Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Symphurus: [ 102 ] records

arabicus, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1954:464 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 26 (no. 4); ref. 12642] South coast of Arabia, John Murray Expedition, station 54, depth 1046 meters. Holotype: BMNH 1939.6.24.1839. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:351 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Symphurus arabicus Chabanaud 1954 -- (Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Lee et al. 2009:56 [ref. 30387]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus arabicus Chabanaud 1954. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

arawak, Symphurus Robins [C. R.] & Randall [J. E.] 1965:331, Fig. 1a [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 15 (no. 2); ref. 9248] Lagoen, Curaçao, Caribbean Sea, depth 45 feet. Holotype: ANSP 101985. Paratypes: UF 12269 (1); 215490 [ex UMML 15490] (2), 215491 [ex UMML 15491] (2), 215492 [ex UMML 15492] (2); UPR 2313 (1); USNM 198200 (2). Type catalog: Gilbert 1974:111 [ref. 21035], Böhlke 1984:67 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Symphurus arawak Robins & Randall 1965 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:296 [ref. 23100], Cervigón 1992:306 [ref. 23827], Munroe 1998:30 [ref. 23285], Munroe 2003:1940 [ref. 27118], Smith et al. 2003:69 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:85 [ref. 33341]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus arawak Robins & Randall 1965. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

atramentatus, Symphurus Jordan [D. S.] & Bollman [C. H.] 1890:177 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 12 (no. 770); ref. 2433] Off Pacific coast of Colombia, 7°57'N, 78°55'W, Albatross station 2795, depth 33 fathoms. Syntypes: BMNH 1900.9.29.257-258 (2?); MCZ 35922 (1); CAS-SU 3 (7); USNM 41157 (1), 41367-68 (1, 1), 41471 (4). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:143 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Symphurus atramentatus Jordan & Bollman 1890 -- (Munroe & Nizinski 1990:994 [ref. 19193], Allen & Robertson 1994:290 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:148 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1043 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:114 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:618 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:218 [ref. 24555], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Munroe & McCosker 2001:194 [ref. 25948], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:178 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:150 [ref. 34871], Fourriére et al. 2016:460 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:612 [ref. 34923], González-Murcia et al. 2019:299 [ref. 36544], Love et al. 2021:222 [ref. 39279]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus atramentatus Jordan & Bollman 1890. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

atricauda, Aphoristia Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1880:23 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 3 (no. 106); ref. 2466] San Diego Bay, California, U.S.A. Holotype (unique) (?): USNM 27396 (1 of 3, orig. 5). Jordan & Gilbert specimens: NMW 43597 (1). atricauda is a noun in apposition; ending not changed when in Symphurus. •Valid as Symphurus atricauda (Jordan & Gilbert 1880) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:61 [ref. 39147] as atricaudus, Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:294 [ref. 9277], Matarese et al. 1989:624 [ref. 26885], Munroe & Nizinski 1990:994 [ref. 19193], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1044 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:115 [ref. 24545], De la Cruz-Agüero & Cota-Gómez 1998:357 [ref. 23520], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:216 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:501 [ref. 24550], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:178 [ref. 37547] as atricaudus, Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Pietsch & Orr 2015:72 [ref. 34694] as atricaudus, Kells et al. 2016:338 [ref. 35888] as atricaudus, Burton & Lea 2019:97 [ref. 37205] as atricaudus, Love et al. 2021:222 [ref. 39279]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus atricauda (Jordan & Gilbert 1880). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern British Columbia (Canada) south to northern Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

australis, Symphurus strictus var. McCulloch [A. R.] 1907:349, Fig. 55 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 6 (no. 5); ref. 15157] Tasman Sea, depth 800 fathoms. Holotype (unique): AMS I.7898. •Valid as Symphurus australis McCulloch 1907 -- (Munroe & Amaoka 1998:390 [ref. 23626], Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003:815 [ref. 27261], Hoese & Bray 2006:1858 [ref. 29000], Lee et al. 2009:346 [ref. 30207]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus australis McCulloch 1907. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

bathyspilus, Symphurus Krabbenhoft [T. J.] & Munroe [T. A.] 2003:811, Fig. 1 [Copeia 2003 (no. 4); ref. 27261] Northern Mindano and vicinity, 8°36'26"N, 124°36'08"E, Abatross station 5503, Philippines, depth 416 meters. Holotype: USNM 113185. Paratypes: AMS I.43130-001 (3); MNHN 50-1 (1), 50-3 (1), 2003-1078 (3); USNM 138060-61 (24, 16). •Valid as Symphurus bathyspilus Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003 -- (Shao et al. 2008:265 [ref. 29952], Lee et al. 2009:56 [ref. 30387], Munroe et al. 2011:64 [ref. 31567], Fricke et al. 2014:192 [ref. 33932]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus bathyspilus Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia east to Philippines and New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

bergi, Symphurus Thompson [W. F.] 1916:414, Pl. 2 (fig. 2) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 50 (no. 2133); ref. 4391] Montevideo, Uruguay. Holotype: USNM 76852. Paratypes: BMNH 1930.9.2.39 [ex SU] (1), CAS-SU 22725 (13), USNM 76892 (9). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:143 [ref. 12291]. •Synonym of Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall 1906 -- (Munroe 1998:99 [ref. 23285]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall 1906. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: marine.

billykrietei, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] 1998:38, Fig. 16 [Fishery Bulletin v. 96 (no. 1); ref. 23285] Off Virginia, 36°41.4'-41.8'N, 74°40.1'-39.7'W, U.S.A., depth 275 meters. Holotype: USNM 326637. Paratypes: ARC 8703371 (1), 8705134 (1); MCZ 64849 (6), 91580 (1), 99447 (4); USNM 291328-29 (1, 1), 326634 (3); VIMS 3073 (1), 4891 (2), 5511 (3), 5572 (6), 5581 (1), 9191 (6). The author states that there are 69 paratypes but that is incorrect. •Valid as Symphurus billykrietei Munroe 1998 -- (Moore et al. 2003:232 [ref. 27076], Munroe 2003:1941 [ref. 27118], Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2003:966 [ref. 28221], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:875 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus billykrietei Munroe 1998. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

brachycephalus, Symphurus Lee [M.-Y.] & Munroe [T. A.] 2021:23, Figs. 1D, 6 [Zootaxa 5039 (no. 1); ref. 38632] Off Nha Trang, southeastern Vietnam. Holotype: ASIZP 0072365. Paratypes: (18) ASIZP. •Valid as Symphurus brachycephalus Lee & Munroe 2021. Current status: Valid as Symphurus brachycephalus Lee & Munroe 2021. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Vietnam. Habitat: marine.

brasiliensis, Plagusia Cuvier [G.] in Spix & Agassiz 1831:89, Pl. 50 [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Atlantic off Brazil. Syntypes: MHNN 691 (1) Bahia. Type catalog: Kottelat 1984:150 [ref. 21784, Desoutter et al. 2001:349-350 [ref. 25922]. Based on a Cuvier manuscript. •Synonym of Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Munroe 1991:269 [ref. 15142], Munroe 1998:141 [ref. 23285], Desoutter et al. 2001:350 [ref. 25922]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

callopterus, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] & Mahadeva [M. N.] 1989:460, Figs. 1-2 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 102 (no. 2); ref. 17699] Peru, 5°59'S, 81°12'W to 5°58'S, 81°11'W, depth 65-70 meters. Holotype: CAS 64023. Paratypes: BMNH 1956.3.1.3-4 (2); CAS 24189 (11); LACM 33827-55 (4); SIO 63-518 (9), 63-521 (2); UF 47590 (1), 226069 [ex UMML 26069] (33), 234317 [ex UMML 34317] (2); USNM 164492 (2); plus additional non-type specimens. •Valid as Symphurus callopterus Munroe & Mahadeva 1989 -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:148 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1045 [ref. 22829], Evseenko 1996:727 [ref. 24666], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:218 [ref. 24555], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:178 [ref. 37547], Munroe & Robertson 2005:580 [ref. 28389], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Love et al. 2021:222 [ref. 39279]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus callopterus Munroe & Mahadeva 1989. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to northern Peru, including southern Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

caribbeanus, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] 1991:280, Figs. 2, 4e, 5, 6d [Fishery Bulletin v. 89 (no. 2); ref. 15142] Mayaguez Bay, Puerto Rico. Holotype: USNM 313487. Paratypes: ANSP 118553 (1); FMNH 61574 (1); UF 205297 [ex UMML 5297] (1), 230087 [ex UMML 30087] (6); UPRM 740 (2), 1588 (1), 2926 (8); USNM 313513 (2). •Valid as Symphurus caribbeanus Munroe 1991 -- (Munroe 1998:120 [ref. 23285], Munroe 2003:1942 [ref. 27118]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus caribbeanus Munroe 1991. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

