Species that contain: Cynoglossus and cynoglossus [ 141 ] records

abbreviata, Plagusia Gray [J. E.] 1834:no page number, Pl. 94 (fig. 3) [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] China. Lectotype: BMNH 2004.11.5.1(stuffed). Paralectotypes: BMNH 2004.11.5.2 (stuffed). Lectotype apparently designated by Chabanaud 1947 [needs research]. •Questionably valid as Cynoglossus abbreviatus (Gray 1834) -- (Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314]). •See Kottelat 2001:64 [ref. 25482]. •Valid as Cynoglossus abbreviatus (Gray 1834) -- (Menon 1977:93 [ref. 7071], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Kim & Choi 1994:808 [ref. 22283], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:211 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:373 [ref. 16193], Cheng & Zhou 1997:466 [ref. 26385] dated 1832, Uyeda & Sasaki 2000:405 [ref. 25120], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1390 [ref. 25182], Wang et al. 2001:325 [ref. 26566] dated 1832, Nakabo 2002:1390 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:441, 688 [ref. 26218], Wang et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34517], Kim et al. 2020:195 [ref. 39118], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus abbreviatus (Gray 1834). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

acadianus, Glyptocephalus Gill [T. N.] 1873-74:362 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 25; ref. 17659] Eastport, Maine, U.S.A. Holotype (unique): USNM 12685. •Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus 1758). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine.

acaudatus, Cynoglossus Gilchrist [J. D. F.] 1906:162, Pl. 46 [Marine Investigations in South Africa v. 4; ref. 1647] Amatikulu River mouth, 26-27 fathoms; Cape Point, 480-600 fathoms; Durban, KwaZulu-NAtal, South Africa. Syntypes: (12) SAM 15468 (1). •Valid as Cynoglossus acaudatus Gilchrist 1906 -- (Menon 1977:53 [ref. 7071] but as ecaudatus and with a holotype, Heemstra 1986:865 [ref. 5660], Quéro & Maugé 1989:391 [ref. 19513], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Yokogawa et al. 2008:121 [ref. 29585] as ecaudatus, Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Fricke et al. 2018:373 [ref. 35805], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus acaudatus Gilchrist 1906. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: South Africa and East Africa (Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia) east to Seychelles and Madagascar. Habitat: marine.

acinaces, Cynoglossus Jenkins [J. T.] 1910:130 [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 5 (pt 2) (art. 12); ref. 14478] Sunderbuns, Kulna District, Bangladesh, depth 10 fathoms. Lectotype: ZSI F4149/1. Paralectotypes: ZSI F4149/1 (3). Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:67 [ref. 7071]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton 1822 -- (Menon 1977:66 [ref. 7071], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:1042 [ref. 20764], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Munroe 2022:376 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton 1822. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

acutirostris, Cynoglossus (Areliscus) Norman [J. R.] 1939:104, Fig. 35 [Scientific Reports, John Murray Expedition v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 6556] Gulf of Aden, northwestern Indian Ocean, station 194, depth 220 meters. Holotype: BMNH 2016.5.1.1. Paratypes: (17) BMNH 1939.5.24.1800-1809 (10), BMNH 2016.5.1.2 (1), MNHN 1939-0268 [ex BMNH] (1), USNM 109493 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922]. A lectotype selected by Menon 1977:85 [ref. 7071] (BMNH 1939.5.24.1800), but a holotype was established in the original publication. •Valid as Cynoglossus acutirostris Norman 1939 -- (Menon 1977:84 [ref. 7071], Krupp 1987:249 [ref. 11627], Klausewitz 1994:466 [ref. 23564], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Wang et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34517], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Golani & Fricke 2018:175 [ref. 36273], Fricke 2019:39 [ref. 36893], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234], Fricke et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40708]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus acutirostris Norman 1939. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Red Sea; northwestern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Aden. Habitat: marine.

anonyma, Solea Basilewsky [S.] 1855:262 [Nouveaux mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou v. 10; ref. 200] China. No types at ZIN. •Questionably a synonym of Cynoglossus robustus Günther 1873 -- (Li & Wang 1995:338 [ref. 16193]). Current status: Uncertain as Cynoglossus robustus Günther 1873. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

arel, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:159 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Lectotype: ZMB 2431. Paralectotypes: (3, lost) Type catalog: Paepke 1999:68 [ref. 24282]. Lectotype selected by Paepke 1999:68 [ref. 24282]. •Valid as Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Menon 1977:60 [ref. 7071], Dor 1984:271 [ref. 29757], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Ataur Rahman 1989:34 [ref. 24860], Coad 1991:27 [ref. 15702], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:209 [ref. 21500], Krishnan & Mishra 1993:235 [ref. 24016] as areal, Krishnan & Mishra 1994:300 [ref. 24014], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Li & Wang 1995:341 [ref. 16193], Randall 1995:363 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:599 [ref. 27969] with author as Schneider, Carpenter et al. 1997:231 [ref. 23922], Chen et al. 1997:177 [ref. 26476], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1389 [ref. 25182], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:187 [ref. 25703], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314] with author as Schneider, Nakabo 2002:1389 [ref. 26193], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Ataur Rahman 2003:49 [ref. 31338], Mishra & Krishnan 2003:47 [ref. 27712] with author as Schneider, Ho et al. 2009:13 [ref. 31461], Kimura in Matsuura & Kimura 2009:322 [ref. 31170], Yoshida et al. 2013:221 [ref. 34464], Kimura in Kimura et al. 2015:95 [ref. 34319], Psomadakis et al. 2015:328 [ref. 34104], Voronina et al. 2016:403 [ref. 35064], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Ali et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36183], Kimura in Kimura et al. 2018:299 [ref. 36460], Eagderi et al. 2019:121 [ref. 37020], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:598 [ref. 37272], Taki et al. 2021:495 [ref. 39830], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf east to Indonesia and Vietnam, north to southern Japan. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

attenuatus, Cynoglossus Gilchrist [J. D. F.] 1904:11, Pl. 29 [Marine Investigations in South Africa v. 3; ref. 1646] Tugela River mouth, bearing north by west distant 4.5 miles, depth 24 fathoms. Syntypes: BMNH 1903.12.31.10 (1), SAM 15460 (9). •Valid as Cynoglossus attenuatus Gilchrist 1904 -- (Menon 1977:39 [ref. 7071], Heemstra 1986:866 [ref. 5660], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Fricke et al. 2018:373 [ref. 35805], Munroe 2022:371 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus attenuatus Gilchrist 1904. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and East Africa (Mozambique, Kenya) east to Madagascar. Habitat: marine.

aubentoni, Cynoglossus Stauch [A.] 1966:126, Fig. 1 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 38 (no. 2); ref. 21931] Ba Klaut, Petit Lac, Cambodia. Holotype: MNHN 1965-0466. Paratypes: MNHN 1965-0465 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922] •Synonym of Cynoglossus feldmanni (Bleeker 1854) -- (Menon 1977:89 [ref. 7071], Rainboth 1996:223 [ref. 22772], Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922], Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus feldmanni (Bleeker 1854). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater.

aurolimbata, Plagiusa Richardson [J.] 1846:280 [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] Canton; coasts of China. No types known. Originally as auro-limbata. Based solely on illustration by Reeves (see Whitehead 1970:218, Pl. 28b [ref. 11606]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846) -- (Menon 1977:75 [ref. 7071], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Munroe 2022:377 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

beauforti, Cynoglossus Chabanaud [P.] 1951:3, Figs. 1-3 [Beaufortia v. 1 (no. 5); ref. 18874] Timor Sea, depth 216 meters. Holotype: ZMA 108001. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:108 [ref. 19236], Desoutter et al. 2001:348 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus suyeni Fowler 1934 -- (Menon 1977:86 [ref. 7071], Desoutter et al. 2001:348 [ref. 25922]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus suyeni Fowler 1934. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

bengalensis, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1853:152, Pl. 6 (fig. 3) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 8); ref. 341] Hooghly River, Calcutta, India. Lectotype: RMNH 6794. Paralectotypes and/or Day specimens: AMS B.7798 (1) Calcutta, RMNH 26211 [ex RMNH 6794] (1). Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:70 [ref. 7071]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822) -- (Menon 1977:68 [ref. 7071], Ataur Rahman 2003:47 [ref. 31338], Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

bilineatus, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] 1787:29, Pl. 188 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 3; ref. 468] China Lectotype: ZMB 2432. Type catalog: Paepke 1999:68 [ref. 24282], locality erroneously as Indian Ocean. On p. 21 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 6 [ref. 21381]. Lectotype selected by Paepke 1999:68 [ref. 24282]. Dor 1984:272, footnote [ref. 29757] incorrectly cited this name as preoccupied by Achirus bilineatus Lacepède 1802. Kottelat (2013:763 [ref. 32887]) determined that bilineata Bloch, "Cynoglossus bilineatus" and Paraplagusia blochii (replacement name) refer to the same organism; and, to avoid tautonymy, he renamed Paraplagusia bilineata as P. bleekeri. He did not consider the specimen ZMB 2432 as lectotype, and incorrectly synonymised the species with Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851). •Synonym of Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Kottelat 2013:764 [ref. 32887]). •Valid as Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch 1787) -- (Dor 1984:273 [ref. 29757], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:355 [ref. 6441], Desoutter 1986:433 [ref. 6212], Heemstra 1986:867 [ref. 5660], Allen & Swainston 1988:146 [ref. 25477], Quéro & Maugé 1989:393 [ref. 19513], Ataur Rahman 1989:31 [ref. 24860], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:1044 [ref. 20764], Chapleau & Renaud 1993:801 [ref. 21017], Kottelat et al. 1993:170 [ref. 23448], Krishnan & Mishra 1994:301 [ref. 24014], Poll & Gosse 1995:79 [ref. 24781], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Kottelat & Lim 1996:250 [ref. 23210], Li & Wang 1995:326 [ref. 16193], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:602 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:234 [ref. 23977], Larson & Williams 1997:374 [ref. 23967], Fricke 1999:575 [ref. 24106], Johnson 1999:753 [ref. 25471], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1388 [ref. 25182], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:188 [ref. 25703], Matsuura & Peristiwady in Matsuura & Peristiwady 2000:303 [ref. 27511] dating to 1784, Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Munroe 2001:3901 [ref. 26314], Nakabo 2002:1388 [ref. 26193], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Ataur Rahman 2003:46 [ref. 31338], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:436 [ref. 28072], Hoese & Bray 2006:1856 [ref. 29000], Ho et al. 2009:14 [ref. 31461], Ho & Shao 2011:62 [ref. 31432], Larson et al. 2013:229 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:468 [ref. 32989], Psomadakis et al. 2015:330 [ref. 34104], Voronina et al. 2016:405 [ref. 35064], Fricke et al. 2018:374 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:176 [ref. 36273], Jeong in Kimura et al. 2018:302 [ref. 36460], Eagderi et al. 2019:122 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:319 [ref. 36673], Hoschke et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36626], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:601 [ref. 37272], Taki et al. 2021:497 [ref. 39830], Munroe 2022:381 [ref. 40234], Hasan et al. 2023:2209 [ref. 40412], Fricke et al. 2023:22 [ref. 40708]). Current status: Valid as Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch 1787). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes (Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Vietnam, the Philippines and New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), north to southern Japan, south to Geographe Bay (Western Australia), Bateman's Bay (New South Wales, Australia) and Lord Howe Island. Habitat: brackish, marine.

