Species that contain: Hypostomus and plecostomus [ 97 ] records

affinis, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1877:685 [127] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Campos (21°50'S, 41°20'W), Rio Paraíba do Sul, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44041:1. Paralectotypes: (several) ?MCZ 7818 (3), 7835 (2), 7886 (2); MSNG 8860 (2); NMW 44040 (1), 44041:2-7 (7, now 6), 44043 (8), 44044 (3), 44326 (3), 55014 (2); USNM 120428 [ex MCZ 7893] (1), 120431 [ex MCZ 8179] (1); ZSM 4843 [ex NMW 44041] (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1963:311 [ref. 10351], Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Neumann 2011:263 [ref. 31652]. On p. 127 of separate. Lectotype selected by Mazzoni et al. 1994:5 [ref. 21507]. •Valid as Hypostomus affinis (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:18 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Mazzoni et al. 1994:5 [ref. 21507], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] dated 1876, Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Catelani et al. 2014:931 [ref. 37496], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Penido et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40572]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus affinis (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraíba do Sul, Doce and Mucuri River basins, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

agna, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1907:188 [Boletim Sociedade Nacional Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro [Lavoura] v. 11 (no. 5); ref. 17767] Rio Ribeira, Iporanga, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Originally as ãgnã. Not listed in Miranda Ribeiro 1953 [ref. 12732]. •Valid as Hypostomus agna (Miranda Ribeiro 1907) -- (Isbrücker 1980:18 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Oyakawa et al. 2005:4 [ref. 28322], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus agna (Miranda Ribeiro 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

albopunctatus, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:797, Pl. 49 (fig. 1); Fig. 206 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Lectotype: BMNH 1907.7.6.15. Paralectotype: BMNH 1907.7.6.16 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Weber 1987:279 [ref. 6241]. •Valid as Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908) -- (Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:18 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:63 [ref. 23791], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:49 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Garavello et al. 2012:265 [ref. 32033], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[2] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Azevedo et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

ancistroides, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1911:396 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Tatuhy and Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Syntypes: DZSASP [now MZUSP] (not found). Type catalog: Britski 1969:200 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Castro & Casatti 1997:342 [ref. 23333], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:355 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Oyakawa et al. 2005:10 [ref. 28322], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Rosa et al. 2014:59 [ref. 33228], Zawadzki et al. 2014:102 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Brandão et al. 2022:169 [ref. 40464]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin, Tietê River basin, and Ribeira de Iguapé River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

angipinnatus, Plecostomus Leege [C. O.] 1922:152, Pls. 9 (figs. 1-3), 10 (figs 2-3) [Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft v. 58; ref. 15350] Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): Lost. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Original not seen. •Valid as Hypostomus angipinnatus (Leege 1922) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus angipinnatus (Leege 1922). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: La Plata River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

annae, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1881:112 [12], Pl. 3 (figs. 2-2a) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Guamá River basin, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): NMW 44073. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]. On p. 12 of separate. Mistakenly listed as Chaetostomus annae in figure caption (p. 146 [46]). •Valid as Hypostomus annae (Steindachner 1881) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] dated 1882). •Valid as Squaliforma annae (Steindachner 1881) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2001:32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:512 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

argus, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1943:249, Figs. 28-31 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Villavicencio, Río Meta basin, Colombia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 70510. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus argus (Fowler 1943) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:76 [ref. 35773] see remarks). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus argus (Fowler 1943). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Meta River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

aspilogaster, Plecostomus Cope [E. D.] 1894:100, Pl. 7 [8] (figs. 14, 14a) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Jacuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: ANSP 21781. Paralectotypes: ANSP 21782-84 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Intended Pl. 7 was reversed with Pl. 8. Lectotype selected by Reis et al. 1990:733 [ref. 16139]. •Valid as Hypostomus aspilogaster (Cope 1894) -- (Isbrücker 1980:19 [ref. 2303], Malabarba 1989:151 [ref. 14217], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Reis et al. 1990:733 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:20 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Zawadzki et al. 2016:271 [ref. 34908], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Giora & Wingert 2023:49 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:108 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus aspilogaster (Cope 1894). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin and Laguna dos Patos drainage (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

atropinnis, Plecostomus lima Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1890:410 [Occasional Papers California Academy of Sciences No. 1; ref. 12251] Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 27265 [ex MCZ 7871a]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155]. Description is in key on p. 399. •Valid as Hypostomus atropinnis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1890) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:73 [ref. 32701]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus atropinnis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1890). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bicirrosus, Plecostomus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:158 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Tropical America [Suriname River]. Holotype or syntype illustrated. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30-31 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of p., Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

biseriatus, Plecostomus Cope [E. D.] 1872:285, Pl. 16 (figs. 1-2) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Amazon River, Peru or Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 8279. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:121 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus biseriatus (Cope 1872) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Squaliforma biseriata (Cope 1872) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner 1854) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:519 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

bolivianus, Plecostomus Pearson [N. E.] 1924:21, Pl. 4 (figs. 1-3) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Río Popoi, Upper Río Beni, upper Amazon system, Bolivia. Holotype: CAS 77347 [ex IU 17011]. Paratypes: CAS 213883 [ex CAS 77347, ex IU 17011] (orig. 16, now 9), UMMZ 66475 [ex IU 17011] (6). Additional material or paratypes: IU 17012 (orig. 15), UMMZ 66310 [ex IU 17012] (6), USNM 117586 [ex UMMZ 66310, ex IU 17012] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus bolivianus (Pearson 1924) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus bolivianus (Pearson 1924). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Beni River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

borellii, Plecostomus Boulenger [G. A.] 1897:2 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 12 (no. 279); ref. 14624] Misión de San Francisco, Río Pilcomayo, Bolivia. Syntypes: BMNH 1897.1.27.19 (1); MZUT 1393 (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:137 [ref. 21559], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. Information on type locality see Koerber & Terán 2021:138 [ref. 38314]. •Valid as Hypostomus borellii (Boulenger 1897) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:19 [ref. 23548], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2014:102 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35666], Koerber & Terán 2021:138 [ref. 38314]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus borellii (Boulenger 1897). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Pilcomayo River basin (Argentina, Bolivia and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

boulengeri, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1903:502 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Mato Grosso, Brazil or Asunción, Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 58554 [ex IU 9868]. Paratypes: CAS 58555 [ex IU 9869] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. See Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147]. •Valid as Hypostomus boulengeri (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20 [ref. 2303], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Chiachio et al. 2008:610 [ref. 30127], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Koerber 2011:5 [ref. 31122], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:102 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Koerber 2014:9 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:16 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus boulengeri (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

