Species that contain: Raja and laevis [ 5 ] records

granulata, Raia Gill [T. N.] in Goode & Bean 1879:28 [Bulletin of the Essex Institute v. 11; ref. 5605] Le Have Bank, off Nova Scotia, Canada. Holotype: USNM 21578 (not found in 1980). •Synonym of Raja laevis Mitchill 1818 -- (Scott & Scott 1988:47 [ref. 25518]). •Synonym of Dipturus laevis (Mitchill 1818) -- (current authors). Current status: Synonym of Dipturus laevis (Mitchill 1818). Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

laevis, Raja Mitchill [S. L.] 1818:327 [American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review v. 2 (no. 5, art. 1); ref. 30214] New York City by East River, New York, U.S.A. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Valid as Raja laevis Mitchill 1818 -- (McEachran & Fechhelm 1982:449 [ref. 8444], Smith 1986:391 [ref. 22186], Robins & Ray 1986:39 [ref. 23100], Séret 1989:126 [ref. 12827], McAllister 1990:37 [ref. 14674], Murdy et al. 1997:38 [ref. 23144]). •Valid as Dipturus laevis (Mitchill 1818) -- (McEachran & Dunn 1998:285 [ref. 23312], Compagno 1999:490 [ref. 25589], Musick et al. 2000:9 [ref. 24959], Gomes & Paragó 2001:1 [ref. 25669], McEachran in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:65 [ref. 26158], Moore et al. 2003:171 [ref. 27076], Nelson et al. 2004:55 [ref. 27807], Page et al. 2013:55 [ref. 32708], Weigmann 2016:109 [ref. 34211], Last et al. 2016:21 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:260 [ref. 35000], Page et al. 2023:44 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Dipturus laevis (Mitchill 1818). Rajidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

pastinaca, Raja Linnaeus [C.] 1758:232 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea and Northeastern Atlantic [original: "in Europa"]; localities include Belgium, North Sea, Northeastern Atlantic; Provence and Marseille, France; Liguria, Rome and Sicily, Italy; Lesbos, Greece; Syria, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: NRM 9098 (1). Lectotype or neotype fixation needed. Neotype designated by Fricke 1999:18 [ref. 24101], but withdrawn in Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. Originally based on multiple species and at least 25 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:71 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:100 [ref. 30349] as Raja corpore glabro, aculeo longo anterius serrato in cauda apterygia; Rondeletius 1554:331 [ref. 30354] and Salviani 1558:144 [ref. 30229] as Pastinaca, Willughby 1686:67 [ref. 30164] as Pastinaca marina prima, Ray 1713:24 [ref. 30231] as Pastinaca marina lævis. See also Cowley & Compagno 1993:135 [ref. 21968]. A neotype (unnamed) for D. pastinaca is proposed by Saadaoui et al. 2016:110 [ref. 34799] but it is unneeded as there is a syntype if identified correctly. •Valid as Trygon pastinaca (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Herrera 1896:15 [ref. 39336]). •Valid as Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:70 [ref. 7167], Capapé 1977:76 [ref. 20631], Compagno & Roberts 1984:285 [ref. 8237], McEachran & Capapé in Whitehead et al. 1984:199 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1986:137 [ref. 5648], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:61 [ref. 19317], Nishida 1990:92 [ref. 19783], Séret in Lévêque et al. 1990:67 [ref. 21589], Goren & Dor 1994:5 [ref. 25356], Santos et al. 1997:15 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:23 [ref. 24952], Fricke 1999:31 [ref. 24106], Capapé et al. 1999:47 [ref. 25276], Compagno 1999:496 [ref. 25589], Fricke 1999:18 [ref. 24101], Menni & Stehmann 2000:91 [ref. 24909], Rosenberger 2001:615 [ref. 25447], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:25 [ref. 26753], López et al. 2002:62 [ref. 26808], Falcón et al. 2003:144 [ref. 39343], Santos & Carvalho 2004:17 [ref. 28040], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:82 [ref. 28072], Golani 2005:14 [ref. 37112], Fricke 2007:26 [ref. 30577], Fricke et al. 2007:20 [ref. 29533], Fricke 2008:12 [ref. 30182], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:163 [ref. 31251], George 2009:56 [ref. 30539], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:57 [ref. 35264], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:15 [ref. 36649], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972], Parin et al. 2014:39 [ref. 33547], Dyldin 2015:74 [ref. 34524], Weigmann 2016:133 [ref. 34211], Séret 2016:1413 [ref. 34545], Last et al. 2016:355 [ref. 34581], Saadaoui et al. 2016:101 [ref. 34799], Last et al. 2016:540 [ref. 35010], Nión et al. 2016:23 [ref. 35565], Biscoito et al. 2018:481 [ref. 37562], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:170 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:49 [ref. 37250], Bariche & Fricke 2020:21 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Abliazov et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38576], Giovos et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:11 [ref. 38303], Moreno Mendoza et al. 2021:[4] [ref. 38868], Kovačić et al. 2021:16 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:16 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:57 [ref. 39527], Dyldin et al. 2022:[8] [ref. 39193], Fermon et al. 2022:107 [ref. 39448], Niță et al. 2022:125 [ref. 40471], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Shakman et al. 2023:463 [ref. 40810]). Current status: Valid as Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus 1758). Dasyatidae: Dasyatinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic; western Baltic Sea; North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: British Isles south to Gabon, including Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands. Habitat: brackish, marine.

