources. Lectotype selected bn Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999] •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:88 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

fluviatilis, Plecostomus Schubart [O.] 1964:7, Figs. 1-4 [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 251; ref. 3425] Rio Mogi Guaçu basin, Brazil. Syntypes: (6) EEBP 282 (1, ex 3, 2 lost), 658 (2, lost); MRNJ uncat. (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2023:547 [ref. 40344]. •Valid as Hypostomus fluviatilis (Schubart 1964) -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus fluviatilis (Schubart 1964). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Grande basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

fonchii, Hypostomus Weber [C.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.] 2002:357, Figs. 2-3 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 109 (no. 2); ref. 26428] Lower part near mouth of Río Pauya, 6°36'7.0"S, 75°56'26.3"W, Quebrada John, Ucayali, Peru, elevation 360 meters. Holotype: MHNG 2613.66. MHNG 2613.67 (tissue), 2613.68 (1); MUSM 18791 (1). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002 -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Cushabatay River basin (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

formosae, Hypostomus Cardoso [Y. P.], Brancolini [F.], Paracampo [A.], Lizarralde [M. S.], Covain [R.] & Montoya-Burgos [J. I.] 2016:13, Figs. 2, 3c, 4a [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 1); ref. 34373] Formosa Province, Saladillo Stream, tributary of Paraguay River, Argentina, 26°26'28"S, 58°24'03"W. Holotype: MACN Ict 9720. Paratypes: CFA-IC 11972 [ex ILPLA 1972] (2); MACN, MHNG. Type catalog: Bogan et al. 2019:19 [ref. 37088]. •Valid as Hypostomus formosae Cardoso, Brancolini, Paracampo, Lizzaralde, Covain & Montoya-Burgos 2016 -- (Koerber et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267], Koerber et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35632], Koerber et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus formosae Cardoso, Brancolini, Paracampo, Lizzaralde, Covain & Montoya-Burgos 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin (Argentina and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

francisci, Plecostomus Lütken [C. F.] 1874:30 [2] [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 1); ref. 2855] Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMUC 60. Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:52 [ref. 9588], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. On p. 2 of separate. Also described in Lütken 1875:143 (and p. II of summary) [ref. 19674]. •Valid as Hypostomus francisci (Lütken 1874) -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Britski 2001:19 [ref. 26046], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Koerber 2014:10 [ref. 33621] not in Argentina, Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203], Zawadzki & Penido 2021:366 [ref. 38404]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus francisci (Lütken 1874). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin, Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

freirei, Hypostomus Penido [I. de S.], Pessali [T. C.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2021:4, Figs. 3, 4a-b, 5 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 98 (no. 5); ref. 38145] Rio Paraopeba, municipality of Belo Vale, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 20°27'19"S, 43°59'40"W. Holotype: NUP 22602. Paratypes: ANSP, CPUFMT, LIRP, MCNIP, MNRJ, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:21 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus freirei Penido, Pessali & Zawadzki 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus freirei Penido, Pessali & Zawadzki 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: tributaries of the upper and middle São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

froehlichi, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Nardi [G.] & Tencatt [L. F. C.] 2021:99, Figs. 1-4, 6 [Zootaxa 4933 (no. 1); ref. 38157] Córrego Salobrinha, tributary of rio Miranda, rio Paraguay basin, Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, 20.68273°S, 56.78600°W Holotype: NUP 22689. Paratypes: LIRP, NUP, ZUFMS. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:21 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus froehlichi Zawadzki, Nardi & Tencatt 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus froehlichi Zawadzki, Nardi & Tencatt 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Bodoquena Plateau, rio Miranda drainage, upper Paraguay River basin (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

fugleri, Hemiancistrus Ovchynnyk [M. M.] 1971:108, Figs. 12-15 [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 187 (nos 1/2); ref. 7699] Río Bogota, Parroquia Cadondelet, 1°06'N, 78°45'W, Province Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): MUSM 5133. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiancistrus fugleri Ovchynnyk 1971 -- (Isbrücker 1980:49 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:385 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745]). •Synonym of Hypostomus annectens (Regan 1904) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], Provenzano & Barriga Salazar 2017:228 [ref. 35332]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus annectens (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

fuscomaculatus, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.] & Pains da Silva [H.] 2022:2, Figs. 1-3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 31 (no. 2): IEF-1176; ref. 39204] Rio Salobra, Rio Paraguay basin, municipality of Nobres, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 14°38'38"S, 56°16'29"W. Holotype: NUP 22963. Paratypes: CPUFMT, MNRJ, NUP, ZUFMS. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hypostomus fuscomaculatus Zawadzki & Pains da Silva 2022. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus fuscomaculatus Zawadzki & Pains da Silva 2022. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: middle Rio Paraguay basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

garmani, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1904:214, Pl. 10 (fig. 1) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Rio das Velhas, eastern Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1904.1.28.3 [ex MCZ]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus garmani (Regan 1904) -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Casatti & Castro 1998:232 [ref. 23663], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus garmani (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

goyazensis, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:798, Fig. 207 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Goiás, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1889.11.14.49 [ex MCZ]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus goyazensis (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:73 [ref. 32701]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus goyazensis (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

guacari, Hypostomus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:144, 145, Pl. 4 (fig. 2) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Les rivières de l'Amérique méridionale. Lectotype: NRM 32 (57.8 mm SL). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. See account of Acipenser plecostomus. Regarded as an unneeded substitute name for Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Lectotype selected by Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:86 [ref. 23651], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of page, Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:209 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

guajupia, Hypostomus Penido [I. de S.], Pessali [T. C.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2021:9, Figs. 4c-d, 8, 9 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 98 (no. 5); ref. 38145] Rio Paraopeba, downstream to Retiro Baixo hydroelectric dam, municipality of Curvelo, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 18°52'23.2"S, 44°46'51.9"W. Holotype: NUP 22601. Paratypes: LIRP, MCNIP, MNRJ, NUP, ZUEC. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:22 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus guajupia Penido, Pessali & Zawadzki 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus guajupia Penido, Pessali & Zawadzki 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: tributaries of the upper São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

gymnorhynchus, Plecostomus Norman [J. R.] 1926:95 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 18 (no. 103); ref. 15602] Iponcin Creek, into Approuague River, French Guiana. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1926.3.2.745. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman 1926) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Le Bail et al. 2000:254 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:209, 211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Borstein et al. 2022:18 [ref. 39507]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman 1926). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Guianan coastal drainages, from Oyapock westward to Suriname basin (French Guiana and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

hemicochliodon, Hypostomus Armbruster [J. W.] 2003:29, Fig. 12 [Zootaxa No. 249; ref. 27426] 4.54 kilometers from Iquitos center, 269° bearing, 3°45'07"S, 73°16'59". Río Amazonas drainage at Pampa Chica, Río Nanay, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 17442. Paratypes: AMNH 218019 (1); AUM 28907 (1); FMNH 97010 (1); INHS 36878 (2, 1 c&s), 39690 (1), 39962 (1), 50131 (2, 1 c&s); LACM 39862-5 (1), 39937-6 (1), 39947-5 (2), 41729-34 (1), 41853-3 (1), 42013-4 (1), 41886-2 (1), 41893-4 (1); SIUC 36690 (1). Plus nontype material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster 2003 -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2004:955 [ref. 28067], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Carvalho et al. 2010:39 [ref. 30754], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster 2003. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Widespread in central South America: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

hemiurus, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:224, Fig. 34, Pl. 25 (fig. 1) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Amatuk, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53110 [ex CM 1544]. Paratypes: FMNH 53111 [ex CM 1545a; IU 11963] (4), BMNH 1911.10.31.113 (1), CAS 77341 [ex IU 11963] (2). Additional original material: CAS 77337 [ex IU 11965] (1), 77338-40 [ex IU 11964, -66-67] (1, 1, 1); FMNH 53112-16 [ex CM 1546-1550] (5, 1, 1, 1, 1), 53149 [ex CM 1586] (1); MCZ 30052 [ex CM 1547] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:85 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:67 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. Appeared first as name only in Eigenmann 1910:407 [ref. 1224]. Ibarra & Stewart list 10 paratypes from 6 localities at FMNH, but some are not types but additional original material. •Valid as Hypostomus hemiurus (Eigenmann 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hemiurus (Eigenmann 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

heraldoi, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Weber [C.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2008:408, Fig. 5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 29846] Município de Caldas Novas, rio Pirapitinga, tributary to rio Corumbá, rio Paranaíba drainage, 17°43'37"S, 48°32'54"W, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 98771. Paratypes: many at ANS, MHNG, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:22 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus heraldoi Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli 2008. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus heraldoi Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli 2008. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Corumbá and Grande river drainages, upper Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

hermanni, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1905:560 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Piracicaba [Salto do Piracicaba, Piracicaba city], São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1905.6.9.5. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus hermanni (Ihering 1905) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Dias & Zawadzki 2021:4 [ref. 38417]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hermanni (Ihering 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River basin and upper Paraná River basin (Argentina and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

holostictus, Hemiancistrus Regan [C. T.] 1913:469 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 12 (no. 71); ref. 3656] Río Condoto, tributary of Río San Juan, (Pacific slope) Colombia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1913.10.1.57. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiancistrus holostictus Regan 1913 -- (Isbrücker 1980:50 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:386 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hypostomus holostictus (Regan 1903) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633] as "Hypostomus"). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus holostictus (Regan 1913). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: San Juan River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