brasiliensis, Plecostomus Bleeker [P.] (ex Valenciennes) 1863:2 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1; ref. 401] No locality [Maracaibo Lagoon, Maracaibo Lake in western Venezuela]. Lectotype: not RMNH 3102. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Pre-Linnaean name adopted by Bleeker; other species listed in synonymy. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1968:37 et seq. [ref. 7872] is incorrect; see also Boeseman 1972:311 [ref. 19698]. See Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. See Weber et al. 2012:219 for status of types and dating of the species. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:31 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:25 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of p., Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]). •Status needs to be revised -- (Weber et al. 2012:219 [ref. 31999]). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

brevicauda, Plecostomus Günther [A.] 1864:235 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: BMNH 1864.1.19.16-17 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus brevicauda (Günther 1864) -- (Isbrücker 1980:20-21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus brevicauda (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: eastern coastal drainages (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

brevis, Plecostomus Nichols [J. T.] 1919:413 [5], 423 [5] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 11; ref. 15221] Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): AMNH 7150. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. On p. 5 of both Portuguese and English sections of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus brevis (Nichols 1919) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus brevis (Nichols 1919). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Paraná River basin [or eastern Brazilian coastal drainage?], Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

butantanis, Plecostomus margaritifer Ihering [R. von] 1911:394 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Pinheiros, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): DZSASP [now MZUSP] (not found). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus margaritifer (Regan 1908) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hypostomus butantanis (Ihering 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911) -- (Azevedo et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Brazil [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

carinatus, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1881:108 [8], Pl. 4 (fig. 2) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 43; ref. 14290] Amazon River at Jatuarana, Ueranduba and Lake Saraca, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44094. Paralectotypes: (1) NMW 44096 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. On p. 8 of separate. Lectotype designation by Zawadzki et al. 2020: 197 [ref. 37387]. •Valid as Watawata carinata (Steindachner 1881) -- (Isbrücker eal. 2001:23 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:30 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus carinatus (Steindachner 1881) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] dated 1882, Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:74 [ref. 32701], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Zawadzki et al. 2020:192 [ref. 37387], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus carinatus (Steindachner 1881). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and central Amazon River basin (Brazil and Peru), Habitat: freshwater.

carvalhoi, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1937:54 [O Campo Rio de Janeiro No. 1; ref. 5025] Rio Granjeiro, Crato, Ceará, Brazil. Lectotype: MNRJ 924A. Paralectotypes: MNRJ 924 (3). Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:401 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Miranda Ribeiro 1953:401 [ref. 12732] [but perhaps specimen not isolated]. Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355] and Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170] state MNRJ 28870 (2) as syntypes. •Valid as Hypostomus carvalhoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1937) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:241 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus carvalhoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1937). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

chaparae, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1940:81, Figs. 38-40 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 92; ref. 1436] Boca Chapare, Río Chimore, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 69067. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus chaparae (Fowler 1940) -- (Isbrücker 1980:21 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Armbruster & Page 1996:384 [ref. 22151], Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus popoi (Pearson 1924) -- (Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:26 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Hypostomus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of page). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 1998:254 [ref. 23319], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:226 [ref. 29155], Ray & Armbruster 2016:526 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

commersonoides, Plecostomus Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & LaMonte [F. R.] 1933:3 [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Dársena Norte, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Holotype: AMNH 12243. Paratypes: AMNH 12244 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Plecostomus commersonoides Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933 -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Hypostomus commersonoides (Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933) -- (Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907) -- (López & Miquelarena 1991:29 [ref. 23548], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2019:[17] [ref. 36685]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

cordovae, Plecostomus Günther [A.] 1880:11 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 6 (no. 31) (art. 2); ref. 14279] Cordova [Córdoba], Argentina. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1878.4.4.1. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus cordovae (Günther 1880) -- (Isbrücker 1980:22 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:24 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Haro et al. 1996:6 [ref. 25004], Butí & Cancino 1999:71 [ref. 25277], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], López et al. 2002:60 [ref. 26808], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Armbruster et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29252], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Cardoso et al. 2019:[14] [ref. 36685], Koerber et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). •Synonym of Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh 1877 -- (Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus paranensis Weyenbergh 1877. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

derbyi, Plecostomus Haseman [J. D.] 1911:384, Pls. 79-81 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (nos 3-4) (19); ref. 2048] Rio Iguaçu at Porto União da Victoria, Brazil. Holotype (unique): FMNH 54246 [ex CM 2865]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:84 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:67 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus derbyi (Haseman 1911) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus derbyi (Haseman 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River and Uruga-í Creek basins, Paraguayan tributaries of Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

emarginatus, Hypostomus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840:500 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 15; ref. 1008] Probably from Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9447 (dry). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:70 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Plecostomus emarginatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:40 [ref. 37559]). •Valid as Hypostomus emarginatus Valenciennes 1840 -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850]). •Valid as Squaliforma emarginata (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:297 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], DoNascimiento 2016:533 [ref. 34727], Careaga et al. 2020:78 [ref. 37774]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes 1840) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:512 [ref. 34178], Oliveira et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35225], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:81 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:76 [ref. 35773], Silvano et al. 2020:248 [ref. 38135], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:25 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:52 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus emarginatus (Valenciennes 1840). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Orinoco River, Essequibo River and eastern Amazon River basins (Brazil and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

festae, Plecostomus Boulenger [G. A.] 1898:11 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 13 (no. 329); ref. 14677] Río Vinces and Río Peripa, Ecuador. BMNH 1898.11.4.32. Syntypes: BMNH 1898.11.4.32 (1), ZMUT 1518 (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:137 [ref. 21559], Ferraris 2007:263 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Isorineloricaria festae (Boulenger 1898) -- (Isbrücker 1980:17 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178]). •Probably a synonym of Hypostomus spinosissimus (Steindachner 1880) -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of p.). •Synonym of Isorineloricaria spinosissima (Steindachner 1880) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:263 [ref. 29155], Ray & Armbruster 2016:530 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Isorineloricaria spinosissima (Steindachner 1880). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

flava, Loricaria Shaw [G.] 1804:38, Pl. 101 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Sea, in error [South America]. Lectotype: NRM 32 (57.8 mm SL). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Unneeded new name; based on several literature sources. Lectotype selected bn Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999] •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 1981:88 [ref. 5522], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