borneensis, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1858:6 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 5 (art. 7); ref. 364] Singkawang, Borneo, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 6792. Originally as borneënsis. •Valid as Cynoglossus borneensis (Bleeker 1858) -- (Menon 1977:34 [ref. 7071] with older trulla in synonymy, Kottelat et al. 1993:169 [ref. 23448], Kottelat & Lim 1996:250 [ref. 23210], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus trulla (Cantor 1849) -- (Rainboth 1996:224 [ref. 22772], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus trulla (Cantor 1849). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

brachycephalus, Cynoglossus Bleeker [P.] 1870:38, Pl. 294 (fig. 6) [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises v. 6; ref. 428] Sumatra, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 17877 [ex RMNH 6800]. Paralectotypes: RMNH 6800 (1 of 3). Text published in 1870, Plate in 1872. •Synonym of Cynoglossus kopsii (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:42 [ref. 7071] as kopsi, Dor 1984:272 [ref. 29757] as kopsi, Li & Wang 1995:348 [ref. 16193], Randall 1995:364 [ref. 22896]). •Valid as Cynoglossus brachycephalus Bleeker 1870 -- (Wang et al. 2016:140 [ref. 34517], Naito & Endo 2019:[9] [ref. 36572], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus brachycephalus Bleeker 1870. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

brachycephalus, Cynoglossus Gilchrist [J. D. F.] 1904:12, Pl. 30 [Marine Investigations in South Africa v. 3; ref. 1646] 2.5 miles off Umhlanga River mouth, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pieter Faure station 12498, depth 6-22 fathoms. Syntypes: SAM 15645 (13) apparently lost. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Cynoglossus brachycephalus Bleeker 1870. •Synonym of Cynoglossus acaudatus Gilchrist 1906 -- (Menon 1977:52 [ref. 7071] as ecaudatus). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus acaudatus Gilchrist 1906. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

brachyrhynchos, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1851:414 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 6831] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 6796. Paralectotypes: (1) RMNH 26207 [ex RMNH 6796] (up to 1 of 9). Non-type Bleeker material: BMNH 1862.6.3.15 (1). Lectotype selected in Menon 1977:78 [ref. 7071]. •Mention in synonymy of Plagusia puncticeps Richardson 1846 -- (Dor 1984:273 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846) -- (Menon 1977:75 [ref. 7071], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Munroe 2022:377 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

brevirostris, Cynoglossus Day [F.] 1877:437, Pl. 97 (fig. 6) [The fishes of India Part 3; ref. 4886] Madras, India. Holotype (unique): ZSI F2690 (caudal fin damaged). Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:160 [ref. 20743], Talwar & Chakrapany 1970:122 [ref. 35966], Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus semifasciatus Day 1877 -- (Menon 1977:70 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2022:379 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus semifasciatus Day 1877. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

brevis, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1862:500 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Ganges River. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1855.12.26.602 [ex Zool. Soc.]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846) -- (Menon 1977:75 [ref. 7071], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:1043 [ref. 20764], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2022:378 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

broadhursti, Cynoglossus Waite [E. R.] 1905:73, Pl. 8 (fig. 2) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 4562] Off Carnarvon to northward of Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia. Syntypes: AMS I.7232-34 (3), WAM P.13258-001 (1) between Fremantle and Geraldton, WAM (1 lost). Type catalog: Hutchins & Smith 1991:43 [ref. 19335], Moore et al. 2008:51 [ref. 30117] with remarks on locality. •Valid as Cynoglossus broadhursti Waite 1905 -- (Menon 1977:51 [ref. 7071], Gomon et al. 1994:865 [ref. 22532], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Hoese & Bray 2006:1854 [ref. 29000], Gomon 2008:821 [ref. 30616], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Hoschke et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36626], Fricke 2021:12 [ref. 38059]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus broadhursti Waite 1905. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean: Western Australia, South Australia. Habitat: marine.

browni, Cynoglossus senegalensis morpha Chabanaud [P.] 1949:204 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 12942] Off the coast of Sierra Leone. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1949-0023. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922]. Described as a "morpha nova" but in the sense of a subspecies; accepted as available; probably would date to a later worker if regarded as unavailable. •Valid as Cynoglossus browni Chabanaud 1949 -- (Torchio 1973:635 [ref. 6892], Quéro et al. in Whitehead et al. 1986:1326 [ref. 13677], Menon 1977:35 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1990:1050 [ref. 18967], Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922], Hattour 2016:165 [ref. 36731], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3035 [ref. 34618], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Reiner 2019:299 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:235 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus browni Chabanaud 1949. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Southwestern Mediterranean; eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Angola, including Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

brunneus, Cynoglossus Regan [C. T.] 1905:26 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 85) (art. 2); ref. 3624] Inland Sea, Japan. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1905.6.6.248. •Synonym of Cynoglossus robustus Günther 1873 -- (Menon 1977:64 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:215 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:338 [ref. 16193], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus robustus Günther 1873. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

buchanani, Cynoglossus Day [F.] 1870:522 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1869 (pt 3) (art. 7) (for 11 Nov. 1869); ref. 18819] ?India or Myanmar. Syntypes: (2) ?AMS B.7785 (1), ZSI A.463 (lost). Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762], Ferraris et al. 2000:295 [ref. 25110]. Reasons for loss of ZSI type specimens during WWII see Chopra 1947:349-350 [ref. 33077]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822) -- (Menon 1977:68 [ref. 7071], Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

cadenati, Cynoglossus Chabanaud [P.] 1947:441 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 19 (no. 6); ref. 13080] Rufisque, coast of Senegal, western Africa. Holotype: MNHN 1949-0020. Paratype: MNHN B-2547 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus suyeni Fowler 1934 -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922] but apparently in error). •Valid as Cynoglossus cadenati Chabanaud 1947 -- (Menon 1977:53 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1990:1051 [ref. 18967], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3036 [ref. 34618], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Naito & Endo 2019:[9] [ref. 36572], Fermon et al. 2022:235 [ref. 39448], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus cadenati Chabanaud 1947. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Western Sahara south to Angola, including Cape Verde Islands. Habitat: marine.

canariensis, Cynoglossus Steindachner [F.] 1882:42 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 19 (no. 5) (for 9 Feb. 1882); ref. 20486] Arglim [Argain] Bank, Canary Islands. Holotype (unique): NMW 43773. Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:13 [p. 13 in separate], Pl. 2 (fig. 2) [ref. 18784]. Type redescribed in Chabanaud 1954 [ref. 20965]. •Valid as Cynoglossus canariensis Steindachner 1882 -- (Menon 1977:28 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1990:1051 [ref. 18967], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3037 [ref. 34618], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Carneiro et al. 2019:196 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:299 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:235 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus canariensis Steindachner 1882. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Angola, including Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: brackish, marine.

cantori, Trulla Kaup [J. J.] 1858:109 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (pt. 1); ref. 2579] Sea of Penang, Malaysia. Presumed syntypes: BMNH 1860.3.19.431 (2, stuffed). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:353 [ref. 25922]. Unneeded new name for Plagusia trulla Cantor 1849; probably to avoid Strickland tautonymy. •Synonym of Cynoglossus borneensis (Bleeker 1858) -- (Menon 1977:34 [ref. 7071], Desoutter et al. 2001:353 [ref. 25922]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus trulla (Cantor 1849) -- (Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus trulla (Cantor 1849). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

cantoris, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1853:78, 153 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 8); ref. 341] Malay Peninsula. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.3.19.429 (skin), 1860.3.19.478 (skin). Based on Plagusia potous of Cantor 1849 (not of Cuvier). Günther 1862:502 [ref. 1969] treats Cynoglossus cantoris Bleeker on p. 502 and Trulla cantori Kaup 1858 (replacement name for Plagusia trulla Cantor) in Cynoglossus, but the difference in spelling apparently avoids homonymy. •Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Menon 1977:60 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

capensis, Trulla Kaup [J. J.] 1858:109 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (pt. 1); ref. 2579] Presumably Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:353 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Cynoglossus capensis (Kaup 1858) -- (Menon 1977:59 [ref. 7071], Heemstra 1986:866 [ref. 5660], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:180 [ref. 25472], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Desoutter et al. 2001:353 [ref. 25922], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:436 [ref. 28072], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321] misidentified, Munroe 2022:371 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus capensis (Kaup 1858). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic, western Indian Ocean: Namibia south to Cape of Good Hope (South Africa). Habitat: brackish, marine.

carpenteri, Cynoglossus Alcock [A. W.] 1889:287, Pl. 18 (fig. 1) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 58 (pt 2, no. 3); ref. 85] 68 miles east of mouth of Devi River, Máhánaddi delta, Bay of Bengal, Investigator, depth 68 fathoms. Lectotype: ZSI F12434. Paralectotypes: ZSI F12433 (1). Non-types: BMNH 1890.7.31.10-12 [ex ZSI] (3), 1890.11.28.27-29 [ex ZSI] (3); MNHN 1890-0359 to 0362 [ex ZSI] (4). Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:160 [ref. 20743], Menon & Rama-Rao 1975:46 [ref. 22148]. Figured in Alcock 1898: Pl. 22 (fig. 5) [ref. 20534]. Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:84 [ref. 7071]. •Valid as Cynoglossus carpenteri Alcock 1889 -- (Menon 1977:83 [ref. 7071], Randall 1995:363 [ref. 22896], Carpenter et al. 1997:232 [ref. 23922], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Psomadakis et al. 2015:328 [ref. 34104], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Eagderi et al. 2019:122 [ref. 37020], Fricke 2019:39 [ref. 36893], Psomadakis et al. 2020:598 [ref. 37272], Munroe 2022:372 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus carpenteri Alcock 1889. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf east to India and Myanmar. Habitat: marine.

ceratophrys, Arelia Kaup [J. J.] (ex Kuhl & van Hasselt) 1858:108 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (pt. 1); ref. 2579] Indonesia Syntypes: (2) MNHN 0000-0174 (1) [ex RMNH]. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:329 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus monopus (Bleeker 1849) -- (Menon 1977:73 [ref. 7071], Desoutter et al. 2001:329 [ref. 25922], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus monopus (Bleeker 1849). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

cleopatridis, Cynoglossus Chabanaud [P.] 1949:146 [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 74 (no. 3); ref. 13002] Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Red Sea, 28°49'N, 32°44'E. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1949-0024. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:330-331 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus dollfusi (Chabanaud 1931) -- (Menon 1977:54 [ref. 7071], Dor 1984:271 [ref. 29757]). •Status uncertain and with confusion of 2 taxa named dollfusi by Chabanaud -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:331 [ref. 25922]). •Valid as Cynoglossus cleopatridis Chabanaud 1949 -- (Munroe & Kong 2016:22 [ref. 34480], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2017:31 [ref. 35375], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[7] 245 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:176 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2023:9 [ref. 40708]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus cleopatridis Chabanaud 1949. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic: Gulf of Suez. Habitat: brackish, marine.

crepida, Cynoglossus Fricke [R.], Golani [D.] & Appelbaum-Golani [B.] 2017:79, Figs. 1-2 [Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation v. 25; ref. 35160] Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Israel, vicinity of Eilat, ca. 29°30'N, 34°56'30"E, depth 440 meters. Holotype (unique): HUJ 18063. •Valid as Cynoglossus crepida Fricke, Golani & Appelbaum-Golani 2017 -- (Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[23] 261 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:176 [ref. 36273], Fricke 2019:39 [ref. 36893], Fricke et al. 2023:10 [ref. 40708]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus crepida Fricke, Golani & Appelbaum-Golani 2017. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic: Gulf of Aqaba. Habitat: marine.