hondae, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1912:666, Pl. 76 (fig. 3) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912 (pt 3) (art. 36); ref. 14862] Honda, Colombia. Syntypes: BMNH 1909.7.23.43-44 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. Armbruster 2003:32 wrongly treats a holotype and paratype; no holotype was established in the original description. •Valid as Cochliodon hondae (Regan 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:39 [ref. 2303], Lilyestrom 1984:43 [ref. 23620], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:82 [ref. 23651], Isbrücker 2001:26, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus hondae (Regan 1912) -- (Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:366 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2003:32 [ref. 27426], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hondae (Regan 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River and Lake Maracaibo basins: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

hoplonites, Hypostomus Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] 1988:14, Figs. 2-3 [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) No. 68; ref. 17721] Rio Solimões, Janauacá Lakes complex, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 109.2. Paratypes: INPA 103 (1), 490 (4), 507 (3), uncat. (38); MZUSP 27258 (1); MPEG (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus hoplonites Rapp Py-Daniel 1988 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:74 [ref. 32701], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hoplonites Rapp Py-Daniel 1988. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle Amazon River basin, Brazil and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

hypostomus, Cochliodon Kner [R.] (ex Heckel) 1854:265 [15] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] On p. 15 of separate. Name not available, published in synonymy of Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854, based on Heckel ms. name (see Isbrücker 1980:39 [ref. 2303]). •In the synonymy of Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854 -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Tencatt et al. 2014:587 [ref. 33520], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

iheringii, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:795, Pl. 47 (fig. 1) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1907.7.6.13. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus iheringii (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24-25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Brandão et al. 2022:171 [ref. 40464]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus iheringii (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River basin, Rio Paraná basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

interruptus, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1918:632 [4] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Rio Juquiá, Fazenda Poço Grande, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 2110. Type catalog: Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155] On p. 4 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus interruptus (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Oyakawa et al. 2005:14 [ref. 28322], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus interruptus (Miranda Ribeiro 1918). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

isbrueckeri, Hypostomus Reis [R. E.], Weber [C.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 1990:752, Figs. 1, 21-23 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 97 (no. 3); ref. 16139] Rio Conceição, Ijui, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 10488. Paratypes: MCP 10486 (4), 10494-95 (4, 1), 10861-62 (1, 2), 10885 (1), 12045 (2), 12305-08 (2, 7, 4, 1), 12310 (15), 12494-95 (3, 3), 12938 (1); USNM 303680 (3), plus many additional lots from Santa Catarina. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus isbrueckeri Reis, Weber & Malabarba 1990 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Koerber & Litz 2014:4 [ref. 34967], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Koerber & Litz 2016:5 [ref. 35098], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Koerber et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37480], Koerber et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38894], Terán et al. 2022:1 [ref. 39938], Koerber et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40355], Koerber et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40368], Loureiro et al. 2023:108 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus isbrueckeri Reis, Weber & Malabarba 1990. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Uruguay basin (Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

itacua, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] 1836:Pl. 7 (fig. 1) [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Affluents of the Rio de la Plata. No types known. Type information: Isbrücker 1980:50 [ref. 2303] but there would be a unique holotype (figured specimen), not syntypes, Ferraris 2007:217 [ref. 29155]. Name available from plate, description in Valenciennes 1847:8 [ref. 5010]. See also Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:505 [ref. 1008]. See Weber in Reis et al. 2003:351 [ref. 27061]. Pl. 7 was published in 1836. •Species incertae sedis in Loricariidae, subfamily Hypostominae -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:351 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Hemiancistrus itacua (Valenciennes 1836) -- (Isbrücker 1980:50 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Cardoso & Malabarba 1999:156 [ref. 24148], Isbrücker 2001:27, 28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Incertae sedis in Loricariidae -- (Ferraris 2007:217 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hypostomus itacua Valenciennes 1836 incertae sedis -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:100 [ref. 33670], Koerber 2014:9 [ref. 33621], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus itacua Valenciennes 1836. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Middle Paraná River basin: Argentina, Brazil (?) and Paraguay (?). Habitat: freshwater.

jaguar, Hypostomus Zanata [A. M.], Sardeiro [B.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2013:248, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 32751] Bahia, Iaçu, rio Paraguaçu at Fazenda Os Touros, 18 km from Iaçu, 12°42'10.6"S, 40°07'47"W, elevation 143 meters, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 110603. Paratypes:MZUSP, NUP, UFBA. Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:23 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus jaguar Zanata, Sardeiro & Zawadzki 2013 -- (Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Anjos et al. 2019:[1] [ref. 37130], Vita et al. 2020:[5] [ref. 37506], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus jaguar Zanata, Sardeiro & Zawadzki 2013. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Jequiriçá, Paraguaçu and Una River drainages (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

jaguribensis, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1915:264, Fig. 3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 67; ref. 15099] Rio Jaguaribe at Barro Alto, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39930. Paratypes: ANSP 39931 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:123 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus jaguribensis (Fowler 1915) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Oliveira et al. 2022:346 [ref. 39824]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus jaguribensis (Fowler 1915). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Jaguaribe River basin, Ceará State, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

johnii, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1877:691 [133] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Rio Poti, rio Parnaíba basin, municipality of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 7831. Paralectotypes: MCZ 7863-64 (4, 2); NMW 44191-93 (2, 2, 2); USNM 123009 [ex MCZ 7831] (2). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155] On p. 133 of separate. Lectotype selected by Ramos et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35396]. •Valid as Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] dated 1876, Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:229 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:2 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Koerber et al. 2022:51 [ref. 39235], Lustosa-Costa et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39190]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: lower and middle Parnaíba River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

khimaera, Hypostomus Tencatt [L. F. C.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Froehlich [O.] 2014:597, 3c, 4c, 5c, 6c, 13-14 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 33520] Mato Grosso State, Serra das Araras, Porto Estrela, córrego Salobo, rio Paraguay basin, 15°39’03"S, 57°12’54"W, Baszil. Holotype: MZUSP 111129. Paratypes: CPUFMT 1449 (2), INPA 37744 (1), MNRJ 40185 (2), MZUEL 5821 (16), NUP 14506 (4). Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:23 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus khimaera Tencatt, Zawadzki & Froehlich 2014 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Oliveira et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37668], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157], Lopes et al. 2024:595 [ref. 41084]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus khimaera Tencatt, Zawadzki & Froehlich 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraguay River basin and upper Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

kopeyaka, Hypostomus Carvalho [P. H.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2010:40, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 30754] Rio Tiquié, Serra do Mucura village, 0°10'N, 69°07'W, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 98764. Paratypes: MZUSP 92186 (1), 92485 (1), 93074 (1). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Hypostomus kopeyaka Carvalho, Lima & Zawadzki 2010 -- (Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520], Oliveira et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37668]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus kopeyaka Carvalho, Lima & Zawadzki 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Tiquié drainage, upper rio Negro basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

krikati, Hypostomus Oliveira [R. F. de], Guimarães [E. C.], Brito [P. S. de] & Ottoni [F. P.] 2022:341, Figs. 1-3A [Zootaxa 5219 (no. 4); ref. 39824] Rio Pindaré (Mearim River basin), Bom Jesus das Selvas municipality, Pindaré River, Mearim River basin, Maranhão State, Brazil, 4°23'52.0"S, 46°50'33.5"W. Holotype: CICCAA 01731. Paratypes: CICCAA, CIUEMA, UFRJ. •Valid as Hypostomus krikati Oliveira, Guimarães, Brito & Ottoni 2022 -- (Koerber et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40665], Vieira et al. 2023:20 [ref. 40759] as cf. krikati). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus krikati Oliveira, Guimarães, Brito & Ottoni 2022. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Mearim River basin, Maranhão (northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

krishnamurtii, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Penido [I. S.] & Lucinda [P. H. F.] 2020:2, Figs. 1-3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 30 (no. 2): IEF-1153; ref. 37631] Rio Uru, tributary of Rio das Almas, Heitoraí, Goiás State, Brazil, 15°47'45"S, 49°50'18"W. Holotype: NUP 9259. Paratypes: ANSP, LBP, LIRP, MCP, MNRJ, NUP, UNT. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:24 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus krishnamurtii Zawadzki, Penido & Lucinda 2020 -- (Soares et al. 2021:14 [ref. 38335]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus krishnamurtii Zawadzki, Penido & Lucinda 2020. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Tocantins River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

kuarup, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Kullander [S. O.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2012:246, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 10 (no. 2); ref. 32031] Rio Xingu basin, rio Culuene (at the former rapids, current area of reservoir Paranatinga 11), 13°51'03"S, 53°15'31"W, Campinãpolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 109765. Paratypes: ANSP 192412 (5), INPA 37075 (5), MCP 46838 (5), MNRJ 39116 (5);ZUSP 91970 (29); NUP 11269 (5), ZUEC 6551 (5). Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus kuarup Zawadzki, Kullander & Lima 2012 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus kuarup Zawadzki, Kullander & Lima 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper rio Xingu basin (Mato Grosso, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

labyrinthus, Hypostomus Oliveira [R. R. de], Ribeiro [F. R. V.], Canto [A. L. C.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2020:2, Figs. 1-3, 4a-d [Journal of Fish Biology v. 97 (no. 2); ref. 37668] Rio Santa Cruz, tributary of the Rio Cupari, Rio Tapajós basin, Rurópolis, Pará, Brazil, 4°17'35.4"S, 55°28'27.6"W. Holotype: INPA 59066. Paratypes: INPA, MNRJ, UFOPA. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus labyrinthus Oliveira, Ribeiro, Canto & Zawadzki 2020. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus labyrinthus Oliveira, Ribeiro, Canto & Zawadzki 2020. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Cupari drainage, lower Rio Tapajós basin (Pará, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