fluviatilis, Plecostomus Schubart [O.] 1964:7, Figs. 1-4 [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 251; ref. 3425] Rio Mogi Guaçu basin, Brazil. Syntypes: (6) EEBP 282 (1, ex 3, 2 lost), 658 (2, lost); MRNJ uncat. (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2023:547 [ref. 40344]. •Valid as Hypostomus fluviatilis (Schubart 1964) -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus fluviatilis (Schubart 1964). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Grande basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

francisci, Plecostomus Lütken [C. F.] 1874:30 [2] [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 1); ref. 2855] Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMUC 60. Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:52 [ref. 9588], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. On p. 2 of separate. Also described in Lütken 1875:143 (and p. II of summary) [ref. 19674]. •Valid as Hypostomus francisci (Lütken 1874) -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Britski 2001:19 [ref. 26046], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27366], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Koerber 2014:10 [ref. 33621] not in Argentina, Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203], Zawadzki & Penido 2021:366 [ref. 38404]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus francisci (Lütken 1874). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin, Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

garmani, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1904:214, Pl. 10 (fig. 1) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Rio das Velhas, eastern Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1904.1.28.3 [ex MCZ]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus garmani (Regan 1904) -- (Isbrücker 1980:23 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Casatti & Castro 1998:232 [ref. 23663], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus garmani (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gomesi, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1942:2 [The Fish Culturist v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 17876] Ceará, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 69409. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:122 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]. Replacement name for Plecostomus iheringi Fowler 1941, preoccupied by Plecostomus iheringii Regan 1908. •Valid as Hypostomus gomesi (Fowler 1942) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). •Valid as Squaliforma gomesi (Fowler 1942) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus gomesi (Fowler 1942) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:517 [ref. 34178] dated 1941). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus gomesi (Fowler 1942). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

goyazensis, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:798, Fig. 207 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Goiás, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1889.11.14.49 [ex MCZ]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus goyazensis (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2013:73 [ref. 32701]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus goyazensis (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

guacari, Hypostomus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:144, 145, Pl. 4 (fig. 2) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Les rivières de l'Amérique méridionale. Lectotype: NRM 32 (57.8 mm SL). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. See account of Acipenser plecostomus. Regarded as an unneeded substitute name for Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Lectotype selected by Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:86 [ref. 23651], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] top of page, Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:209 [ref. 31999]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

gymnorhynchus, Plecostomus Norman [J. R.] 1926:95 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 18 (no. 103); ref. 15602] Iponcin Creek, into Approuague River, French Guiana. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1926.3.2.745. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman 1926) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Le Bail et al. 2000:254 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:18 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:209, 211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Borstein et al. 2022:18 [ref. 39507]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus gymnorhynchus (Norman 1926). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Guianan coastal drainages, from Oyapock westward to Suriname basin (French Guiana and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

hemiurus, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:224, Fig. 34, Pl. 25 (fig. 1) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Amatuk, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53110 [ex CM 1544]. Paratypes: FMNH 53111 [ex CM 1545a; IU 11963] (4), BMNH 1911.10.31.113 (1), CAS 77341 [ex IU 11963] (2). Additional original material: CAS 77337 [ex IU 11965] (1), 77338-40 [ex IU 11964, -66-67] (1, 1, 1); FMNH 53112-16 [ex CM 1546-1550] (5, 1, 1, 1, 1), 53149 [ex CM 1586] (1); MCZ 30052 [ex CM 1547] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:85 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:67 [ref. 12367], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. Appeared first as name only in Eigenmann 1910:407 [ref. 1224]. Ibarra & Stewart list 10 paratypes from 6 localities at FMNH, but some are not types but additional original material. •Valid as Hypostomus hemiurus (Eigenmann 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2015:56 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hemiurus (Eigenmann 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

hermanni, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1905:560 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Piracicaba [Salto do Piracicaba, Piracicaba city], São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1905.6.9.5. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus hermanni (Ihering 1905) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Dias & Zawadzki 2021:4 [ref. 38417]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hermanni (Ihering 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River basin and upper Paraná River basin (Argentina and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

hondae, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1912:666, Pl. 76 (fig. 3) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912 (pt 3) (art. 36); ref. 14862] Honda, Colombia. Syntypes: BMNH 1909.7.23.43-44 (2). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155]. Armbruster 2003:32 wrongly treats a holotype and paratype; no holotype was established in the original description. •Valid as Cochliodon hondae (Regan 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:39 [ref. 2303], Lilyestrom 1984:43 [ref. 23620], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:82 [ref. 23651], Isbrücker 2001:26, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:14 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus hondae (Regan 1912) -- (Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:366 [ref. 26428], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2003:32 [ref. 27426], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:254 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki & Carvalho 2014:50 [ref. 33227], Tencatt et al. 2014:601 [ref. 33520], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus hondae (Regan 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River and Lake Maracaibo basins: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

iheringi, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:150, Figs. 50-52 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Ceará, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 69409. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:123 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Plecostomus inheringii Regan 1908, replaced by Plecostomus gomesi Fowler 1942. •Objective synonym of Hypostomus gomesi (Fowler 1942) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24 [ref. 2303], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:26 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Squaliforma gomesi (Fowler 1942) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus gomesi (Fowler 1942) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:517 [ref. 34178]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus gomesi (Fowler 1942). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

iheringii, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:795, Pl. 47 (fig. 1) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1907.7.6.13. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus iheringii (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:24-25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Brandão et al. 2022:171 [ref. 40464]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus iheringii (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River basin, Rio Paraná basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

interruptus, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1918:632 [4] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 10; ref. 3725] Rio Juquiá, Fazenda Poço Grande, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 2110. Type catalog: Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155] On p. 4 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus interruptus (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:358 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Oyakawa et al. 2005:14 [ref. 28322], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus interruptus (Miranda Ribeiro 1918). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

jaguribensis, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1915:264, Fig. 3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 67; ref. 15099] Rio Jaguaribe at Barro Alto, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39930. Paratypes: ANSP 39931 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:123 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus jaguribensis (Fowler 1915) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Oliveira et al. 2022:346 [ref. 39824]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus jaguribensis (Fowler 1915). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Jaguaribe River basin, Ceará State, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

johnii, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1877:691 [133] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Rio Poti, rio Parnaíba basin, municipality of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 7831. Paralectotypes: MCZ 7863-64 (4, 2); NMW 44191-93 (2, 2, 2); USNM 123009 [ex MCZ 7831] (2). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155] On p. 133 of separate. Lectotype selected by Ramos et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35396]. •Valid as Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] dated 1876, Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:229 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:2 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Koerber et al. 2022:51 [ref. 39235], Lustosa-Costa et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39190]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus johnii (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: lower and middle Parnaíba River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