cynoglossus, Achirus Hamilton [F.] 1822:132, 373 [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River tidal mouths, India. Syntypes: ? BMNH 1860.3.19.434-435 (skins). Based on an unpublished drawing, reproduced by Hora 1929:Pl. 19 (figs. 2-3); also reproduced by Britz 2019:Pl. 77 [ref. 37532]. •Valid as Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822) -- (Menon 1977:68 [ref. 7071], Ataur Rahman 1989:32 [ref. 24860], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:1041 [ref. 20764], Kottelat et al. 1993:169 [ref. 23448], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:600 [ref. 27969], Rainboth 1996:223 [ref. 22772], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:187 [ref. 25703], Munroe 2001:3898 [ref. 26314], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Ataur Rahman 2003:47 [ref. 31338], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:217 [ref. 27510], Khan 2003:11 [ref. 27710], Matsuura in Matsuura & Kimura 2009:323 [ref. 31170], Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989], Yoshida et al. 2013:222 [ref. 34464], Matsuura in Kimura et al. 2015:96 [ref. 34319], Psomadakis et al. 2015:329 [ref. 34104], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Motomura et al. 2017:227 [ref. 35490], Matsuura in Kimura et al. 2018:300 [ref. 36460], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:599 [ref. 37272], Taki et al. 2021:493 [ref. 39830], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Pakistan east to Philippines, north to northern Vietnam. Habitat: brackish, marine.

cynoglossus, Pleuronectes Linnaeus [C.] 1758:269 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Belgium. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.126 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:243-244 [ref. 13434]. •Valid as Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:623 [ref. 6885], Sakamoto 1984:209 [ref. 5273], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1299 [ref. 13677], Robins & Ray 1986:294 [ref. 23100], Scott & Scott 1988:542 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:221 [ref. 14674], Amaoka in Okamura et al. 1995:221 [ref. 22531], Evseenko 1996:727 [ref. 24666], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:712 [ref. 26711], Klein-MacPhee in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:561 [ref. 26158], Moore et al. 2003:232 [ref. 27076], Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606], Nelson et al. 2004:181 [ref. 27807], Fricke 2007:27 [ref. 30577], Møller et al. 2010:69 [ref. 31169], Page et al. 2013:186 [ref. 32708], Parin et al. 2014:530 [ref. 33547], Afonso et al. 2016:73, 157 [ref. 36199], Vinnikov et al. 2018:159 [ref. 35844], Mecklenburg et al. 2018:424 [ref. 36370], Carneiro et al. 2019:191 [ref. 37250], Bañón & Maño 2021:97 [ref. 38887], Simian et al. 2022:377 [ref. 40776], Page et al. 2023:133 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus 1758). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Distribution: North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic Ocean. Habitat: marine.

cynoglossus, Pleuronectes Nilsson [S.] 1832:53 [Prodromus ichthyologiae Scandinavicae; ref. 3204] •Apparently appeared first as Pleuroncetes cynoglossus in Nilsson 1829:401 [ref. 18475] -- needs investigation. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine.

deltae, Cynoglossus Jenkins [J. T.] 1910:130 [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 5 (pt 2) (art. 12); ref. 14478] Off Morelganj, Khulna District, Sunderbans, Bangladesh, depth 10 fathoms. Lectotype: ZSI F4150/2. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1928.3.20.133 [ex ZSI] (1) (not this species [ref. 35160]). Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:160 [ref. 20743]. Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:70 [ref. 7071]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822) -- (Menon 1977:68 [ref. 7071], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:1041 [ref. 20764], Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

diplasios, Cynoglossus Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1902:367, Fig. 29 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 25 (no. 1289); ref. 2447] Taiwan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT [orig. no. 43] (probably lost). Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:62 [ref. 31432]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Menon 1977:37 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:223 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:355 [ref. 16193], Ho & Shao 2011:62 [ref. 31432]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Munroe 2022:378 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

dispar, Cynoglossus Day [F.] 1877:434, Pl. 96 (fig. 2) [The fishes of India Part 3; ref. 4886] Sind, Pakistan. Lectotype: ZSI 2715. Paralectotypes and Day specimens: AMS B.7941 (1, non-type), B.7942 (1, non-type); BMNH 1889.2.1.4061 (1); 1889.2.1.4062-63 (2); NMW 43774 (1); ?RMNH 3565 [from Day] (1); ZSI 1141 (1), 1144 (1, lost). Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762], Ferraris et al. 2000:296 [ref. 25110]. Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:41 [ref. 7071]. Reasons for loss of ZSI type specimens during WWII see Chopra 1947:349-350 [ref. 33077]. •Valid as Cynoglossus dispar Day 1877 -- (Menon 1977:40 [ref. 7071], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Psomadakis et al. 2015:329 [ref. 34104], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2022:372 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus dispar Day 1877. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: Pakistan and India. Habitat: marine.

dollfusi, Cynoglossus (Trulla) Chabanaud [P.] in Gruvel & Chabanaud 1937:8, Figs. 9-12 [Mémoires présentées à l'Institut d'Égypte N. S., v. 35; ref. 17405] Suez, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Holotype (unique): MNHN (not found). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:348 [ref. 25922]. Regarded as independent of Paraplagusia dollfusi Chabanaud 1931 (see Desoutter et al. 2001:348 [ref. 25992]). But, on the contrary, a new combination for Paraplagusia dollfusi Chabanaud 1931 according to Munroe & Kong 2016:21 [ref. 34480]. •Placement uncertain -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:348 [ref. 25922]). •In the synonymy of Cynoglossus dollfusi (Chabanaud 1931) -- (Munroe & Kong 2016:21 [ref. 34480], Munroe 2022:373 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus dollfusi (Chabanaud 1931). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

dollfusi, Paraplagusia Chabanaud [P.] 1931:303 [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 56 (no. 4); ref. 785] Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, 28°54'-28°49'N, 32°44'-32°47'E. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1950-0077. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:349 [ref. 25922]. •Status uncertain, in Cynoglossus and not dollfusi Chabanaud 1931 -- (See Desoutter et al. 2001:349 [ref. 25922]). •Valid as Cynoglossus dollfusi (Chabanaud 1931) -- (Menon 1977:54 [ref. 7071], Dor 1984:271 [ref. 29757], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Munroe & Kong 2016:21 [ref. 34480], Wang et al. 2016:139 [ref. 34517], Munroe 2017:12 [ref. 35375], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[7] 245 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:176 [ref. 36273], Munroe 2022:373 [ref. 40234], Fricke et al. 2023:11 [ref. 40708]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus dollfusi (Chabanaud 1931). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea: Gulf of Suez endemic. Habitat: marine.

dubius, Cynoglossus Day [F.] 1873:525 [The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology v. 11; ref. 17368] Gwadur, Pakistan. Holotype (unique): ZSI (lost in 1943). Day specimens: NMW 43775 (1), ZSI 1142 (1). Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762]. Reasons for loss of ZSI type specimens during WWII see Chopra 1947:349-350 [ref. 33077]. •Valid as Cynoglossus dubius Day 1873 -- (Menon 1977:32 [ref. 7071], Mishra & Srinivasan 1999:253 [ref. 24754], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Psomadakis et al. 2015:329 [ref. 34104], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2022:373 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus dubius Day 1873. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: Pakistan east to India. Habitat: marine.

durbanensis, Cynoglossus Regan [C. T.] 1921:2 [Annals of the Durban Museum v. 3 (pt 1); ref. 15326] Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Lectotype: BMNH 1920.7.23.37. Paralectotypes: (2) BMNH 1920.7.23.38 (1), SAM (none found in 1996). Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:80 [ref. 7071]. •Valid as Cynoglossus durbanensis Regan 1921 -- (Menon 1977:79 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1986:432 [ref. 6212], Heemstra 1986:866 [ref. 5660], Poll & Gosse 1995:79 [ref. 24781], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2022:374 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus durbanensis Regan 1921. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and East Africa (Kenya) east to Madagascar. Habitat: brackish, marine.

elongata, Platessa Yarrell [W.] 1839:33, Fig. [pt. 2] [A history of British fishes, illustrated by nearly 400 wood-cuts. Supplement.; ref. 17748] Stoford, Bridgewater Bay, England. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown (dry specimen). •Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:623 [ref. 6885], Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus 1758). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine.

elongatus, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1862:501 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Penang, Malaysia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1860.3.19.477 (skin). Based on literature sources and 1 specimen. •Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Menon 1977:60 [ref. 7071], Li & Wang 1995:341 [ref. 16193], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

feldmanni, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1854:455 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 338] Pengaron, Borneo, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 6782. Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1862.6.3.10 (1). •Valid as Cynoglossus feldmanni (Bleeker 1854) -- (Menon 1977:89 [ref. 7071], Kottelat et al. 1993:169 [ref. 23448], Rainboth 1996:223 [ref. 22772], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314], Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Taki et al. 2021:493 [ref. 39830]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus feldmanni (Bleeker 1854). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Southeast Asia: Indonesia to Cambodia and Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater.

gilchristi, Cynoglossus Regan [C. T.] 1920:222 [Annals of the Durban Museum v. 2 (pt 5) (art. 19); ref. 3671] Umlanga River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1903.9.29.2. Gilchrist specimens (possibly can be considered types): SAM 15465 (5 + 13). Described from one specimen but based also on Cynoglossus brachycephalus of Gilchrist 1905:12, Pl. 30. •Valid as Cynoglossus gilchristi Regan 1920 -- (Menon 1977:80 [ref. 7071], Dor 1984:272 [ref. 29757], Heemstra 1986:866 [ref. 5660], Quéro & Maugé 1989:391 [ref. 19513], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Fricke et al. 2018:374 [ref. 35805], Munroe 2022:374 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus gilchristi Regan 1920. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and East Africa (Mozambique) east to Madagascar. Habitat: marine.

glotta, Cynoglossus Fricke [R.], Golani [D.] & Appelbaum-Golani [B.] 2023:12, Figs. 8-10 [Taxa (Journal of Taxonomy and Systematics) v. 3; ref. 40708] North shore, Entaentor Island, Dahlak Archipelago, Eritrea, Red Sea, 16°20'37.7''N, 40°14'30.9''E, depth 0 - 1 meter. Holotype: HUJ 18161. Paratype: HUJ 21280 (1). •Valid as Cynoglossus glotta Fricke, Golani & Appelbaum-Golani 2023. Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus glotta Fricke, Golani & Appelbaum-Golani 2023. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Red Sea: Dahlak Archipelago, Eritrea, southern Red Sea. Habitat: marine.

goreensis, Cynoglossus Steindachner [F.] 1882:42 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 19 (no. 5) (for 9 Feb. 1882); ref. 20486] Gorée, Senegal. Holotype (unique): NMW 43776. Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:12 [p. 12 in separate], Pl. 1 (fig. 2) [ref. 18784]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup 1858) -- (Menon 1977:31 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1986:433 [ref. 6212], Desoutter 1990:1052 [ref. 18967], Desoutter in Lévêque et al. 1992:866 [ref. 21590], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3039 [ref. 34618]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup 1858). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

gracilis, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1873:244 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 12 (no. 69) (art. 31); ref. 2004] Shanghai, China. Syntypes: BMNH 1873.7.30.57-58 (3). •Questionably valid as Cynoglossus gracilis Günther 1873 -- (Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314]). •Valid as Cynoglossus gracilis Günther 1873 -- (Menon 1977:95 [ref. 7071] with a holotype, Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:213 [ref. 21500], Kim & Choi 1994:809 [ref. 22283], Li & Wang 1995:369 [ref. 16193], Zhu 1995:190 [ref. 25213], Cheng & Zhou 1997:466 [ref. 26385], Uyeda & Sasaki 2000:404 [ref. 25120], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1390 [ref. 25182], Wang et al. 2001:324 [ref. 26566], Nakabo 2002:1390 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:441, 688 [ref. 26218], Wang et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34517], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus gracilis Günther 1873. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

grandisquamis, Plagusia Cantor [T. E.] 1849:1214 [323] [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea of Penang, Malaysia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1860.3.19.433 (skin). On p. 232 of separate. •Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Menon 1977:60 [ref. 7071], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

guineensis, Cynoglossus Osório [B.] 1909:104, Pl. (fig. 2) [Memorias do Museu Bocage, Lisboa Fasc. 1; ref. 18937] Boloma, Portugese Guinea. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Originally as guinéensis. •Synonym of Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup 1858) -- (Menon 1977:31 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1986:433 [ref. 6212], Desoutter 1990:1052 [ref. 18967]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup 1858). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