lamberti, Hypostomus Penido [I. de S.], Pessali [T. C.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2023:104, Figs. 1-2, 5a [Zootaxa 5361 (no. 1); ref. 40572] Rio Bacalhau, tributary of Rio Bagagem, Rio Tocantins basin, municipality of Niquelândia, Goiás State, Brazil, -14.46531, -48.44662. Holotype: NUP 23640. Paratypes: MCNIP, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP, ZUEC. •Valid as Hypostomus lamberti Penido, Pessali & Zawadzki 2023. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus lamberti Penido, Pessali & Zawadzki 2023. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Tocantins River basin, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

laplatae, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1907:450, Pl. 21 (figs. 1-3) [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 8 (for 1906); ref. 10024] Buenos Aires [Ensenada, Buenos Aires Province], Argentina. Holotype: Princeton Univ. Paratype: CAS 77342 [ex IU 11351] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. Type locality see Calviño & Waldbillig 2020:1 [ref. 37512]. •Valid as Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:28 [ref. 23548], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], López et al. 2002:60 [ref. 26808], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Cardoso et al. 2019:[16] [ref. 36685], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Calviño & Waldbillig 2020:1 [ref. 37512], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157], Loureiro et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: La Plata River basin and lower Paraná River (Argentina and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

latifrons, Hypostomus Weber [C.] 1986:991, Figs. %d, 6 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 93 (no. 4); ref. 8023] Río Aguaray-guazú, Río Paraguay basin, River Paraná system, 24°22;50"S, 58°00'W, Paraguay. Holotype: MHNG 2256.67. Paratypes: MHNG 2256.68-71 (4, 2, 1, 1); ZMA 119782 (1). Type catalog: Weber 1998:9 [ref. 32707], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus latifrons Weber 1986 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Koerber 2014:9 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus latifrons Weber 1986. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

latirostris, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1904:213, Pl. 11 (fig. 1) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Rio Jungada [= Jangada], Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Lectotype: BMNH 1892.4.20.26. Paralectotype: BMNH 1892.4.20.27. Lectotype selected by Zawadzki et al. 2018:[4] [ref. 35944]. •Valid as Hypostomus latirostris (Regan 1904) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[4] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus latirostris (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Cuiabá drainage, upper Paraguay River basin: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

leucophaeus, Hypostomus Zanata [A. M.] & Pitanga [B. R.] 2016:224, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4137 (no. 2); ref. 34535] Bahia, Rio Real, Fazenda Pau Ferro, rio Itapicuru, around 15 km from Rio Real, Brazil, 11°34'41"S, 38°00'26"W, elevation 87 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 119822. Paratypes: MZUSP, UFBA. •Valid as Hypostomus leucophaeus Zanata & Pitanga 2016 -- (Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus leucophaeus Zanata & Pitanga 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Itapicuru River basin (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

levis, Rhinelepis Pearson [N. E.] 1924:22, Pl. 5 (figs. 1-3) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Huachi, Río Madeira system, Bolivia. Holotype: CAS 77349 [ex IU 17014]. Paratypes: CAS 77350 [ex IU 17014] (3, now 2), UMMZ 66496 [ex IU 17014] (1). Additional material or paratypes: CAS 56747 [ex IU 17015] (4, now 3, 1 c&s). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Cochliodon levis (Pearson 1924) -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Armbruster & Page 1997:231 [ref. 22698], Isbrücker 2001:26, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus levis (Pearson 1924) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25-26 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:366 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2003:35 [ref. 27426], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2004:954 [ref. 28067], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Martins et al. 2012:496 [ref. 32197], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:36 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Oliveira et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37668], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus levis (Pearson 1924). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon basin (Bolivia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

lexi, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1911:387 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Pardo, near to Barretos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 2126. Type catalog: Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus lexi (Ihering 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:26 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908) -- (Zawadzki et al. 2019:[3] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

lima, Plecostomus Lütken [C. F.] (ex Reinhardt) 1874:29 [1] [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 1); ref. 2855] Rio das Velhas, Ribeirao do Mato and Lagoa Santa, Brazil. Syntypes: BMNH 1876.1.10.1-2 [ex ZMUC] (2); MNHN 0000-9573 [ex ZMUC] (1); NMW 44194-95 (1, 1); SMNS 2050 (1); ZMUC P30143 [ex 51] (1), P30144-147 [ex 56-59] (1, 1, 1, 1), P30148 [ex 611] (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:71 [ref. 19575], Nielsen 1974:52 [ref. 9588], Fricke 1995:16 [ref. 28100], Fricke 2005:47 [ref. 29864], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. Type information: Isbrücker 1980:26 [ref. 2303]. On p. 1 of separate. Also described in Lütken 1875:140 (and p. II of summary) [ref. 19674]. •Valid as Hypostomus lima (Lütken 1874) -- (Isbrücker 1980:26 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061] with author as Reinhardt, Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155] with author as Reinhardt, Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus lima (Lütken 1874). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

limosus, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:168 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 7869. Paralectotypes: MCZ 88946 [ex MCZ 7869] (2), BMNH 1904.1.28.1 [ex MCZ] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Reis et al. 1990:737 [ref. 16139]. •Valid as Hypostomus limosus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Isbrücker 1980:26 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Hypostomus commersonii Valenciennes 1836 -- (Malabarba 1989:152 [ref. 14217], Reis et al. 1990:736 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:26 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061] as commersoni, Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117] as commersoni, Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267]). •Synonym of Hypostomus spiniger (Hensel 1870) -- (Cardoso et al. 2019:[12] [ref. 36685]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus spiniger (Hensel 1870). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

longiradiatus, Plecostomus Holly [M.] 1929:118 [2] [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 66 (no. 13) (for 2 May 1929); ref. 16088] Rio Guaná, assumably a tributary of the Madeira, itself a tributary of the Amazon, Brazil. Holotype: NMW (lost). Paratype: NMW (1, lost). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Bogutskaya et al. 2022:74 [ref. 39277]. On p. 2 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus longiradiatus (Holly 1929) -- (Isbrücker 1980:26 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155] with a holotype). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus longiradiatus (Holly 1929). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Guamá River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

luetkeni, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1877:217 [1] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 76 (1. Abth.); ref. 14247] Rio Paraíba do Sul and tributaries, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44196:1. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1889.11.14.50 (1); ?MCZ 7866 (1), 88208-09 (12, 5); MNHN 1889-0288 (1); NMW 44190 or 44198 (1), 44196:2-7 (6), 44199 (4), 45014 (3). On p. 1 of separate. Species originally spelled lütkeni. Lectotype selected by Mazzoni et al. 1994:8, 10 [ref. 21507]. •Synonym of Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner 1854 -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622]). •Valid as Hypostomus luetkeni (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:31 [ref. 23548], Mazzoni et al. 1994:8 [ref. 21507], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus luetkeni (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraíba do Sul and tributaries (Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

luteomaculatus, Plecostomus Devincenzi [G. J.] in Devincenzi & Teague 1942:20, Pl. 3 (figs. 2-3) [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo (Serie 2) v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 12268] Río Uruguay at Paysandú, Uruguay. Holotype (unique): MHNM CI 359. Type catalog: Olazarri et al. 1970:5 [ref. 23527], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Loureiro et al. 2016:412 [ref. 35150]. •Synonym of Hypostomus regani (Ihering 1905) -- (Reis et al. 1990:745 [ref. 16139]). •Valid as Hypostomus luteomaculatus (Devincenzi 1942) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:32 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Sverlij et al. 1998:66 [ref. 27632] as Devincenzi & Teague, Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] with author as Devicenzi & Teague, Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203], Loureiro et al. 2023:107 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus luteomaculatus (Devincenzi 1942). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

luteus, Plecostomus Godoy [M. P. de] 1980:29, Figs. 15-16 [Poluiçao -- peixes e pesca; ref. 19214] Rio Pelotas at Volta Grande Dois, Marcelino Ramos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MHNP 201. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2023:547 [ref. 40344]. •Valid as Hypostomus luteus (Godoy 1980) -- (Reis et al. 1990:741 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus luteus (Godoy 1980). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Uruguay basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

macrophthalmus, Hypostomus pseudohemiurus Boeseman [M.] 1968:56, Pl. 10 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Sipaliwini River, near air strip, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25514. Paratypes: RMNH 25513 (8), 25514 (10, with holotype), 25515 (1); ZMA 110174 [ex RMNH] (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:55 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus macrophthalmus Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus macrophthalmus Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Sipaliwini River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

macrops, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:170 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Rio das Velhas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 7888. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. Available from description provided in key on p. 170. •Valid as Hypostomus macrops (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus macrops (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Das Velhas basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

macushi, Hypostomus Armbruster [J. W.] & de Souza [L. S.] 2005:3, Fig. 1 [Zootaxa No. 920; ref. 28321] Ireng River, 6.9 kilometers west-southwest of Karasabai, Takutu River- Negro River drainage, 04.01957°N, 059.60170°W. Holotype: UG/CSBD 11047. Paratypes: ANSP 180211 (2), 180212 (2), 180213 (1); AUM 35540 (3), 35544 (1), 35548 (1), 35553 (3), 38884 (1); MCP 35157 (1), 33157 [sic] (1); UG/CSBD 11048 (1), 11049 (2). Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. Named after Macushi people; a noun in apposition. •Valid as Hypostomus macushi Armbruster & de Souza 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Carvalho et al. 2010:39 [ref. 30754], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus macushi Armbruster & de Souza 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rupununi River, Essequibo River and Takutu and Ireng rivers, Negro River basin, Guyana-Brazil border. Habitat: freshwater.