chabanaudi, Symphurus Mahadeva [M. N.] & Munroe [T. A.] 1990:939, Figs. 2, 3a-b [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 103 (no. 4); ref. 19177] Jiquilisco Bay, El Potrero, El Salvador, 13°16'N, 88°38'W, depth 5 meters. Holotype: USNM 305717. Paratypes: BMNH 1956.3.1.6-14 (9); CAS 20696 (10), 24199 (5); LACM 30714-15 (3), 30716-11 (4); SIO 47-53 (1), 80-23 (5); UCLA W52-46 (4), W53-196 (19), W53-275 (11); UCR 1122-3 (2); USNM 119742 (1), 164493-94 (1, 10), 220701 (4), 226606 (2), 291339 (1), 305718-19 (5, 7); YPM 638 or 630 (1). Type catalog: Moore & Boardman 1991:10 [ref. 16741], Angulo et al. 2015:384 [ref. 35212].. •Valid as Symphurus chabanaudi Mahadeva & Munroe 1990 -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:291 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:146 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1046 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:217 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:501 [ref. 24550], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:793 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McMahan et al. 2013:454 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:392 [ref. 34894], González-Murcia et al. 2019:299 [ref. 36544], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:252 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus chabanaudi Mahadeva & Munroe 1990. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

civitatum, Symphurus Ginsburg [I.] 1951:198, Pl. 3 (fig. H) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 36 (pt. 3); ref. 12891] Off Mississippi Delta, Louisiana, U.S.A., 29°06'30"N, 89°40'00"W, depth 9.5 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 155227. Paratypes: USNM 86139-40 (2, 1), 86153 (1), 120081-82 (1, 1), 154945-54 (3, 1, 5, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3), 155226 (1), 157399-403 (3, 3, 1, 1, 1). For comments on spelling of name see Munroe 1991:266 [ref. 15142], but the name civitatum (= of the states) is probably given to refer to the United States, so this noun should not be corrected. •Valid as Symphurus civitatum Ginsburg 1951 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:296 [ref. 23100] as civitatus, Boschung 1992:177 [ref. 23239] as civitatus). •Valid as Symphurus civitatum Ginsburg 1951 (often seen as civitatium) -- (Munroe 1991:263 [ref. 15142], Munroe 1998:125 [ref. 23285], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:500 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:343 [ref. 25013], Munroe 2003:1943 [ref. 27118], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:876 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565] with author as Guinsburg, Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus civitatum Ginsburg 1951. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

diabolicus, Symphurus Mahadeva [M. N.] & Munroe [T. A.] 1990:949, Figs. 2, 4a [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 103 (no. 4); ref. 19177] West of San Cristóbal Island [Chatham Island], Galápagos Islands, 0°46'S, 89°42'W, depth 271 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 135653. •Valid as Symphurus diabolicus Mahadeva & Munroe 1990 -- (Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1047 [ref. 22829], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:619 [ref. 24023], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Munroe & McCosker 2001:188 [ref. 25948], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], Sánchez-Jiménez et al. 2018:S8 [ref. 36248]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus diabolicus Mahadeva & Munroe 1990. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Galápagos Islands, Cocos Island (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

diomedeana, Aphoristia Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.] 1885:589 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 8 (no. 543); ref. 1842] Off Cape Romano, Florida, U.S.A., 25°04'30"N, 83°21'15"W, Albatross station 2414, depth 24 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 37347. •Valid as Symphurus diomedeanus [often as diomedianus] (Goode & Bean 1885) -- (de Lema & de Oliveira 1977:5 [ref. 7244], Robins & Ray 1986:296 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:177 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:305 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:39 [ref. 24489], Kurtz & Matsuura 1994:141 [ref. 22162], Munroe 1998:91 [ref. 23285], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Keith et al. 2000:256 [ref. 24547], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639], Munroe 2003:1944 [ref. 27118], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:877 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565] as diomedianus, Marceniuk et al. 2017:42 [ref. 35324], Spier et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36103], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:405 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:275 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus diomedeanus (Goode & Bean 1885). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Uruguay, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

elongata, Aphoristia Weber [M.] 1913:444, Fig. 84 [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] 7°36'S, 117°30.8'E, station 314, depth 694 meters. Lectotype: ZMA 100246. Paralectotypes: ZMA 100247-50 (1, 1, 1, 1), plus 1 missing -- possibly BMNH 1930.9.2.140. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Aphoristia ornata elongata Günther 1862, replaced by Symphurus regani Weber & de Beaufort 1929. Lectotype selected by Chabanaud 1955:44 [ref. 22240] for regani. •Synonym of Symphurus regani Weber & de Beaufort 1929. 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Symphurus regani Weber & de Beaufort 1929. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: marine.

elongata, Aphoristia ornata var. Günther [A.] 1868:473 [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 6 (pt 7, no. 14); ref. 1994] Pacific coast of Panama. Syntypes: (2) ?BMNH 1864.1.20.422 (1), 1956.3.1.1 (1). •Valid as Symphurus elongatus (Günther 1868) -- (Munroe & Nizinski 1990:994 [ref. 19193], Bussing & López S. 1994:148 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1048 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:617 [ref. 24023], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:217 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:502 [ref. 24550], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McMahan et al. 2013:454 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:392 [ref. 34894], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:93 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:299 [ref. 36544]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus elongatus (Günther 1868). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fallax, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1957:183 [Beaufortia v. 5 (no. 62); ref. 12056] Siboga, Kai Islands, Indonesia, 5°26'06"S, 132°32'05"E, depth 397 meters. Holotype (unique): ZMA 100273 (not returned by Chabanaud). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:109 [ref. 19236], Desoutter et al. 2001:351 [ref. 25922] as type not at MNHN. •Doubtfully valid as Symphurus fallax Chabanaud 1957 -- (Lee et al. 2013:381 [ref. 32506]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus fallax Chabanaud 1957. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Kai Islands (Maluku, Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

fasciata, Plagusia DeKay [J. E.] 1842:304 [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] South Carolina, U.S.A. No types known. Based on a Holbrook illustrations, brief description. •Synonym of Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Munroe 1998:104 [ref. 23285]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus 1766). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fasciolaris, Symphurus Gilbert [C. H.] 1892:566 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 14 (no. 880); ref. 1626] Gulf of California, Mexico. Syntypes: CAS-SU 15 (5), USNM 44406 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:143 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Symphurus fasciolaris Gilbert 1892 -- (Munroe & Nizinski 1990:994 [ref. 19193], Allen & Robertson 1994:290 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:146 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1049 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:217 [ref. 24555], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:178 [ref. 37547], Munroe & Robertson 2005:581 [ref. 28389], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], González-Murcia et al. 2019:299 [ref. 36544], Love et al. 2021:222 [ref. 39279], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:253 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus fasciolaris Gilbert 1892. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to northern Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

fuscus, Symphurus Brauer [A.] 1906:296 [Die Tiefsee-Fische v. 15; ref. 632] Off eastern coast of Africa, 0°27'04"S, 42°47'03"E, depth 638 meters. Syntypes: ZMB 17686 (1), 22430 (1). •Valid as Symphurus fuscus Brauer 1906 -- (Munroe & McCosker 2001:196 [ref. 25948], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Lee et al. 2009:347 [ref. 30207], Munroe et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31567]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus fuscus Brauer 1906. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

gilesii, Aphoristia Alcock [A. W.] 1889:293, Pl. 17 (fig. 2) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 58 (pt 2, no. 3); ref. 85] Bay of Bengal, 20°17'N, 88°51'E, Investigator, depth 353 meters. Holotype (unique): ZSI F11684. Alcock specimens: BMNH 1939.5.24.1827-1834 (8?), ZSI F13630 (1). Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:161 [ref. 20743] incorrectly with F13630 as holotype; Talwar 1977:638-639 [ref. 26599]. Figured in Alcock 1895: Pl. 14 (fig. 4) [ref. 20532]. •Valid as Symphurus gilesii (Alcock 1889) -- (Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683] as gilesi, Lee et al. 2009:56 [ref. 30387]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus gilesii (Alcock 1889). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean and western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

ginsburgi, Symphurus Menezes [N. A.] & Benvegnú [G. de Q.] 1976:146, Fig. 5 [Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, São Paulo v. 30 (no. 11); ref. 7069] Argentine basin, Rio Grande do Sul, 31°31'S, 49°52'W, depth 200 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 12339. Paratypes: (87) MNHN 1975-0270 (3); MZUSP 12314-38 (1 ea.), 12340-96 (1 ea.), 12899-12903 (1 ea.); USNM 290667 (2). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:333 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Symphurus ginsburgi Menezes & Benvegnú 1976 -- (Kurtz & Matsuura 1994:141 [ref. 22162], Andreata & Séret 1996:590 [ref. 16204], Munroe 1998:50 [ref. 23285], Desoutter et al. 2001:333 [ref. 25922], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2003:966 [ref. 28221], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565] as guinsburgi, Carvalho-Filho 2023:275 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus ginsburgi Menezes & Benvegnú 1976. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) south to Uruguay. Habitat: marine.