hamiltonii, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1862:504 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Unneeded replacement name for Achirus cynoglossus Hamilton 1822 (to avoid Strickland tautonymy). •Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822) -- (Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

hardenbergi, Cynoglossus (Areliscus) Norman [J. R.] 1931:422, Fig. 2 [Treubia, Buitenzorg v. 13; ref. 16316] Palembang Fish Market, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1931.4.23.54. •Synonym of Cynoglossus feldmanni (Bleeker 1854) -- (Menon 1977:89 [ref. 7071], Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Cynoglossus hardenbergi Norman 1931 -- (Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus hardenbergi Norman 1931. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Sumatra, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

heterolepis, Cynoglossus Weber [M.] 1910:237 [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 32 (pt. 4) (art. 28); ref. 14597] Lorentz River, western New Guinea. Syntypes: BMNH 1913.12.15.36 (1, Menon's holotype); FMNH 52501 [ex CM 759] (1) Lorentz R.; ZMA 109408-11 (1, 6, 2, 1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:108 and see also p. 3 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:30 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Cynoglossus heterolepis Weber 1910 -- (Menon 1977:87 [ref. 7071] with a holotype, Roberts 1978:70 [ref. 8886], Allen 1991:207 [ref. 21090], Allen et al. 2000:152 [ref. 27467], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314], Allen et al. 2002:322 [ref. 25930], Hoese & Bray 2006:1854 [ref. 29000], Allen et al. 2008:189 [ref. 30265], Larson et al. 2013:228 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Pusey et al. 2017:66 [ref. 35250]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus heterolepis Weber 1910. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Territory, Australia and New Guinea (Papua Province, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

hollandi, Areliscus Jordan [D. S.] & Metz [C. W.] 1913:62, Pl. 9 (fig. 3) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 2490] Pusan, South Korea. Holotype (unique): FMNH 55627 [ex CM 4369]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:88 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:11 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus gracilis Günther 1873 -- (Menon 1977:95 [ref. 7071], Kim & Choi 1994:809 [ref. 22283], Wang et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34517]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus gracilis Günther 1873. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

honoris, Cynoglossus cadenati Chabanaud [P.] 1949:206 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 12942] Coast of Sierra Leone. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1949-0021. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus cadenati Chabanaud 1947 -- (Menon 1977:54 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1990:1051 [ref. 18967], Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus cadenati Chabanaud 1947. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

hunteri, Cynoglossus von Bonde [C.] 1925:293 [Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa v. 12 (pt 4); ref. 15530] Twenty-five miles south 41° east from Pt. Vermetha, Mozambique, depth 3 meters. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Possibly the same as Cynoglossus lachneri Menon 1977 -- (Heemstra 1986:866 [ref. 5660], Munroe 2022:375 [ref. 40234] with question). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus lachneri Menon 1977. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

immaculata, Cynoglossus puncticeps var. Pellegrin [J.] & Chevey [P.] 1941:154 [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 65 (no. 3) [for 1940]; ref. 13132] Bac Lieu, Vietnam. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1940-0039. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:331 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846) -- (Menon 1977:76 [ref. 7071], Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Voronina et al. 2016:404 [ref. 35064], Munroe 2022:378 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

intermedius, Cynoglossus Alcock [A. W.] 1889:288 [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 58 (pt 2, no. 3); ref. 85] 32 miles southewest of Puri, Bay of Bengal, Investigator, depth 7 fathoms. Holotype (unique): ZSI F12264. Type catalog: Menon & Rama-Rao 1975:46 [ref. 22148]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:81 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2022:376 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

interruptus, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1880:70, Pl. 30 (fig. B) [Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876 v. 1 (pt 6); ref. 2011] Yokohama market, Japan. Syntypes: BMNH 1879.5.14.92 (1), 1890.2.26.146 (1). •Valid as Cynoglossus interruptus Günther 1880 -- (Menon 1977:45 [ref. 7071] with 1879.5.14.92 as holotype, Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:218 [ref. 21500], Kim & Choi 1994:805 [ref. 22283], Li & Wang 1995:358 [ref. 16193], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1391 [ref. 25182], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314], Shimizu 2001:45 [ref. 25799], Shinohara et al. 2001:336 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:1391 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:441, 688 [ref. 26218], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Yokogawa et al. 2008:116 [ref. 29585] with revised range, Ho et al. 2009:13 [ref. 31461], Ohashi & Motomura 2011:111 [ref. 32413], Fricke et al. 2014:191 [ref. 33932], Kwun & Kim 2016:209 [ref. 34467], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Naito & Endo 2019:[9][ref. 36572], Kim et al. 2020:197 [ref. 39118], Sonoyama et al. 2020:124 [ref. 37637], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus interruptus Günther 1880. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines and Taiwan north to Korea and Japan, south to New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

inusita, Cynoglossus Jordan [D. S.], Tanaka [S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1913:335 [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 33 (art. 1); ref. 6448] Tokyo, Kobe, Onomichi and Nagasaki, Japan. Syntypes: USNM. Based on Cynoglossus robustus of Jordan & Starks 1907:239 (not of Günther). •Synonym of Cynoglossus robustus Günther 1873 -- (Menon 1977:64 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:215 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:338 [ref. 16193]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus robustus Günther 1873. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

itina, Trulla Snyder [J. O.] 1909:609 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 36 (no. 1688); ref. 4151] Naha market, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype (unique): USNM 62957. •Valid as Cynoglossus itinus (Snyder 1909) -- (Menon 1977:48 [ref. 7071], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:216 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:378 [ref. 16193], Uyeda & Sasaki 2000:401 [ref. 25120], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1390 [ref. 25182], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314], Nakabo 2002:1390 [ref. 26193], Mishra & Krishnan 2003:47 [ref. 27712], Evseenko 2003:S71 [ref. 28535], Yokogawa et al. 2008:121 [ref. 29585], Ho et al. 2009:13 [ref. 31461], Ohashi & Motomura 2011:112 [ref. 32413], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1058 [ref. 31980], Parin et al. 2014:549 [ref. 33547], Imamura in Kimura et al. 2015:97 [ref. 34319], Wang et al. 2016:139 [ref. 34517], Voronina et al. 2016:403 [ref. 35064], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2022:375 [ref. 40234] with question, Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus itinus (Snyder 1909). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: eastern India to China and Japan. Not in China or Vietnam [ref. 34517]; now Japan and Southeast Asia. Records from Red Sea, Comoros and Madagascar need confirmation. Habitat: marine.

javanica, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] (ex Kuhl & van Hasselt) 1851:414 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 6831] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 6797. Paralectotypes: RMNH 26206 [ex RMNH 6797] (some of 16). Lectotype selected in Menon 1977:77 [ref. 7071]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846) -- (Menon 1977:75 [ref. 7071], Li & Wang 1995:351 [ref. 16193], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Munroe 2022:377 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

joyneri, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1878:486 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 56); ref. 18236] Tokyo, Japan. Lectotype: BMNH 1878.4.15.94. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1878.4.15.95 (1). Lectotype selected by Chabanaud 1951:269 [ref. 21930]. •Valid as Cynoglossus joyneri Günther 1878 -- (Menon 1977:46 [ref. 7071], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Lu & Wu in Kuang et al. 1986:337 [ref. 26639], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:221 [ref. 21500], Kim & Choi 1994:805 [ref. 22283], Li & Wang 1995:361 [ref. 16193], Cheng & Zhou 1997:463 [ref. 26385], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1391 [ref. 25182], Shimizu 2001:45 [ref. 25799], Wang et al. 2001:321 [ref. 26566], Nakabo 2002:1391 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:441, 689 [ref. 26218], Yokogawa et al. 2008:121 [ref. 29585], Ho et al. 2009:13 [ref. 31461], Ho & Shao 2011:62 [ref. 31432], Ohashi & Motomura 2011:113 [ref. 32413], Larson et al. 2013:229 [ref. 32988] as cf joyneri, Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Naito & Endo 2019:[9] [ref. 36572], Kim et al. 2020:197 [ref. 39118], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012], Luo et al. 2023:396 [ref. 40568]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus joyneri Günther 1878. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: China and Taiwan north to Korea and Japan. Habitat: marine.

kapuasensis, Cynoglossus Fowler [H. W.] 1905:519, Fig. 16 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 57; ref. 1370] Kapuas River, West Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 109737 [ex WIAP 2402]. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:67 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Cynoglossus kapuasensis Fowler 1905 -- (Menon 1977:91 [ref. 7071], Roberts 1989:184 [ref. 6439], Kottelat et al. 1993:169 [ref. 23448], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314], Kottelat & Widjanarti 2005:169 [ref. 28284], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus kapuasensis Fowler 1905. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

kaupii, Arelia Bleeker [P.] 1860:73 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 8 (art. 2); ref. 375] Benkulen, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 6783. •Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Menon 1977:60 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

kopsii, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1851:494 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 16898] Rio [Rhio or Riouw], Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 7680. Paralectotypes: (1). Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:44 [ref. 7071]. •Valid as Cynoglossus kopsii (Bleeker 1851) -- (Dor 1984:272 [ref. 29757] as kopsi, Quéro & Maugé 1989:392 [ref. 19513] as kopsi, Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Li & Wang 1995:348 [ref. 16193], Randall 1995:364 [ref. 22896], Carpenter et al. 1997:232 [ref. 23922] as kopsi, Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314] as kopsi, Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Adrim et al. 2004:127 [ref. 27715] as kopsi, Hoese & Bray 2006:1855 [ref. 29000], Yokogawa et al. 2008:121 [ref. 29585], Ho et al. 2009:13 [ref. 31461], Larson et al. 2013:229 [ref. 32988] as kopsi, Imamura in Kimura et al. 2015:96 [ref. 34319] as kopsi, Wang et al. 2016:139 [ref. 34517], Voronina et al. 2016:403 [ref. 35064], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Motomura et al. 2017:227 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:374 [ref. 35805], Imamura in Kimura et al. 2018:301 [ref. 36460] as kopsi, Eagderi et al. 2019:122 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:318 [ref. 36673], Naito & Endo 2019:[1] [ref. 36572], Naito & Endo 2019:[9] [ref. 36572], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:599 [ref. 37272], Munroe 2022:375 [ref. 40234], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus kopsii (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf and Madagascar east to Philippines and New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), north to northern Vietnam and Taiwan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

lachneri, Cynoglossus Menon [A. G. K.] 1977:40, Pl. 5 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 238; ref. 7071] Mombasa fish market, Kenya, western Indian Ocean. Holotype: USNM 201852. Paratypes: MCZ 11551 (1); NMW 43874 or 43814 (1); SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 419-420 (now 1); USNM 171046 (1), 203693 (1); ZSI F6207/2 (1), F6208/2 (1), F6209/2 (3). See Das 2003:377 [ref. 27706]. •Valid as Cynoglossus lachneri Menon 1977 -- (Dor 1984:272 [ref. 29757], Heemstra 1986:866 [ref. 5660], Manilo 1992:24 [134] [ref. 39140], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:364 [ref. 22896], Quéro 1997:327 [ref. 23236], Fricke 1999:575 [ref. 24106], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Fricke et al. 2009:115 [ref. 30213], Psomadakis et al. 2015:330 [ref. 34104], Fricke et al. 2018:374 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:176 [ref. 36273], Munroe 2022:375 [ref. 40234], Fricke et al. 2023:15 [ref. 40708]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus lachneri Menon 1977. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Red Sea; western Indian Ocean: East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Pakistan. Habitat: marine.