lacerta, Plecostomus Nichols [J. T.] 1919:424 [6] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 11; ref. 15221] Poço Grande, Rio Juquia, Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: AMNH 7151 or 7152 (published). Paratypes: AMNH 7159 (1), MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 964 (1). Type catalog: Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:263 [ref. 29155]. On p. 6 of both Portuguese and English sections of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus lacerta (Nichols 1919) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Kronichthys lacerta (Nichols 1919) -- (Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Armbruster & Page 1997:228 [ref. 22698], Isbrücker 2001:29, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:365 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:263 [ref. 29155], Roxo et al. 2012:38 [ref. 32073], Pereira & Reis 2017:73 [ref. 35307], Reis et al. 2020:468 [ref. 38364], Souza et al. 2020:[3] [ref. 38094]). Current status: Valid as Kronichthys lacerta (Nichols 1919). Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae. Distribution: South America: Baia de Paranaguá and Ribeira de Iguapé River basin to Santa Catarina State (southern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

laplatae, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1907:450, Pl. 21 (figs. 1-3) [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 8 (for 1906); ref. 10024] Buenos Aires [Ensenada, Buenos Aires Province], Argentina. Holotype: Princeton Univ. Paratype: CAS 77342 [ex IU 11351] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. Type locality see Calviño & Waldbillig 2020:1 [ref. 37512]. •Valid as Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:28 [ref. 23548], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], López et al. 2002:60 [ref. 26808], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Cardoso et al. 2019:[16] [ref. 36685], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Calviño & Waldbillig 2020:1 [ref. 37512], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157], Loureiro et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: La Plata River basin and lower Paraná River (Argentina and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

latirostris, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1904:213, Pl. 11 (fig. 1) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 17 (pt 3, no. 1); ref. 3621] Rio Jungada [= Jangada], Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Lectotype: BMNH 1892.4.20.26. Paralectotype: BMNH 1892.4.20.27. Lectotype selected by Zawadzki et al. 2018:[4] [ref. 35944]. •Valid as Hypostomus latirostris (Regan 1904) -- (Isbrücker 1980:25 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[4] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus latirostris (Regan 1904). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Rio Cuiabá drainage, upper Paraguay River basin: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

lexi, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1911:387 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Pardo, near to Barretos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 2126. Type catalog: Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus lexi (Ihering 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:26 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908) -- (Zawadzki et al. 2019:[3] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

lima, Plecostomus Lütken [C. F.] (ex Reinhardt) 1874:29 [1] [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 1); ref. 2855] Rio das Velhas, Ribeirao do Mato and Lagoa Santa, Brazil. Syntypes: BMNH 1876.1.10.1-2 [ex ZMUC] (2); MNHN 0000-9573 [ex ZMUC] (1); NMW 44194-95 (1, 1); SMNS 2050 (1); ZMUC P30143 [ex 51] (1), P30144-147 [ex 56-59] (1, 1, 1, 1), P30148 [ex 611] (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:71 [ref. 19575], Nielsen 1974:52 [ref. 9588], Fricke 1995:16 [ref. 28100], Fricke 2005:47 [ref. 29864], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. Type information: Isbrücker 1980:26 [ref. 2303]. On p. 1 of separate. Also described in Lütken 1875:140 (and p. II of summary) [ref. 19674]. •Valid as Hypostomus lima (Lütken 1874) -- (Isbrücker 1980:26 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061] with author as Reinhardt, Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155] with author as Reinhardt, Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus lima (Lütken 1874). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

limosus, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:168 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 7869. Paralectotypes: MCZ 88946 [ex MCZ 7869] (2), BMNH 1904.1.28.1 [ex MCZ] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Reis et al. 1990:737 [ref. 16139]. •Valid as Hypostomus limosus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Isbrücker 1980:26 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Hypostomus commersonii Valenciennes 1836 -- (Malabarba 1989:152 [ref. 14217], Reis et al. 1990:736 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:26 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061] as commersoni, Ferraris 2007:253 [ref. 29155], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117] as commersoni, Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267]). •Synonym of Hypostomus spiniger (Hensel 1870) -- (Cardoso et al. 2019:[12] [ref. 36685]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus spiniger (Hensel 1870). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

longiradiatus, Plecostomus Holly [M.] 1929:118 [2] [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 66 (no. 13) (for 2 May 1929); ref. 16088] Rio Guaná, assumably a tributary of the Madeira, itself a tributary of the Amazon, Brazil. Holotype: NMW (lost). Paratype: NMW (1, lost). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Bogutskaya et al. 2022:74 [ref. 39277]. On p. 2 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus longiradiatus (Holly 1929) -- (Isbrücker 1980:26 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155] with a holotype). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus longiradiatus (Holly 1929). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Guamá River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

luetkeni, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1877:217 [1] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 76 (1. Abth.); ref. 14247] Rio Paraíba do Sul and tributaries, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44196:1. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1889.11.14.50 (1); ?MCZ 7866 (1), 88208-09 (12, 5); MNHN 1889-0288 (1); NMW 44190 or 44198 (1), 44196:2-7 (6), 44199 (4), 45014 (3). On p. 1 of separate. Species originally spelled lütkeni. Lectotype selected by Mazzoni et al. 1994:8, 10 [ref. 21507]. •Synonym of Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner 1854 -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:356 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:251 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622]). •Valid as Hypostomus luetkeni (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:31 [ref. 23548], Mazzoni et al. 1994:8 [ref. 21507], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2016:272 [ref. 34908], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus luetkeni (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraíba do Sul and tributaries (Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

luteomaculatus, Plecostomus Devincenzi [G. J.] in Devincenzi & Teague 1942:20, Pl. 3 (figs. 2-3) [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo (Serie 2) v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 12268] Río Uruguay at Paysandú, Uruguay. Holotype (unique): MHNM CI 359. Type catalog: Olazarri et al. 1970:5 [ref. 23527], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Loureiro et al. 2016:412 [ref. 35150]. •Synonym of Hypostomus regani (Ihering 1905) -- (Reis et al. 1990:745 [ref. 16139]). •Valid as Hypostomus luteomaculatus (Devincenzi 1942) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:32 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Sverlij et al. 1998:66 [ref. 27632] as Devincenzi & Teague, Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644] with author as Devicenzi & Teague, Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203], Loureiro et al. 2023:107 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus luteomaculatus (Devincenzi 1942). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