gorgonae, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1948:510 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 20 (no. 6); ref. 13001] Gorgona Island, (Pacific) Colombia, depth 30 fathoms. Holotype: BMNH 1926.7.12.81. Paratypes: BMNH 1926.7.12.82-83 (2). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:351 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Symphurus gorgonae Chabanaud 1948 -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:146 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1050 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Munroe & McCosker 2001:195 [ref. 25948], Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2003:966 [ref. 28221], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:178 [ref. 37547], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus gorgonae Chabanaud 1948. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern tip of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to cuador, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

hernandezi, Symphurus Saavedra-Díaz [L. M.], Munroe [T. A.] & Acero P. [A.] 2003:945 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 72 (no. 3); ref. 28221] Magdalena region off Bocas de Ceniza, 11°09'44'N, 74°40'00"W to 11°09'43"N, 74°39'40"W, Colombia, depth 204 meters. Holotype: INVEMAR-PEC 3751. Paratypes ICNMNH 6442 (3), 6443 (3); INVEMAR-PEC 3195 (2), 3196 (1), 3197 (1), 3756 (4), 3757 (2), 3758 (3); UF 120607 (2), 12068 (3); USNM 368418 (5). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Symphurus hernandezi Saavedra-Díaz, Munroe & Acero P. 2003. Current status: Valid as Symphurus hernandezi Saavedra-Díaz, Munroe & Acero P. 2003. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Colombia: Caribbean coast. Habitat: marine.

holothuriae, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1948:510 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 20 (no. 6); ref. 13001] Holothuria Bank, northwestern Australia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1892.1.14.34. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:351 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Symphurus microrhynchus (Weber 1913) -- (Munroe & Marsh 1997:191 [ref. 22936], Desoutter et al. 2001:351 [ref. 25922], Hoese & Bray 2006:1858 [ref. 29000]). •Valid as Symphurus holothuriae Chabanaud 1948 -- (Lee et al. 2016:[11] [ref. 34740], Lee & Munroe 2021:17 [ref. 38632]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus holothuriae Chabanaud 1948. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Northwestern Australia. Habitat: marine.

hondoensis, Symphurus Hubbs [C. L.] 1915:494, Pl. 27 (fig. 9) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 48 (no. 2082); ref. 2224] Suruga Gulf, Japan, Albatross station 5066, depth 211-293 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 75675. •Synonym of Symphurus strictus Gilbert 1905, but a valid subspecies -- (Li & Wang 1995:382 [ref. 16193]). •Valid as Symphurus hondoensis Hubbs 1915 -- (Munroe & Amaoka 1998:385 [ref. 23626], Nakabo 2000:1392 [ref. 25182], Nakabo 2002:1392 [ref. 26193], Shao et al. 2008:265 [ref. 29952], Lee et al. 2009:346 [ref. 30207], Lee et al. 2013:395 [ref. 32506], Lee 2022:240 [ref. 39635]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus hondoensis Hubbs 1915. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

hongae, Symphurus Lee [M.-Y.] & Munroe [T. A.] 2021:27, Figs. 1A, 7 [Zootaxa 5039 (no. 1); ref. 38632] Off Nangfang-Ao, northeastern Taiwan. Holotype: ASIZP 0067658. Paratypes: (35) ASIZP, NMMB. •Valid as Symphurus hongae Lee & Munroe 2021. Current status: Valid as Symphurus hongae Lee & Munroe 2021. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

insularis, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.], Brito [A.] & Hernández [C.] 2000:492, Figs. 1-4 [Copeia 2000 (no. 2); ref. 24450] Punta de Tifirabe, El Hierro, Canary Islands. Holotype: TFMC VP000487. Paratypes: AMNH 210760 (6), 210825 (2), 210865 (12); MCM 725 (1); MMF 22999 (1); SMNS 12336 (4); TFMC VP000406-409 (1, 1, 2, 1); USNM 352409 (6), 357413 (1). Type catalog: Fricke 2005:30 [ref. 29864]. •Valid as Symphurus insularis Munroe, Brito & Hernández 2000 -- (Wirtz et al. 2013:136 [ref. 32972], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3040 [ref. 34618], Carneiro et al. 2019:196 [ref. 37250]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus insularis Munroe, Brito & Hernández 2000. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands. Habitat: marine.

jenynsi, Symphurus Evermann [B. W.] & Kendall [W. C.] 1906:108, Fig. 4 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 31 (no. 1482); ref. 1282] Probably from market at Buenos Aires, Argentina. Holotype (unique): USNM 55573. •Valid as Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall 1906 -- (Inada in Nakamura et al. 1986:316 [ref. 14235], Kurtz & Matsuura 1994:141 [ref. 22162], Munroe 1998:99 [ref. 23285], López et al. 2002:66 [ref. 26808] also as jenynsii, Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565], Carvalho-Filho 2023:275 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40463]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall 1906. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) south to Argentina. Habitat: marine.

kyaropterygium, Symphurus Menezes [N. A.] & Benvegnú [G. de Q.] 1976:140, Fig. 2 [Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, São Paulo v. 30 (no. 11); ref. 7069] Santa Catarina, Brazilian coast, 26°34'S, 48°10'W, depth 50-54 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 12425. Paratypes: MNHN 1975-0265 to 0267 (2, 1, 1); MZUSP 12783-84 (1, 1), 12913 (1), 12914-15 (2), 12916-18 (1, 1, 1); USNM 290666 (1, c&s). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:333-334 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Symphurus kyaropterygium Menezes & Benvegnú 1976 -- (Kurtz & Matsuura 1994:141 [ref. 22162], Munroe 1998:75 [ref. 23285], Desoutter et al. 2001:333 [ref. 25922], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus kyaropterygium Menezes & Benvegnú 1976. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Rio de Janeiro south to Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) endemic. Habitat: marine.

lactea, Plagusia Bonaparte [C. L.] 1833:fasc. 5, punt. 27, Pl. 102 (fig. 4) [Iconografia della fauna italica; ref. 516] Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: ANSP 8706-19 (14). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:67 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque 1810 -- (Desoutter 1990:1053 [ref. 18967], Munroe 1990:467 [ref. 19191], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:156 [ref. 26753]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque 1810. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: marine.

leei, Symphurus Jordan [D. S.] & Bollman [C. H.] 1890:178 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 12 (no. 770); ref. 2433] Off Pacific coast of Colombia [should be Gulf of Panama, Panama], 8°16'30"N, 79°37'45"W, Albatross station 2804, depth 47 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 41134. Paratypes: MCZ 35906 [ex USNM 41134] (1), ?35916 [ex USNM 41485] (1); CAS-SU 39 (21); USNM 41483 (6), 41485 (7), 175122 (24?). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:143 [ref. 12291]. Named after Prof. L. A. Lee and Mr. Thomas Lee, so the correct species epithet would be leeorum (ICZN Art. 31.1.2). •Valid as Symphurus leei Jordan & Bollman 1890 -- (Munroe & Nizinski 1990:994 [ref. 19193], Allen & Robertson 1994:291 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:146 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1051 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:215 [ref. 24555], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:150 [ref. 34871], Fourriére et al. 2016:460 [ref. 34668], Robertson et al. 2017:105 [ref. 35676], González-Murcia et al. 2019:300 [ref. 36544]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus leei Jordan & Bollman 1890. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California (Mexico) south to Panama. IUCN (2021): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

leptosomus, Symphurus Lee [M.-Y.] & Munroe [T. A.] 2021:32, Fig. 9 [Zootaxa 5039 (no. 1); ref. 38632] Philippines, 13°13.25'N, 120°33.56'E, depth 15 meters. Holotype (unique): USNM 379566. •Valid as Symphurus leptosomus Lee & Munroe 2021. Current status: Valid as Symphurus leptosomus Lee & Munroe 2021. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: off Mindoro, Philippines. Habitat: marine.

leucochilus, Symphurus Lee [M.-Y.], Munroe [T. A.] & Shao [K.-T.] 2014:563, Figs. 1-5 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 85 (no. 3); ref. 33409] Da-Shi fish market, Taiwan. Holotype: USNM 408271. Paratypes: ASIZP, NMMB-P, USNM. From prepublication copy. •Valid as Symphurus leucochilus Lee, Munroe & Shao 2014 -- (Lee et al. 2016:[11] [ref. 34740], Lee & Munroe 2021:47 [ref. 38632]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus leucochilus Lee, Munroe & Shao 2014. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Japan and Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

ligulata, Bibronia Cocco [A.] 1844:26 [6], Fig. 2 [Giornale del Gabinetto Letterario di Messina Anno 3, Tomo 5; ref. 866] Gulf of Patti, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Neotype: CSI 2507. On p. 6 of separate. Original spelling was liculata regarded as in error by all authors and emended to ligulata. Neotype designated by Torchio 1971 [ref. 19717]. •Valid as Symphurus ligulatus (Cocco 1844) -- (Torchio 1973:636 [ref. 6892], Quéro et al. in Whitehead et al. 1986:1327 [ref. 13677], Desoutter 1990:1053 [ref. 18967], Munroe 1990:467 [ref. 19191], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643] as ligulata, Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003:815 [ref. 27261], Goren et al. 2006:2 [ref. 38828], Goren & Galil 2015:511 [ref. 33910], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3041 [ref. 34618], Carneiro et al. 2019:196 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36864], Reiner 2019:301 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:101 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:28 [ref. 37519], Golani 2021:87 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:47 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:234 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus ligulatus (Cocco 1844). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Portugal south to Angola, including São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

longirostris, Symphurus Lee [M.-Y.], Munroe [T. A.] & Kai [Y.] 2016:71 [3], Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Research v. 64 (no. 1); ref. 34740] Off Kyoto, Wakasa Bay, Sea of Japan, 35°45'N, 135°20'E, depth 90 - 100 meters. Holotype: FAKU 135349. Paratypes: ASIZP, BSKU, FAKU, NSMT-P, USNM. •Valid as Symphurus longirostris Lee, Munroe & Kai 2016 -- (Sonoyama et al. 2020:126 [ref. 37637], Lee & Munroe 2021:20 [ref. 38632], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus longirostris Lee, Munroe & Kai 2016. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine.