maracaiboensis, Hemiancistrus Schultz [L. P.] 1944:317, Pl. 10 (fig. C) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Near the mouth of Río Concha in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 121012. Paratypes: MCZ 37232 [ex USNM 121014] (1); USNM 121013 (2), 121014 (2, now 1). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:27 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiancistrus maracaiboensis Schultz 1944 -- (Isbrücker 1980:51 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:85 [ref. 23651], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:386 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento 2016:532 [ref. 34727]). •Valid as Hypostomus maracaiboensis (Schultz 1944) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus maracaiboensis (Schultz 1944). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

margaritifer, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:796, Pl. 47 (fig. 2) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, San Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1907.7.6.14. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus margaritifer (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2016:273 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396] as cf. margaritifer, Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38203], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus margaritifer (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Paraná River basin (Brazil and ?Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

melanephelis, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Oliveira [A. S.], de Oliveira [R. R.] & Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] 2015:50, Figs. 1-3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 26 (no. 1); ref. 33866] Pará State, Itaituba Municipality, Pimental village, rio Amazonas basin, rio Tapajós, just downstream of mouth of rio Jamanxim, 4°33'41'S, 56°15'50"W, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 7039. Paratypes: INPA, LBP, NUP, MZUSP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus melanephelis Zawadzki, Oliveira, de Oliveira & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus melanephelis Zawadzki, Oliveira, de Oliveira & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Tapajós basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

melanoptera, Loricaria Kner [R.] (ex Natterer) 1854:265 [15] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] On p. 15 of separate. Name not available, published in synonymy of Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854, based on Natterer notes; see Isbrücker 1980:39 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:89 [ref. 5522]. •In the synonymy of Cochliodon cochliodon (Kner 1854) -- (Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:22 [ref. 27178]). •In the synonymy of Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854 -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2003:21 [ref. 27426], Tencatt et al. 2014:587 [ref. 33520], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

meleagris, Plecostomus Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & LaMonte [F. R.] 1933:4 [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Southeastern Brazil. Holotype: AMNH 12246. Paratypes: AMNH 12249 (orig. 6, now 4), MZUSP (1), MACN Buenos Aires(1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus meleagris (Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus meleagris (Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper and middle Paraná River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

micromaculatus, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:49, 77 [addendum], Pl. 7 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Mamadam Falls, Suriname River, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25487 (largest). Paratypes: RMNH 25482-86 (1, 1, 4, 2, 2), 25487 (1, with holotype), 25521 (1), 25787 (198), 25938 (1); ZMA 106015 (10). Additional material: RMNH 25487 (39). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:55 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus micromaculatus Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Armbruster et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29252], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus micromaculatus Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper and middle Suriname River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

microstomus, Hypostomus Weber [C.] 1987:275, Figs. 2-3, 7a [Archives des Sciences (Geneva) v. 40 (no. 3); ref. 6241] Río Alta-Paraná, Río Paraná system, 15 kilometers southeast of Encarnacion, Campichuelo, 27°26'S, 55°45'W, Paraguay. Holotype: MHNG 2367.90. Paratypes: MHNG 2367.91-92 (4, 1). Type catalog: Weber 1998:9 [ref. 32707], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Watawata microstomus (Weber 1987) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:30 [ref. 27178], López et al. 2003:52 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131]). •Valid as Hypostomus microstomus Weber 1987 -- (López & Miquelarena 1991:36 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Koerber 2011:5 [ref. 31122], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Koerber 2014:9 [ref. 33621], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565] with author in parentheses, Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus microstomus Weber 1987. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River system, Paraguay River basin (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

minotauros, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Penido [I. S.], Pessali [T. C.] & Lucinda [P. H. F.] 2024:Figs. [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters IEF-1194; ref. 40820] Holotype. Paratypes: •Valid as Hypostomus minotauros Zawadzki, Penido, Pessali & Lucinda 2024. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus minotauros Zawadzki, Penido, Pessali & Lucinda 2024. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Tocantins River basin (Central Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

multidens, Hypostomus Jerep [F. C.], Shibatta [O. A.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2007:436, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 29465] Londrina, District de Maravilha, rio Tibagi basin, rio Taquara, at its mouth, 23°30'51"S, 50°57'18", Paraná State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUEL 4712. Paratypes: ANSP 187121 (2); MZUEL 152 (1), 153 (1), 154 (1), 2100 (1), 2101 (1), 3388 (2), 4497 (2); MZUSP 93883 (2); NUP 2561 (5), 4821 (2), 4829 (1); LISDEBE 1966 (2), 1967 (1), 1968 (1). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus multidens Jerep, Shibatta & Zawadzki 2007 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus multidens Jerep, Shibatta & Zawadzki 2007. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paranapanema basin and rio Paraná basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

mutucae, Hypostomus Knaack [J.] 1999:102, Figs. unnumbered [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 47 (no. 11); ref. 23866] Rio Mutuca, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 28669. Paratypes: BZM 32923 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus mutucae Knaack 1999 -- (Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061] with 28669 as holotype, Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155] with a holotype, Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus mutucae Knaack 1999. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cuiabá River drainage, upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

myersi, Plecostomus Gosline [W. A.] 1947:116, Pl. 5 (figs. 9-10) [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 41; ref. 1857] Rio Iguaçu at Porto União, Paraná, southern Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 4251. Paratypes: MNRJ 4252 (2), CAS-SU uncat. (2, not found). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus myersi (Gosline 1947) -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:35 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Miquelarena et al. 1997:70 [ref. 23469], Zawadzki et al. 2001:914 [ref. 25469], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155], Garavello et al. 2012:263 [ref. 32033], Garavello et al. 2012:263 [ref. 32033], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus myersi (Gosline 1947). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River and Uruga-í Creek basins (Argentina and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

nematopterus, Hypostomus Isbrücker [I. J. H.] & Nijssen [H.] 1984:9, Fig. 1 [Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam v. 10 (no. 2); ref. 9846] Alikene Creek, left bank tributary to Camopi River, Oyapock River basin, French Guiana. Holotype: IRSNB 689. Paratypes: ZMA 107804 (1). Type catalog: Walschaerts 1987:20 [ref. 20755], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus nematopterus Isbrücker & Nijssen 1984 -- (Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nematopterus Isbrücker & Nijssen 1984. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Oyapock River basin, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

niceforoi, Hemiancistrus Fowler [H. W.] 1943:250, Figs. 32-35 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá Dept., Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 70511. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:123 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus niceforoi (Fowler 1943) -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:27, 28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 2764], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155], Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:76 [ref. 35773] see remarks, Angulo 2021:8 [ref. 38913] as cf. niceforoi, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298], Angulo et al. 2023:26 [ref. 40676] as cf. niceforoi). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus niceforoi (Fowler 1943). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon basin (Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

nickeriensis, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1969:125, Fig. 4 [Beaufortia v. 16 (no. 215); ref. 7799] Stondansie Falls, Nickerie River, Suriname. Holotype: ZMA 105765. Paratypes: RMNH 25982 (2); ZMA 105767 (14), 106012 (5), 106142 (10). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:55 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus nickeriensis Boeseman 1969 -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2013:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:2570[ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman 1968 -- (Weber et al. 2012:218 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Nickerie River basin, Suriname [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

niger, Plecostomus Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & LaMonte [F. R.] 1933:4 [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Southeastern Brazil. Holotype (unique): AMNH 12245 [not found in 2019]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus niger (Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933) -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908) -- (Zawadzki et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

nigrolineatus, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Carvalho [P. H.], Birindelli [J. L. O.] & Azevedo [F. M.] 2016:266, Figs. 1-3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 3) for Nov.; ref. 34908] Rio Fanado under the bridge on road to Turmalina, tributary of rio Araçuaí, rio Jequintinhonha basin, municipality of Minas Novas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 17°13'14"S, 42°35'46"W. Holotype: MZUSP 93717. Paratypes: MZUEL, MZUSP, NUP. Plus additional non-type material. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus nigrolineatus Zawadzki, Carvalho, Birindelli & Azevedo 2016. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nigrolineatus Zawadzki, Carvalho, Birindelli & Azevedo 2016. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jequitinhonha and Pardo River basins, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

nigromaculatus, Plecostomus Schubart [O.] 1964:2, Figs. 2, 5 [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 251; ref. 3425] Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi Guassu basin, Brazil. Holotype: EEBP 304. Paratypes: EEBP 217 (6), 295 (2), 297-98 (8, 2) 304 (23, with holotype), 305 (16), 307 (10), 309-11 (22, 11, 13), 589 (7). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus nigromaculatus (Schubart 1964) -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nigromaculatus (Schubart 1964). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: middle and upper Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

nigropunctatus, Hypostomus Garavello [J. C.], Britski [H. A.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2012:277, Fig. 7 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 10 (no. 2); ref. 32033] Rio Iguaçu, Salto Segredoreservoir, Brazil, Municipality of Mangueirinha/Reserva do Iguaçu, 25°46’45"S 52°07’00"W, Paraná State, Brazil, Holotype: MZUSP 106072. Paratypes: Many at LBP, LISDEBE, MHNCI, NUP, ZSM. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus nigropunctatus Garavello, Britski & Zawadzki 2012 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2016:273 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nigropunctatus Garavello, Britski & Zawadzki 2012. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River basin, Paraná State (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

nudiventris, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:147, Figs. 44-46 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Rio Choró, Ceará, near Fortaleza, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 69402. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:123 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus nudiventris (Fowler 1941) -- (Isbrücker 1980:29 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nudiventris (Fowler 1941). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Northern Brazilian coastal drainages. Habitat: freshwater.