luteus, Plecostomus Godoy [M. P. de] 1980:29, Figs. 15-16 [Poluiçao -- peixes e pesca; ref. 19214] Rio Pelotas at Volta Grande Dois, Marcelino Ramos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MHNP 201. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2023:547 [ref. 40344]. •Valid as Hypostomus luteus (Godoy 1980) -- (Reis et al. 1990:741 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus luteus (Godoy 1980). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Uruguay basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

macrops, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:170 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Rio das Velhas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 7888. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. Available from description provided in key on p. 170. •Valid as Hypostomus macrops (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus macrops (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Das Velhas basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

madeirae, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1913:571, Fig. 23 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Rio Madeira, about 200 miles east of 63°54'W, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 39312. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:123 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155] •Valid as Hypostomus madeirae (Fowler 1913) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus madeirae (Fowler 1913) -- (Armbruster & Page 1996:384 [ref. 22151], Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:25, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 1998:254 [ref. 23319], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155], Ray & Armbruster 2016:524 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

margaritifer, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:796, Pl. 47 (fig. 2) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, San Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1907.7.6.14. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus margaritifer (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2016:273 [ref. 34908], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396] as cf. margaritifer, Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38203], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus margaritifer (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Paraná River basin (Brazil and ?Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

meleagris, Plecostomus Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & LaMonte [F. R.] 1933:4 [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Southeastern Brazil. Holotype: AMNH 12246. Paratypes: AMNH 12249 (orig. 6, now 4), MZUSP (1), MACN Buenos Aires(1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus meleagris (Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933) -- (Isbrücker 1980:27 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:256 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus meleagris (Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper and middle Paraná River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

micropunctatus, Plecostomus LaMonte [F. R.] 1935:1, Fig. 1 [American Museum Novitates No. 784; ref. 13893] Near mouth of Rio Macaua, tributary of Rio Iaco, itself a tributary to Rio Purus, near Sena Madureira, Brazil. Holotype: AMNH 12598. Paratypes: AMNH 26943 (4), ?MSNM 44 [ex MSNM 4699 and ex AMNH] (3). Type catalog: Conci & Michelangeli 1974:227 [ref. 21560], Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus micropunctatus (LaMonte 1935) -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:431 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus micropunctatus (LaMonte 1935) -- (Armbruster & Page 1996:384 [ref. 22151], Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:25, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Hypostomus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 1998:254 [ref. 23319], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155], Ray & Armbruster 2016:525 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

myersi, Plecostomus Gosline [W. A.] 1947:116, Pl. 5 (figs. 9-10) [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 41; ref. 1857] Rio Iguaçu at Porto União, Paraná, southern Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 4251. Paratypes: MNRJ 4252 (2), CAS-SU uncat. (2, not found). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus myersi (Gosline 1947) -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], López & Miquelarena 1991:35 [ref. 23548], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Miquelarena et al. 1997:70 [ref. 23469], Zawadzki et al. 2001:914 [ref. 25469], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155], Garavello et al. 2012:263 [ref. 32033], Garavello et al. 2012:263 [ref. 32033], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Azevedo et al. 2021:9 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus myersi (Gosline 1947). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River and Uruga-í Creek basins (Argentina and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

niger, Plecostomus Marini [T. L.], Nichols [J. T.] & LaMonte [F. R.] 1933:4 [American Museum Novitates No. 618; ref. 2889] Southeastern Brazil. Holotype (unique): AMNH 12245 [not found in 2019]. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus niger (Marini, Nichols & LaMonte 1933) -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:360 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908) -- (Zawadzki et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

nigromaculatus, Plecostomus Schubart [O.] 1964:2, Figs. 2, 5 [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 251; ref. 3425] Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi Guassu basin, Brazil. Holotype: EEBP 304. Paratypes: EEBP 217 (6), 295 (2), 297-98 (8, 2) 304 (23, with holotype), 305 (16), 307 (10), 309-11 (22, 11, 13), 589 (7). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus nigromaculatus (Schubart 1964) -- (Isbrücker 1980:28 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nigromaculatus (Schubart 1964). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: middle and upper Paraná River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

nudiventris, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:147, Figs. 44-46 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Rio Choró, Ceará, near Fortaleza, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 69402. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:123 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:257 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus nudiventris (Fowler 1941) -- (Isbrücker 1980:29 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus nudiventris (Fowler 1941). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Northern Brazilian coastal drainages. Habitat: freshwater.

obtusirostris, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1907:490 [16] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 116 (1. Abth.); ref. 18797] Rio Cubatao, Santa Catherina by Theresopolis, Brazil. Holotype (unique): NMW (not found). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:218 [ref. 29155]. On p. 16 of separate. For information regarding the type locality see Lucena & Lucena 1990 [ref. 16142]. See Weber in Reis et al. 2003:351 [ref. 27061]. •Valid as Hypostomus obtusirostris (Steindachner 1907). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus obtusirostris (Steindachner 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: southeastern coastal drainages of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

panamensis, Plecostomus plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1922:69 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Panama. Syntypes: FMNH 26265 (14). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]. Based on Plecostomus plecostomus var. Kner & Steindachner 1865, and on specimens examined from Monte Liria and at Gatun, Panama; Steindachner's specimens were from New Granada. Many syntypes: see Ferraris 2007:242 [ref. 29155] but not all seen by Eigenmann. •Synonym of Hemiancistrus aspidolepis (Günther 1867) -- (Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:26 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:385 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:243 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Hypostomus panamensis (Eigenmann 1922) -- (Isbrücker 1980:29 [ref. 2303], Bussing 1987:111 [ref. 22927], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Bussing 1998:160 [ref. 24179], Armbruster et al. 2015:100 [ref. 33670]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus aspidolepis (Günther 1867). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

papariae, Plecostomus plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:145, Figs. 41-43 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Lago Papary, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 69398. Paratypes: ANSP 69399 (1), 69400-01 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:124 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus papariae (Fowler 1941) -- (Isbrücker 1980:29 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Oliveira et al. 2022:346 [ref. 39824]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus papariae (Fowler 1941). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Grande do Norte River basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

paulinus, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1905:560 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1905.6.9.4. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus paulinus (Ihering 1905) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Koerber et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35267], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Brandão et al. 2022:173 [ref. 40464] as aff. paulinus). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus paulinus (Ihering 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River drainage, Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