lubbocki, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] 1990:485, Fig. 4a [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 19191] Klinka Klub Bay, Ascension Island, eastern Atlantic, depth 20 meters. Holotype: BMNH 1979.1.5.237. Paratypes: BMNH 1979.1.5.238 (1). •Valid as Symphurus lubbocki Munroe 1990 -- (Munroe et al. 2000:499 [ref. 24450], Wirtz et al. 2014:11 [ref. 33516], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3042 [ref. 34618]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus lubbocki Munroe 1990. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Ascension Island. Habitat: marine.

luzonensis, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1955:32 [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 45 (no. 1); ref. 12266] Near Luzon Island, Philippines. Holotype (unique): USNM 138043. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:351 [ref. 25922] •Valid as Symphurus luzonensis Chabanaud 1955 -- (Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Lee et al. 2013:381 [ref. 32506] with question). Current status: Valid as Symphurus luzonensis Chabanaud 1955. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Pacific off the Philippines. Habitat: marine.

macrophthalmus, Symphurus Norman [J. R.] 1939:106, Fig. 37 [Scientific Reports, John Murray Expedition v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 6556] Gulf of Aden. Holotype: BMNH 1939.5.24.1825-1826 (133-mm spec.). Paratypes: BMNH 1939.5.24.1825-1826 (smallest of 2). •Valid as Symphurus macrophthalmus Norman 1939 -- (Munroe & McCosker 2001:196 [ref. 25948], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Munroe et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31567]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus macrophthalmus Norman 1939. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Arabian Sea. Habitat: marine.

maculopinnis, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.], Tyler [J.] & Tunnicliffe [V.] 2011:55, Figs. 1-7 [Zootaxa 3061; ref. 31567] Volcano--19 near Marker 40, Tonga Arc, 24°48.439'S, 177°0.009'W, western Pacific Ocean, depth 561 meters. Holotype (unique): USNM 398820. Non-types: 56 specimens observed but not collected [not regarded as types]. •Valid as Symphurus maculopinnis Munroe, Tyler & Tunnicliffe 2011. Current status: Valid as Symphurus maculopinnis Munroe, Tyler & Tunnicliffe 2011. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Southwest Pacific: Tonga Arc [a vent species]. Habitat: marine.

maldivensis, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1955:369 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 27 (no. 5); ref. 12185] Maldives, 4°45'36"N, 72°52'12"E, depth 256-293 meters. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1939.5.24.1815 (incomplete). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:351 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Symphurus maldivensis Chabanaud 1955 -- (Adam et al. 1998:15 [ref. 23610], Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003:815 [ref. 27261], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Lee et al. 2009:347 [ref. 30207], Munroe 2022:383 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus maldivensis Chabanaud 1955. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Maldives. Habitat: marine.

marginata, Aphoristia Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.] 1886:153 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 12 (no. 5); ref. 1844] Off mouth of Mississippi River, 28°42'N, 88°40'W, Blake station 171, depth 321 fathoms. Holotype: MCZ 27967. Paratypes: USNM 131634 (1). Additional specimens: (14). •Valid as Symphurus marginatus (Goode & Bean 1886) -- (Kurtz & Matsuura 1994:141 [ref. 22162], Munroe 1998:62 [ref. 23285], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639], Moore et al. 2003:232 [ref. 27076], Munroe 2003:1945 [ref. 27118], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2003:961 [ref. 28221], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:878 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Robertson et al. 2020:153 [ref. 38098]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus marginatus (Goode & Bean 1886). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

marmoratus, Symphurus Fowler [H. W.] 1934:349, Fig. 102 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 85 (for 1933); ref. 1416] Cape Lassa, Jolo Island and vicinity, Philippines, 5°49'40"S, 120°24'30"E, Albatross station D.5561, depth 10 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 93092. Paratypes: USNM 93208 (1). •Valid as Symphurus marmoratus Fowler 1934 -- (Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003:815 [ref. 27261]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus marmoratus Fowler 1934. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Philippines. Habitat: marine.

megasomus, Symphurus Lee [M.-Y.], Chen [H.-M.] & Shao [K.-T.] 2009:342, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2009 (no. 2); ref. 30207] Off northeastern coast of Taiwan, [Da-shi Fish Market]. Holotype: ASIZP 67640. Paratypes: many at AMS, ASIZP, BSKU, MNHN, USNM. Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:63 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Symphurus megasomus Lee, Chen & Shao 2009 -- (Ho & Shao 2011:63 [ref. 31432], Lee et al. 2013:395 [ref. 32506]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus megasomus Lee, Chen & Shao 2009. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

melanurus, Symphurus Clark [H. W.] 1936:386 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 21 (no. 29); ref. 839] Off Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, 18°49'N, 99°05'W [coordinates erroneous]. Holotype: CAS 4401. Paratypes: CAS 4423 (1, partly dissected). Additional material (3): CAS 4424-25 (1, 1). •Valid as Symphurus melanurus Clark 1936 -- (Munroe 1990:229 [ref. 19192], Munroe & Nizinski 1990:994 [ref. 19193], Allen & Robertson 1994:291 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:146 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1052 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:216 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:502 [ref. 24550], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:178 [ref. 37547], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:392 [ref. 34894], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:150 [ref. 34871], Love et al. 2021:223 [ref. 39279], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:254 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus melanurus Clark 1936. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) sout to northern Peru, including southern Gulf of California (Mexico). IUCN (2021): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.

melasmatotheca, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] & Nizinski [M. S.] 1990:986, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 1990 (no. 4); ref. 19193] Nicaragua, 12°41.2'-43.0'N, 87°43.0-46.6'W, depth 56 meters. Holotype: SIO 73-278. Paratypes: CAS 24949 (1); SIO 60-90 (5), 65-158 (13), 73-232 (3), 73-278 (12), 73-283 (3); UF 234325-26 [ex UMML 34325-26] (1, 1); plus non-type material. •Valid as Symphurus melasmatotheca Munroe & Nizinski 1990 -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:148 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1053 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus melasmatotheca Munroe & Nizinski 1990. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern central Pacific. Habitat: marine.

meridionalis, Symphurus de Lema [T.] & de Oliveira [M. F. T.] 1977:8, Figs. 1-3 [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) No. 50; ref. 7244] Praoa de Cassino (Rio Grande), R.S., Procedência, Brazil. Holotype: MCN 2401. Paratypes: MCN 2399 (1), 2400 (1). •Synonym of Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall 1906 -- (Munroe 1998:99 [ref. 23285]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall 1906. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: marine.

microlepis, Symphurus Garman [S.] 1899:230, Pl. 52 (fig. 3) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] 7°32'36"N, 79°16'W, Gulf of Panama, Albatross station 3385, depth 286 fathoms. Holotype (unique): MCZ 28535. •Valid as Symphurus microlepis Garman 1899 -- (Munroe & Nizinski 1990:994 [ref. 19193], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1054 [ref. 22829], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:619 [ref. 24023], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Munroe & McCosker 2001:188 [ref. 25948]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus microlepis Garman 1899. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

microrhynchus, Aphoristia Weber [M.] 1913:444, Fig. 85 [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Java Sea, 6°16.5'S, 114°37'E, Siboga station 319, depth 82 meters. Holotype (unique): ZMA 108193. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:107 [ref. 19236]. •Valid as Symphurus microrhynchus (Weber 1913) -- (Kailola 1971:118 [ref. 39475], Munroe & Marsh 1997:191 [ref. 22936], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Munroe 2006:233 [ref. 28683], Hoese & Bray 2006:1858 [ref. 29000], Lee et al. 2009:57 [ref. 30387], Larson et al. 2013:230 [ref. 32988], Lee et al. 2014:563 [ref. 33409], Lee et al. 2016:[11] [ref. 34740] and as cf. microrhynchus, Voronina et al. 2016:401 [ref. 35064], Lee & Munroe 2021:9 [ref. 38632]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus microrhynchus (Weber 1913). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Indonesia east to Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

minimus, Pleuronectes Larrañaga [D. A.] 1923:375 [Escritos de Don Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga v. 2; ref. 22561] Uruguay. Corresponds to Conexiales on p. 372 and to conex-iales on p. 383. Appeared as P. conexiales vel minimus in Devincenzi 1925:302, 321; Devincenzi treated as a synonym Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider 1801). •Synonym of Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

minor, Symphurus Ginsburg [I.] 1951:192, Pl. 1 (fig. A) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 36 (pt. 3); ref. 12891] Off St. George Island, Florida, U.S.A., 28°46'N, 84°49'W, Albatross station 2406, depth 26 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 131643. Paratypes: USNM 92614 (3), 131293 [not 131593] (1), 131590-91 (1, 3), 134272 (1), 152734 (2), 155230-33 (1, 1, 1, 1). •Valid as Symphurus minor Ginsburg 1951 -- (de Lema & de Oliveira 1977:5 [ref. 7244], Robins & Ray 1986:297 [ref. 23100], Scott & Scott 1988:560 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:224 [ref. 14674], Boschung 1992:177 [ref. 23239], Munroe 1998:78 [ref. 23285], Munroe 2003:1946 [ref. 27118], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:879 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus minor Ginsburg 1951. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

monostigmus, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] 2006:231, Fig. 1 [Copeia 2006 (no. 2); ref. 28683] Off Gypsy Hill, 27°45.2'S, 32°39.8'E, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 110 meters. Holotype: SAIAB 39811. Paratypes: USNM 383435 [ex. SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 39805] (1). •Valid as Symphurus monostigmus Munroe 2006 -- (Munroe et al. 2011:64 [ref. 31567], Lee & Munroe 2021:44 [ref. 38632], Munroe 2022:383 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus monostigmus Munroe 2006. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). Habitat: marine.