obtusirostris, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1907:490 [16] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 116 (1. Abth.); ref. 18797] Rio Cubatao, Santa Catherina by Theresopolis, Brazil. Holotype (unique): NMW (not found). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155]. On p. 16 of separate. For information regarding the type locality see Lucena & Lucena 1990 [ref. 16142]. See Weber in Reis et al. 2003:351 [ref. 27061]. •Valid as Hypostomus obtusirostris (Steindachner 1907). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus obtusirostris (Steindachner 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: southeastern coastal drainages of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

occidentalis, Hypostomus gymnorhynchus Boeseman [M.] 1968:47, Pl. 6 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River near Brokopondo, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25520. Paratypes: RMNH 25479-80 (3, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus occidentalis Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:29 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman 1926) -- (Weber et al. 2012:215 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman 1926). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Suriname River basin, Suriname [if valid.]. Habitat: freshwater.

oculeus, Panaque Fowler [H. W.] 1943:256, Figs. 48-51 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 70518. Paratypes: ANSP 70519-20 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:124 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus oculeus (Fowler 1943) -- (Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus oculeus (Fowler 1943). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Amazonas River drainage (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

pagei, Hypostomus Armbruster [J. W.] 2003:39 [Zootaxa No. 249; ref. 27426] About 12 kilometers north of Aroa on highway 3, 10°30'31"N, 68°52'55"W, Río Arao drainage, Río Tupe, Yaracuy, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 24696. Paratypes: AUM 30833 (2); INHS 34921 (1), 34946 (1), 34952 (4), 60098 (9, 1 c&s), 60110 (1); MCNG 32097 (1), 43794 (5); USNM 363172 (1). Plus nontype material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus pagei Armbruster 2003 -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pagei Armbruster 2003. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Short rivers draning into the Caribbean Sea, northwestern Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

panamensis, Plecostomus plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1922:69 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Panama. Syntypes: FMNH 26265 (14). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]. Based on Plecostomus plecostomus var. Kner & Steindachner 1865, and on specimens examined from Monte Liria and at Gatun, Panama; Steindachner's specimens were from New Granada. Many syntypes: see Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155] but not all seen by Eigenmann. •Synonym of Hemiancistrus aspidolepis (Günther 1867) -- (Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:26 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:385 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hypostomus panamensis (Eigenmann 1922) -- (Isbrücker 1980:29 [ref. 2303], Bussing 1987:111 [ref. 22927], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Bussing 1998:160 [ref. 24179], Armbruster et al. 2015:100 [ref. 33670]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus aspidolepis (Günther 1867). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

pantherinus, Hypostomus Kner [R.] 1854:267 [17] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 7; ref. 2628] Rio Guaporé, possibly Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, ca. 15.009°S 59.958°W. Holotype (unique): NMW 44206. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2021:411 [ref. 38797]. On p. 17 of separate. Originally as Hyp. Antherinus. See comments on type locality by Zawadzki et al. 2021:409 [ref. 38797]. •Valid as Hypostomus pantherinus Kner 1854 -- (Isbrücker 1980:29 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2021:402 [ref. 38797]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pantherinus Kner 1854. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Madeira River basin (Brazil and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

papariae, Plecostomus plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:145, Figs. 41-43 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Lago Papary, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 69398. Paratypes: ANSP 69399 (1), 69400-01 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:124 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus papariae (Fowler 1941) -- (Isbrücker 1980:29 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Oliveira et al. 2022:346 [ref. 39824]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus papariae (Fowler 1941). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Grande do Norte River basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

paranensis, Hypostomus Weyenbergh [H.] 1877:9 [Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Buenos Aires. v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 14248] Lakes along Río Paraná near Santa Fe, Argentina. Syntypes: (several) MACN. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus cordovae (Günther 1880) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061]). •Species inquirenda -- (Cardoso et al. 2019:[16] [ref. 36685]). •Valid as Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh 1877 -- (Isbrücker 1980:29 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] with author as Weyenberg, Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh 1877. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Argentina: Primero, Segundo, Cuarto, and Quinto rivers (Córdoba), Horcones river (Santiago del Estero), Juramento river (Salta), Del Cajón, Calera, and Salí rivers (Tucumán), Carcarañá river (Santa Fe). Habitat: freshwater.

pastinhai, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.] & Penido [I. de S.] 2021:368, Figs. 6-7, 8b [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 30 (no. 4) IEF-1159; ref. 38404] Channel of Rio São Francisco, Paulo Alfonso, Bahia State, Brazil, 9°25'30"S, 38°10'56"W. Holotype: NUP 22653. Paratype: MCNIP 4836 (1). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:26 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus pastinhai Zawadzki & Penido 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pastinhai Zawadzki & Penido 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Francisco basin (Bahia, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

paucimaculatus, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:52, Pl. 8 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River, near Brokopondo, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25468. Paratypes: RMNH 25469 (2), 25518 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus paucimaculatus Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus paucimaculatus Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper and middle Suriname River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

paucipunctatus, Hypostomus Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.] 2005:962, Figs. 3, 4, 7 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Serra dos Carajás, about 5°52'S, 50°32'W, Igarapé Pojuca, Itacaiúnas River, Munic. of Caldeirão, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 82271. Paratypes: MHNG 2652.017 (2), MZUSP 34259-60 (11, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus paucipunctatus Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus paucipunctatus Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Itacaiúnas River drainage, Serra dos Carajás, State of Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

paulinus, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1905:560 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1905.6.9.4. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus paulinus (Ihering 1905) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Brandão et al. 2022:173 [ref. 40464] as aff. paulinus). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus paulinus (Ihering 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River drainage, Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

peckoltoides, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Weber [C.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2010:720, Figs. 2-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 4); ref. 31074] Rio Cuiabá, upper rio Paraguay basin, 15°58'26"S, 55°56'26"W, municipality of Santo Antônio de Leverger, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 105226. Paratypes: ANSP 188923 (1), MHNG 2691 (1), NUP 2613 (1), 5216 (2), 5217 (3), 5218 (3); ZSM 39427 (1). Type catalog: Neumann 2011:268 [ref. 31652], Oliveira et al. 2022:26 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus peckoltoides Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli 2010 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus peckoltoides Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Cuiabá drainage, upper Paraguay River basin (Brazil and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

perdido, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Tencatt [L. F. C.] & Froehlich [O.] 2014:98, Figs. 1-2a, c [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 33233] Mato Grosso de Sul, Bodoquena, rio Perdido. 21°17'09"S, 56°41'47"W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 4249. Paratypes: Rio Perdido: ANSP, CPUFMT, INPA, NUP, MCP, MNRJ, ZSM, ZUEC, ZUFMS-pis, Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:27 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus perdido Zawadzki, Tencatt & Froehlich 2014. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus perdido Zawadzki, Tencatt & Froehlich 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Perdido, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

piratatu, Hypostomus Weber [C.] 1986:987, Figs. 3-4, 5b [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 93 (no. 4); ref. 8023] Intermittant arm of the Río Tebicuary, Río Paraná system, Sapucái, Paraguay. Holotype: MHNG 2265.03. Paratypes: (13) MHNG 2251.32-34 (3, 1, 2), 2251.35-36 (3), 2251.37-38 (1, 2); ZMA (1). Type catalog: Weber 1998:10 [ref. 32707], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus piratatu Weber 1986 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus piratatu Weber 1986. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Eastern Paraguay River tributaries and upper Paraná River basin: Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

plecostomoides, Cochliodon Eigenmann [C. H.] 1922:225, Pl. 11 (figs. 1-3) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Quebrada Cramalote, Villavicencio, Colombia. Holotype: CAS 82501 [ex IU 15043] (lost in mail in 1959). Additional original material: CAS 12694 [ex IU 15084] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Cochliodon plecostomoides Eigenmann 1922 -- (Isbrücker 1980:39 [ref. 2303], Lilyestrom 1984:41 [ref. 23620], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus plecostomoides (Eigenmann 1922) -- (Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:366 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Weber et al. 2012:222 [ref. 31999], Kottelat 2013:215 [ref. 32989], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:75 [ref. 35773], Oliveira et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37668]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus plecostomoides (Eigenmann 1922). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Amazon and Orinoco river basins: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela; introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

plecostomus, Acipenser Linnaeus [C.] 1758:238 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Suriname River. Lectotype: NRM 32 (57.8 mm SL). Paralectotypes: ?NRM 32 (82.0 and 81.4 mm), NRM 32 (smallest). Type catalog and nomenclatural discussion: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:222 [ref. 20707], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. Type information: Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Wheeler 1989:215 [ref. 21873]. Neotype designation by Boeseman 1968 (RMNH 18240 is considered to be invalid since at least the smallest specimen in NHRM LP 32 is regarded as part of the type series); Lectotype selected by Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]. •Valid as Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:86 [ref. 23651], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:25, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Camargo & Isaac 2001:145 [ref. 27639], Ferraris 2003:865 [ref. 26999], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Nelson et al. 2004:83 [ref. 27807], Scharpf 2006:20 [ref. 30386] as cf. plecostomus, Armbruster et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29252], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Weber et al. 2012:196, 210 [ref. 31999], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Zhang et al. 2016:211 [ref. 34477], Melo et al. 2016:134 [ref. 34701], Zawadzki et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35666], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Robins et al. 2018:145 [ref. 35886], Careaga et al. 2020:78 [ref. 37774] as gr. plecostomus, Fu et al. 2021:9571 [ref. 39347], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:457 [ref. 40760], Jamandre 2023:175 [ref. 40455], Mousavi-Sabet et al. 2023:32 [ref. 40667], Page et al. 2023:80 [ref. 40505], Çiçek et al. 2024:269 [ref. 40789]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Colombia, Guyana and Suriname). Introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