phrixosoma, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1940:233, Figs. 21-23 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 91 (for 1939); ref. 1432] Contamana, Río Ucayali basin, Contamana, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 68650. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:124 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus phrixosoma (Fowler 1940) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:17 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Squaliforma phrixosoma (Fowler 1940) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus phrixosoma (Fowler 1940) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:523 [ref. 34178] or a hybrid Aphanotorulus horridus x Aphanotorulus unicolor). •Valid as Aphanotorulus phrixosoma (Fowler 1940) -- (Oliveira et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35225], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:25 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Uncertain as Aphanotorulus phrixosoma (Fowler 1940). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Río Ucayali basin (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

plecostomus, Acipenser Linnaeus [C.] 1758:238 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Suriname River. Lectotype: NRM 32 (57.8 mm SL). Paralectotypes: ?NRM 32 (82.0 and 81.4 mm), NRM 32 (smallest). Type catalog and nomenclatural discussion: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:222 [ref. 20707], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155]. Type information: Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Wheeler 1989:215 [ref. 21873]. Neotype designation by Boeseman 1968 (RMNH 18240 is considered to be invalid since at least the smallest specimen in NHRM LP 32 is regarded as part of the type series); Lectotype selected by Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]. •Valid as Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Isbrücker 1980:30 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:86 [ref. 23651], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:25, 27 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Camargo & Isaac 2001:145 [ref. 27639], Ferraris 2003:865 [ref. 26999], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644], Nelson et al. 2004:83 [ref. 27807], Scharpf 2006:20 [ref. 30386] as cf. plecostomus, Armbruster et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29252], Ferraris 2007:258 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:724 [ref. 31074], Weber et al. 2012:196, 210 [ref. 31999], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Zhang et al. 2016:211 [ref. 34477], Melo et al. 2016:134 [ref. 34701], Zawadzki et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35666], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Robins et al. 2018:145 [ref. 35886], Careaga et al. 2020:78 [ref. 37774] as gr. plecostomus, Fu et al. 2021:9571 [ref. 39347], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:457 [ref. 40760], Jamandre 2023:175 [ref. 40455], Mousavi-Sabet et al. 2023:32 [ref. 40667], Page et al. 2023:80 [ref. 40505], Çiçek et al. 2024:269 [ref. 40789]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Colombia, Guyana and Suriname). Introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

popoi, Plecostomus Pearson [N. E.] 1924:20, Pl. 3 (figs. 2-3) [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Río Popoi, Upper Río Beni system, upper Amazon River basin, Bolivia. Holotype: CAS 77346 [ex IU 17010]. Paratypes: CAS 81231 [ex IU 17010] (orig. 3, now 2); UMMZ 66503 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus popoi (Pearson 1924) -- (Isbrücker 1980:32 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus popoi (Pearson 1924) -- (Armbruster & Page 1996:385 [ref. 22151], Burgess & Finley 1996:170 [ref. 22901], Isbrücker 2001:25, 31 [ref. 25653]). •Synonym of Hypostomus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 2004:79 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 1998:254 [ref. 23319], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:352 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155], Ray & Armbruster 2016:525 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

pusarum, Plecostomus Starks [E. C.] 1913:36, Pl. 6 [Leland Stanford Jr. University Publications, University Series; ref. 4197] Ceará, Mirim, Brazil. Holotype: CAS-SU 22225. Paratypes: (numerous) CAS-SU 22221 (31). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:46 [ref. 12291], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus pusarum (Starks 1913) -- (Isbrücker 1980:32 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 30 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Britski & Garavello 2002:287 [ref. 26540], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35666], Costa et al. 2017:45 [ref. 35684], Lustosa-Costa et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39190], Oliveira et al. 2022:346 [ref. 39824]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus pusarum (Starks 1913). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: middle Rio Parnaíba basin and northeastern coastal drainages of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

rachovii, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1913:555 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 12 (no. 72); ref. 18903] Near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1913.10.30.15. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus rachovii (Regan 1913) -- (Isbrücker 1980:32 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644]). •Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117]). •Possibly a synonym of Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes 1840 -- (Cardoso et al. 2019:[18] [ref. 36685]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes 1840. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

regani, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1905:558 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Lectotype: BMNH 1905.6.7.2. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1905.6.7.3 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Reis et al. 1990:745 [ref. 16139]. •Valid as Hypostomus regani (Ihering 1905) -- (Isbrücker 1980:32 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Reis et al. 1990:745 [ref. 16139], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:51 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33617], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:418 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:32 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:63 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus regani (Ihering 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

rondoni, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1912:6 [Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae e Trichomycteridae Annexo no. 5; ref. 3718] Rio Tapajós at São Manuel, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNRJ 741. Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:401 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155]. Spelled rondini in heading of account, but corrected in attached printed errata. •Valid as Hypostomus rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:33 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:259 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

scabriceps, Plecostomus commersonii var. Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:168 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] São Matheos, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 7894 (2), BMNH 1904.1.28.2 [ex MCZ] (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus scabriceps (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Isbrücker 1980:33 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2016:273 [ref. 34908]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus scabriceps (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: São Mateus River basin, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

scaphyceps, Plecostomus Nichols [J. T.] 1919:416 [8], 425 [8] [Revista do Museu Paulista v. 11; ref. 15221] Cerqueira Cezar, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype: AMNH 7152. Paratype: MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 1014 (1). Type catalog: Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. On p. 8 of both Portuguese and English sections of separate. Spelled twice as scaplyceps in Portuguese portion and twice as scaphyceps in English portion (which we regard as one work). Earliest first reviser located is Fowler 1954:194 [ref. 1465] who selected scaphyceps. •Valid as Hypostomus scaphyceps (Nichols 1919) -- (Isbrücker 1980:33-34 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908) -- (Zawadzki et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

scopularius, Plecostomus Cope [E. D.] 1871:55 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 19538] Amazon River above mouth of Rio Negro. Holotype (unique): ANSP 8081. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:124 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155] with a lectotype designated by Fowler 1915:233. Also appeared in Cope 1872:286, Pl. 16 [ref. 921]. •Valid as Hypostomus scopularius (Cope 1871) -- (Isbrücker 1980:34 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644] as scopularus). •Valid as Squaliforma scopularia (Cope 1871) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:367 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner 1854) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:519 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

seminudus, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:169 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 28981. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. Available from description provided in key on p. 169. •Valid as Hypostomus seminudus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Isbrücker 1980:34 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:362 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus seminudus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

spiniger, Plecostomus Hensel [R.] 1870:73 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (pt. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadea [Cadeia River], Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7444. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes 1836 -- (Malabarba 1989:152 [ref. 14217], Reis et al. 1990:736 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267]). •Valid as Hypostomus spiniger (Hensel 1870) -- (Isbrücker 1980:34 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Cardoso et al. 2019:[12] [ref. 36685], Koerber et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Giora & Wingert 2023:50 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus spiniger (Hensel 1870). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River and Dos Patos system (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