multimaculatus, Symphurus Lee [M.-Y.], Munroe [T. A.] & Chen [H.-M.] 2009:51, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 2203; ref. 30387] Nan-fang-ao fish port, trawled off northeast coast of Taiwan. Holotype: ASIZP 67634. Paratypes: ASIZP 67647 (1), 67648 (1), 67654 (1), 67655 (1); USNM 394605 (1), 394606 (1). Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:63 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Symphurus multimaculatus Lee, Munroe & Chen 2009 -- (Ho & Shao 2011:63 [ref. 31432], Munroe et al. 2011:64 [ref. 31567], Fricke 2015:7 [ref. 33807]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus multimaculatus Lee, Munroe & Chen 2009. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Taiwan and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

nebulosa, Aphoristia Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.] 1883:192 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 10 (no. 5); ref. 1838] North Atlantic, 32°07'N, 78°37'30"W, Blake station 316, depth 229 fathoms. Holotype (unique): MCZ 27966. •Valid as Symphurus nebulosus (Goode & Bean 1883) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:297 [ref. 23100], Munroe 1998:26 [ref. 23285], Moore et al. 2003:232 [ref. 27076], Munroe 2003:1947 [ref. 27118], Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003:815 [ref. 27261]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus nebulosus (Goode & Bean 1883). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

nigrescens, Symphurus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:13, 52 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Bay of Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Neotype: MNHN 1989-1208 [ex USNM 48292]. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:334 [ref. 25922]. Neotype designated by Munroe 1990:503 [ref. 19191]. •Valid as Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque 1810 -- (Torchio 1973:635 [ref. 6892], Quéro et al. in Whitehead et al. 1986:1327 [ref. 13677], Desoutter 1990:1053 [ref. 18967], Munroe 1990:492 [ref. 19191], Santos et al. 1997:113 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:120 [ref. 24952], Porteiro et al. 1999:42 [ref. 24203], Munroe et al. 2000:499 [ref. 24450], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:156 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:64 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:117 [ref. 29533], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:75 [ref. 36649], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3043 [ref. 34618], Brown et al. 2019:171 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:196 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36864], Parenti 2019:101 [ref. 37117], Bariche & Fricke 2020:101 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:28 [ref. 37519], Bañón & Maño 2021:98 [ref. 38887], Golani 2021:87 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:47 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:234 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque 1810. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Galicia (Spain) south to Namibia, including Azores; southern central Atlantic: Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Habitat: marine.

normani, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1950:625 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 3 (no. 31) (art. 51); ref. 12943] Cape Lopez, French Congo, Discovery station 279. Holotype: BMNH 1930.5.6.51. Paratypes: (17) BMNH 1930.5.6.46-50 (5), 1930.5.6.52-54 (3), 1935.5.11.230 (1); IRSNB 404-407 (1, 1, 1, 1); MRAC 140377 (1), 140279 (1), 140380-81 (2). Type catalog: Walschaerts 1987:48 [ref. 20755], Desoutter et al. 2001:351-352 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Symphurus normani Chabanaud 1950 -- (Desoutter 1990:1054 [ref. 18967], Munroe 1990:467 [ref. 19191], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:181 [ref. 25472], Munroe et al. 2000:499 [ref. 24450], Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2003:966 [ref. 28221], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3045 [ref. 34618], Fermon et al. 2022:235 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus normani Chabanaud 1950. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to northern Namibia. Habitat: marine.

novemfasciatus, Symphurus Shen [S.-C.] & Lin [W.-W.] 1984:8, Fig. 3 [Taiwan Museum Special Publications Series No. 4; ref. 13822] Tungkong, southwestern Taiwan. Holotype: NTUM 04564. Paratypes: NTUM 04565 (1). Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:63 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Symphurus novemfasciatus Shen & Lin 1984 -- (Li & Wang 1995:383 [ref. 16193], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Ho & Shao 2011:63 [ref. 31432], Lee et al. 2016:[11] [ref. 34740]). •Synonym of Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker 1879) -- (Lee et al. 2013:3849 [ref. 32506], Kwun & Kim 2016:211 [ref. 34467]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker 1879). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Taiwan [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

ocellaris, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] & Robertson [D. R.] 2005:577, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 118 (no. 3); ref. 28389] Several kilometers off mainland coast between coast and Islas Secas, about 8°05'N, 81°50'W, Pacific Panama, depth 20 meters. Holotype: USNM 378272. Paratypes: USNM 378273 (1). •Valid as Symphurus ocellaris Munroe & Robertson 2005 -- (van der Heiden et al. 2011:305 [ref. 37030]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus ocellaris Munroe & Robertson 2005. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Colima (Mexico) south to Panama. Habitat: marine.

ocellatus, Symphurus von Bonde [C.] 1922:26, Pl. 1 (fig. 2) [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 2 (art. 1); ref. 520] KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pickle Stations 174 and 176, depth 260-350 fathoms. Syntypes: (several) BMNH 1922.3.27.10 (1), 1922.3.27.24 (1); SAM (none found in 1996). •Valid as Symphurus ocellatus von Bonde 1922 -- (Heemstra 1986:868 [ref. 5660], Quéro & Maugé 1989:393 [ref. 19513], Quéro 1997:328 [ref. 23236], Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003:815 [ref. 27261], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Fricke et al. 2009:115 [ref. 30213], Lee et al. 2009:347 [ref. 30207], Lee et al. 2009:56 [ref. 30387], Munroe et al. 2011:62 [ref. 31567], Fricke et al. 2018:374 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus ocellatus von Bonde 1922. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: East Africa and South Africa to Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes. Habitat: marine.

oculellus, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] 1991:276, Figs. 2, 4d, 5, 6 (b-c) [Fishery Bulletin v. 89 (no. 2); ref. 15142] Suriname, 6°24'N, 55°00'W, depth 27 meters. Holotype: USNM 159606. Paratypes: BMNH 1950.5.15.51 (1), 1961.9.4.117-118 (2); FMNH 86362 (1), 86365 (1), 86397 (1), 88846 (1), 90085 (5), 90552-53 (2, 1), 91368 (1), 100385-87 (1, 7, 2); GCRL 3836 (5); UF 211549 [ex UMML 11549] (1), 212249 [ex UMML 12249] (1), 212254 [ex UMML 12254] (1), 212262 [ex UMML 12262] (1), 234335 [ex UMML 34335] (1); USNM 159541 (1), 159559 (1), 313518 (2); ZMA 111212 (1), 111228 (1), 111234 (1); plus non-type material. •Valid as Symphurus oculellus Munroe 1991 -- (Munroe 1998:131 [ref. 23285], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639], Munroe 2003:1948 [ref. 27118], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:406 [ref. 38945]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus oculellus Munroe 1991. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Guyana to northeastern Brazil. Habitat: marine.

oligomerus, Symphurus Mahadeva [M. N.] & Munroe [T. A.] 1990:932, Figs. 1a-b, 2 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 103 (no. 4); ref. 19177] La Paz Bay, Mexico, Gulf of California, 24°26.7'-24°24.8'N, 110°36.0'-110°37.5'W, depth 240 meters. Holotype: SIO 84-70. Paratypes: CAS 24201 (6), 57858 (1); LACM 21719 (1), 10407 (19), 20261 (3), 33827-10 (6); MCZ 28537 (1), 28540 (14); SIO 15-1237 (10) (ex UCLA W56-79), 68-94 (15 of 40), 73-280 (25 of 174), 73-281 (24); UCR 425-18 (1), 494-6 (was 1); UF 33932 (3), 226051 [ex UMML 26051] (12), 231935 [ex UMML 31935] (20), 231947 [ex UMML 31947] (7); USNM 57882 (2). Type catalog: Angulo et al. 2015:384 [ref. 35212]. •Valid as Symphurus oligomerus Mahadeva & Munroe 1990 -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:148 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1055 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Munroe & McCosker 2001:195 [ref. 25948], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:178 [ref. 37547], Walker et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37499], Love et al. 2021:223 [ref. 39279]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus oligomerus Mahadeva & Munroe 1990. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern tip of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to northern Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