lagoensis, Cynoglossus Regan [C. T.] 1915:129 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 15 (no. 85); ref. 15006] Lagos, Nigeria. Lectotype: BMNH 1914.11.2.72. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1914.11.2.71 (1), 1935.5.11.288 (1). Lectotype selected by Chabanaud 1949:207 [ref. 14921]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus canariensis Steindachner 1882 -- (Menon 1977:28 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1990:1051 [ref. 18967], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3037 [ref. 34618], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus canariensis Steindachner 1882. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

lida, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1851:413 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 6831] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 6791. Paralectotypes (4) and Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1862.6.3.14 and .16 (1, 1); RMNH 26208 [ex RMNH 6791] (?4 of 5). •Valid as Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:81 [ref. 7071], Heemstra 1986:867 [ref. 5660], Quéro & Maugé 1989:392 [ref. 19513], Krishnan & Mishra 1994:300 [ref. 24014], Li & Wang 1995:350 [ref. 16193], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:436 [ref. 28072], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1058 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2014:191 [ref. 33932], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Fricke et al. 2018:374 [ref. 35805], Suresh et al. 2018:321 [ref. 36495], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Munroe 2022:376 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa (Kenya) and Madagascar east to Philippines and New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

lighti, Cynoglossus (Areliscus) Norman [J. R.] 1925:270 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 16 (no. 92) (art. 37); ref. 15556] Amoy, China. Lectotype: BMNH 1924.12.15.87. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1924.12.15.88-89 (2), 1924.12.15.90 (1). Kottelat (2013) lists an inland record in Hainen. Lectotype selected by Chabanaud 1951:270 [ref. 21930]. •Valid as Cynoglossus lighti Norman 1925 -- (Li & Wang 1995:363 [ref. 16193], Cheng & Zhou 1997:464 [ref. 26385], Nakabo 2000:1391 [ref. 25182], Wang et al. 2001:322 [ref. 26566], Nakabo 2002:1391 [ref. 26193]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus joyneri Günther 1878 -- (Menon 1977:47 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:221 [ref. 21500], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Luo et al. 2023:396 [ref. 40568]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus joyneri Günther 1878. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

lineolatus, Cynoglossus Steindachner [F.] 1867:588 [Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften v. 55 (pts 4-5); ref. 4213] Hong Kong, southern China Sea. Holotype (unique): NMW 43781. •Valid as Cynoglossus lineolatus Steindachner 1867 -- (Feng in Pan et al. 1991:534 [ref. 23876], Li & Wang 1995:345 [ref. 16193], Carneiro et al. 2019:196 [ref. 37250]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Menon 1977:37 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:223 [ref. 21500]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus lineolatus Steindachner 1867. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

lingua, Cynoglossus Hamilton [F.] 1822:32, 365 [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Sundarbans, Ganges River estuary, India [Bay of Bengal]. Possibly the type: BMNH 1861.4.2.15 (skin) Based on an unpublished drawing, reproduced by Hora 1929, Pl. 15 (figs 1-2) [ref. 23132]; also reproduced by Britz 2019:Pl. 22 [ref. 37532]. Information on type locality see Britz 2019:38 [ref. 37532]. •Valid as Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton 1822 -- (Menon 1977:65 [ref. 7071], Dor 1984:272 [ref. 29757], Ataur Rahman 1989:33 [ref. 24860], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:1042 [ref. 20764], Coad 1991:27 [ref. 15702], Kottelat et al. 1993:169 [ref. 23448], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:601 [ref. 27969], Rainboth 1996:224 [ref. 22772], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:187 [ref. 25703], Munroe 2001:3899 [ref. 26314], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Khan 2003:11 [ref. 27710], Ataur Rahman 2003:48 [ref. 31338], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Yoshida et al. 2013:223 [ref. 34464], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2017:29 [ref. 35375] not Red Sea, Ali et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36183], Suresh et al. 2018:322 [ref. 36495], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:599 [ref. 37272], Taki et al. 2021:495 [ref. 39830], Munroe 2022:376 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton 1822. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, Pakistan, India and Myanmar east to Vietnam and the Philippines. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

luctuosus, Cynoglossus Chabanaud [P.] 1948:813 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 11) v. 14 (no. 119) (art. 74); ref. 13044] Tannur, Madras, India. Holotype: BMNH 1932.2.6.8. Paratypes: BMNH 1932.2.6.1-7 and 1932.2.6.9 (8). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:348-349 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus macrostomus Norman 1928 -- (Menon 1977:72 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2022:377 [ref. 40234]). •Valid as Cynoglossus luctuosus Chabanaud 1948 -- (Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus luctuosus Chabanaud 1948. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: India. Habitat: brackish, marine.

maccullochi, Cynoglossus Norman [J. R.] 1926:302, Fig. 13 [Biological Results Endeavour v. 5 (pt 5); ref. 3216] 7-10 miles northwest of Hummocky Island, Australia, depth 14-16 fathoms. Holotype (unique): AMS E. 2693. •Synonym of Cynoglossus maculipinnis Rendahl 1921 -- (Menon 1977:50 [ref. 7071]). •Valid as Cynoglossus maccullochi Norman 1926 -- (Johnson 1999:753 [ref. 25471], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847] as mccullochi, Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314] as mccullochi, Hoese & Bray 2006:1855 [ref. 29000], Wang et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34517], Motomura et al. 2017:228 [ref. 35490], Fricke 2021:12 [ref. 38059]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus maccullochi Norman 1926. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

macrolepidota, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1851:415 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 6831] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 6785. Paralectotypes: (possible 6) RMNH 26209 [ex RMNH 6785] (4 of 5), SMNS 10586 (1). Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:60 [ref. 7071]. Type information as given by Fricke 1991:12 [ref. 13474] apparently is in error, transposed with Plagusia marmorata Bleeker 1851. Type catalog: Fricke 2005:30 [ref. 29864]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Dor 1984:271 [ref. 29757], Munroe 2001:3896 [ref. 26314] with author as Schneider). •Valid as Cynoglossus macrolepidotus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Li & Wang 1995:342 [ref. 16193], Mishra et al. 1999:89 [ref. 25315], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321] misidentified). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus macrolepidotus (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

macrolepidotus, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] 1787:34, Pl. 190 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 3; ref. 468] "Brazil" [erroneous, Tranquebar, India]. Remaining syntypes: ZMB 7491 (1, left skin) Type catalog: Paepke 1999:68 [ref. 24282]. See Paepke 1999:68-69 [ref. 24282]; 2 species involved -- figured/described specimen a different species -- probably linguatula Linnaeus, and lost. •Valid as Pleuronectes macrolepidotus Bloch 1787 -- (Nielsen 1973:615 [ref. 6885]). •Valid as Citharus macrolepidotus (Bloch 1787) -- (Evseenko 1996:726 [ref. 24666]). •Specimen in Berlin is a synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801) in Cynoglossidae -- (Paepke 1999:68 [ref. 24282]). •Synonym of Citharus linguatula (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1286 [ref. 13677], Nielsen 1990:1025 [ref. 16246], Kottelat 1997:181 [ref. 22952], Golani 2005:62 [ref. 37112], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2952 [ref. 34618]). Current status: Synonym of Citharus linguatula (Linnaeus 1758). Citharidae. Habitat: marine.

macrophthalmus, Cynoglossus Norman [J. R.] 1926:306, Fig. 15 [Biological Results Endeavour v. 5 (pt 5); ref. 3216] 20 miles off Bustard Head Light, Australia, depth 20 fathoms. Holotype (unique): AMS E.1978. •Valid as Cynoglossus macrophthalmus Norman 1926 -- (Menon 1977:99 [ref. 7071], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314], Hoese & Bray 2006:1855 [ref. 29000], Larson et al. 2013:229 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Fricke 2021:12 [ref. 38059]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus macrophthalmus Norman 1926. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

macrorhynchos, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1851:413 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 6831] Tjilankaham, Bantam Province [West Java Province], Java, Indonesia. No types known. Based on a drawing. •Synonym of Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton 1822 -- (Menon 1977:65 [ref. 7071], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Munroe 2022:376 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton 1822. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

macrostomus, Cynoglossus Norman [J. R.] 1928:204, Fig. 20 [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 30 (pt 2); ref. 15867] Hooghly River estuary near Calcutta, India. Holotype: ZSI 1460. Paratypes: BMNH 1889.2.1.4074 (1), 1889.2.1.4076 (1). Type catalog: Talwar & Chakrapany 1970:123 [ref. 35966]. •Valid as Cynoglossus macrostomus Norman 1928 -- (Menon 1977:72 [ref. 7071], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:1042 [ref. 20764], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Mishra & Srinivasan 1999:253 [ref. 24754], Mishra et al. 1999:89 [ref. 25315], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Munroe 2022:377 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus macrostomus Norman 1928. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: India east to China. Habitat: brackish, marine.

maculipinnis, Cynoglossus Rendahl [H.] 1921:17 [Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar, Stockholm v. 61 (no. 9); ref. 3700] 45 nautical miles west-southwest of Cape Jaubert, northwestern Australia, depth 72 feet. Holotype (unique): NRM 9896. •Valid as Cynoglossus maculipinnis Rendahl 1921 -- (Menon 1977:50 [ref. 7071], Larson & Williams 1997:374 [ref. 23967], Johnson 1999:753 [ref. 25471], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Munroe 2001:3894 [ref. 26314], Hoese & Bray 2006:1855 [ref. 29000], Larson et al. 2013:229 [ref. 32988], Jeong in Kimura et al. 2018:301 [ref. 36460], Fricke 2021:12 [ref. 38059]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus maculipinnis Rendahl 1921. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, southwestern Pacific: Northern Australia (south to Perth/Western Australia and northern New South Wales) and southern Papua New Guinea. IUCN (2021): Least concern. Habitat: marine.

marleyi, Cynoglossus (Trulla) Regan [C. T.] 1921:418 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 7 (no. 41); ref. 3672] 15-20 miles off Umvoti River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 130 fathoms. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1921.3.1.21. •Valid as Cynoglossus marleyi Regan 1921 -- (Menon 1977:85 [ref. 7071], Heemstra 1986:867 [ref. 5660], Fricke et al. 2017:83, 85 [ref. 35160], Fricke 2019:39 [ref. 36893]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus marleyi Regan 1921. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

melampetala, Plagusia Richardson [J.] 1846:281 [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] Canton, coast of China. No types known. Based solely on illustration by Reeves (see Whitehead 1970:218, Pl. 29a [ref. 11606] as melamptela). •Valid as Cynoglossus melampetalus (Richardson 1846) -- (Feng in Pan et al. 1991:533 [ref. 23876], Li & Wang 1995:344 [ref. 16193]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Menon 1977:60 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: China [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

melanopterus, Cynoglossus Shen [S.-C.] 1969:21, Figs. 5-8 [Report of the Institute of Fishery Biology of Ministry of Economic Affairs and National Taiwan Unversity, Taipei v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 7845] Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong. Syntypes: (8). Subjectively invalid; secondarily preoccupied in Cynoglossus by Plagusia melanopterus Bleeker 1851. •Synonym of Cynoglossus kopsii (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:42 [ref. 7071]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus nigropinnatus Ochiai 1863 -- (Li & Wang 1995:360 [ref. 16193]). 2°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus nigropinnatus Ochiai 1963. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

melanopterus, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1851:415 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 6831] Jakarta; Boleling; northern Bali, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 6799. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1862.6.3.13 (1); RMNH 26212 [ex RMNH 6799] (some of 8). Replacement name for Plagusia monopus Bleeker 1849. Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:75 [ref. 7071] on Chabanaud. •Synonym of Cynoglossus monopus (Bleeker 1849) -- (Menon 1977:73 [ref. 7071], Li & Wang 1995:345 [ref. 16193]). •Valid as Cynoglossus melanopterus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus melanopterus (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean: Java and Bali, Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

microlepis, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1851:413 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 6831] Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 6784. •Valid as Cynoglossus microlepis (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:97 [ref. 7071], Kottelat et al. 1993:169 [ref. 23448], Li & Wang 1995:368 [ref. 16193], Rainboth 1996:224 [ref. 22772], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Kottelat 2001:64 [ref. 25482], Kottelat 2001:164 [ref. 25780], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Wang et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34517], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Taki et al. 2021:492 [ref. 39830]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus microlepis (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Southeast Asia: Indonesia to Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater.