spinosissimus, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1880:98 [46], Pl. 5 (figs. 1-1a) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Guayaquil, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): NMW 55027. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:263 [ref. 29155]. On p. 46 of separate. •Valid as Plecostomus spinosissimus Steindachner 1880 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:40 [ref. 37559]). •Valid as Hypostomus spinosissimus (Steindachner 1880) -- (Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Isorineloricaria spinosissima (Steindachner 1880) -- (Isbrücker 1980:17 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:430 [ref. 12860], Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998:367 [ref. 23850], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:229 [ref. 34894], Ray & Armbruster 2016:530 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Valid as Isorineloricaria spinosissima (Steindachner 1880). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Guayas River basin (Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

strigaticeps, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:796, Pl. 48 (fig. 1) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (pt 4); ref. 14333] Rio Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Syntypes: BMNH 1907.7.6.10-12 (3). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:34-35 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:260 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Martins et al. 2014:8 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Zawadzki et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Azevedo et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38203], Brandão et al. 2022:175 [ref. 40464]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River drainage, Rio Paraná basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

taeniatus, Plecostomus Regan [C. T.] 1908:358 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 2 (no. 10); ref. 14352] Río La Plata, Argentina. Syntypes: BMNH 1908.8.29.17 [ex ZMB] (1), ZMB 16817 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus taeniatus (Regan 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:35 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178]). •Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907) -- (López & Miquelarena 1991:29 [ref. 23548], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:359 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:255 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2019:[17] [ref. 36685], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170]). Current status: Synonym of Hypostomus laplatae (Eigenmann 1907). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

tenuicauda, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1878:90 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 15 (no. 12) (for 9 May 1878); ref. 20476] Río Magdalena, Colombia. Syntypes: (several) MSNG 8856 (1); NMW 42596 (1), 44263-66 (1, 1, 1, 1, 3), 44268 (1), 44294 (1); ZMUC 85 (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1963:311 [ref. 10351], Nielsen 1974:52 [ref. 9588], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]. Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1879:40 [p. 24 of separate], Pl. 6 [ref. 4227]. •Valid as Hypostomus tenuicauda (Steindachner 1878) -- (Isbrücker 1980:35 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Squaliforma tenuicauda (Steindachner 1878) -- (Weber in Reis et al. 2003:368 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]). •Valid as Isorineloricaria tenuicauda (Steindachner 1878) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:532 [ref. 34178], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Isorineloricaria tenuicauda (Steindachner 1878). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

ternetzi, Plecostomus Boulenger [G. A.] 1895:525 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895 (pt 3); ref. 14576] Rio Paraguay. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1895.5.17.64. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus ternetzi (Boulenger 1895) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Reis et al. 1990:749 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:52 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Zawadzki et al. 2012:246 [ref. 32031], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Zawadzki et al. 2014:103 [ref. 33233], Martins et al. 2014:8 [ref. 33617], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:43 [ref. 35117], Cardoso et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34373], Bertaco et al. 2016:419 [ref. 34561], Koerber et al. 2017:63 [ref. 35267], Zawadzki et al. 2018:[16] [ref. 35944], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364], Zawadzki et al. 2021:110 [ref. 38157], Loureiro et al. 2023:107 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ternetzi (Boulenger 1895). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: middle Paraná system, Paraguay and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

tietensis, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1905:559 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 15 (no. 90) (art. 75); ref. 15388] Rio Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1905.6.9.1. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus tietensis (Ihering 1905) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus tietensis (Ihering 1905). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Tietê River basin, uper Paraná River system (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

topavae, Plecostomus Godoy [M. P. de] 1969:176, Figs. 1-2 [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 7810] Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi Guassu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): EEBP 315a. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2023:548 [ref. 40344]. •Valid as Hypostomus topavae (Godoy 1969) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:19 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Cardoso et al. 2012:77 [ref. 32154], Martins et al. 2014:8 [ref. 33617], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Reis et al. 2020:467 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus topavae (Godoy 1969). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Rio Grande basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

unae, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1878:383 [5] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 77 (1. Abth.); ref. 18774] Rio Una, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) BMNH 1861.11.23.12 (1), NMW 44259 (4). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. On p. 5 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus unae (Steindachner 1878) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:247 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35355], Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Zawadzki et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35666], Anjos et al. 2019:[1] [ref. 37130], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus unae (Steindachner 1878). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Serra River drainage (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

unicolor, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1908:164 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 45 (no. 11) (for 2 Apr. 1908); ref. 18806] Rio Purus, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 44271:2. Paralectotypes: NMW 44271:1 (1) and :3 (1), 44272 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype selected by Armbruster 1998:254 [ref. 23319]. •Valid as Hypostomus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908) -- (Armbruster 1998:254 [ref. 23319], Isbrücker 2001:25, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:12 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:351 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:225 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:112 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:191 [ref. 35004], Ray & Armbruster 2016:524 [ref. 34178], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Oliveira et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35225], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:25 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Aphanotorulus unicolor (Steindachner 1908). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

vaillanti, Plecostomus Steindachner [F.] 1877:225 [9] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 76 (1. Abth.); ref. 14247] Rio Preto at Villa de Santa Rita, Bahia State, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) ?MCZ 7842 (2); NMW 44273 (1), 44276-77 (3, 1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. On p. 9 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus vaillanti (Steindachner 1877) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zanata et al. 2013:248 [ref. 32751], Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535] as vailanti, Ramos et al. 2017:8 [ref. 35396], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809], Lustosa-Costa et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39190], Koerber et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40665]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus vaillanti (Steindachner 1877). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Preto River basin of São Francisco River drainage and middle Rio Parnaíba basin (Bahia State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

variipictus, Plecostomus Ihering [R. von] 1911:390 [Revista do Museo Paulista, São Paulo v. 8 (1910); ref. 14822] Rio Pardo, near Barretos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 2114. Type catalog: Britski 1969:209 [ref. 12401], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. Spelled variopictus by Miranda-Riberio 1918:701 [ref. 3723]. •Valid as Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911) -- (Isbrücker 1980:36 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2019:[11] [ref. 37170], Azevedo et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38203]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Grande River basin (São Paulo State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

varimaculosus, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:113, Figs. 14-16 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia [probably Bodoquero River, near the town of Morelia]. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71707. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:125 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus varimaculosus (Fowler 1945) -- (Isbrücker 1980:37 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:363 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus varimaculosus (Fowler 1945). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