ommaspilus, Symphurus Böhlke [J. E.] 1961:2, Fig. 1 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 344; ref. 7785] Long Bay Cays, Andros Island, Bahamas, 24°06'15"N, 77°32'15"W. Holotype: ANSP 93810. Paratypes: ANSP 93811 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:67 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Symphurus ommaspilus Böhlke 1961 -- (de Lema & de Oliveira 1977:5 [ref. 7244], Munroe 1998:87 [ref. 23285], Munroe 2003:1949 [ref. 27118], Smith et al. 2003:69 [ref. 27621], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:86 [ref. 33341]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus ommaspilus Böhlke 1961. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

orientalis, Aphoristia Bleeker [P.] 1879:31, Pl. 2 (fig. 1) [Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Natuurkunde (Amsterdam) v. 18; ref. 460] Tosa Bay, off Kochi, Japan, 300-400 meters. Neotype: BSKU 44238. •Valid as Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker 1879) -- (Amaoka in Okamura et al. 1982:303, 408 [ref. 8256], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Kim & Choi 1994:810 [ref. 22283], Li & Wang 1995:380 [ref. 16193], Munroe & Amaoka 1998:389 [ref. 23626], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1392 [ref. 25182], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Shinohara et al. 2001:337 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:1392 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:441, 690 [ref. 26218], Shinohara et al. 2005:443 [ref. 28370], Lee et al. 2009:57 [ref. 30387], Ohashi & Motomura 2011:115 [ref. 32413], Lee et al. 2013:383 [ref. 32506], Shinohara et al. 2014:278 [ref. 33330], Lee et al. 2014:563 [ref. 33409], Parin et al. 2014:549 [ref. 33547], Kwun & Kim 2016:211 [ref. 34467], Lee et al. 2016:[11] [ref. 34740], Kim et al. 2020:197 [ref. 39118], Sonoyama et al. 2020:126 [ref. 37637], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker 1879). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Korea, Japan, Taiwan and East and South China Sea. Habitat: marine.

ornatus, Achirus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:659, 663 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] No locality. Holotype (unique): apparently lost. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:347 [ref. 25922]. •Questionably a synonym of Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Munroe 1991:256 [ref. 15142], Munroe 1998:136 [ref. 23285]). •Nomen dubium -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:347 [ref. 25922]). Current status: Uncertain as Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

oxyrhynchus, Symphurus Lee [M.-Y.] 2022:234, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 5189 (no. 1); ref. 39635] Off Kochi, Tosa Bay, Japan, 33°10.63' - 33°11.36'N, 133°53.79' - 133°55.35'E, depth 744 - 786 meters. Holotype: NSMT P 57352. Paratype: ASIZP 0061780 (1). •Valid as Symphurus oxyrhynchus Lee 2022. Current status: Valid as Symphurus oxyrhynchus Lee 2022. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Japan and South China Sea, Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

paitensis, Symphurus Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946:478, Fig. 90 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Paita Harbor, Peru, 5°04'30"S, 81°08'W, depth 5 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 128172. Paratypes: USNM 128173 (1). •Synonym of Symphurus williamsi Jordan & Culver 1895 -- (Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1059 [ref. 22829], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:217 [ref. 24555]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus williamsi Jordan & Culver 1895. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: marine.

parvus, Symphurus Ginsburg [I.] 1951:192, Pl. 1 (fig. B) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 36 (pt. 3); ref. 12891] Off Boca Chica, Florida, U.S.A., 24°25'45"N, 81°46'00"W, Albatross station 2318, depth 45 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 84491. Paratypes: USNM 74330 (3), 152733 (1), 153088 (1), 153090 (1), 153097 (1). •Valid as Symphurus parvus Ginsburg 1951 -- (de Lema & de Oliveira 1977:5 [ref. 7244], Robins & Ray 1986:297 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:177 [ref. 23239], Munroe 1998:82 [ref. 23285], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Munroe 2003:1950 [ref. 27118], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:880 [ref. 28815]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus parvus Ginsburg 1951. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

pelicanus, Symphurus Ginsburg [I.] 1951:193, Pl. 1 (fig. C) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 36 (pt. 3); ref. 12891] Off Padre Island, Texas, U.S.A., 26°43'N, 96°51'W, depth 25 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 155234. Paratypes: USNM 74331 (1), 155235 (1). •Valid as Symphurus pelicanus Ginsburg 1951 -- (de Lema & de Oliveira 1977:5 [ref. 7244], Robins & Ray 1986:297 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:178 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:306 [ref. 23827], Munroe 1998:54 [ref. 23285], Munroe 2003:1951 [ref. 27118], Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2003:966 [ref. 28221], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:881 [ref. 28815]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus pelicanus Ginsburg 1951. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

picta, Plagusia Costa [A.] 1862:49, Pl. 1 (fig. 2) [Annuario dell'Museo Zoologico della R. Università di Napoli v. 1; ref. 18044] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque 1810 -- (Torchio 1973:636 [ref. 6892], Munroe 1990:467 [ref. 19191], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3043 [ref. 34618]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque 1810. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: marine.

pigra, Aphoristia Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.] 1886:154 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 12 (no. 5); ref. 1844] Off St. Kitts, West Indies, depth 250 fathoms. Holotype: MCZ 27965. Paratypes: (6) USNM 74330 (4). For notes on types see Munroe 1998:69 [ref. 23285]. •Valid as Symphurus piger (Goode & Bean 1886) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:297 [ref. 23100], Munroe 1998:66 [ref. 23285], Munroe 2003:1952 [ref. 27118], Saavedra-Diaz et al. 2003:966 [ref. 28221], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:882 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus piger (Goode & Bean 1886). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

plagiusa, Pleuronectes Linnaeus [C.] (ex Garden) 1766:455 [Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2786] Carolina [South Carolina, U.S.A.]. Holotype (unique): Linn. Soc. Lond. 124 (left side, skin). Type information: Goode & Bean 1885:196 [ref. 1841], Wheeler 1985:71-72 [ref. 20705]. Based on manuscript description and specimen sent by A. Garden [South Carolina]. •Valid as Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:297 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:178 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:306 [ref. 23827], Murdy et al. 1997:270 [ref. 23144], Munroe 1998:104 [ref. 23285], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:499 [ref. 24550], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639], López et al. 2002:66 [ref. 26808], Munroe 2003:1953 [ref. 27118], Smith et al. 2003:69 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:883 [ref. 28815], García-Hernández et al. 2009:94 [ref. 37265], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Fabiano et al. 2014:9 [ref. 33530], Pinheiro et al. 2015:33 [ref. 34324], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565] with authors as (Bloch & Schneider 1801), Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407], Robins et al. 2018:436 [ref. 35886], Spier et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36103], Carvalho-Filho 2023:275 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40463]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus 1766). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Caribbean Sea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

plagusia, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] (ex Browne) 1801:162 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Puerto Yabucoa, .5 miles east of Playa de Guayanes, Puerto Rico. Neotype: ANSP 132030. Based on Plagusia subcinerea of Brown 1756:445 [ref. 30188] and Browne 1789:445 from Jamaica; suppressed for nomenclatural purposes (Opinion 89, Direction 32) as non-binominal work. Neotype designated by Munroe 1991 [ref. 15142]. •Valid as Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:463 [ref. 14275], Munroe 1991:256 [ref. 15142], Kurtz & Matsuura 1994:141 [ref. 22162], Andreata & Séret 1996:590 [ref. 16204], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:252 [ref. 22947], Munroe 1998:136 [ref. 23285], Munroe 2003:1954 [ref. 27118], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:407 [ref. 38945]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

polylepis, Symphurus Lee [M.-Y.] & Munroe [T. A.] 2021:36, Fig. 10 [Zootaxa 5039 (no. 1); ref. 38632] North of Tovel, Papua New Guinea, 10°10.22'S, 148°06'E, depth 23 meters. Holotype: USNM 245733. Paratypes: (4) USNM. •Valid as Symphurus polylepis Lee & Munroe 2021. Current status: Valid as Symphurus polylepis Lee & Munroe 2021. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

prolatinaris, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.], Nizinski [M. S.] & Mahadeva [M. N.] 1991:449, Figs. 1, 2a, 3-4 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 104 (no. 3); ref. 19173] Off Río Togoroma, Colombia, 4°20'-4°18'N, 77°28'-77°29'W, depth 9 meters. Holotype: USNM 308408. Paratypes: CAS 24945 [not 24925] (1), 24942 (6), 24944 (1); IMARPE 67-2337 (1); LACM 20406 (1); SIO 60-87 (2), 63-517 (1), 65-158 (2); UA 67-71-9 (2); UCR 1286-10 (1); USNM 308409 (5); plus additional at IMARPE, LACM, SIO (16 lots). Type catalog: Angulo et al. 2015:384 [ref. 35212]. •Valid as Symphurus prolatinaris Munroe, Nizinski & Mahadeva 1991 -- (Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1056 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:798 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:178 [ref. 37547], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Love et al. 2021:223 [ref. 39279]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus prolatinaris Munroe, Nizinski & Mahadeva 1991. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to central Peru, including southern Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

pterospilotus, Symphurus Ginsburg [I.] 1951:194, Pl. 2 (fig. E) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 36 (pt. 3); ref. 12891] Isla de Flores, Uruguay. Holotype (unique): USNM 87770. •Valid as Symphurus pterospilotus Ginsburg 1951 -- (de Lema & de Oliveira 1977:5 [ref. 7244], Scott & Scott 1988:561 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:224 [ref. 14674], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565] with author as Guinsburg). •Synonym of Symphurus diomedeanus (Goode & Bean 1885) -- (Munroe 1998:91 [ref. 23285], Munroe 2003:1944 [ref. 27118]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus diomedeanus (Goode & Bean 1885). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: marine.