pospisili, Cochliodon Schultz [L. P.] 1944:312, Pl. 11 (figs. C-D) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 94 (no. 3172); ref. 3959] Río Palmar near Totuma, about 100 kilometers southwest of Maracaibo, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 121003. Paratypes: Dahl coll. [ex USNM 121007] (4); MCZ 37259 [ex USNM 121007] (3); UMMZ 142488 [ex USNM 121008] (1); USNM 121004-06 (1, 1, 1), 121007 (46, now 33), 121008 (24, now 23), 121009-11 (1, 13, 11); ZMA 102133[ex 121007] (4); ZSM 20090-91 [ex USNM 121007] (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:41 [ref. 19236], Ferraris & Vari 1992:26 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:263 [ref. 31652]. Six specimens in USNM 121004 were questionably included and should not be regarded as paratypes. •Valid as Cochliodon pospisili Schultz 1944 -- (Isbrücker 1980:39 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Cochliodon hondae (Regan 1912) -- (Lilyestrom 1984:43 [ref. 23620], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Galvis et al. 1997:82 [ref. 23651], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653]). •Synonym of Hypostomus hondae (Regan 1912) -- (Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:366 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2003:32 [ref. 27426], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hypostomus pospisili (Schultz 1944) -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus hondae (Regan 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Venezuela [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

pseudohemiurus, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:54, Pl. 9 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Kabalebo River, Corantijn River basin, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25516 (largest). Paratypes: RMNH 25513 (6), 25514 (many), 25516 (18, with holotype), 25517 (76), 25785 (3); ZMA 110173 [ex RMNH 25517] (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:55 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Also treated as a subspecies. •Valid as Hypostomus pseudohemiurus Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:32 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pseudohemiurus Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Corantijn River basin, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

punctatus, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:493 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes 1840 -- (Isbrücker 1980:32 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:37 [ref. 23548], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Koerber 2014:10 [ref. 33621] not in Argentina, Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Penido et al. 2023:110 [ref. 40572]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes 1840. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: southeastern coastal drainages of Brazil and de la Plata River, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

pusarum, Plecostomus Starks [E. C.] 1913:36, Pl. 6 [Leland Stanford Jr. University Publications, University Series; ref. 4197] Ceará, Mirim, Brazil. Holotype: CAS-SU 22225. Paratypes: (numerous) CAS-SU 22221 (31). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:46 [ref. 12291], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus pusarum (Starks 1913) -- (Isbrücker 1980:32 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Britski & Garavello 2002:287 [ref. 26540], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Costa et al. 2017:45 [ref. 35684], Lustosa-Costa et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39190], Oliveira et al. 2022:346 [ref. 39824]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pusarum (Starks 1913). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: middle Rio Parnaíba basin and northeastern coastal drainages of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

pyrineusi, Cochliodon Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1920:9, Unnum. Pls. 3-4 [Peixes (excl. Characinidae) No. 58 (Annexo 5); ref. 3727] Jamary, Rio Madeira, Amazon system, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNRJ 863. Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:399 [ref. 12732] with genus as Cochiliodon, Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Cochliodon pyrineusi Miranda Ribeiro 1920 -- (Isbrücker 1980:39 [ref. 2303], Lilyestrom 1984:41 [ref. 23620], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus pyrineusi (Miranda Ribeiro 1920) -- (Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:366 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2003:46 [ref. 27426], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2004:955 [ref. 28067], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:36 [ref. 33227], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Careaga et al. 2020:78 [ref. 37774], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pyrineusi (Miranda Ribeiro 1920). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

rachovii, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1913:555 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 12 (no. 72); ref. 18903] Near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1913.10.30.15. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus rachovii (Regan 1913) -- (Isbrücker 1980:32 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117]). •Possibly a synonym of Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes 1840 -- (Cardoso et al. 2019:[18] [ref. 36685]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes 1840. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

regani, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1905:558 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Lectotype: BMNH 1905.6.7.2. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1905.6.7.3 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Reis et al. 1990:745 [ref. 16139]. •Valid as Hypostomus regani (Ihering 1905) -- (Isbrücker 1980:32 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Reis et al. 1990:745 [ref. 16139], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:63 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus regani (Ihering 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

renestoi, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Pains da Silva [H.] & Troy [W. P.] 2018:261, Figs. 5-6 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 28 (no. 3) [no. IEF-1079]; ref. 35944] Rio Diamantino, tributary of rio Paraguay, Diamantino, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 14°24'01"S, 56°26'24"W. Holotype: MCP 49737. Paratypes: BMNH1892.4.20.27 (1), CPUFMT, LIRP, MCNIP, MCP, MHNG, MZUEL, MZUSP, NUP, ZUFMS. Plus additional non-type material. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:27 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus renestoi Zawadzki, Pains da Silva & Troy 2018 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus renestoi Zawadzki, Pains da Silva & Troy 2018. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Cuiabá drainage, upper Paraguay River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

rhantos, Hypostomus Armbruster [J. W.], Tansey [L. A.] & Lujan [N. K.] 2007:60, Figs. 1-2, 3B [Zootaxa No. 1553; ref. 29252] Río Parucito at Raudales Salomon, 2.7 kilometers north-east of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.34637°, -066.03347°, Río Manapiare-Río Ventuari-Río Orinoco drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 55352. Paratypes: 63 at ANSP, AUM, MCNG, RMNH and UF. Type catalog: DoNascimiento et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34787]. •Valid as Hypostomus rhantos Armbruster, Tansey & Lujan 2007 -- (Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus rhantos Armbruster, Tansey & Lujan 2007. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ventuari River and Orinoco River, Amazonas, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

robertsoni, Hypostomus Dias [A. C.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2021:11, Figs. 5-6 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 2): e200093; ref. 38417] Keller River, tributary of Ivaí River, upper Paraná River basin, Município de Marialva, Paraná State, Brazil, 23°38'28"S, 51°51'31"W. Holotype: NUP 22740. Paratypes: LBP, LIRP, MCNIP, MZUEL, NUP. Plus additional non-type material. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:27 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus robertsoni Dias & Zawadzki 2021. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus robertsoni Dias & Zawadzki 2021. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Ivaí River drainage, upper Paraná River basin (Paraná, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

robinii, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:501 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Trinidad Island, West Indies. Lectotype: MNHN A-9569 (dry, poor condition). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:71 [ref. 19575]; MNHN A.9569 accepted as holotype with Rio de La Plata specimens somewhat doubtfully included (non types); Boeseman 1968:36 [ref. 7872] designated A.9569 as lectotype, Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus robinii Valenciennes 1840 -- (Isbrücker 1980:33 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Haro et al. 1996:6 [ref. 25004] as robini, Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Armbruster et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29252], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Phillip et al. 2013:19 [ref. 32896], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633] as "Hypostomus"). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus robinii Valenciennes 1840. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago. Habitat: freshwater.

rondoni, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1912:6 [Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae e Trichomycteridae Annexo no. 5; ref. 3718] Rio Tapajós at São Manuel, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNRJ 741. Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:401 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Spelled rondini in heading of account, but corrected in attached printed errata. •Valid as Hypostomus rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:33 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

roseopunctatus, Hypostomus Reis [R. E.], Weber [C.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 1990:756, Figs. 2, 25-28 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 97 (no. 3); ref. 16139] Rio Pelotas at road from Esmeralda to Anita Garibaldi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 12239. Paratypes: MAPA 2315 (1); MCP 11770-71 (1, 1), 11773 (1), 11805 (1), 11840 (1), 12682 (2), 12702 (1), 12800 (1), 12802-03 (1, 3), 12393 (2), 12952 (1); MHNG 2414.10 (1); USNM 303681 (1); plus more from Santa Catarina. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Watawata roseopunctata (Reis, Weber & Malabarba 1990) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:30 [ref. 27178], López et al. 2003:52 [ref. 27366]). •Valid as Hypostomus roseopunctatus Reis, Weber & Malabarba 1990 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Koerber 2011:5 [ref. 31122], Koerber & Litz 2014:4 [ref. 34967], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Koerber & Litz 2016:5 [ref. 35098], Zawadzki et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Koerber et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37480], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:1 [ref. 37415], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203], Koerber et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38894], Koerber et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:107 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus roseopunctatus Reis, Weber & Malabarba 1990. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin (Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

salgadae, Ancistrus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:154, Figs. 56-58 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Rio Salgade, Icó, Ceará State, Brazil, 6°25'S, 38°50'W. Holotype (unique): ANSP 69440 (juvenile). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:124 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:300 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Peckoltia salgadae (Fowler 1941) -- (Isbrücker 1980:56 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:435 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178] as incertae sedia). •Valid, but incertae sedis in Loricariidae -- (Isbrücker 2001:25 [ref. 25653], Reis et al. 2003:318 [ref. 27061]). •Species inquirenda in Loricariidae -- (Ferraris 2007:300 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hypostomus salgadae (Fowler 1941) -- (Armbruster et al. 2015:99 [ref. 33670]). •Possibly a synonym of Hypostomus carvalhoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1937) -- (Zawadzki et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35355]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus salgadae (Fowler 1941). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

saramaccensis, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:58, 78 [addendum], Pl. 2 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Feddiprati rapids, middle Saramacca River, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25488 (largest). Paratypes: RMNH 25488 (19, with holotype); ZMA 105586 (12), 105621 (4). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:55 [ref. 19236]. •Valid as Hypostomus saramaccensis Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:33 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus saramaccensis Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Guianan coastal drainages, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

scabriceps, Plecostomus commersonii var. Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:168 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] São Matheos, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 7894 (2), BMNH 1904.1.28.2 [ex MCZ] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus scabriceps (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Isbrücker 1980:33 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2016:273 [ref. 34908]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus scabriceps (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: São Mateus River basin, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

scaphyceps, Plecostomus Nichols [J. T.] 1919:416 [8], 425 [8] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 11; ref. 15221] Cerqueira Cezar, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype: AMNH 7152. Paratype: MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 1014 (1). Type catalog: Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. On p. 8 of both Portuguese and English sections of separate. Spelled twice as scaplyceps in Portuguese portion and twice as scaphyceps in English portion (which we regard as one work). Earliest first reviser located is Fowler 1954:194 [ref. 1465] who selected scaphyceps. •Valid as Hypostomus scaphyceps (Nichols 1919) -- (Isbrücker 1980:33-34 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908) -- (Zawadzki et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

scaplyceps, Plecostomus Nichols [J. T.] 1919:416 [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 11; ref. 15221] •Incorrect original spelling for Plecostomus scaphyceps Nichols 1919 -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061]). Misspelling. Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus scaphyceps (Nichols 1919). Loricariidae: Hypostominae.