microphthalmus, Areliscus von Bonde [C.] 1922:24, Pl. 4 (fig. 3) [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 2 (art. 1); ref. 520] KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pickle station 180, 29 fathoms. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1922.3.27.17. •Synonym of Cynoglossus capensis (Kaup 1858) -- (Menon 1977:57 [ref. 7071], Heemstra 1986:866 [ref. 5660], Munroe 2022:371 [ref. 40234] with question). •Valid as Cynoglossus microphthalmus (von Bonde 1922) -- (Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160] with author as Bonde). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus microphthalmus (von Bonde 1922). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). Habitat: brackish, marine.

microps, Cynoglossus Steindachner [F.] 1897:655 [510] [List of the reptiles, amphibians and fish of eastern Asia; ref. 19821] Hong Kong. Lectotype: NMW 43798. Paralectotypes: (2) NMW 43799 (1). On p. 510 in German version. •Synonym of Cynoglossus gracilis Günther 1873 -- (Menon 1977:95 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:213 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:369 [ref. 16193], Wang et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34517]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus gracilis Günther 1873. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

monodi, Cynoglossus Chabanaud [P.] 1949:65 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 21 (no. 1); ref. 12941] Cotonou, Benin [Dahomey]. Holotype: MNHN 1949-0018. Paratypes: (2) BMNH 1949.4.30.4 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:330 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Cynoglossus monodi Chabanaud 1949 -- (Menon 1977:30 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1990:1052 [ref. 18967], Wirtz et al. 2007:22, 41 [ref. 30263], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3038 [ref. 34618], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Reiner 2019:300 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:235 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus monodi Chabanaud 1949. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Congo, including São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: brackish, marine.

monopus, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1849:11 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 22 [7]; ref. 321] Jakarta, Java; Boleling, northern Bali, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 6799. Paralectotypes: RMNH 26212 [ex RMNH 6799] (some of 8). Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:75 [ref. 7071]. •Valid as Cynoglossus monopus (Bleeker 1849) -- (Menon 1977:73 [ref. 7071], Edwards & Glass 1987:667 [ref. 9166] from St. Helena but locality possibly in error, Li & Wang 1995:345 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Brown et al. 2019:184 [ref. 36444], Psomadakis et al. 2020:600 [ref. 37272]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus monopus (Bleeker 1849). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean, western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

nanhaiensis, Cynoglossus Wang [Z.-M.], Munroe [T. A.] & Kong [X.-Y.] 2016:132, Figs. 1-2 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 129; ref. 34517] Sanya fishing port, China (18°15.0'N, 109°21.2'E). Holotype: SCSMBC 007425. Paratypes: SCSMBC, USNM. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Cynoglossus nanhaiensis Wang, Munroe & Kong 2016 -- (Voronina et al. 2016:404 [ref. 35064]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus nanhaiensis Wang, Munroe & Kong 2016. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: China and Vietnam. Habitat: marine.

natalensis, Areliscus von Bonde [C.] 1922:23, Pl. 4 (fig. 2) [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 2 (art. 1); ref. 520] KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pickle station 194, 29 fathoms. Syntypes: (several) BMNH 1922.3.27.18 (1, primary specimen). •Synonym of Cynoglossus acaudatus Gilchrist 1906 -- (Menon 1977:52 [ref. 7071] as ecaudatus, Heemstra 1986:865 [ref. 5660], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus acaudatus Gilchrist 1906. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

nigrolabeculata, Plagusia Richardson [J.] 1846:280 [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] Canton, China; coasts of China. No types known. Originally as nigro-labeculata. Based solely on illustration by Reeves (see Whitehead 1970:218, Pl. 29b [ref. 11606]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846) -- (Menon 1977:75 [ref. 7071], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Munroe 2022:377 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

nigromanus, Pleuronectes Nilsson [S.] 1829:401 [Isis (Oken) v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 18475] North Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:623 [ref. 6885], Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus 1758). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine.

nigropinnatus, Cynoglossus Ochiai [A.] 1963:85, Pl. 19; Fig. 46 [Biogeographical Society of Japan (Tokyo) 1963; ref. 7982] Owase, Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan [Mimase fish market, Kochi, Japan]. Holotype: FAKU 18491. Paratypes: FAKU 2437-41 (5), 15995-96 (2), 15998 (1), 16000 (1), 18216-27 (12), 18308-37 (30), 18490 (1), 18492-501 (11), 21791-93 (3), 26587-97 (11), 26601-97 (97). •Synonym of Cynoglossus interruptus Günther 1880 -- (Menon 1977:45 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:218 [ref. 21500]). •Valid as Cynoglossus nigropinnatus Ochiai 1963 -- (Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Li & Wang 1995:359 [ref. 16193], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1391 [ref. 25182], Shinohara et al. 2001:336 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:1391 [ref. 26193], Yokogawa et al. 2008:120 [ref. 29585], Shao et al. 2008:265 [ref. 29952], Ho et al. 2009:13 [ref. 31461], Ohashi & Motomura 2011:113 [ref. 32413], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Naito & Endo 2019:[9][ref. 36572], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus nigropinnatus Ochiai 1963. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine.

ochiaii, Cynoglossus Yokogawa [K.], Endo [H.] & Sakaji [H.] 2008:117, Figs. 2-4, 6A, 6C, 7 [Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science (Ser. A) Supplement No. 2; ref. 29585] Tosa Bay, 33°17.2'N, 133°36.6'E to 33°15.5'N, 133°36.9'E, Japan, depth 129-152 meters. Holotype: NSMT-P 76853 [ex BSKU 74196]. Paratypes: BSKU 51502 (1), 51840 (1), 54387 (1), 75148-49 (2), 75580 (1), 75582 (1), 75979 (1), 78261 (1), 82848 (1), 82958 (1), 85665 (1), 85981 (1), 89766-67 (2), 89771-73 (3); KAUM-I 5870 (1), 6028 (1), 6031 (1), 60335-37 (3); NSMT-P 57366 (1), 76854-55 (2). •Valid as Cynoglossus ochiaii Yokogawa, Endo & Sakaji 2008 -- (Ohashi & Motomura 2011:113 [ref. 32413], Shinohara et al. 2014:278 [ref. 33330], Wang et al. 2016:139 [ref. 34517], Motomura et al. 2017:228 [ref. 35490], Naito & Endo 2019:[9][ref. 36572], Sonoyama et al. 2020:124 [ref. 37637], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus ochiaii Yokogawa, Endo & Sakaji 2008. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines and East China Sea north to central Japan. Habitat: marine.

ogilbyi, Cynoglossus Norman [J. R.] 1926:304, Fig. 14 [Biological Results Endeavour v. 5 (pt 5); ref. 3216] Southern Queensland, Australia. Holotype (unique): AMS E.2796. •Valid as Cynoglossus ogilbyi Norman 1926 -- (Menon 1977:49 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Hoese & Bray 2006:1855 [ref. 29000], Yokogawa et al. 2008:121 [ref. 29585], Fricke 2021:12 [ref. 38059]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus ogilbyi Norman 1926. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

oligolepis, Cynoglossus Steindachner [F.] 1867:587 [Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften v. 55 (pts 4-5); ref. 4213] Ningbo [Ningpo], Zhejiang Province, China. eastern China Sea. Not an independent species description, but new generic assignment for Plagusia oligolepis Bleeker 1855. •In the synonymy of Cynoglossus oligolepis (Bleeker 1855) Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus oligolepis (Bleeker 1855). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

oligolepis, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1855:445 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 16941] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 6786. Bleeker specimens: AMS B.7912 (1), BMNH 1862.6.3.2 (1), RMNH 26310 [ex RMNH 6786] (1). •Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Menon 1977:60 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234]). •Valid as Cynoglossus oligolepis (Bleeker 1855) -- (Li & Wang 1999:334 [ref. 16193], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus oligolepis (Bleeker 1855). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

os, Cynoglossus Fowler [H. W.] 1904:556, Pl. 28 (upper fig.) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Second series. v. 12 (pt 4); ref. 1367] Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 27816. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:67 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker 1851) -- (Munroe 2022:376 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

oxyrhynchos, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1851:416 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 6831] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 6973. Paralectotypes: (4) ?BMNH 1862.6.3.17 (1) (not this species [ref. 35160]), RMNH 26210 [ex RMNH 6973] (3 of 5). Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:69 (on Chabanaud) [ref. 7071]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822) -- (Menon 1977:68 [ref. 7071], Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

papuensis, Cynoglossus Allen [G. R.] & Erdmann [M. V.] 2024:1364, Figs. 1-4 [Reef fishes of the East Indies, second edition; ref. 40796] Lawadi dive site, East Cape Region, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, 10°15.633'S, 150°42.740'E, depth 45 meters. Holotype: WAM P.35509-001. Paratype: WAM P.35509-002 (1). •Valid as Cynoglossus papuensis Allen & Erdmann 2024. Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus papuensis Allen & Erdmann 2024. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: eastern Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

pellegrini, Cynoglossus Wu [H.-W.] 1932:159 [Contribution à l'étude morphologique, biologique et systématique des poissons hétérosomes (Pisces Heterosomata) de la Chine; ref. 16406] Hainan Island, China. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:349 [ref. 25922] with no type at MNHN. •See Kottelat 2001:64 [ref. 25482]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus gracilis Günther 1873 -- (Menon 1977:95 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:215 [ref. 21500], Desoutter et al. 2001:349 [ref. 25922]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus purpureomaculatus Regan 1905 -- (Li & Wang 1995:376 [ref. 16193], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus purpureomaculatus Regan 1905. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

pinangensis, Cantoria Kaup [J. J.] 1858:106 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (pt. 1); ref. 2579] Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:347-348 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Menon 1977:60 [ref. 7071] as pinangenensis, Desoutter et al. 2001:348 [ref. 25922], Munroe 2022:370 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

polytaenia, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1854:529 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 5965] Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 6790. Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1862.6.3.14 (1). •Synonym of Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:81 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2022:376 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

potous, Pleuronectes Cuvier [G.] 1829:344 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Vizagapatam, India. No types known. Available from footnote as, "Pl. potous, N., ou Jerré potoo, D., Russel, 73." •Synonym of Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton 1822 -- (Menon 1977:65 [ref. 7071], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Munroe 2022:376 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton 1822. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

pottii, Cynoglossus Steindachner [F.] 1902:336 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 39 (no. 26) (for 11 Dec. 1902); ref. 4239] Harmil and El-Tor, Sinai coast, Egypt, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea. Syntypes: (2) whereabouts unknown. •Valid as Cynoglossus pottii Steindachner 1902 -- (Dor 1984:272 [ref. 29757], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Golani & Fricke 2018:176 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2023:16 [ref. 40708]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus pottii Steindachner 1902. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic: Gulf of Suez, southern Red Sea, Eritrea. Habitat: marine.

praecisus, Cynoglossus Alcock [A. W.] 1890:442 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 6 (no. 36) (art. 52); ref. 86] Off Ganjam coast, 10 miles east-southeast of Kawita, Investigator station 79, depth 33 fathoms. Syntypes: (2) ZSI F12893 (1). Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:160 [ref. 20743], Menon & Rama-Rao 1975:46 [ref. 22148]. Figured in Alcock 1898: Pl. 23 (fig. 6) [ref. 20534]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus kopsii (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:42 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2022:375 [ref. 40234]). •Valid as Cynoglossus praecisus Alcock 1890 -- (Wang et al. 2016:140 [ref. 34517], Psomadakis et al. 2020:601 [ref. 37272] as cf. praecisus, Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus praecisus Alcock 1890. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: eastern coast of India. Habitat: marine.