pusilla, Aphoristia Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.] 1885:590 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 8 (no. 543); ref. 1842] Off eastern U.S.A., 40°01'00"N, 69°56'00"W, Fish Hawk station 941, depth 79 fathoms. Lectotype: USNM 28778. Paralectotypes: USNM 28730 (1), 325958 [ex USNM 28778] (1). Lectotype selected by Munroe 1998:60 [ref. 23285]. •Valid as Symphurus pusillus (Goode & Bean 1885) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:298 [ref. 23100], Munroe 1998:58 [ref. 23285], Moore et al. 2003:233 [ref. 27076], Munroe 2003:1955 [ref. 27118], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:884 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus pusillus (Goode & Bean 1885). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

regani, Symphurus Weber [M.] & de Beaufort [L. F.] 1929:210, Fig. 56 [Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago v. 5; ref. 16063] 7°36'S, 117°30.8'E, station 314, depth 694 meters. Lectotype: ZMA 100246. Paralectotypes: ZMA 100247-50 (1, 1, 1, 1), plus 1 missing -- possibly BMNH 1930.9.2.140. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:109 [ref. 19236]. Replacement name for Aphoristia elongata Weber 1913, preoccupied by Aphoristia ornata elongata Günther 1862. Lectotype selected by Chabanaud 1955:44 [ref. 22240]. •Valid as Symphurus regani Weber & de Beaufort 1929 -- (Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Lee et al. 2009:346 [ref. 30207], Kawai et al. 2020:104 [ref. 37787]). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Symphurus regani Weber & de Beaufort 1929. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Andaman Sea off Thailand east to Philippines. Habitat: marine.

reticulatus, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] 1990:488, Fig. 4b [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 19191] St. James Bay, St. Helena, central Atlantic, depth 5-10 meters. Holotype: BMNH 1984.7.16.246. Paratypes: ZMUC P86220 (1), P86222-23 (1, 1). Non-type listed: MMF 22999 (1). •Valid as Symphurus reticulatus Munroe 1990 -- (Munroe et al. 2000:499 [ref. 24450], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3046 [ref. 34618], Brown et al. 2019:170 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:197 [ref. 37250]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus reticulatus Munroe 1990. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Southern central Atlantic: Saint Helena Island endemic. Habitat: marine.

rhytisma, Symphurus Böhlke [J. E.] 1961:3, Fig. 2 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 344; ref. 7785] West of Wood Cay, off Grand Bahama Island, Little Bahama Bank, Bahamas, about 26°44'15"N, 79°02'37"W, depth about 50 feet. Holotype (unique): ANSP 93812. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:67 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Symphurus rhytisma Böhlke 1961 -- (de Lema & de Oliveira 1977:5 [ref. 7244], Munroe 1998:34 [ref. 23285], Munroe 2003:1956 [ref. 27118], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:69 [ref. 27621]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus rhytisma Böhlke 1961. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

robustus, Symphurus Lee [M.-Y.] & Munroe [T. A.] 2021:40, Fig. 11 [Zootaxa 5039 (no. 1); ref. 38632] Off Kochi, Tosa Bay, Japan, 33°20.33' - 33°20.76'N, 133°36.40' - 133°34.97'E, depth 90 meters. Holotype: BSKU 45132. Paratypes: (21) ASIZP, BSKU. •Valid as Symphurus robustus Lee & Munroe 2021. Current status: Valid as Symphurus robustus Lee & Munroe 2021. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Tosa Bay, Japan. Habitat: marine.

sayademalhensis, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1955:369 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 27 (no. 5); ref. 12185] Saya de Malha Bank. Holotype: BMNH 1908.3.25.158. Paratypes: BMNH 1908.3.23.157 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:352 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Symphurus sayademalhensis Chabanaud 1955 -- (Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003:815 [ref. 27261], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Lee et al. 2009:347 [ref. 30207], Munroe 2022:383 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus sayademalhensis Chabanaud 1955. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Saya de Malha Bank endemic. Habitat: marine.

schultzi, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1955:31 [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 45 (no. 1); ref. 12266] Indo-Australian Archipelago, between 20°37'N, 115°43'E and 5°24'S, 122°18'15"E, Albatross station 5508, depth 270 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 138044. Paratypes: USNM 138025 (1), 138033 (1), 138046 (1), 138057 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:352 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Symphurus schultzi Chabanaud 1955 -- (Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Munroe 2006:233 [ref. 28683], Munroe et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31567]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus schultzi Chabanaud 1955. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: South China Sea. Habitat: marine.

sechurae, Symphurus Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946:475, Fig. 89 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Near Sechura, Sechura Bay, Peru, 5°34'S, 80°52'W. Holotype: USNM 128170. Paratypes: Gov't of Peru [ex USNM 128171] (1), USNM 128171 (now 2). Non-types: Non-Peruvian specimens not definitely referred. •Valid as Symphurus sechurae Hildebrand 1946 -- (Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:216 [ref. 24555]). •Synonym of Symphurus melanurus Clark 1936 -- (Munroe 1990:230 [ref. 19192]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus melanurus Clark 1936. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

septemstriata, Aphoristia Alcock [A. W.] 1891:125 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 8 (no. 43/44); ref. 87] Andaman Sea, 11°31'40"N, 92°46'06"E, Investigator station 115, depth 188-220 fathoms. Syntypes: (2) ZSI F13109 (1). Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:159 [ref. 20743], Menon & Rama-Rao 1975:45 [ref. 22148]. Figured in Alcock 1892: Pl. 2 (fig. 1) [ref. 20531]. •Valid as Symphurus septemstriatus (Alcock 1891) -- (Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Lee et al. 2009:57 [ref. 30387], Lee et al. 2013:381 [ref. 32506] with question, Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Kawai et al. 2020:103 [ref. 37787]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus septemstriatus (Alcock 1891). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocan, western Pacific: Gulf of Mannar (India) east to Philippines. Habitat: marine.

seychellensis, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1955:368 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 27 (no. 5); ref. 12185] Off northern Peru, about 4°47'S [not Seychelles]. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1936.10.6.11 [not 1935.10.6.11]. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:352 [ref. 25922]. Type locality in error (see Munroe 1990:229 [ref. 19192]). •Synonym of Symphurus melanurus Clark 1936 -- (Munroe 1990:229 [ref. 19192], Desoutter et al. 2001:352 [ref. 25922]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus melanurus Clark 1936. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

stigmosus, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] 1998:45, Fig. 22 [Fishery Bulletin v. 96 (no. 1); ref. 23285] Off Yucatan Peninsula, Caribbean Sea, 21°04'N, 86°19'W, depth 352 meters. Holotype: USNM 326635. Paratypes: MCZ 39205 (2); UMML 35290-91 (1, 1); USNM 326636 (1), 328062 (1). •Valid as Symphurus stigmosus Munroe 1998 -- (Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Munroe 2003:1957 [ref. 27118], Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2003:966 [ref. 28221], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:885 [ref. 28815], Munroe et al. 2011:62 [ref. 31567], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus stigmosus Munroe 1998. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

strictus, Symphurus Gilbert [C. H.] 1905:691, Fig. 272 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 2) [for 1903]; ref. 1631] Off southern coast of Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station 3920, depth 265-280 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 51624. Paratypes: CAS-SU 8614 (2), USNM 51673 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:143 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Symphurus strictus Gilbert 1905 -- (Amaoka in Okamura et al. 1982:408 [ref. 8256], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Heemstra 1986:868 [ref. 5660], Quéro & Maugé 1989:393 [ref. 19513], Li & Wang 1995:382 [ref. 16193], Adam et al. 1998:16 [ref. 23610], Munroe & Amaoka 1998:385 [ref. 23626], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1392 [ref. 25182], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Shinohara et al. 2001:337 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:1392 [ref. 26193], Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003:815 [ref. 27261], Mundy 2005:522 [ref. 28379], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Lee et al. 2009:346 [ref. 30207], Lee et al. 2013:395 [ref. 32506], Fricke et al. 2018:374 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus strictus Gilbert 1905. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa to Madagascar; southern Japan; Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

sumptuosus, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1948:509 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 20 (no. 6); ref. 13001] São Francisco, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1923.7.30.345. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:352 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Symphurus diomedeanus (Goode & Bean 1885) -- (Munroe 1998:91 [ref. 23285], Desoutter et al. 2001:352 [ref. 25922]). Current status: Synonym of Symphurus diomedeanus (Goode & Bean 1885). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: marine.