sculpodon, Hypostomus Armbruster [J. W.] 2003:49, Fig. 21 [Zootaxa No. 249; ref. 27426] Piedra Carguana, 1°58.611N, 66°32.359'W, Depto. Río Negro, Río Negro drainage, Ríp Casiquiare, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 37042. Paratypes: MBUCV V-8151 (2); MCNG 12148 (1), 37031 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster 2003 -- (Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2004:955 [ref. 28067], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155], Carvalho et al. 2010:39 [ref. 30754], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:51 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster 2003. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

seminudus, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:169 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 28981. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. Available from description provided in key on p. 169. •Valid as Hypostomus seminudus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Isbrücker 1980:34 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus seminudus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

sertanejo, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Ramos [T. P. A.] & Sabaj Pérez [M. H.] 2017:3, Figs. 1-2, 4c [Journal of Fish Biology v. 91 (no. 1); ref. 35355] Rio Umbuzeiro at outlet below São Nicolau dam, municipality of São Nicolau, Ceará State, Brazil, 6°40'48.8"S, 40°04'49.1"W. Holotype: MZUSP 120455. Paratypes: ANSP, NUP, UFPB, UFRN. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:27 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus sertanejo Zawadzki, Ramos & Sabaj Pérez 2017. Current status: Valid as Hypostomus sertanejo Zawadzki, Ramos & Sabaj Pérez 2017. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Jaguaribe and Rio Choró basins, Ceará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

simios, Hypostomus Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.] 2005:967, Figs. 3, 4, 9 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Bridge on road to Serra do Navio, Cupixi River, Amapá, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 82268. Paratypes: MHNG 2652.018 (1), MZUSP 34236 (3). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus simios Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:51 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520]), Current status: Valid as Hypostomus simios Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cupixi River basin, State of Amapá, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

sipaliwinii, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:60, Pl. 12 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Sipaliwini River, upper Corantijn River basin, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25481 (larger). Paratypes: RMNH 25481 (1, with holotype). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus sipaliwinii Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:34 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman 1968 -- (Weber et al. 2012:218 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus corantijni Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Corantijn River basin, Suriname and Guyana (?). Habitat: freshwater.

soniae, Hypostomus Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.] 2005:965, Figs. 3, 4, 8 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Temporary pools on riversides of Rio Tapajós, between Vila Nova and Urua, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 82272. Paratypes: MZUSP 82273 (3), INPA 21972 (3), MHNG 2547.012 (13), MNRJ 27864 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus soniae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:51 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus soniae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tapajós River basin, State of Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

spiniger, Plecostomus Hensel [R.] 1870:73 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (pt. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadea [Cadeia River], Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7444. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes 1836 -- (Malabarba 1989:152 [ref. 14217], Reis et al. 1990:736 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267]). •Valid as Hypostomus spiniger (Hensel 1870) -- (Isbrücker 1980:34 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Cardoso et al. 2019:[12] [ref. 36685], Koerber et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Giora & Wingert 2023:50 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus spiniger (Hensel 1870). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River and Dos Patos system (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

strigaticeps, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:796, Pl. 48 (fig. 1) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Syntypes: BMNH 1907.7.6.10-12 (3). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:34-35 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Martins et al. 2014:8 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Azevedo et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38203], Brandão et al. 2022:175 [ref. 40464]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River drainage, Rio Paraná basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

subcarinatus, Hypostomus Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:42, Pl. 21 (fig. 1) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Minas Gerais State, Brazil [possibly the Rio das Velhas]. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9575. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:71 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus subcarinatus Castelnau 1855 -- (Isbrücker 1980:35 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2016:273 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2019:2 [ref. 36576], Penido et al. 2023:110 [ref. 40572]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus subcarinatus Castelnau 1855. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio das Velhas drainage and Pampulha Lake, Rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

surinamensis, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:61, 78 [addendum], Pls. 13 (figs. 1-4), 14 (1-2) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River near Brokopondo, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25497 (larger). Paratypes: RMNH 25490-94 (16, 1, 1, 1, 1), 25495-96 (2, 2), 25497 (1, with holotype), 25498-99 (1, 1), 25500-04 (3, 2, 11, 6, 1), 25522 (1); ZMA 105270 (25), 105440 (2), 105534 (11), 105538 (5), 105685 (3), 105739 (37), 105757 (3), 106013 (1), 106149 (43), 106151-52 (1, 3). Additional material: RMNH 17340 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:56 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman 1926) -- (Weber et al. 2012:218 [ref. 31999]). •Valid as Hypostomus surinamensis Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:35 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus surinamensis Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Suriname River basin (Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

taeniatus, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:358 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 2 (no. 10); ref. 14352] Río La Plata, Argentina. Syntypes: BMNH 1908.8.29.17 [ex ZMB] (1), ZMB 16817 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus taeniatus (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:35 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907) -- (López & Miquelarena 1991:29 [ref. 23548], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2019:[17] [ref. 36685], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

tapanahoniensis, Hypostomus gymnorhynchus Boeseman [M.] 1969:129, Figs. 5 (b, d) [Beaufortia v. 16 (no. 215); ref. 7799] Upper Tapanahoni River, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25476. Paratypes: RMNH 25476 (5, with holotype), 25477 (11, now 9), 25478 (4 or 3); ZMA 110172 [ex RMNH 25477] (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:55 [ref. 19236], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. See description in Boeseman 1968:44 (not of Norman) [ref. 7872]. •Valid as Hypostomus tapanahoniensis Boeseman 1969 -- (Isbrücker 1980:35 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Le Bail et al. 2000:254 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman 1926) -- (Weber et al. 2012:209 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman 1926). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Maroni River basin (Suriname) [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

taphorni, Cochliodon Lilyestrom [C. G.] 1984:43, Fig. 8-9 [Revista Unellez de Ciencia y Tecnologia v. 2; ref. 23620] Río Botanamo, Río Cuyuni drainage, near the bridge on road to Bochinche, 7°25'N, 61°11'W, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 8084 [or 8048]. Paratypes: MCNG 928 (1), 1452 (2), 7535 (2), 8094 (4); MHNLS 1508 (2). Type catalog: Lasso et al. 1998:45 [ref. 23639], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Cochliodon taphorni Lilyestrom 1984 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:26 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus taphorni (Lilyestrom 1984) -- (Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:366 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2003:52 [ref. 27426], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:51 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus taphorni (Lilyestrom 1984). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cuyuni River drainage, Essequibo basin, Venezuela; Rupununi and Takutu River basins, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

tapijara, Hypostomus Oyakawa [O. T.], Akama [A.] & Zanata [A. M.] 2005:19, Fig. 20 [Zootaxa No. 921; ref. 28322] Rio Catas Altas, Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 55204. Paratypes: ANSP 180330 (2); MCP 35596 (3); MNRJ 27503 (3); MZUSP 3655 (5), 24632 (3), 37544 (1), 37589 (2), 38582 (3), 38652 (1), 45200 (5), 45416 (2), 45428 (1), 52857 (2), 52858 (1), 55205 (1), 55216 (2), 61728 (1). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus tapijara Oyakawa, Akama & Zanata 2005 -- (Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2016:273 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus tapijara Oyakawa, Akama & Zanata 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Ribeira de Iguape River basin, Paraná, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

tenuis, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:64, Pl. 14 (figs. 3-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Near Paramaribo, Suriname [in error]. Holotype (unique): RMNH 16198. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]. Weber in Reis et al. 2003 considers the original locality to be in error. •Valid as Squaliforma tenuis (Boeseman 1968) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:219 [ref. 31999] with locality remarks). •Valid as Hypostomus tenuis Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:35 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ray & Armbruster 2016:505 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus tenuis Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Not Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

ternetzi, Plecostomus Boulenger [G. A.] 1895:525 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895 (pt 3); ref. 14576] Rio Paraguay. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1895.5.17.64. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus ternetzi (Boulenger 1895) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Reis et al. 1990:749 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:52 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:8 [ref. 33617], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Koerber et al. 2017:63 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157], Loureiro et al. 2023:107 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ternetzi (Boulenger 1895). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: middle Paraná system, Paraguay and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

tietensis, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1905:559 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1905.6.9.1. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus tietensis (Ihering 1905) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus tietensis (Ihering 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River basin, uper Paraná River system (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

topavae, Plecostomus Godoy [M. P. de] 1969:176, Figs. 1-2 [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 7810] Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi Guassu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): EEBP 315a. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2023:548 [ref. 40344]. •Valid as Hypostomus topavae (Godoy 1969) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Martins et al. 2014:8 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus topavae (Godoy 1969). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Grande basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