punctatus, Cynoglossus Shen [S.-C.] 1969:21, Figs. 9-12 [Report of the Institute of Fishery Biology of Ministry of Economic Affairs and National Taiwan Unversity, Taipei v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 7845] Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong. Syntypes: (7). •Synonym of Cynoglossus itinus (Snyder 1909) -- (Menon 1977:48 [ref. 7071], Li & Wang 1995:378 [ref. 16193] as puncticeps). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus itinus (Snyder 1909). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

puncticeps, Plagusia Richardson [J.] 1846:280 [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] China, South China Sea. No types known. Original genus is spelled Plagiusa. Based solely on illustration by Reeves (see Whitehead 1970:218, Pl. 29c [ref. 11606]). •Mention -- (Dor 1984:273 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Plagusia puncticeps Richardson 1846 -- (Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356] as Plagusia). •Valid as Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846) -- (Menon 1977:75 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1986:432 [ref. 6212], Lu & Wu in Kuang et al. 1986:336 [ref. 26639], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:1043 [ref. 20764], Kottelat et al. 1993:169 [ref. 23448], Poll & Gosse 1995:79 [ref. 24781], Li & Wang 1995:351 [ref. 16193], Randall 1995:364 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:601 [ref. 27969], Rainboth 1996:224 [ref. 22772] as punticeps, Larson & Williams 1997:374 [ref. 23967], Carpenter et al. 1997:233 [ref. 23922], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:188 [ref. 25703], Munroe 2001:3900 [ref. 26314], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Khan 2003:11 [ref. 27710], Mishra & Krishnan 2003:47 [ref. 27712] as punticeps, Hoese & Bray 2006:1856 [ref. 29000], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1058 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:229 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Yoshida et al. 2013:223 [ref. 34464], Fricke et al. 2014:191 [ref. 33932], Imamura in Kimura et al. 2015:97 [ref. 34319], Psomadakis et al. 2015:330 [ref. 34104], Voronina et al. 2016:404 [ref. 35064], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Eagderi et al. 2019:122 [ref. 37020], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:600 [ref. 37272], Taki et al. 2021:494 [ref. 39830], Munroe 2022:377 [ref. 40234], Hasan et al. 2023:2209 [ref. 40412], Jamandre 2023:174 [ref. 40455]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson 1846). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa (Mozambique), Gulf of Aden and Persian Gulf east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to South China Sea, south to northwestern Australia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

purpureomaculatus, Cynoglossus Regan [C. T.] 1905:26 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 85) (art. 2); ref. 3624] Inland Sea, Japan. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1905.6.6.247. •Synonym of Cynoglossus abbreviatus (Gray 1834) -- (Menon 1977:94 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:211 [ref. 21500]). •Valid as Cynoglossus purpureomaculatus Regan 1905 -- (Li & Wang 1995:375 [ref. 16193], Cheng & Zhou 1997:465 [ref. 26385], Kottelat 2001:64 [ref. 25482], Wang et al. 2001:323 [ref. 26566], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus purpureomaculatus Regan 1905. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Vietnam and China north to southern Japan. Habitat: brackish, marine.

quadrilineata, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] (ex Kuhl & van Hasselt) 1851:412 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 6831] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia; western Sumatra; Muntok, Bangka, Indonesia. Syntypes: (18) RMNH 6789 (some of 9). See Kottelat 2013:763 [ref. 32887] for remarks under bilineatus Bloch 1756. •Synonym of Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Menon 1977:36 [ref. 7071], Dor 1984:272 [ref. 29757], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:223 [ref. 21500], Randall 1995:363 [ref. 22896], Munroe 2001:3897 [ref. 26314]). •Valid as Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Psomadakis et al. 2015:328 [ref. 34104], Voronina et al. 2016:404 [ref. 35064], Psomadakis et al. 2020:600 [ref. 37272], Taki et al. 2021:496 [ref. 39830], Munroe 2022:378 [ref. 40234], Fricke et al. 2023:16 [ref. 40708]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Madagascar and Persian Gulf east to Philippines, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

quadriocellatus, Cynoglossus Fricke [R.] 2021:7, Figs. 1-3 [FishTaxa v. 18 [for 2020]; ref. 38059] Dampier Archipelago, 5.8 nautical miles northeast of Rosemary Island, Western Australia, 20°24.01'S, 116°41.28'E - 20°24.16'S, 116°40.83'E, depth 34 meters. Holotype: WAM P.31854-004. Paratypes: WAM. Plus additiona non-type material. •Valid as Cynoglossus quadriocellatus Fricke 2021. Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus quadriocellatus Fricke 2021. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Australia: Shark Bay, Exmouth Gulf and Dampier Archipelago. Habitat: marine.

quinquelineatus, Cynoglossus Day [F.] 1877:432, Pl. 98 (fig. 1) [The fishes of India Part 3; ref. 4886] Madras, India. Holotype (unique): ZSI F1265. Type catalog: Talwar & Chakrapany 1970:123 [ref. 35966], Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Menon 1977:37 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:223 [ref. 21500], Randall 1995:363 [ref. 22896]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Munroe 2022:378 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

rhomaleus, Areliscus Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.] 1906:526, Fig. 5 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 31 (no. 1493); ref. 2531] Port Arthur, Manchuria, China. Holotype: USNM 55635. Paratypes: CAS-SU 9883 (5), USNM 56395 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:142 [ref. 12291]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus gracilis Günther 1873 -- (Li & Wang 1995:369 [ref. 16193]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther 1873 -- (Menon 1977:92 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:209 [ref. 21500], Kim & Choi 1994:807 [ref. 22283], Kim 1997:590 [ref. 24032], Choi et al. 2003:689 [ref. 26218] dated 1905). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther 1873. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

robustus, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1873:243 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 12 (no. 69) (art. 31); ref. 2004] Shanghai, China. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1873.7.30.61. •Valid as Cynoglossus robustus Günther 1873 -- (Menon 1977:64 [ref. 7071], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:215 [ref. 21500], Kim & Choi 1994:806 [ref. 22283], Li & Wang 1995:336 [ref. 16193], Cheng & Zhou 1997:461 [ref. 26385], Uyeda & Sasaki 2000:405 [ref. 25120], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1389 [ref. 25182], Shimizu 2001:45 [ref. 25799], Shinohara et al. 2001:336 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:1389 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:441, 689 [ref. 26218], Ohashi & Motomura 2011:114 [ref. 32413], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Kim et al. 2020:197 [ref. 39118], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus robustus Günther 1873. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: China to Korea and Japan. Habitat: marine.

roulei, Cynoglossus Wu [H.-W.] 1932:153 [Contribution à l'étude morphologique, biologique et systématique des poissons hétérosomes (Pisces Heterosomata) de la Chine; ref. 16406] Kwang-Tung, China. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Non-types: BMNH 1860.7.28.48 (1), 1924.12.15.64 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:349 [ref. 25922] as not type at MNHN. •Synonym of Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther 1873 -- (Menon 1977:92 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:209 [ref. 21500], Desoutter et al. 2001:349 [ref. 25922]). •Valid as Cynoglossus roulei Wu 1932 -- (Li & Wang 1995:366 [ref. 16193], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus roulei Wu 1932. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: China, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

saxicola, Pleuronectes Faber [F.] 1828:244 [Tidsskrift for naturvidenskaberne, Kjöbenhavn v. 5 (no. 15); ref. 18075] Denmark. No types known. •Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:623 [ref. 6885], Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:530 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus 1758). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine.

schneideri, Arelia Kaup [J. J.] 1858:107 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (pt. 1); ref. 2579] Lectotype: ZMB 2431. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:329 [ref. 25922] but with wrong types; this is a replacement name and takes the types of Pleuronectes arel (probably proposed to replace Strickland tautonymy). Unneeded new name for Pleuronectes arel Bloch & Schneider 1801. •Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

sealarki, Cynoglossus Regan [C. T.] 1908:235, Pl. 26 (fig. 1) [The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Second Series. Zoology v. 12 (pt 3); ref. 3634] Saya de Malha Bank, western Indian Ocean, depth over 123 fathoms. Lectotype: BMNH 1908.3.23.153. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1908.3.23.154-156 (3). Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:56 [ref. 7071]. •Valid as Cynoglossus sealarki Regan 1908 -- (Menon 1977:56 [ref. 7071], Dor 1984:273 [ref. 29757], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Yokogawa et al. 2008:121 [ref. 29585], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2017:20, 30 [ref. 35375], Ali et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36183], Munroe 2022:379 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus sealarki Regan 1908. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: East Africa (southern Mozambique); Saya de Malha Bank. Habitat: marine.

semifasciatus, Cynoglossus Day [F.] 1877:436, Pl. 97 (fig. 5) [The fishes of India Part 3; ref. 4886] Seas at Madras, India. Syntypes and/or Day specimens: BMNH 1975.9.30.25 (1, dry), ZSI 2692 (1, figured specimen, caudal fin slightly damaged). Type catalog: Talwar & Chakrapany 1970:123 [ref. 35966], Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762]. Menon 1977:70 wrongly gives the holotype of semifasciatus as 1490 in error for brevirostris. •Valid as Cynoglossus semifasciatus Day 1877 -- (Menon 1977:70 [ref. 7071], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Seshappa 1999:133 [ref. 24252], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Mishra & Krishnan 2003:48 [ref. 27712], Munroe 2022:379 [ref. 40234], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus semifasciatus Day 1877. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: India and Sri Lanka east to Gulf of Thailand. Habitat: marine.

semilaevis, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1873:379 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 12 (no. 71); ref. 18198] Chefoo, Shantung Province, China. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1873.9.23.16. •Valid as Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther 1873 -- (Menon 1977:92 [ref. 7071], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:356 [ref. 6441], Kim & Choi 1994:807 [ref. 22283], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:209 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:364 [ref. 16193], Cheng & Zhou 1997:462 [ref. 26385], Kim 1997:496 [ref. 24032], Nakabo 2000:1390 [ref. 25182], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Wang et al. 2001:320 [ref. 26566], Kim & Park 2002:415 [ref. 25913], Nakabo 2002:1390 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:441, 689 [ref. 26218], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Kim et al. 2020:197 [ref. 39118], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther 1873. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Yellow Sea and East China Sea (China) to southern Sea of Japan (Korea, Japan). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

senegalensis, Arelia Kaup [J. J.] 1858:108 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (pt. 1); ref. 2579] West Africa. Syntypes: MNHN B-2671 (1), 1999-0049 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:329 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup 1858) -- (Menon 1977:31 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1986:432 [ref. 6212], Desoutter 1990:1052 [ref. 18967], Desoutter in Lévêque et al. 1992:866 [ref. 21590], Poll & Gosse 1995:79 [ref. 24781], Afonso et al. 1999:80 [ref. 25466], Desoutter et al. 2001:329 [ref. 25922], Vreven & Teugels 2007:585 [ref. 30091], Wirtz et al. 2007:41 [ref. 30263], Munroe in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3039 [ref. 34618], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Reiner 2019:300 [ref. 38139], Skelton 2019:228 [ref. 36564], Fermon et al. 2022:235 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup 1858). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Angola, including São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: brackish, marine.

sibogae, Cynoglossus Weber [M.] 1913:442, Fig. 83 [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Molo Strait, Siboga station 51, depth 69-91 meters. Lectotype: ZMA 100177. Paralectotypes: ZMA 100176 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:108 [ref. 19236]. Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:44 [ref. 7071]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus kopsii (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:42 [ref. 7071]). •Valid as Cynoglossus sibogae Weber 1913 -- (Li & Wang 1995:347 [ref. 16193], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:602 [ref. 27969], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Wang et al. 2016:140 [ref. 34517], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus sibogae Weber 1913. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Arafura Sea. Habitat: marine.