variostictus, Plecostomus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1912:6 [Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae e Trichomycteridae Annexo no. 5; ref. 3718] Rio Coxim, tributary to Rio Paraguay, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNRJ 1072. Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:401 [ref. 12732], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus variostictus (Miranda Ribeiro 1912) -- (Isbrücker 1980:37 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Gómez & Chebez 1996:64 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1998:135 [ref. 24147], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:52 [ref. 27366], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Menni 2004:81 [ref. 28131], Ferraris 2007:261 [ref. 29155], Zawadzki et al. 2010:719 [ref. 31074], Koerber 2014:10 [ref. 33621] not in Argentina). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus variostictus (Miranda Ribeiro 1912). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Upper Paraguay River basin: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ventromaculatus, Hypostomus Boeseman [M.] 1968:65, 79 [addendum], Pl. 15 (figs. 1-4) [Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) No. 99; ref. 7872] Suriname River between Afobaka and Brokopondo, Suriname. Holotype: RMNH 25507. Paratypes: RMNH 18793 (2), 25505-06 (2, 1), 25508-10 (1, 7, 1); ZMA 105555 (1), 106150 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Weber et al. 2012:210 [ref. 31999]). •Valid as Hypostomus ventromaculatus Boeseman 1968 -- (Isbrücker 1980:37 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Le Bail et al. 2000:256, 258 [ref. 24549], Isbrücker 2001:28 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155], Melo et al. 2016:134 [ref. 34701]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus ventromaculatus Boeseman 1968. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Guianan coastal drainages from Oyapock River to Suriname River (French Guiana, Brazil and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

vermicularis, Plecostomus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Eigenmann [R. S.] 1888:170, 171 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 1249] Rio Parahyba; Rio Janeiro; Mendez; Macacos and Goiás, Brazil. Syntypes: (orig. 37) BMNH 1904.1.28.4-5 [ex MCZ] (2); MCZ 7814 (1), 7848-51 (12+1+4+1), 7857 (1), 91352 (12); NMW 44279 (1); USNM 123010 [ex MCZ 7850] (3). Type catalog: Ferraris & Vari 1992:31 [ref. 19771], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus vermicularis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888) -- (Isbrücker 1980:37 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus vermicularis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

villarsi, Plecostomus Lütken [C. F.] 1874:211 [10] [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn, Aaret 1873 (nos 13-14); ref. 2854] Caracas?, Venezuela. Syntypes: ZMUC P 30149 [ex 64] (1), P 30150 [ex 65] (stuffed). Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:52 [ref. 9588], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]. On p. 10 of separate. •Valid as Hypostomus villarsi (Lütken 1874) -- (Isbrücker 1980:37 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Squaliforma villarsi (Lütken 1874) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:368 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155], DoNascimiento 2016:533 [ref. 34727]). •Valid as Isorineloricaria villarsi (Lütken 1874) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:534 [ref. 34178], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Isorineloricaria villarsi (Lütken 1874). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Maracaibo River basin: Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

virescens, Plecostomus Cope [E. D.] 1874:137 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 26; ref. 931] Upper Amazon [no specific locality]. Syntypes: ANSP 21280-83 (4, 1 specimen head only). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:125 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus virescens (Cope 1874) -- (Isbrücker 1980:38 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644]). •Valid as Squaliforma virescens (Cope 1874) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:31, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:368 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:298 [ref. 29155], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745]). •Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner 1854) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:519 [ref. 34178]). Current status: Synonym of Aphanotorulus horridus (Kner 1854). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

watwata, Hypostomus Hancock [J.] 1828:246 [Zoological Journal, London v. 4; ref. 18242] Off Berbice River, Guyana. Neotype: BMNH 1932.11.10.31. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. Neotype designated by Boeseman 1868:71 [ref. 7872]; figured in his Pl. 16 (figs. 1-2). •Valid as Plecostomus watwata (Hancock 1828) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:40 [ref. 37559]). •Valid as Squaliforma watwata (Hancock 1828) -- (Isbrücker et al. 2001:22 [ref. 25649], Isbrücker 2001:28, 32 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:29 [ref. 27178]). •Valid as Hypostomus watwata Hancock 1828 -- (Boeseman 1968:67 [ref. 7872] with discussion, Isbrücker 1980:38 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Galvis et al. 1997:87 [ref. 23651], González Bencomo et al. 1997:159 [ref. 24960], Le Bail et al. 2000:260 [ref. 24549], Camargo & Isaac 2001:145 [ref. 27639] as Hipostomus, Ferraris 2003:865 [ref. 26999], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Mundy 2005:155 [ref. 28379], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155], Weber et al. 2012:209, 211 [ref. 31999], Zawadzki et al. 2013:74 [ref. 32701], Zawadzki et al. 2015:57 [ref. 33866], Ray & Armbruster 2016:505 [ref. 34178], Marceniuk et al. 2017:39 [ref. 35324], Zawadzki et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35666], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[19] [ref. 35679], Provenzano-Rizzi & Lasso in Lasso & Morales-Betancourt 2022:182 [ref. 40783]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus watwata Hancock 1828. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Guianan river drainages from Oyapock River to Demerara River (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela); introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

winzi, Plecostomus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:9, Figs. 4-7 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 158; ref. 13140] Honda, Río Magdalena basin, Colombia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 71623. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:125 [ref. 13621], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Hypostomus winzi (Fowler 1945) -- (Isbrücker 1980:38 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]). •Synonym of Isorineloricaria tenuicauda (Steindachner 1878) -- (Ray & Armbruster 2016:532 [ref. 34178], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[19] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Synonym of Isorineloricaria tenuicauda (Steindachner 1878). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Habitat: freshwater.

wuchereri, Plecostomus Günther [A.] 1864:235 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: (4) BMNH 1844.5.29.11 (1), BMNH 1844.5.29.12 (1), BMNH 1852.9.13.128 (1), 1863.3.27.15 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155]. Lectotype(s) designated by Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], but this is incorrect, you can't designate two lectotypes for one species. •Valid as Hypostomus wuchereri (Günther 1864) -- (Isbrücker 1980:38 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:28, 31 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:364 [ref. 27061], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Ferraris 2007:262 [ref. 29155], Bitencourt et al. 2011:317 [ref. 31390] as cf. wuchereri, Zanata & Pitanga 2016:231 [ref. 34535], Zawadzki et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35355], Zawadzki et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35666], Silva et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus wuchereri (Günther 1864). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Bahia State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.