unae, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1878:383 [5] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 77 (1. Abth.); ref. 18774] Rio Una, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) BMNH 1861.11.23.12 (1), NMW 44259 (4). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. On p. 5 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus unae (Steindachner 1878) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35666], Anjos et al. 2019:[1] [ref. 37130], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus unae (Steindachner 1878). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Serra River drainage (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

uruguayensis, Hypostomus Reis [R. E.], Weber [C.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 1990:760, Figs. 1, 29-31 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 97 (no. 3); ref. 16139] Rio Uruguay at "Rancho da Amizade," São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 11874. Paratypes: MCP 09252 (1), 11797 (1), 11858 (2), 12309 (1), 12953 (2), 11973 (3), 12648 (1), 12678 (4), 12801 (1); MHNG 2430.73 (2), 2448.41 (1); MZUSP 40259 (1); USNM 303682 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus uruguayensis Reis, Weber & Malabarba 1990 -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:52 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Litz & Koerber 2014:26 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Lustosa-Costa et al. 2021:195 [ref. 38431], Loureiro et al. 2023:108 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus uruguayensis Reis, Weber & Malabarba 1990. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

vaillanti, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1877:225 [9] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 76 (1. Abth.); ref. 14247] Rio Preto at Villa de Santa Rita, Bahia State, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) ?MCZ 7842 (2); NMW 44273 (1), 44276-77 (3, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. On p. 9 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus vaillanti (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535] as vailanti, Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Lustosa-Costa et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39190], Koerber et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40665]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus vaillanti (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Preto River basin of São Francisco River drainage and middle Rio Parnaíba basin (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

variipictus, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1911:390 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Pardo, near Barretos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 2114. Type catalog: Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. Spelled variopictus by Miranda-Riberio 1918:701 [ref. 3723]. •Valid as Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Grande River basin (São Paulo State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

varimaculosus, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:113, Figs. 14-16 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia [probably Bodoquero River, near the town of Morelia]. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71707. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:125 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus varimaculosus (Fowler 1945) -- (Isbrücker 1980:37 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus varimaculosus (Fowler 1945). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

variostictus, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1912:6 [Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae e Trichomycteridae Annexo no. 5; ref. 3718] Rio Coxim, tributary to Rio Paraguay, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNRJ 1072. Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:401 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus variostictus (Miranda Ribeiro 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:37 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:52 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Koerber 2014:10 [ref. 33621] not in Argentina). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus variostictus (Miranda Ribeiro 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Paraguay River basin: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

velhochico, Hypostomus Zawadzki [C. H.], Oyakawa [O. T.] & Britski [H. A.] 2017:561, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4344 (no. 3); ref. 35666] Municipality of São João das Missões, unknown name stream, tributary of rio Itacarambi, Brazil, 14°53'6.8"S, 44°5'20.4"W. Holotype: MZUSP 47327. Paratypes: ICT-UFMG, LBP, MCNIP, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP, ZUEC. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:28 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus velhochico Zawadzki, Oyakawa & Britski 2017 -- (Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus velhochico Zawadzki, Oyakawa & Britski 2017. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Francisco basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

velhomonge, Hypostomus Lustosa-Costa [S. Y.], Ramos [T. P. A.], Zawadzki [C. H.] & Lima [S. M. Q.] 2022:8, Figs. 3, 4A, 4C, 4E, 5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 20 (no.1): e210126; ref. 39190] Rio Balsas, Parnaíba basin, Sambaíba, Maranhão State, Brazil, 07°08'33"S, 45°20'45"W. Holotype: UFPB 9565. Paratypes: MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP, UFPB. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hypostomus velhomonge Lustosa-Costa, Ramos, Zawadzki & Lima 2022 -- (Koerber et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40665]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus velhomonge Lustosa-Costa, Ramos, Zawadzki & Lima 2022. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Parnaíba River basin, Maranhão (northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

ventromaculatus, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:65, 79 [addendum], Pl. 15 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River between Afobaka and Brokopondo, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25507. Paratypes: RMNH 18793 (2), 25505-06 (2, 1), 25508-10 (1, 7, 1); ZMA 105555 (1), 106150 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]). •Valid as Hypostomus ventromaculatus Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:37 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Le Bail et al. 2000:256, 258 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155], Melo et al. 2016:134 [ref. 34701]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ventromaculatus Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Guianan coastal drainages from Oyapock River to Suriname River (French Guiana, Brazil and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

vermicularis, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:170, 171 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Rio Parahyba; Rio Janeiro; Mendez; Macacos and Goiás, Brazil. Syntypes: (orig. 37) BMNH 1904.1.28.4-5 [ex MCZ] (2); MCZ 7814 (1), 7848-51 (12+1+4+1), 7857 (1), 91352 (12); NMW 44279 (1); USNM 123010 [ex MCZ 7850] (3). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus vermicularis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Isbrücker 1980:37 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus vermicularis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

verres, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:494 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Cayenne, French Guiana. Lectotype: MNHN A-9450. Paralectotypes: MNHN A-8919 (1), A-9451 (1), A-9570 (1), A-9927 (2). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:70 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1968:70 [ref. 7872]. •Valid as Hypostomus verres Valenciennes 1840 -- (Isbrücker 1980:37 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Camargo & Isaac 2001:145 [ref. 27639] as aff. verres, Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Squaliforma verres (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Hypostomus watwata Hancock 1828 -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus watwata Hancock 1828. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

waiampi, Hypostomus Hollanda Carvalho [P.] & Weber [C.] 2005:955, Figs. 2-4 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 4) (for 2004); ref. 28067] Bridge on road to Serra do Navio, Cupixi River, Amapá, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 82269. Paratypes: MHNG 2652.016 (1), MZUSP 82270 (8). •Valid as Hypostomus waiampi Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 -- (Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus waiampi Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Cupixi River, State of Amapá, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

watwata, Hypostomus Hancock [J.] 1828:246 [Zoological Journal, London v. 4; ref. 18242] Off Berbice River, Guyana. Neotype: BMNH 1932.11.10.31. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. Neotype designated by Boeseman 1868:71 [ref. 7872]; figured in his Pl. 16 (figs. 1-2). •Valid as Plecostomus watwata (Hancock 1828) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:40 [ref. 37559]). •Valid as Squaliforma watwata (Hancock 1828) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus watwata Hancock 1828 -- (Boeseman 1968:67 [ref. 7872] with discussion, Isbrücker 1980:38 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:87 [ref. 23651], González Bencomo et al. 1997:159 [ref. 24960], Le Bail et al. 2000:260 [ref. 24549], Camargo & Isaac 2001:145 [ref. 27639] as Hipostomus, Ferraris 2003:865 [ref. 26999], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Mundy 2005:155 [ref. 28379], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:209, 211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki et al. 2013:74 [ref. 32701], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Ray & Armbruster 2016:505 [ref. 34178], Marceniuk et al. 2017:39 [ref. 35324], Zawadzki et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35666], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[19] [ref. 35679], Provenzano-Rizzi & Lasso in Lasso & Morales-Betancourt 2022:182 [ref. 40783]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus watwata Hancock 1828. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Guianan river drainages from Oyapock River to Demerara River (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela); introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

weberi, Hypostomus Carvalho [P. H.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2010:44, Fig. 3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 30754] Rio Negro, 0°58'S, 62°57'W, Barcelos, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 98767. Paratypes: MZUSP 334598 (2), 34604 (5), 34765 (1). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:28 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus weberi Carvalho, Lima & Zawadzki 2010 -- (Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:51 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:602 [ref. 33520], Silvano et al. 2020:254 [ref. 38135]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus weberi Carvalho, Lima & Zawadzki 2010. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Negro basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

wilsoni, Hemiancistrus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1918:678 [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 56 (no. 7); ref. 12304] Río Truando, tributary of Río Atrato, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 58550 [ex CM 7570 (largest specimen)]. Paratypes: (7) FMNH 58551 (3). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:244 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hemiancistrus wilsoni Eigenmann 1918 -- (Isbrücker 1980:51 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:434 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:17 [ref. 27178], Cardoso & Lucinda 2003:74 [ref. 26858], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:386 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:244 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hypostomus wilsoni (Eigenmann 1918) -- (Armbruster et al. 100 [ref. 33670], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus wilsoni (Eigenmann 1918). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Truando River basin, Atrato River drainage, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

wuchereri, Plecostomus Günther [A.] 1864:235 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: (4) BMNH 1844.5.29.11 (1), BMNH 1844.5.29.12 (1), BMNH 1852.9.13.128 (1), 1863.3.27.15 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype(s) designated by Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], but this is incorrect, you can't designate two lectotypes for one species. •Valid as Hypostomus wuchereri (Günther 1864) -- (Isbrücker 1980:38 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155], Bitencourt et al. 2011:317 [ref. 31390] as cf. wuchereri, Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus wuchereri (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Bahia State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

yaku, Hypostomus Martins [F. de O.], Langeani [F.] & Zawadzki [C. H.] 2014:2 [730], Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 33617] Goiás State, município de Rio Quente, upper rio Paraná basin, rio Paranaíba drainage, tributary of rio Piracanjuba, rio Quente basin, near water treatment station, 17°46'32"S, 48°45'56"W, elevation 618 meters. Holotype: DZSJRP 15735. Paratypes: AMNH, DZSJRP, MCP, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:447 [ref. 35588], Oliveira et al. 2022:29 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hypostomus yaku Martins, Langeani & Zawadzki 2014 -- (Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus yaku Martins, Langeani & Zawadzki 2014. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Quente (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.