simulator, Cynoglossus senegalensis morpha Chabanaud [P.] 1949:205 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 21 (no. 2); ref. 12942] Market in Dakar, Senegal, western Africa. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1949-0022. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:331 [ref. 25922]. Described as a "morpha nova" but in the sense of a subspecies; regarded as available. •Synonym of Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup 1858) -- (Menon 1977:31 [ref. 7071], Desoutter 1986:433 [ref. 6212], Desoutter 1990:1052 [ref. 18967], Desoutter et al. 2001:331 [ref. 25922], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup 1858). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

sindensis, Cynoglossus Day [F.] 1877:434, Pl. 90 (fig. 6) [The fishes of India Part 3; ref. 4886] Sind, Pakistan and seas of India. Syntypes and/or Day specimens: MNW 43817 (1), ZSI F2715 (lost). Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762]. Reasons for loss of ZSI type specimens during WWII see Chopra 1947:349-350 [ref. 33077]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Menon 1977:37 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:223 [ref. 21500]). •Synonym of Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Munroe 2022:378 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

sinicus, Cynoglossus Wu [H.-W.] 1932:146 [Contribution à l'étude morphologique, biologique et systématique des poissons hétérosomes (Pisces Heterosomata) de la Chine; ref. 16406] Wen-chou, Chekiang, China. Syntypes: (3). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:349 [ref. 25922] with no types at MNHN. •Synonym of Cynoglossus borneensis (Bleeker 1856) -- (Menon 1977:34 [ref. 7071], Desoutter et al. 2001:349 [ref. 25922]). •Valid as Cynoglossus sinicus Wu 1932 -- (Feng in Pan et al. 1991:532 [ref. 23876], Li & Wang 1995:353 [ref. 16193]). •Synonym of Cynoglossis trulla (Canton 1849) -- (Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus trulla (Cantor 1849). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: China (if valid). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

sinusarabici, Dollfusichthys Chabanaud [P.] 1931:304 [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 56 (no. 4); ref. 785] Great Bitter Lake, Suez Canal, Egypt [Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Red Sea]. Lectotype: BMNH 1938.10.7.1. Paralectotypes: (23) FMNH 33731 (1); MNHN 1967-0601 (3), 1967-0602 (5), 1967-0603 (2), 1966-0747 (1) (not this species [ref. 35160]); NRM 10406 (2). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:32 [ref. 12367], Desoutter et al. 2001:332-333 [ref. 25922]. Original as sinus-arabici, correction mandatory. Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:56 [ref. 7071], but that is invalid since the specimen selected was not a syntype (see Desoutter et al. 2001:332 [ref. 25992]). Lectotype selected by Fricke et al. 2023:21 [ref. 40708]. •Valid as Cynoglossus sinusarabici (Chabanaud 1931) -- (Torchio 1973:635 [ref. 6892], Quéro et al. in Whitehead et al. 1986:1326 [ref. 13677], Menon 1977:55 [ref. 7071], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Desoutter et al. 2001:332 [ref. 25922], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:155 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:63 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:117 [ref. 29533], Bogorodsky et al. 2014:433 [ref. 33460], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[7] 245 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:176 [ref. 36273], Bariche & Fricke 2020:143 [ref. 37515], Golani 2021:87 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:47 [ref. 39014], Munroe 2022:379 [ref. 40234], Fricke et al. 2023:18 [ref. 40708]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus sinusarabici (Chabanaud 1931). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic; southeastern Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant). Habitat: marine.

solum, Cynoglossus (Arelia) Sauvage [H.-E.] 1878:95 [10] [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 2; ref. 18663] Me Kong River, Cochinchine [? southern Vietnam]. Lectotype: MNHN 0000-9516. Paralectotypes: MNHN A-0399 (5), 0000-9640 (5). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:332 [ref. 25922]. On p. 10 of separate. Lectotype selected by Kottelat 1984:818 [ref. 11440]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus microlepis (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:97 [ref. 7071], Kottelat 1984:818 [ref. 11440], Kottelat 2001:164 [ref. 25780], Desoutter et al. 2001:332 [ref. 25922], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus microlepis (Bleeker 1851). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: freshwater.

sumatrana, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1854:529 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 5965] Benculen, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 6787 (poor condition). Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1862.6.3.9 (1). •Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822) -- (Menon 1977:68 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2001:3898 [ref. 26314] as sumatranus dated 1851, Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

suyeni, Cynoglossus Fowler [H. W.] 1934:347, Fig. 101 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 85 (for 1933); ref. 1416] China Sea, vicinity of southern Luzon Island, Philippines, 13°29'40"N, 121°00'45"E, Albatross station D.5291, depth 173 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 93086. •Valid as Cynoglossus suyeni Fowler 1934 -- (Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314], Hoese & Bray 2006:1856 [ref. 29000], Ho et al. 2009:14 [ref. 31461], Larson et al. 2013:229 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35160], Fricke 2019:39 [ref. 36893], Kawai et al. 2020:102 [ref. 37787]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus suyeni Fowler 1934. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Andaman Sea off Thailand east to Philippines, north to Taiwan, south to Northern Territory (Australia). Habitat: marine.

tenuis, Areliscus Oshima [M.] 1927:201 [Japanese Journal of Zoology v. 1 (no. 5) (art. 14); ref. 3315] Tainan fish market, southwestern Taiwan. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:62 [ref. 31432]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus joyneri Günther 1878 -- (Menon 1977:47 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:221 [ref. 21500], Ho & Shao 2011:62 [ref. 31432], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Luo et al. 2023:396 [ref. 40568]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus joyneri Günther 1878. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

trigrammus, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1862:494 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] China. Lectotype: BMNH 1856.9.19.1215. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1851.12.27.169 (1). Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:95 [ref. 7071]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus abbreviatus (Gray 1834) -- (Menon 1977:93 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:211 [ref. 21500]). •Valid as Cynoglossus trigrammus Günther 1862 -- (Lu & Wu in Kuang et al. 1986:338 [ref. 26639], Zheng 1989:376 [ref. 21202], Feng in Pan et al. 1991:535 [ref. 23876], Li & Wang 1995:371 [ref. 16193], Zhu 1995:190 [ref. 25213], Chen et al. 1997:178 [ref. 26476], Kottelat 2001:64 [ref. 25482], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Wang et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34517], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus trigrammus Günther 1862. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: China. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

trulla, Plagusia Cantor [T. E.] 1849:1213 [231] [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Sea of Penang, Malaysia. Presumed syntypes: BMNH 1860.3.19.431 (2, stuffed). On p. 231 of separate. •Wrongly as a synonym of the younger Cynoglossus borneensis (Bleeker 1858) -- (Menon 1977:34 [ref. 7071]). •Valid as Cynoglossus trulla (Cantor 1849) -- (Rainboth 1996:224 [ref. 22772], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Taki et al. 2021:496 [ref. 39830]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus trulla (Cantor 1849). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean and western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

tshusanensis, Cynoglossus Chabanaud [P.] 1951:270 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 4 (no. 39) (art. 26); ref. 21930] Tshusan Archipelago, about 30°N, 122°E, China. Holotype: BMNH 1892.12.12.32. Paratypes: BMNH 1892.12.12.33 (1), 1892.12.12.34 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:349 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus joyneri Günther 1878 -- (Menon 1977:47 [ref. 7071], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:221 [ref. 21500], Desoutter et al. 2001:349 [ref. 25922], Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Luo et al. 2023:396 [ref. 40568]). Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus joyneri Günther 1878. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

versicolor, Cynoglossus Alcock [A. W.] 1890:442 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 6 (no. 36) (art. 52); ref. 86] Ganjam coast off Chilka Lake, Orissa, India, Investigator station 70, depth 11 fathoms. Holotype (unique): ZSI F12895. Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:160-161 [ref. 20743], Menon & Rama-Rao 1975:46 [ref. 22148]. Figured in Alcock 1898: Pl. 23 (fig. 5) [ref. 20534]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus kopsii (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:42 [ref. 7071], Munroe 2022:375 [ref. 40234]). •Valid as Cynoglossus versicolor Alcock 1890 -- (Wang et al. 2016:140 [ref. 34517]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus versicolor Alcock 1890. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: India. Habitat: marine.

waandersii, Plagusia Bleeker [P.] 1854:98 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 16939] Confluence of Lamatang and Enim rivers, Palembang Province, eastern Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Valid as Cynoglossus waandersii (Bleeker 1854) -- (Roberts 1989:185 [ref. 6439] as waandersi, Kottelat et al. 1993:169 [ref. 23448], Munroe 2001:3895 [ref. 26314] as waandersi, Kottelat & Widjanarti 2005:169 [ref. 28284] as waandersi, Kottelat 2013:468 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus waandersii (Bleeker 1854). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

westraliensis, Cynoglossus Fricke [R.] 2019:35, Fig. 1-2 [FishTaxa v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 36893] Off North West Cape, Western Australia, 21°28'01"S, 114°06'04"E, depth 250 meters. Holotype: WAM P.31802-008. Paratype: WAM P.31801-002 (1). •Valid as Cynoglossus westraliensis Fricke 2019. Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus westraliensis Fricke 2019. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: North West Cape, Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

xiphoideus, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1862:495 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Thailand. Lectotype: BMNH 1859.7.1.52. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1859.7.1.53 (1). Non-types: BMNH 1898.4.2.130-134 (5). Lectotype selected by Menon 1977:98 [ref. 7071]. •Synonym of Cynoglossus microlepis (Bleeker 1851) -- (Menon 1977:97 [ref. 7071], Li & Wang 1995:368 [ref. 16193], Kottelat 2001:64 [ref. 25482] with question, Kottelat 2013:467 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Cynoglossus xiphoideus Günther 1862 -- (Wang et al. 2016:138 [ref. 34517], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus xiphoideus Günther 1862. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

yokomaru, Cynoglossus Naito [T.] & Endo [H.] 2019:403, Figs. 2-3 [Ichthyological Research v. 66 (no. 3); ref. 36572] East China Sea, 27°30.30'N, 125°15.00'E - 27°31.00'N, 125°14.90'E, depth 107 meters. Holotype: NSMT-P 130051 [ex SNFR 11279]. Paratypes: BSKU, FAKU, KAUM-I, NSMT. •Valid as Cynoglossus yokomaru Naito & Endo 2019 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus yokomaru Naito & Endo 2019. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: East China Sea and Yellow Sea, China. Habitat: marine.

zanzibarensis, Cynoglossus (Trulla) Norman [J. R.] 1939:105, Fig. 36 [Scientific Reports, John Murray Expedition v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 6556] Near Zanzibar, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean, station 106, depth 183-194 meters. Holotype: BMNH 1939.5.24.1813 [the largest, now 146.7 mm SL]. Paratypes: (3 + 2) BMNH 1939.5.24.1810-11 (2), 1939.5.24.1812 and 1814 (2). A lectotype was designated by Menon 1977:59 [ref. 7071], but a holotype was established in the original description. •Valid as Cynoglossus zanzibarensis Norman 1939 -- (Menon 1977:58 [ref. 7071], Heemstra 1986:867 [ref. 5660], Quéro & Maugé 1989:392 [ref. 19513], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:180 [ref. 25472] as zanzibariensis, Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:435 [ref. 28072], Fricke et al. 2017:85 [ref. 35160], Munroe 2017:31 [ref. 35375], Fricke et al. 2018:374 [ref. 35805], Munroe 2022:380 [ref. 40234]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus zanzibarensis Norman 1939. Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: South Africa and East Africa (Tanzania, Kenya) east to Madagascar. Habitat: marine.