tessellata, Plagusia Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:240 [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Rio de Janeiro Bay [= Guanabara Bay], Brazil. No types known. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:350 [ref. 25922] as no types at MNHN. Based on Russell no. 73. •Valid as Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Munroe 1991:269 [ref. 15142], Cervigón 1996:41 [ref. 24489], Munroe 1998:141 [ref. 23285], Desoutter et al. 2001:350 [ref. 25922], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639], Munroe 2003:1958 [ref. 27118], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192] as tesselatus, Smith et al. 2003:69 [ref. 27621], Catelani et al. 2014:933 [ref. 37496], Spier et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:7 [ref. 36717], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:408 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:275 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40463]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Cuba south to Uruguay, including Caribbean Sea. Habitat: brackish, marine.

thermophilus, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] & Hashimoto [J.] 2008:45, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa No. 1839; ref. 29763] Kaikata Seamount, 26°42.30'N, 141°04.70"E, depth 440 meters. Holotype: NSMT-P 70849. Paratypes: NMNZ P.38300 (1); NSMT-P 70850 (2), 70851 (1); USNM 383311 (1), 383312 (2). Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Symphurus thermophilus Munroe & Hashimoto 2008 -- (Lee et al. 2009:56 [ref. 30387], Munroe et al. 2011:61 [ref. 31567], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:119 [ref. 36167], Koeda et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38857]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus thermophilus Munroe & Hashimoto 2008. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: active hydrothermal vents, Japan, Kyushu-Palau Ridge and Ogasawara Islands to Kermadec Ridge. Habitat: marine.

trewavasae, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1948:508 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 20 (no. 6); ref. 13001] Cape Frio, Brazil, depth 40 fathoms. Holotype: BMNH 1913.12.4.264-273 (1 of 15). Paratypes: BMNH 1913.12.4.264-273 (? now 13), MNHN [ex BMNH] 1989-1208 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:334 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Symphurus trewavasae Chabanaud 1948 -- (Kurtz & Matsuura 1994:141 [ref. 22162], Andreata & Séret 1996:590 [ref. 16204], Munroe 1998:71 [ref. 23285], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565], Carvalho-Filho 2023:275 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus trewavasae Chabanaud 1948. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) south to Argentina. Habitat: marine.

trifasciata, Aphoristia Alcock [A. W.] 1894:132 [18], Pl. 7 (fig. 4) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 63 (pt 2); ref. 90] Bay of Bengal, Investigator station 162, depth 145-250 fathoms, and Investigator station 164, depth 195-210 fathoms. Lectotype: USNM 46758. Paralectotypes: (10) USNM [ex ZSI 13607] (1); ZSI F13611-12 (2), F13598-13602 (5), F13604-05 (2). Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:159 [ref. 20743], Menon and Rama-Rao 1970:377 [ref. 27516], Menon & Rama-Rao 1975:45-46 [ref. 22148]. On p. 18 of separate. Figured in Alcock 1895: Pl. 15 (fig. 5) [ref. 20532]. Lectotype selected by Munroe & Marsh 1997:199 [ref. 22936], locality needs confirmation. •Valid as Symphurus trifasciatus (Alcock 1894) -- (Munroe & Marsh 1997:197 [ref. 22936], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Munroe 2006:233 [ref. 28683], Lee et al. 2009:57 [ref. 30387], Lee et al. 2016:[12] [ref. 34740], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Munroe 2022:384 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus trifasciatus (Alcock 1894). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Oman, India and Sri Lanka. Habitat: marine.

undatus, Symphurus Gilbert [C. H.] 1905:690, Pl. 98 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 2) [for 1903]; ref. 1631] Off northwestern coast of Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station 4114, depth 154-195 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 51619. Paratypes: CAS-SU 8630 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:143 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Symphurus undatus Gilbert 1905 -- (Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Mundy 2005:522 [ref. 28379], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Lee et al. 2009:346 [ref. 30207]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus undatus Gilbert 1905. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific: Philippines, Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

undecimplerus, Symphurus Munroe [T. A.] & Nizinski [M. S.] 1990:991, Figs. 2, 4 [Copeia 1990 (no. 4); ref. 19193] Ecuador, 3°01'N, 77°50'W, depth 37 meters. Holotype: CAS 67235. Paratypes: CAS 24943 (6), 24950 (2), 24952 (7); LACM 44299-1 (1); USNM 304450 (1). •Valid as Symphurus undecimplerus Munroe & Nizinski 1990 -- (Bussing & López S. 1994:148 [ref. 23101], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1057 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus undecimplerus Munroe & Nizinski 1990. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

urospilus, Symphurus Ginsburg [I.] 1951:193, Pl. 2 (fig. D) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 36 (pt. 3); ref. 12891] Off Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 32°01'00"N, 80°11'30"W, depth 12 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 155225. Paratypes: USNM 73262 (1). •Valid as Symphurus urospilus Ginsburg 1951 -- (de Lema & de Oliveira 1977:5 [ref. 7244], Robins & Ray 1986:298 [ref. 23100], Dennis & Bright 1988:12 [ref. 39782], Munroe & Nizinski 1990:994 [ref. 19193], Boschung 1992:178 [ref. 23239], Munroe 1998:116 [ref. 23285], Munroe 2003:1959 [ref. 27118], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], Munroe & Robertson 2005:581 [ref. 28389], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:886 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus urospilus Ginsburg 1951. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: including Gulf of Mexico. Habitat: marine.

vanmelleae, Symphurus Chabanaud [P.] 1952:3 [Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique v. 28 (no. 69); ref. 12687] Northwest of Egito, 11°53'S, 13°20'E, South Atlantic, depth 500 meters. Holotype: IRSNB 439. Paratypes: (4) IRSNB 440 (1), MRAC 140383-84 (1, 1). Type catalog: Walschaerts 1987:48 [ref. 20755], Desoutter et al. 2001:352-353 [ref. 25922]. Misspelled vanmellae in literature. •Synonym of Symphurus ligulatus (Cocco 1844) -- (Torchio 1973:636 [ref. 6892] with question, Desoutter 1990:1053 [ref. 18967]). •Valid as Symphurus vanmelleae Chabanaud 1952 -- (Munroe 1990:467 [ref. 19191], Munroe 1996:47 [ref. 22303], Munroe et al. 2000:499 [ref. 24450], Munroe et al. 2011:63 [ref. 31567], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3047 [ref. 34618], Fermon et al. 2022:235 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus vanmelleae Chabanaud 1952. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Equatorial Guinea south to northern Angola. Habitat: marine.

variegata, Aphoristia Gilchrist [J. D. F.] 1903:211, Pl. 18 [Marine Investigations in South Africa v. 2; ref. 1645] Off coast of East London, Buffalo River, bearing north, 15 miles, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 310 fathoms. Holotype (unique): ?BMNH 1904.11.4.2 or SAM 15399. •Valid as Symphurus variegatus (Gilchrist 1903) -- (Heemstra 1986:868 [ref. 5660], Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003:815 [ref. 27261], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Lee et al. 2009:347 [ref. 30207]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus variegatus (Gilchrist 1903). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: off southern Africa. Habitat: marine.

varius, Symphurus Garman [S.] 1899:228 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Cocos Island and off Malpelo Island, 3°59'40"-5°31'30"N, 81°35'- 86°52'30"W, Albatross station 3367, 3378, 3379, depth 52-112 fathoms. Syntypes: MCZ 28536 (1), 70979 (4); USNM 153592 [ex MCZ 28536] (1). •Valid as Symphurus varius Garman 1899 -- (Munroe & Nizinski 1990:994 [ref. 19193], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1058 [ref. 22829], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:619 [ref. 24023], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Munroe & McCosker 2001:194 [ref. 25948], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus varius Garman 1899. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

williamsi, Symphurus Jordan [D. S.] & Culver [G. B.] in Jordan 1895:506, Pl. 55 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 5; ref. 2394] Near the estuary at Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Holotype: CAS-SU 2943. Paratypes: ?BMNH 1895.5.27.224 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:143 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Symphurus williamsi Jordan & Culver 1895 -- (Munroe & Nizinski 1990:994 [ref. 19193], Munroe et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1059 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:116 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:217 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:501 [ref. 24550], Evseenko & Shtaut 2000:801 [ref. 25089], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:178 [ref. 37547], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:392 [ref. 34894], Love et al. 2021:223 [ref. 39279]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus williamsi Jordan & Culver 1895. Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to northern Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: brackish, marine.

woodmasoni, Aphoristia Alcock [A. W.] 1889:294, Pl. 17 (fig. 1) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 58 (pt 2, no. 3); ref. 85] 7.5 miles east of North Cinque Island, Andaman Islands, Investigator station 10, depth 490 fathoms. Holotype (unique): ZSI F11765. Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:160 [ref. 20743], Menon & Rama-Rao 1975:46 [ref. 22148]. Originally wood-masoni. Figured in Alcock 1895: Pl. 16 (fig. 4) [ref. 20532]. •Valid as Symphurus woodmasoni (Alcock 1889) -- (Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Krabbenhoft & Munroe 2003:816 [ref. 27261], Munroe 2006:230 [ref. 28683], Lee et al. 2009:56 [ref. 30387], Kawai et al. 2020:103 [ref. 37787]). Current status: Valid as Symphurus woodmasoni (Alcock 1889). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Distribution: Northeastern Indian Ocean: Bay of Bengal (India) to Andaman Sea off western Thailand. Habitat: marine.