stabuliforis, Raia Garman [S.] 1913:341, Pls. 22 (fig. 2), 44 (4-6) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] New England, U.S.A. Syntypes: MCZ 1138-S (1), 1294-S (1). Type catalog: Hartel & Dingerkus 1997:xlvi [ref. 23119]. •Synonym of Dipturus laevis (Mitchill 1818) -- (Scott & Scott 1988:47 [ref. 25518] as stabuliformis). •Synonym of Raja chilensis Guichenot 1848 -- (Lloris & Rucabado 1991:44 [ref. 22530]). •In genus Dipturus and not Zearaja and possibly synonym of D. laevis (Mitchill) -- (Last & Gledhill 2007:50 [ref. 29177]). Current status: Synonym of Dipturus laevis (Mitchill 1818). Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

torpedo, Raja Linnaeus [C.] 1758:231 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf [original: "in Sinu Persico, M. Mediterraneo"]; localities include Lesbos Island, Greece; Genoa, Rome and Venice, Italy; Marseille, France; Nile River, Egypt; Iran, Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf). No types known. Lectotype or neotype fixation needed: the type locality should be restricted to Mediterranean Sea according to current usage. Originally based on multiple species and at least 52 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:73 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:102 [ref. 30349] as Raja tota lævis; Rondelet 1554:358 [ref. 30354] as Torpedo, Salviani 1558:143, Pl. 48 [ref. 30229] as Torpedo, Jonston 1649:30, Pl. 9 (fig. 4) [ref. 30579] as Torpedo maculosa and Torpedo, Charleton 1668:129 [ref. 30580] as Torpedo, Kempfer 1712:509, Pl. (p. 510) [ref. 30581] as Torpedo Sinûs Persici. •Valid as Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:55 [ref. 7167], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:55 [ref. 19317], Santos et al. 1997:119 [ref. 23531], Capapé et al. 1999:52 [ref. 25276], Afonso et al. 1999:82 [ref. 25466], Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:20 [ref. 26753], Carvalho et al. 2002:30 [ref. 26091], Falcón et al. 2003:144 [ref. 39343], Golani 2005:13 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:17 [ref. 29533], Wirtz et al. 2007:24 [ref. 30263], Fricke 2008:10 [ref. 30182], Welter-Schultes & Feuerstein 2008:141 [ref. 30327], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:12 [ref. 36649], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972], Weigmann 2016:80 [ref. 34211], Carvalho & Séret 2016:1378 [ref. 34550], Carvalho et al. 2016:203 [ref. 34999], Biscoito et al. 2018:475 [ref. 37562], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:129 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:41 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:43 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:29 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:62 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:10 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:14 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:11 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:42 [ref. 39527], Fermon et al. 2022:102 [ref. 39448], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay south to Angola, including São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.